Hyperloop pod competition

571: 431: 33: 591:-specific pods—with air-bearing suspension and low-pressure compressor designs—as well as wheeled vehicle and magnetic levitation rail designs that will support a wide array of vehicle technologies to be tested. Some pods are expected to test only particular subsystems rather than a full Hyperloop-capable pod vehicle design; as well, many pods will have no on-pod compressor to prevent the high-speed 495:

will not provide an external pusher-vehicle as they did provide to facilitate student team pod testing in both the January and August 2017 competitions. Ultra-small pods will not be allowed this time, with minimum pod length set at 1.5 m (5 ft). There will be an additional sub-competition with up to three qualifying teams allowed to take part in a

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vacuum-environment speed run in the mile-long Hypertube. Problems with dust and misalignment of the track limited performance and caused widespread problems. Just three of the competition pods successfully completed the nine tests that enabled them to make a vacuumized tube run on 29 January. The winning teams were:

567:— was designed in 2015 and was constructed in 2016, reaching its full length of one mile by October 2016. The test track itself is also a prototype, where SpaceX anticipates learning from the design, build process and evaluates how to apply automated construction techniques to future Hyperloop tracks. 1785:

According to TUM Hyperloop's Instagram page, the cause of the damage was due to the derailment of one of their propulsion modules, "most likely because of a misalignment of the rail segments. With the pod consequently running too low, some of the other modules were deformed and made one of the motors

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During the actual competition, TUM Hyperloop was once again the victor, achieving a record top speed of 463 km/h (288 mph), beating their previous record set in Competition III by only 6 km/h (4 mph). TUM had hoped to achieve a speed closer to 604 km/h (375 mph), but was

1047:, magnetic levitation based on attraction to the top of the tube. Rail-free and clean tube layout, compensation of inertial forces, reduced air-evacuation cost and up to 30% savings in infrastructure. Powered by detachable batteries, propulsion through compression and expansion of air with a nozzle. 1012:, has a history of previous Hyperloop design projects in the Mechanical Science and Engineering program, the first dating to the fall term of 2013. In addition to four subsystem design teams, the Illini group has a fifth, cross-disciplinary team focusing on safety and reliability, the prevention of 832:

The inside design of the pods vary by team. Some of the teams are solely building pods designed for cargo transport. Other teams designed pods to transport passengers, while other designs would allow adjustments to be made to the pod to allow both, while MIT's team's initial design did not have room

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and will be tested on an external (non-vacuum) test track. The pods will need to translate at least 75 ft (23 m) down the track, stop, reverse, and translate back to the original position, all while levitating the entire duration. Fastest full cycle wins the levitation sub-competition. The

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in 2017, only student teams may enter the competition, and the "competition will be judged solely on one criteria: [sic] maximum speed with successful deceleration (i.e. without crashing)." Unlike the two test track competitions in 2017 however, all pods must be self-propelled. SpaceX

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The design of the pod test track varies significantly from the Hyperloop tube design shown in the initial alpha-level Hyperloop design concept document released in 2013. The Hypertube test track is designed to enable competitors who implement a wide array of designs and build pods that will test a

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The fourth year of competition was announced for the northern hemisphere summer of 2019, and the event was run 21 July 2019. The team from the Technical University of Munich—"Team TUM", formerly named "WARR Hyperloop"—again achieved the highest speed on the track at 463 km/h (288 mph).

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Following an announcement that SpaceX would open the design of the Hyperloop pod to the public came RedditLoop, a once-subreddit that's since taken on the less legally-precarious name of rLoop. The team has its eyes set on winning the third-party design competition, but, perhaps more importantly,

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The final competition took place during the competition weekend on 22 July 2018. Each team demonstrated their respective pods while the "tube runs" took place for the final three competitors. Netherlands' Delft Hyperloop was first to make an attempt with a top speed of 142 km/h (88 mph)

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The SpaceX "Hyperloop Pod Competition II" was held on 25–27 August 2017. The rules for Competition II were released in August 2016. Unlike Competition I — where multiple judging criteria were used and multiple classes of vehicles and vehicle subsystems were judged — Competition II was judged by a

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On 30 January 2016, Musk announced that, due to the level of sophistication of the pod designs as well as design issues with economical design approaches to building the test track, "given this level of enthusiasm, there is no question we are going to have another Hyperloop competition." Further

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Thirty of the 115 teams that submitted designs in January 2016 were selected to build hardware to compete on a sponsored Hyperloop test track in January 2017. There were more than 1,000 applicants at earlier stages of the competition. The first competition completed in January 2017, with 27 teams

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A competition in 2020 on a longer track was envisioned; however, in the event, no longer track was built and the pod-racing competition was superseded in 2021 by a tunnel-boring competition, with the aim for teams to rapidly and accurately build a tunnel 30 m (98 ft)-long and 30 cm

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Germany's WARR Hyperloop were the defending champions, and beat their own record with a top speed of 457 km/h (284 mph) during their run. A concurrent levitation sub-competition testing the effectiveness of levitation was awarded to the University of California, Santa Barbara Hyperloop

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More than 120 student engineering teams were selected from the preliminary design briefing presentations in November to submit final design packages in January 2016. The designs were released to public view prior to the end of January 2016, and selected teams were invited to build hardware and

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In July 2018, 18 teams competed in the main competition with top speed as the only judged criterion; two additional teams competed in the levitation sub-competition. WARR Hyperloop again won top honors in the main competition, beating its own record with a 467 km/h (290 mph) run; UCSB

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In addition to the five pod awards above, nine subsystem awards and three "design only" awards were given to teams, most to teams that were not chosen to continue on to the on-track competition. Technical awards for outstanding technical merit in subsystem and design, based on "innovation and

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While plans as of 2019 had called for another pod-racing competition in 2020—this one hoped to be on a yet-to-be-built longer track—by July 2020 Musk publicly confirmed that there would be no competition in 2020, and that no longer track had been built. Also revealed then was that they were

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Each competition has taken place on a 1-kilometre-long (0.62 mi), 1.8 m-diameter (6 ft) test track built in southern California. Test pods may not carry any human or animal, and are to be used solely to develop new technologies and subsystems for effecting higher-velocity tube

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Within days of the 2013 announcement, discussions concluded that building a successful Hyperloop subscale demonstration project could reduce the political impediments while improving cost estimates; Musk suggested that he could choose to become personally involved in building a demonstration

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At a 29–30 January 2016 meeting at Texas A&M University, hosted by the College of Engineering, the designs from the approximately 120 worldwide teams were reviewed and judged. 30 teams were selected to go forward and build prototype Hyperloop pods for the competition later in the year.

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Phase 2 of the competition ran 27–29 January 2017 after previously being planned for as early as August 2016. 27 teams competed in two overall categories and five subcategories. Each pod in the competition needed to progress through ten sequential tests, only the last of which would be a

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corridor for most of its length, so that preliminary economic analysis might be done on the concept. Responses to the design paper release included: "a flash of brilliance" and "hypercool" to "nothing new here" to "hype", "another science-fiction dream," and "completely impractical."

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The 2018 Hyperloop Pod Competition will take place on July 22, 2018. ... Based on these successes, SpaceX has moved forward with the third installment: the 2018 Hyperloop Pod Competition. The competition will focus on a single criterion—maximum speed. Additionally, all Pods must be

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Following the July 2019 competition, Musk announced that the 2020 competition will be run on a much longer—10 km (6.2 mi)—track that will include a curve, ten times as long as the 1 km straight track used in the first several years of the annual competition.

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Applications were received from 400 potential participants but a technical design review reduced the number to 12 teams that were invited to Las Vegas to demonstrate their engineering solution to more rapid automated boring of a small-diameter tunnel. The winning team was

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There were three judging phases in the 2015–2017 competition: a design competition that was held in January 2016, and two on-track competitions—27–29 January 2017, and, Competition Weekend II, 25–27 August 2017. The on-track portion of the competition is run on the

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Although only slightly faster than the previous year, two other teams were able to achieve high-speed runs for the first time. A total of 21 teams competed with some 700 individuals involved from the teams. Four of the teams were able to qualify for track runs.

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The rules for Competition III were released in September 2017. One substantial change from Competition II was that "All Pods must be self-propelled. SpaceX not provide an external Pusher" as they had on offer for teams during the first two pod competitions.

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Communications: SpaceX will provide a standard Network Access Panel (NAP) device (approximately 250 mm × 200 mm × 38 mm (10 in × 8 in × 1.5 in)) for mounting on each pod which will communicate to the in-tube

1194:, a Canadian team designing a pod with air levitation, magnetic brakes and control, targeted at 250 kg (550 lb) aiming for a cruising velocity of 120 m/s (430 km/h; 270 mph) while carrying a payload of 4,000 kg (8,800 lb). 3865: 406:

submissions were due 15 September 2015 with SpaceX intending to release the detailed tube and technical specification by October 2015 but became available somewhat later. A preliminary design briefing was held in November 2015, and as of October 2015,

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For the 2017 competition, a Bloomberg journalist reported that entrants were required to hand over rights for SpaceX to use any of their technology in the future without compensation, but no requirement to this effect is found in the competition rules.

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As with previous competitions, the actual "competition weekend" was preceded by a week of comprehensive safety and function tests for each team. Teams eligible to perform a full vacuum run in the tube are selected based on the results of such tests.

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Additionally, pods were designed and tested to propel themselves within 100 feet of the far end of the tube before stopping. This change was made to eliminate the difficulties of retrieving a pod that had ended its run in the middle of the tube.

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published a photograph of the pod competition test track still under construction in September 2016. Competition teams visited the track for fit checks and vacuum/track tests during the first week of November, and a video was released.

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It was announced during Competition III that Competition IV was confirmed to take place in the northern hemisphere summer of 2019. Technical University of Munich won the competition, and the 2020 Hyperloop competition was announced.

3656: 1127:, The only non-student team that advanced in the competition and won the "Innovation Award." Initially conceived on a Reddit forum, rLoop is now a full-fledged, funded Hyperloop initiative with activity in over 14 countries. 3982: 833:

for a passenger or cargo and solely relied on the engineering of the pod. The University of Colorado, Denver's team incorporated a removable capsule that allows it to be exchanged for a cargo hold or passenger space.

3857: 104:, won top honors. In April 2017, 24 teams were selected to compete in Competition Weekend II held in August; WARR Hyperloop won top honors with a 323 km/h (201 mph) top speed in the mile-long test track. 2703: 1544:

Several teams encountered difficulties during the week, including fried circuit boards and overheated batteries. However, six teams passed the final "open-air run" and were eligible for the final competition.

1025:, Micro-pod architecture consist of active and passive magnetic levitation suspension with a passive eddy current brake. It should weigh less than 45 kg and does not need to carry dummy passenger. 1149:, pod design uses high-speed wheel suspension, with a modular/removable payload design for a pod with a total mass of 140 kg (300 lb), aiming for a top speed of 400 km/h (250 mph). 5074: 728:

Thermal control system: none provided in the Hypertube. Tube temperature is expected to vary based on time of day and weather, and competitors will need to design their pods accordingly, mitigating

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uniqueness of subsystem design, full Hyperloop system applicability and economics; level of design detail; strength of supporting analysis and tests; and quality of documentation and presentation."

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The competition began with the testing week prior to competition weekend where teams were required to pass a series of comprehensive safety tests in order to eligible for a run in the vacuum tube.

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is affiliated with any Hyperloop companies. While we are not developing a commercial Hyperloop ourselves, we are interested in helping to accelerate development of a functional Hyperloop

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design was awarded received the "Best Overall Design Award", among the 23 designs selected to move to the prototype stage. The design proposes a 250 kg (551 lb) pod with a

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Winners of last month's contest received no prizes, and all entrants were required to hand over rights for SpaceX to use any of their technology in the future without compensation.

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who worked on the conceptual foundation and modelling of Hyperloop. The preliminary design called for a 2.3–3.4 m-diameter (90–132 in) steel tube, operating in partial

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used a conventional pipe-jacking method to build the tunnel but used a novel revolving pipe storage design to minimize downtime between pipe segments. The second-place team was

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The teams that advanced to the prototype hardware build stage for 2016 included representatives from four continents and at least six countries. The selected teams included:

5217: 4723: 3974: 2929: 2096: 5736:"TUM Hyperloop on Instagram: "Pod IV is alive and in good shape! During our final run, we experienced an incident that made us lose some parts on the way. After further…"" 4393: 1882: 991: 2965: 2283: 5562: 2695: 1054: 939:, building a design with air-bearing suspension and a compression braking using built-up air pressure in the Hypertube. Team is approximately 80 undergraduate students. 909: 1158:, pod design will use magnetic levitation suspension. Test runs will be accelerated by the Hypertube pusher. Undergraduate design team (senior project) of 20 members. 1130: 638:

propulsion systems that would need to be integrated into the Hypertube for that Pod's specific test run. In later years, the pods were required to be self-propelled.

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Braking system: the only Hypertube-provided braking is the emergency foam pit at the end of the mile-long tube. Pods are expected to provide their own pod-specific

5367: 817:; this design relies on a system to create a bed of air for the pod to glide upon and is the basis of Elon Musk's original Hyperloop idea. Another pod design uses 5305: 5157: 2377: 2317: 3716: 2859: 1246: 1182: 5430: 743:

force to the Hypertube by one of four methods: either against the steel tube, or concrete base, or aluminum subtrack, or central rail. Tube requirements limit

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braking system that automatically halts the pod should the actuators or computers fail, and low speed emergency drive wheels that can move the pod 1 m/s.

5082: 1079:, a freight-only pod, will use air-bearing suspension; is being designed and built by a team of, as of February 2016, fewer than ten undergraduate students. 5524: 5479: 3105: 2759: 1063: 3419: 650:

Outer diameter: 1.83 m (72.0 in) (vs. approximately 2.3–3.4 m (90–132 in) for the tube in the initial alpha Hyperloop design document)

3303: 1013: 982: 2634: 2025: 1345:; :Levitation Subsystem Technical Excellence Award: TAMU Aerospace Hyperloop, Texas A&M; Braking Subsystem Technical Excellence Award: VicHyper, 1115: 1031: 1009: 936: 873: 391:, California, for the competitive event. The competition could be held as early as June 2016. SpaceX stated in their announcement, "Neither SpaceX nor 5044: 5013: 4831: 2426: 1786:

hit the shell. The biggest impact occurred when one of the screws that hold the rail to the ground hit one of our brakes, ripping apart its bottom".

1447: 1407: 927: 918: 178: 1810:, the competition challenge was to "quickly and accurately drill a tunnel that was 30 m (98 ft)-long and 30 cm (0.98 ft)-wide." 487:

Held in August 2017, WARR Hyperloop won top honors once again, this time with a 323 km/h (201 mph) top speed in the mile-long test track.

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As of April 2017, 24 teams had been qualified to participate in the August 2017 competition. It is unclear how many teams actually participated.

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information came in August 2016: the team sign-up deadline would be 30 September 2016 to compete in the second pod competition sometime in 2017.

4538: 2729: 2400: 4637: 4423: 3888: 3598: 1143:, Undergraduate design team consisting of 8 students from different disciplines, namely Mechanical, Physics and Electronics and Communications. 973: 59:

concept. The competitions were open to participants globally, although all competitions and judging occurred in the United States of America.

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Four teams were selected to run at the end of testing week: TUM Hyperloop (formerly WARR Hyperloop), Delft Hyperloop, Swissloop, and EPFLoop.

5275: 5245: 3475: 1124: 1088:, pod design will use an air-bearing suspension and compressor similar to the original 2013 Hyperloop alpha design. multi-university team of 822: 5118: 4179: 954: 4663: 3739: 2822: 2603: 383:

On 15 June 2015, SpaceX announced that they would sponsor a Hyperloop pod design competition, and would build a 1-mile-long (1.6 km)

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We need to finish building a much longer vacuum tunnel for speed tests & probably have an additional competition for tunneling itself

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By November 2022, the prototype Hyperloop tunnel built for the Hyperloop pod competition in Hawthorne had been disassembled and removed.

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before stalling in the tube. Switzerland's EPFLoop was second, yet complications led to a top speed of only 89 km/h (55 mph).

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Subtrack thickness: 25 mm (1.0 in) for first and last 61 m (200 ft); 13 mm (0.5 in) for remainder of tube

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Notably, teams used their own communications system. SpaceX did not provide an on-pod communications system, as they had in the past.

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team. The other top competitors for the main competition include the University of Washington Hyperloop team and Ireland's ÉirLoop.

825:. The third design uses high speed wheels for speeds under 100 mph and air bearings for higher speeds. This design was used by 5735: 5209: 5104: 4715: 3233: 2921: 2088: 864: 656:

Wall thickness: 18 mm (0.70 in) (vs. 20–25 mm (0.80–1.0 in) for the tube in the initial alpha Hyperloop design)

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next year's event will expand the tunnel from three-quarters of a mile to 6.2 miles (10 km). The tunnel will also include a curve.

1204: 4385: 2957: 2135: 1872: 355:(nearly airless), utilizing pressurized vehicle "pods" to carry passengers or cargo that would ride on an air cushion driven by 5870: 2275: 1159: 5554: 1839: 1481: 1067: 2227: 3262: 3044: 1440: 453:, to build the Hyperloop Test Track. Triumph Group was also recognized as a major contributor to the construction efforts. 3505: 490:

In September 2017, SpaceX announced that they would sponsor another competition in the third quarter of 2018. As with the

4606: 4277: 3803: 3775: 3686: 3626: 3541: 3177: 2999: 1462: 1105: 889: 446: 5360: 3834: 804:, and in particular, awareness of the last 300 m (1,000 ft) of the tube so pod braking may be safely effected. 48:

from 2015 to 2019 in which a number of student and non-student teams participated to design—and for some teams, build—a

5297: 5149: 4693: 4630:"Reddit came together and created an Hyperloop pod design to help kickstart Elon Musk's "fifth mode of transportation"" 2369: 2309: 1354: 1284:

magnets that will maintain a 15 mm (0.6 in) distance above the track. The team says with air pressure at 140

1058: 1048: 904: 3708: 2852: 2053:"This week student Hyperloop teams visited @SpaceX for vacuum/track tests. See you at Competition Weekend, Jan 27-29!" 5422: 4004: 1342: 1177: 402:

Detailed competition rules were released for the first competition in August 2015, with revisions in October. Formal

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Hyperloop was the only team to be able to compete in the levitation sub-competition, thus automatically winning.

4209: 3567: 3112: 2766: 5895: 3411: 1819: 1451: 1429: 1411: 1400: 1225: 1066:, magnetic levitation suspension and high speed are the design focal points. no compressor for this test pod. 931: 826: 477: 260: 253: 101: 5650: 5619: 4485: 3295: 2457: 5875: 5452: 5392: 4569: 4035: 3199: 3137: 3076: 2791: 1150: 93: 2015: 4779: 967: 634:

to accelerate pods up to speed in the first 15 percent of track length, or even be unique (team-specific)

630:—as envisioned in the alpha Hyperloop design—or for the Hypertube test track, could use a SpaceX-provided 5910: 5905: 5900: 3922: 3392: 1754:

Competition IV was quite similar to Competition III in most respects, with a few key changes being made.

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The on-track portion of the competition finally got underway on 27 January 2017 with 27 teams competing.

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concept was made public in August 2013 by the release of a preliminary—or alpha level—design document by

3858:"Drexel students compete to design pods for Elon Musk's hyper-fast 'hyperloop' transportation prototype" 2578: 610:

of various team pods. Three explicit suspension types were called out in the year 1 competition rules:

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who managed to excavate a 22 m (72 ft) bore while meeting the requisite safety requirements.

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Three teams (Delft Hyperloop, WARR Hyperloop, and EPFLoop) were ultimately the only final competitors.

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each received a "Pod Technical Excellence Award". One award for "Best Non-Student Team" was awarded to

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Three variations of exterior design are currently being explored for vehicle pods. One pod design uses

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As of 2018, Steve Davis—who joined SpaceX as employee no. 9 in 2003, and was then project leader for

17: 4629: 4415: 3590: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5828: 2016:"Elon Musk's Hyperloop contest is happening this weekend — here's a look at all the competing pods" 1338: 1250: 1186: 977: 921:, pod design uses magnetic levitation suspension; team has only eight members as of February 2016. 860: 797: 5267: 5239: 4515: 4338: 1782:

stopped short of this speed as the pod suffered visible damage and was forced to emergency brake.

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applied to the inner circumference of the tube, located on the top of the tube, to be used for

368: 356: 5014:"Auburn students impress famous billionaire, help create 760 mph transportation of the future" 4149: 3325: 1497:

While approximately 24 teams competed, only the top three were selected to make test runs on

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Northeastern University; Memorial University of Newfoundland; College of the North Atlantic

1233:, a German team with a pod designed to levitate using a series of fixed magnets following a 570: 3022:"Sign up for our second student Hyperloop competition by Sept 30 to race your pods in 2017" 1237:

and a pusher with 4 electric motors for acceleration to high velocities The team comprises

1109: 1040: 880: 765:/15A power provided in the pod waiting area up through the pre-launch phase within the tube 675: 607: 603: 500: 4982: 3021: 2052: 1911: 55:

transport vehicle in order to demonstrate technical feasibility of various aspects of the

8: 3267: 1374: 1277: 1238: 1093: 1080: 976:, pod design used magnetic levitation, and was the first to demonstrate such technology. 834: 818: 619: 4802: 4300: 3357: 1494:

single criterion: "maximum speed with successful deceleration (i.e. without crashing)."

707:) competitors may select tube operating pressure "in order to support various types of 5865: 5773:, Hyperloop Pod Competition, Texas A&M University, 30 January 2015. (ustream video) 5119:"Hyperloop designers will battle it out on a real test track at SpaceX HQ this weekend" 3296:"SpaceX's 1-mile Hyperloop test track is now up along its HQ and Tesla's Design Studio" 2527: 1799: 1798:

Subsequently, in 2020, a set of rules for a tunnel-boring competition were released by

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on 29–30 January 2016 for all invited entrants. The selected pods will compete at the

2427:"SpaceX Hyperloop Pod Competition Hosted By Texas A&M Deemed A Resounding Success" 4078: 3953: 3649:"Up against global competition, ORU team races to prove high-speed pod travel viable" 1803: 1655:

Purdue University; University of Cincinnati; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

1334: 1119: 1035: 958: 940: 790: 708: 511:—had been the operations manager for the Hyperloop Pod Competition since inception. 4662:. Texas A&M Engineering College of Engineering. 12 January 2016. Archived from 2958:"Elon Musk's Hyperloop is getting a helping hand from serious construction experts" 2823:"More than 700 people have signed up to help Elon Musk build a Hyperloop prototype" 2370:"SpaceX's hyperloop race was all about 'maximum speed' (and celebrating Elon Musk)" 2020: 1289: 1221: 1217: 592: 5585:"These Students Just Set An Astonishing New Speed Record In Elon Musk's Hyperloop" 5268:"Elon Musk hails Hyperloop teams – and touts the tunnel he'll be boring at SpaceX" 3106:"2018 SpaceX Hyperloop Pod Competition Rules and Requirements : Revision 1.0" 2528:"Beyond the hype of Hyperloop: An analysis of Elon Musk's proposed transit system" 1377:; Design Concept Innovation Award: Auburn University Hyperloop Team (see above). 725:

time is expected to be as long as 30 minutes to reach the minimum pressure rating.

430: 5840: 2142: 1919: 1346: 1209: 1044: 1026: 801: 716: 343:, with substantial design assistance from an informal group of engineers at both 264: 32: 3742:[TU Delft unveils Hyperloop design - Means of transport of the future]. 5075:"Product Design and Engineering students win award at Hyperloop Design Weekend" 4098: 1224:

from the residual air inside the tube when the pod is moving at high velocity.

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Bicycle/walking video of the entire length of the 82-sections of the Hypertube

5802: 5782: 5776: 5681:"Team TUM wins SpaceX Hyperloop Pod Competition with record 288 mph top speed" 4600: 4271: 3797: 3769: 3678: 3620: 3535: 3358:"MIT engineers win Hyperloop pod competition, will test prototype in mid-2016" 3171: 2993: 2492:"Team TUM wins SpaceX Hyperloop Pod Competition with record 288 mph top speed" 1509:

won the competition with a test run clocked at 323 km/h (201 mph).

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prototype of the Hyperloop concept, including funding the development effort.

5854: 3826: 2922:"More than 120 teams picked for SpaceX founder Elon Musk's Hyperloop contest" 1293: 1285: 1273: 1234: 995: 774: 700: 531:

transport systems. The track will facilitate pod test runs where each pod is

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In the event, the mid-2016 competition schedule was delayed to January 2017.

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Northeastern University; Memorial University of Newfoundland & Labrador (

5770: 4685: 4360: 3889:"UF Team's 'Gatorloop' Advances In International Transportation Competition" 2401:"SpaceX's 2020 Hyperloop competition is getting much tougher says Elon Musk" 5744: 4716:"UC Santa Barbara Students Named Finalists in SpaceX Hyperloop Competition" 1663:

MIT – Massachusetts Institute of Technology; University of Texas at Austin

1269: 1134: 814: 782: 536: 344: 4215:. Italy: Universitat Politècnica de Valencia. January 2016. Archived from 4012: 2089:"Germany's WARR team wins SpaceX's Hyperloop II race with 201-mph pod run" 1873:"Elon Musk plans trickier Hyperloop test tunnel after speed record broken" 5480:"In Elon Musk's Hyperloop Contests, Students' Main Goal Is Scoring a Job" 4301:"How These Undergrads Won a Chance to Try Elon Musk's Insane Vacuum Tube" 778: 722: 615: 442: 438: 384: 364: 49: 3176:(video). Leo Baeck Temple, Los Angeles, California: The Boring Company. 2895: 821:; this design was used by the winner of the "Best Overall Design Award" 587:

that are important to new vehicle transport systems. This will include

535:, achieves a top measured speed that is reported in real-time, and then 5789:, 2 February 2016 (video summary of January 2016 competition in Texas). 3049: 2730:"Elon Musk's SpaceX Plans Hyperloop Pod Races at California HQ in 2016" 2496: 1458: 1425: 1396: 1365:; Subsystem Innovation Award: Ryerson's International Hyperloop Team, 1337:; Safety Subsystem Technical Excellence Award: UWashington Hyperloop, 1296:

aerodynamic drag when traveling at 110 m/s. The design includes a

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Five design awards were assigned following the January design weekend.

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test track used in the Hyperloop pod on-track competitions in 2017–2019

532: 465: 399:." More than 700 teams had submitted preliminary applications by July. 244: 207: 4832:"RMIT team behind vacuum travel pod rewarded for revolutionary design" 4216: 5518:"2018 SpaceX Hyperloop Pod Competition : Rules and Requirements" 3946:"Baylor students' high-speed transport designs in SpaceX competition" 3563: 2228:"MIT wins SpaceX's Hyperloop competition, and Elon Musk made a cameo" 1505:

track located at the company's headquarters in Hawthorne, California.

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of any test pods that fail to come to a stop in the test track tube.

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offers a new model for problem-solving, strategizing and stargazing.

3740:"TU Delft onthult Hyperloop-ontwerp - Vervoermiddel van de toekomst" 3476:"Tandon Team Advances in International Hyperloop Design Competition" 3220:

The 2018 Hyperloop Pod Competition will take place on July 22, 2018.

1373:(see above); Design Concept Innovation Award: Nova Hyperloop Team, 796:

Navigation aids: The tube will include a series of circumferential

5658: 5627: 5328:"Here are the big winners of Elon Musk's Hyperloop pod competition" 5298:"Here are the big winners of Elon Musk's Hyperloop pod competition" 4477: 3943: 3506:"UW-Madison places among top teams in SpaceX Hyperloop competition" 2465: 744: 688: 5793:

SpaceX's Hyperloop student contest brings out many big benefactors

5456: 5400: 4039: 4005:"Hyperloop UC Hinges on Revolutionizing High-Speed Transportation" 3207: 3141: 3080: 2799: 2635:"Wolverton: Elon Musk's Hyperloop hype ignores practical problems" 1466: 837:

team has created a vehicle that only allows cargo transportation.

84:, 1.83 m (72.0 in) diameter steel tube purpose-built in 4862:"Zukunft des Reisens? Wie Münchner Studenten den Hyperloop bauen" 4539:"rLoop Is the Latest Team Hellbent on Making Hyperloop a Reality" 4150:"LU Hyperloop team advances to final round - The Brown and White" 3709:"Codex Team is going to break the sound barrier with a UDOO QUAD" 1941:"Musk's Boring Company Announces Not-a-Boring Competition Winner" 1341:; Special Innovation Award in the Other Subsystem: RIT Imaging, 770: 540: 217: 5706:"Hyperloop Broke Speed Records at SpaceX's 2019 Pod Competition" 4771: 1795:

exploring holding a competition for building the tunnel itself.

1349:; Propulsion/Compression Subsystem Technical Excellence Award: 1333:

Best Overall Subsystem Award: Auburn University Hyperloop Team,

845: 543:, ostensibly before the end of the test track. There will be a 257: 4807:

advances to final round of SpaceX Hyperloop design competition"

3443:"Elon Musk's Hyperloop Idea for Sonic Tubular Travel Gets Real" 1498: 1470: 758: 646:

The test track specifications as of January 2016 include:

352: 348: 81: 45: 5105:

High School Hyperloop Team Earns Award in National Competition

4055:"Virginia Tech students advance through Hyperloop competition" 3918: 2344:"SpaceX's Hyperloop competition finally puts pods in the tube" 1517:

placed third with a top speed of 40 km/h (25 mph) .

363:. The alpha design included a notional route running from the 92:

from around the world participating. Delft Hyperloop from the

4660:"Aerospace students team up for SpaceX Hyperloop Pod contest" 3393:"Team HyperLynx Final Design - University of Colorado Denver" 1922:, Elon Musk, via Twitter, 1 July 2020, accessed 15 July 2020. 1789: 611: 450: 5813: 5361:"SpaceX Hyperloop Pod Competition II Rules and Requirements" 4899: 4241: 3975:"Hyperloop UC Advances to Final Round of SpaceX Competition" 3100: 3098: 2604:"Mercury News editorial: Elon Musk's Hyperloop is hypercool" 2276:"Eight New Teams Added to Hyperloop Competition This Summer" 1513:

won second with a top speed of 101 km/h (63 mph).

1370: 1350: 5845: 5833: 5555:"WARR Hyperloop pod hits 284 mph to win SpaceX competition" 5210:"Testing Phase Of SpaceX Hyperloop Pod Competition Delayed" 5045:"Auburn engineering students want you to travel at 760 mph" 4929: 1877: 666: 294: 5808: 4745: 4570:"Under Hyperloop's Shadow, A Think Tank is Born on Reddit" 3234:"Elon Musk's first Hyperloop tunnel in California is gone" 1695:

California Polytechnic State University – San Luis Obispo

1380: 750:

Power: none provided on the test track during testing; 240

427:

compete in time trials, planned for mid-2016 at the time.

4120:"See the Futuristic Pods That Could Change How We Travel" 3095: 1257: 747:

braking against the subtrack or rail to specified limits.

437:

SpaceX announced in January 2016 that they had engaged a

5512: 5510: 5355: 5353: 3944:

PHILLIP ERICKSEN (25 December 2015) (25 December 2015).

3771:

Delft Hyperloop - Revealing the Future of Transportation

3045:"Here's a first look at the SpaceX Hyperloop test track" 2752: 2310:"MIT Wins Hyperloop Competition, And Elon Musk Drops In" 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 303: 227: 5818: 4507: 4447:"Purdue team selected to build, test Hyperloop designs" 3679:"Engineering department designs Hyperloop - The Oracle" 5107:, Township High School District 211, 18 February 2016. 2784: 2666:"Musk announces plans to build Hyperloop demonstrator" 2141:(4.0 ed.). SpaceX. 8 January 2016. Archived from 316: 277: 154:

Makers UPV (Politechnical University of Valencia UPV)

5507: 5350: 4386:"Team OpenLoop Prepares for the Hyperloop Test Track" 2626: 2596: 1925: 27:

Annual competition sponsored by SpaceX from 2015–2019

5777:

Elon Musk speaks at the Hyperloop Pod Award Ceremony

5445: 4036:"Hyperloop Toronto - The 5th mode of transportation" 2995:

Elon Musk speaks at the Hyperloop Pod Award Ceremony

2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 1623:

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

691:

base inside the tube to support wheeled-vehicle pods

483:

In April 2017, 24 teams were selected to compete in

165:

Auburn University Hyperloop Team, Auburn University

5823: 5423:"Hyperloop Pod Competition winner hits over 200MPH" 4330: 3263:"The Race to Create Elon Musk's Hyperloop Heats Up" 3069: 2888:"SpaceX Design Weekend at Texas A&M University" 5743: 5471: 5150:"SpaceX Hyperloop Pod Competition is this weekend" 2303: 2301: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 5549: 5547: 5545: 4794: 2892:Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M 2688: 2550: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2047: 2045: 2043: 1357:; Subsystem Technical Excellence Awards: Hyped, 595:problem, very unlike the Hyperloop alpha design. 5852: 5783:Elon Musk's Hyperloop competition comes to Texas 3470: 3468: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2814: 2798:. Space Exploration Technologies. Archived from 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 1607:EPFL – École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 659:Length: 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) (approximate) 5393:"The Official SpaceX Hyperloop Pod Competition" 4977: 4975: 4973: 4444: 3200:"The Official SpaceX Hyperloop Pod Competition" 3165: 3163: 2298: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2071: 1830:who achieved a bore of 18 m (59 ft). 1488: 1326:, a team which formed on the SpaceX subreddit. 504:2018 competition will take place 22 July 2018. 5648: 5542: 4530: 4180:"Designing a Hyperloop pod: An insider's look" 4033: 3855: 3737: 3256: 3254: 2723: 2721: 2455: 2250: 2040: 1907: 1905: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1527: 793:of each pod in real time during each test run. 5202: 4420:Gazette – Memorial University of Newfoundland 3886: 3824: 3465: 2980: 2944: 2915: 2913: 2882: 2880: 2845: 2521: 2519: 2485: 2483: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1564: 970:The only high school team in the competition. 846:Competition I (January 2016 and January 2017) 5385: 4970: 4884: 4112: 3849: 3160: 2160: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1276:sheet exterior. It is elevated by a passive 5612: 4083:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3958:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3251: 3079:. SpaceX. 10 September 2017. Archived from 3042: 2718: 2702:. Vol. Print edition. 17 August 2013. 2489: 2136:"SpaceX Hyperloop Test-Track Specification" 1902: 1857: 1574:19 teams competed in the 2019 competition. 5011: 4952:"Menschen per Rohrpost von Stadt zu Stadt" 4708: 4561: 4298: 3622:Carnegie Mellon Hyperloop – overview video 3537:University of Wisconsin-Madison BadgerLoop 3192: 3130: 3111:. SpaceX. 5 September 2017. Archived from 2910: 2894:. Texas A&M University. Archived from 2877: 2657: 2516: 2480: 2424: 2055:(Press release). SpaceX. 4 November 2016. 1790:Tunnel-boring competition (September 2021) 1018:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 653:Inner diameter: 1.79 m (70.6 in) 3043:Etherington, Darrell (2 September 2016). 2632: 2111: 1958: 1735:University of Windsor; St. Clair College 1306:received a "Pod Innovation Award", while 547:after the end of the track to absorb the 387:test track near SpaceX's headquarters in 160:Nova Hyperloop Team, University of Cairo 5042: 4983:"Texas A&M Engineering News Release" 4536: 3738:van Miltenburg, Olaf (23 January 2016). 3588: 2820: 2696:"The Future of Transport: No loopy idea" 1870: 1806:in September 2021. Officially named the 1776: 569: 429: 313:École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 274:École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 31: 5477: 5455:. SpaceX. 17 April 2017. Archived from 4803:"Canada's University of Waterloo team, 4800: 4627: 3972: 3293: 3231: 3024:(Press release). SpaceX. 31 August 2016 2955: 2367: 2341: 2225: 1381:Phase 2: Test track runs (January 2017) 1205:Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology 44:was an annual competition sponsored by 14: 5853: 5116: 4567: 3629:from the original on 19 September 2016 3355: 3232:Hawkins, Andrew J. (3 November 2022). 3173:The Boring Company Information Session 3057:from the original on 15 September 2016 2956:Hawkins, Andrew J. (26 January 2016). 2663: 2525: 2398: 2307: 2226:Hawkins, Andrew J. (30 January 2016). 2099:from the original on 25 September 2017 1938: 1583:Indian Institute of Technology Madras 1551: 1258:Phase 1: Design weekend (January 2016) 1160:University of California-Santa Barbara 5530:from the original on 8 September 2018 5490:from the original on 23 December 2017 5433:from the original on 12 February 2019 5338:from the original on 11 February 2017 5220:from the original on 22 February 2016 5012:Kilpatrick, Mitchell (3 March 2016). 4726:from the original on 16 February 2016 4475: 4457:from the original on 15 February 2016 4311:from the original on 27 February 2016 4280:from the original on 25 February 2016 4190:from the original on 11 February 2016 4160:from the original on 19 February 2016 4130:from the original on 23 February 2016 3899:from the original on 25 February 2016 3868:from the original on 14 February 2016 3719:from the original on 15 February 2016 3601:from the original on 15 February 2016 3570:from the original on 23 February 2016 3486:from the original on 13 February 2016 3422:from the original on 28 February 2017 3406: 3404: 3402: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3275:from the original on 20 February 2016 2932:from the original on 22 December 2015 2919: 2727: 2490:Etherington, Darrell (22 July 2019). 2451: 2449: 2447: 2337: 2335: 2286:from the original on 22 February 2016 2273: 2086: 2059:from the original on 1 September 2018 2013: 1840:List of mechanical engineering awards 1482:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1068:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 525: 5478:McBride, Sarah (18 September 2017). 5373:from the original on 26 January 2017 5308:from the original on 2 February 2017 5278:from the original on 4 February 2017 5190:from the original on 27 January 2017 5160:from the original on 28 January 2017 5129:from the original on 27 January 2017 4993:from the original on 2 February 2016 4987:Texas A&M University—Engineering 4958:from the original on 2 February 2017 4801:de Luna, Montgomery (8 March 2016). 3925:from the original on 17 January 2016 3778:from the original on 2 February 2016 3750:from the original on 3 February 2016 3589:Saavedra, Kelly (16 December 2015). 3516:from the original on 7 February 2016 3440: 3368:from the original on 2 February 2016 3261:Chee, Alexander (30 November 2015). 3260: 3002:from the original on 26 October 2017 2968:from the original on 3 February 2016 2865:from the original on 27 October 2015 2565: 2538:from the original on 3 February 2016 2342:Baldwin, Roberto (30 January 2017). 2320:from the original on 31 January 2016 2308:Morris, David Z. (31 January 2016). 2238:from the original on 31 January 2016 2028:from the original on 27 January 2017 1631:Universitat Politècnica de València 1441:University of Maryland, College Park 948:, pod design uses wheel suspension. 865:Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University 36:Hyperloop pod competition test track 5055:from the original on 25 August 2017 5024:from the original on 25 August 2017 3856:Jason Laughlin (11 February 2016). 3799:Delft Hyperloop Design Presentation 3306:from the original on 9 October 2016 2853:"Hyperloop Competition Rules, v2.0" 2765:. SpaceX. June 2015. Archived from 2368:Hawkins, Andrew J. (28 July 2018). 2014:Muoio, Danielle (27 January 2017). 1939:Paleja, Ameya (23 September 2021). 1355:Universitat Politècnica de València 1106:Memorial University of Newfoundland 1049:Universitat Politècnica de Valencia 773:via two, redundant, 1–25 GHz, 447:engineering design and construction 24: 5779:, 30 January 2016. (video deleted) 5147: 5117:Ferris, Robert (27 January 2017). 4898:. 25 February 2016. Archived from 4812:(Press release). Waterloo, Ontario 4549:from the original on 12 March 2016 4537:Mitrache, Vlad (4 February 2016). 3973:Dollard, James (2 February 2016). 3887:Paola Asencio (21 February 2016). 3837:from the original on 18 March 2016 3806:from the original on 10 March 2020 3659:from the original on 11 March 2017 3399: 3380: 3344: 3206:. 15 February 2015. Archived from 2760:"Spacex Hyperloop Pod Competition" 2633:Wolverton, Troy (13 August 2013). 2444: 2332: 1727:The University of New South Wales 1647:University of California – Irvine 1591:University of Wisconsin – Madison 1288:, the pod could accelerate at 2.4 1059:University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 905:University of California, Berkeley 850: 598:Multiple systems were allowed for 499:that will require non-wheeled pod 25: 5922: 5764: 5716:from the original on 28 July 2019 5565:from the original on 29 July 2018 5523:. 1.0. SpaceX. 5 September 2017. 5248:from the original on 5 April 2017 4868:. 3 February 2016. Archived from 4842:from the original on 8 March 2016 4782:from the original on 18 July 2016 4640:from the original on 5 March 2016 4628:Lambert, Fred (29 January 2016). 4609:from the original on 8 March 2016 4518:from the original on 3 March 2016 4488:from the original on 3 March 2016 4426:from the original on 6 March 2016 4396:from the original on 1 March 2016 4341:from the original on 20 June 2016 4252:from the original on 23 June 2016 4052: 3985:from the original on 1 March 2017 3689:from the original on 3 March 2016 3544:from the original on 4 April 2017 2833:from the original on 25 June 2015 2740:from the original on 1 March 2017 2706:from the original on 5 March 2016 2676:from the original on 12 July 2016 2645:from the original on 1 March 2016 2614:from the original on 1 March 2016 2504:from the original on 22 July 2019 2380:from the original on 29 July 2018 2274:Klein, JoAnna (3 February 2016). 1885:from the original on 22 July 2019 1764: 1671:University of California – Davis 1343:Rochester Institute of Technology 1178:University of Southern California 699:Internal pressure: 0.86–100 641: 5728: 5698: 5673: 5642: 5603: 5577: 5415: 5320: 5290: 5260: 5232: 5172: 5141: 5110: 5097: 5067: 5043:Phillips, Sarah (2 March 2016). 5036: 4752:from the original on 9 July 2017 4696:from the original on 9 June 2016 3480:NYU Tandon School of Engineering 3441:Koch, Wendy (23 February 2016). 3356:Lavars, Nick (31 January 2016). 3332:from the original on 6 July 2018 3294:Lambert, Fred (6 October 2016). 3180:from the original on 20 May 2018 2998:. Event occurs at 13:25–14:20. 2920:Boyle, Alan (15 December 2015). 2821:Thompson, Cadie (23 June 2015). 2664:Dodson, Brian (13 August 2013). 2526:Dodson, Brian (22 August 2013). 1871:Gonzalez, Oscar (22 July 2019). 1802:, and a competition was held in 1639:University of Colorado – Denver 1435:Best Performance in Operations: 827:University of Colorado, Denver's 243:Technical University of Munich ( 206:Technical University of Munich ( 5366:. 1.0. SpaceX. 31 August 2016. 5005: 4954:. NWZ Online. 29 January 2016. 4944: 4914: 4854: 4824: 4764: 4738: 4678: 4652: 4621: 4593: 4500: 4478:"Hyperloop - Purdue University" 4469: 4438: 4416:"Six universities, one mission" 4408: 4378: 4353: 4323: 4299:Brady Dale (23 February 2016). 4292: 4264: 4234: 4202: 4172: 4142: 4091: 4046: 4027: 3997: 3966: 3937: 3911: 3880: 3818: 3790: 3762: 3731: 3701: 3671: 3641: 3613: 3582: 3556: 3528: 3498: 3434: 3318: 3287: 3225: 3036: 3014: 2418: 2392: 2361: 1711:Technical University of Munich 1599:Delft University of Technology 1536: 1463:University of Wisconsin–Madison 1005:University of California Irvine 890:University of Wisconsin–Madison 840: 808: 687:1.2 m-wide (48.0 in) 411:were due on 13 January 2016. A 293:Technical University of Munich 177:Technical University of Delft ( 5649:spacexcmsadmin (8 June 2015). 2456:spacexcmsadmin (8 June 2015). 2425:maddyleigh (6 February 2016). 2399:Davies, Chris (22 July 2019). 2087:Boyle, Alan (27 August 2017). 1820:Technical University of Munich 1749: 1684:Queen's Hyperloop Design Team 1452:Delft University of Technology 1430:Technical University of Munich 1412:Delft University of Technology 1401:Technical University of Munich 1226:Technical University of Munich 932:Delft University of Technology 732:during pumpdown and test runs. 478:Technical University of Munich 102:Technical University of Munich 13: 1: 5871:Mechanical engineering awards 5609:Hyperloop Genesis white paper 4568:Alonso, Bogar (August 2015). 2566:Musk, Elon (12 August 2013). 1850: 1151:University of Colorado-Denver 554: 96:won the first overall prize. 94:Technical University of Delft 5771:Hyperloop Pod Award Ceremony 5332:Business Insider Deutschland 2728:Boyle, Alan (15 June 2015). 1615:The University of Edinburgh 1489:Competition II (August 2017) 1424:Best Performance in Flight: 1369:. Top Design Concept Award: 777:. The NAP will also record 335:The outline of the original 7: 5834:HyperPodX Oldenburg website 2858:. SpaceX. 20 October 2015. 1833: 1620:Hyperloop at Virginia Tech 1528:Competition III (July 2018) 1503:HyperTube, a 1.25-kilometer 869:Northern Arizona University 684:for electrical applications 670:A1018 Grade 36 carbon steel 561:SpaceX Hyperloop test track 421:SpaceX Hyperloop Test Track 66: 10: 5927: 5710:interestingengineering.com 4748:. University of Maryland. 3077:"SpaceX Hyperloop website" 1565:Competition IV (July 2019) 1312:Hyperloop at Virginia Tech 1216:system to levitate and an 992:Hyperloop at Virginia Tech 914:Carnegie Mellon University 899:Louisiana State University 497:Levitation Sub-Competition 330: 115: 4836:engineersaustralia.org.au 4099:"Security Check Required" 1743:University of Washington 1446:Design and Construction: 1361:; Conant Hyperloop Club, 1214:electrodynamic suspension 1212:, pod design will use an 968:St. John's School (Texas) 910:Carnegie Mellon Hyperloop 42:Hyperloop Pod Competition 5399:. SpaceX. Archived from 3204:SpaceX Hyperloop website 3170:Elon Musk, Steve Davis. 3140:. SpaceX. Archived from 1808:Not-a-Boring Competition 1569: 1476:Safety and Reliability: 1339:University of Washington 1187:University of Washington 1131:TAMU Aerospace Hyperloop 1112:(electrical and cooling) 978:University of Cincinnati 912:, air-bearing subsystem 861:Arizona State University 417:Texas A&M University 5839:2 February 2017 at the 3412:"What are we building?" 1945:Interesting Engineering 1845:European Hyperloop Week 1732:uWinLoop & SCCLoop 1719:University of Maryland 1359:University of Edinburgh 1243:University of Oldenburg 1102:Northeastern University 923:Oral Roberts University 622:. In the initial year, 485:Competition Weekend II. 357:linear induction motors 88:, for the competition. 5829:DIYguru Knowledge Base 4772:"Welcome to Waterloop" 1457:Pod Innovation Award: 1196:University of Waterloo 1169:University of Maryland 1108:(compressed air), and 1098:University of Michigan 802:optical pod navigation 585:subsystem technologies 579: 492:Competition Weekend II 434: 369:San Francisco Bay Area 80:—a mile-long, partial- 37: 5896:Hawthorne, California 5814:Hyperloop UPV website 5241:Hyperloop Pod Flights 4445:Purdue News Service. 4108:– via Facebook. 3395:– via Facebook. 2639:San Jose Mercury News 2608:San Jose Mercury News 1740:Washington Hyperloop 1280:system comprising 20 1247:Hochschule Emden/Leer 1183:UWashington Hyperloop 1141:Shiv Nadar University 987:University of Toronto 950:University of Florida 877:University of Wroclaw 835:New York University's 715:(if applicable), and 574:Cross section of the 573: 433: 409:Final Design Packages 86:Hawthorne, California 63:(0.98 ft)-wide. 35: 5876:Science competitions 5403:on 10 September 2017 5256:– via YouTube. 5216:. 19 February 2016. 5148:Snyder, John Beltz. 4922:"HyperPodX Homepage" 4722:. 14 February 2016. 4617:– via YouTube. 4422:. 16 February 2016. 4288:– via YouTube. 4034:metatags generator. 3814:– via YouTube. 3786:– via YouTube. 3655:. 26 February 2016. 3637:– via YouTube. 3564:"Berkeley Hyperloop" 3552:– via YouTube. 3482:. 10 February 2016. 3210:on 10 September 2017 3188:– via YouTube. 3144:on 10 September 2017 3118:on 10 September 2017 3083:on 10 September 2017 3032:– via Twitter. 2898:on 12 September 2015 2802:on 10 September 2017 2067:– via Twitter. 1266:MIT Hyperloop Team's 1110:Princeton University 1041:Hyperloop Makers UPV 903:Berkeley Hyperloop, 881:University of Warsaw 680:Subtrack: AA1370-50 263:26 July 2019 at the 5748:on 25 December 2021 5274:. 29 January 2017. 5244:. 29 January 2017. 5186:. 27 January 2017. 4989:. 30 January 2016. 4902:on 22 February 2016 4866:The Huffington Post 4390:Harvey Mudd College 4276:. 28 January 2016. 4273:MIT Hyperloop Intro 4186:. 7 February 2016. 4156:. 9 February 2016. 4154:The Brown and White 4126:. 4 February 2016. 4065:on 13 February 2016 4042:on 31 January 2016. 3825:Frederick Wachter. 3802:. 8 February 2016. 3774:. 22 January 2016. 3715:. 31 January 2016. 3625:. 7 December 2015. 3540:. 27 January 2016. 3453:on 26 February 2016 3447:National Geographic 3268:Wall Street Journal 2431:Texas A&M Today 2148:on 15 February 2017 1918:1 July 2020 at the 1828:Swissloop Tunneling 1777:Competition weekend 1687:Queen's University 1676:Paradigm Hyperloop 1552:Competition weekend 1395:Fastest Pod Award: 1375:University of Cairo 1278:magnetic levitation 1239:Engineering Physics 1096:(control systems), 1094:Harvey Mudd College 1081:New York University 819:magnetic levitation 775:wave blade antennas 620:magnetic levitation 121: 5911:2018 in California 5906:2017 in California 5901:2016 in California 5809:BadgerLoop website 5429:. 28 August 2017. 4932:on 2 February 2017 4690:hyperloop.tamu.edu 4210:"technical report" 3827:"Drexel Hyperloop" 3138:"SpaceX Hyperloop" 2610:. 13 August 2013. 2584:on 28 January 2016 1800:The Boring Company 1652:Midwest Hyperloop 1419:Subcategory awards 1367:Ryerson University 1363:Conant High School 1241:students from the 1090:Cornell University 1064:MIT Hyperloop Team 1014:branching failures 798:reflective stripes 709:propulsion systems 580: 526:Technical overview 509:The Boring Company 435: 371:, paralleling the 218:Paradigm Hyperloop 120: 38: 5846:Swissloop Website 5819:RUMD Loop website 5797:Los Angeles Times 5661:on 31 August 2018 5630:on 31 August 2018 5018:Yellowhammer News 4776:teamwaterloop.com 3591:"In It To Win It" 2568:"Hyperloop Alpha" 2468:on 31 August 2018 1804:Las Vegas, Nevada 1747: 1746: 1660:MIT Hyperloop II 1335:Auburn University 1120:Purdue University 1036:Lehigh University 983:Hyperloop Toronto 959:Baylor University 941:Drexel University 703:(0.125–14.7 423:in January 2017. 404:Intent to Compete 328: 327: 143:Top speed (km/h) 137:Top speed (km/h) 131:Top speed (km/h) 16:(Redirected from 5918: 5861:Challenge awards 5824:OpenLoop Website 5805:, December 2016. 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5747: 5742:. Archived from 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5712:. 22 July 2019. 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5657:. Archived from 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5626:. Archived from 5616: 5610: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5561:. 18 July 2018. 5551: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5505: 5504: 5497: 5495: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5459:on 19 April 2017 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5081:. Archived from 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4979: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4928:. Archived from 4926:en.hyperpodx.com 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4811: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4686:"Universities S" 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4666:on 12 March 2016 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4605:. 7 March 2016. 4597: 4591: 4590: 4582: 4580: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4246:hyperloopupv.com 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4222:on 19 April 2016 4221: 4214: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4082: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4061:. Archived from 4050: 4044: 4043: 4038:. Archived from 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4011:. Archived from 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3979:The News Records 3970: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3949: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3449:. Archived from 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3408: 3397: 3396: 3389: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3353: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3167: 3158: 3157: 3151: 3149: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2989: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2953: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2917: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2884: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2864: 2857: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2827:Business Insider 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2583: 2577:. Archived from 2572: 2563: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2523: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2464:. Archived from 2453: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2339: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2305: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2271: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2223: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2147: 2140: 2132: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2084: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2049: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2021:Business Insider 2011: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1936: 1923: 1909: 1900: 1899: 1892: 1890: 1868: 1596:Delft Hyperloop 1577: 1576: 1222:aerodynamic drag 1218:axial compressor 1116:Purdue Hyperloop 1032:Lehigh Hyperloop 1010:Illini Hyperloop 937:Drexel Hyperloop 874:Hyperloop Poland 829:Hyperlynx team. 739:, one that will 730:thermal hotspots 717:outer mold lines 676:Aluminum 6061-T6 480:won top honors. 122: 119: 74:SpaceX Hyperloop 21: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5891:2018 in science 5886:2017 in science 5881:2016 in science 5851: 5850: 5841:Wayback Machine 5799:, January 2016. 5767: 5762: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5553: 5552: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5508: 5493: 5491: 5476: 5472: 5462: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5302:businessinsider 5296: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5279: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5184:venturebeat.com 5178: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5115: 5111: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5085:on 8 March 2016 5073: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4981: 4980: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4578: 4576: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4242:"Hyperloop UPV" 4240: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4076: 4075: 4068: 4066: 4051: 4047: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3971: 3967: 3951: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3474: 3473: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3416:kickstarter.com 3410: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3390: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3354: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3326:"1370 Aluminum" 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3259: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3230: 3226: 3213: 3211: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3169: 3168: 3161: 3155:self-propelled. 3147: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3005: 3003: 2991: 2990: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2954: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2918: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2886: 2885: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2772:on 14 July 2015 2769: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2726: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2570: 2564: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2524: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2488: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2454: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2340: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2306: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2272: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2224: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2085: 2072: 2062: 2060: 2051: 2050: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2012: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1937: 1926: 1920:Wayback Machine 1910: 1903: 1888: 1886: 1869: 1858: 1853: 1836: 1792: 1779: 1767: 1752: 1724:UNSW Hyperloop 1572: 1567: 1554: 1539: 1530: 1491: 1448:Delft Hyperloop 1408:Delft Hyperloop 1406:Overall Score: 1383: 1371:Makers UPV Team 1351:Makers UPV Team 1347:RMIT University 1304:Delft Hyperloop 1260: 1139:Team Frigates, 1045:Valencia, Spain 1027:Keio University 928:Delft Hyperloop 853: 851:Competing teams 848: 843: 811: 764: 755: 644: 557: 528: 361:air compressors 333: 265:Wayback Machine 258:Delft Hyperloop 179:Delft Hyperloop 118: 69: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5924: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5800: 5790: 5780: 5774: 5766: 5765:External links 5763: 5760: 5759: 5727: 5697: 5672: 5641: 5611: 5602: 5591:. 24 July 2018 5576: 5541: 5506: 5470: 5444: 5414: 5384: 5349: 5319: 5289: 5259: 5231: 5201: 5171: 5140: 5109: 5096: 5066: 5035: 5004: 4969: 4943: 4913: 4883: 4872:on 6 July 2018 4853: 4823: 4793: 4763: 4737: 4707: 4677: 4651: 4620: 4592: 4560: 4529: 4499: 4468: 4437: 4407: 4377: 4352: 4322: 4291: 4263: 4233: 4201: 4171: 4141: 4111: 4090: 4045: 4026: 4015:on 1 June 2016 3996: 3965: 3936: 3910: 3879: 3848: 3817: 3789: 3761: 3730: 3700: 3670: 3640: 3612: 3581: 3555: 3527: 3497: 3464: 3433: 3398: 3379: 3362:www.gizmag.com 3343: 3328:. US: MatWeb. 3317: 3286: 3250: 3224: 3191: 3159: 3129: 3094: 3068: 3035: 3013: 2979: 2943: 2909: 2876: 2844: 2813: 2783: 2751: 2717: 2687: 2656: 2625: 2595: 2549: 2515: 2479: 2443: 2417: 2391: 2360: 2331: 2297: 2249: 2159: 2110: 2070: 2039: 1957: 1924: 1901: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1835: 1832: 1791: 1788: 1778: 1775: 1766: 1763: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1708:TUM Hyperloop 1705: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628:Hyperloop UPV 1625: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1553: 1550: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1526: 1507:WARR Hyperloop 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1474: 1455: 1444: 1433: 1426:WARR Hyperloop 1421: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1404: 1397:WARR Hyperloop 1392: 1391: 1382: 1379: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1228: 1210:WARR Hyperloop 1207: 1198: 1189: 1180: 1171: 1162: 1156:UCSB Hyperloop 1153: 1147:Team HyperLynx 1144: 1137: 1128: 1122: 1113: 1104:(suspension), 1092:(suspension), 1083: 1070: 1061: 1052: 1038: 1029: 1020: 1007: 998: 989: 980: 971: 961: 952: 943: 934: 925: 916: 907: 901: 892: 883: 871: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 810: 807: 806: 805: 794: 766: 762: 753: 748: 737:braking system 733: 726: 720: 697: 694: 693: 692: 685: 682:Aluminum alloy 678: 672: 660: 657: 654: 651: 643: 642:Specifications 640: 624:Pod propulsion 556: 553: 527: 524: 474:WARR Hyperloop 413:Design Weekend 367:region to the 332: 329: 326: 325: 323: 320: 310: 307: 300: 297: 291: 287: 286: 284: 281: 271: 268: 251: 248: 241: 237: 236: 234: 231: 224: 221: 214: 211: 204: 200: 199: 197: 194: 191: 188: 185: 182: 175: 171: 170: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 155: 152: 148: 147: 144: 141: 138: 135: 132: 129: 126: 117: 114: 98:WARR Hyperloop 76:test track—or 68: 65: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5923: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5606: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5526: 5519: 5513: 5511: 5503: 5502: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5369: 5362: 5356: 5354: 5337: 5334:(in German). 5333: 5329: 5323: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5235: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5100: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5008: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4931: 4927: 4923: 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3684: 3680: 3674: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3616: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3531: 3515: 3511: 3510:news.wisc.edu 3507: 3501: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3469: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3257: 3255: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3166: 3164: 3156: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3114: 3107: 3101: 3099: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3039: 3023: 3017: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2914: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2861: 2854: 2848: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2768: 2761: 2755: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2722: 2705: 2701: 2700:The Economist 2697: 2691: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 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