Hyperspectral imaging

474: 267:)-map of the scene. HSI devices for spectral scanning are typically based on optical band-pass filters (either tunable or fixed). The scene is spectrally scanned by exchanging one filter after another while the platform remains stationary. In such "staring", wavelength scanning systems, spectral smearing can occur if there is movement within the scene, invalidating spectral correlation/detection. Nonetheless, there is the advantage of being able to pick and choose spectral bands, and having a direct representation of the two spatial dimensions of the scene. If the imaging system is used on a moving platform, such as an airplane, acquired images at different wavelengths corresponds to different areas of the scene. The spatial features on each of the images may be used to realign the pixels. 618: 514:(NIR), which combines the advantages of microscopy and NIR. In 2004, the first study relating this problem with hyperspectral imaging was published. Hyperspectral libraries that are representative of the diversity of ingredients usually present in the preparation of compound feeds were constructed. These libraries can be used together with chemometric tools to investigate the limit of detection, specificity and reproducibility of the NIR hyperspectral imaging method for the detection and quantification of animal ingredients in feed. 783: 170: 877:. All of these factors greatly increase the cost of acquiring and processing hyperspectral data. Also, one of the hurdles researchers have had to face is finding ways to program hyperspectral satellites to sort through data on their own and transmit only the most important images, as both transmission and storage of that much data could prove difficult and costly. As a relatively new analytical technique, the full potential of hyperspectral imaging has not yet been realized. 202: 3475: 699: 389:. The term “hyperspectral imaging” derives from the development of NASA's Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) and AVIRIS in the mid-1980s. Although NASA prefers the earlier term “imaging spectroscopy” over “hyperspectral imaging,” use of the latter term has become more prevalent in scientific and non-scientific language. In a peer reviewed letter, experts recommend using the terms “imaging spectroscopy” or “spectral imaging” and avoiding exaggerated 72:(long wavelengths, perceived as red; medium wavelengths, perceived as green; and short wavelengths, perceived as blue), spectral imaging divides the spectrum into many more bands. This technique of dividing images into bands can be extended beyond the visible. In hyperspectral imaging, the recorded spectra have fine wavelength resolution and cover a wide range of wavelengths. Hyperspectral imaging measures continuous spectral bands, as opposed to 313:(IFS-S), image-replicating imaging spectrometry (IRIS), filter stack spectral decomposition (FSSD), coded aperture snapshot spectral imaging (CASSI), image mapping spectrometry (IMS), and multispectral Sagnac interferometry (MSI). However, computational effort and manufacturing costs are high. In an effort to reduce the computational demands and potentially the high cost of non-scanning hyperspectral instrumentation, prototype devices based on 639: 819: 404:. The distinction between hyper- and multi-band is sometimes based incorrectly on an arbitrary "number of bands" or on the type of measurement. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) uses continuous and contiguous ranges of wavelengths (e.g. 400 - 1100 nm in steps of 1 nm) whilst multiband imaging (MSI) uses a subset of targeted wavelengths at chosen locations (e.g. 400 - 1100 nm in steps of 20 nm). 3487: 595: 374: 629:

Commercial adoption of hyperspectral sorters is also advancing at a fast pace in the potato processing industry where the technology promises to solve a number of outstanding product quality problems. Work is under way to use hyperspectral imaging to detect “sugar ends,” “hollow heart” and “common

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Adopting hyperspectral imaging on digital sorters achieves non-destructive, 100 percent inspection in-line at full production volumes. The sorter’s software compares the hyperspectral images collected to user-defined accept/reject thresholds, and the ejection system automatically removes defects and

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Hyperspectral imaging is also used in zoology; it is used to investigate the spatial distribution of coloration and its extension into the near-infrared and SWIR range of the spectrum. Some animals for example, such as some tropical frogs and certain leaf-sitting insects are highly reflective in the

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Hyperspectral deals with imaging narrow spectral bands over a continuous spectral range, producing the spectra of all pixels in the scene. A sensor with only 20 bands can also be hyperspectral when it covers the range from 500 to 700 nm with 20 bands each 10 nm wide, while a sensor with 20

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Hyperspectral remote sensing of minerals is well developed. Many minerals can be identified from airborne images, and their relation to the presence of valuable minerals, such as gold and diamonds, is well understood. Currently, progress is towards understanding the relationship between oil and gas

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distance behind a basic slit spectroscope (slit + dispersive element). Advanced spatiospectral scanning systems can be obtained by placing a dispersive element before a spatial scanning system. Scanning can be achieved by moving the whole system relative to the scene, by moving the camera alone, or

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spectral calculation engine. In these platforms, chemical information is calculated in the optical domain prior to imaging such that the chemical image relies on conventional camera systems with no further computing. As a disadvantage of these systems, no spectral information is ever acquired, i.e.

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emission line. Bottom panel: Contour map of the spectral radiance at 2580 cm corresponding to continuum emission from particulates in the plume. The translucent gray rectangle indicates the position of the stack. The horizontal line at row 12 between columns 64-128 indicate the pixels used to

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The recent commercial adoption of hyperspectral sensor-based food sorters is most advanced in the nut industry where installed systems maximize the removal of stones, shells and other foreign material (FM) and extraneous vegetable matter (EVM) from walnuts, pecans, almonds, pistachios, peanuts and

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to detect grape variety and develop an early warning system for disease outbreaks. Furthermore, work is under way to use hyperspectral data to detect the chemical composition of plants, which can be used to detect the nutrient and water status of wheat in irrigated systems. On a smaller scale, NIR

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The primary advantage to hyperspectral imaging is that, because an entire spectrum is acquired at each point, the operator needs no prior knowledge of the sample, and postprocessing allows all available information from the dataset to be mined. Hyperspectral imaging can also take advantage of the

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Hyperspectral remote sensing is used in a wide array of applications. Although originally developed for mining and geology (the ability of hyperspectral imaging to identify various minerals makes it ideal for the mining and oil industries, where it can be used to look for ore and oil), it has now

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Engineers build hyperspectral sensors and processing systems for applications in astronomy, agriculture, molecular biology, biomedical imaging, geosciences, physics, and surveillance. Hyperspectral sensors look at objects using a vast portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Certain objects leave

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Most countries require continuous monitoring of emissions produced by coal and oil-fired power plants, municipal and hazardous waste incinerators, cement plants, as well as many other types of industrial sources. This monitoring is usually performed using extractive sampling systems coupled with

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have catalogues of various minerals and their spectral signatures, and have posted them online to make them readily available for researchers. On a smaller scale, NIR hyperspectral imaging can be used to rapidly monitor the application of pesticides to individual seeds for quality control of the

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The precision of these sensors is typically measured in spectral resolution, which is the width of each band of the spectrum that is captured. If the scanner detects a large number of fairly narrow frequency bands, it is possible to identify objects even if they are only captured in a handful of

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The primary disadvantages are cost and complexity. Fast computers, sensitive detectors, and large data storage capacities are needed for analyzing hyperspectral data. Significant data storage capacity is necessary since uncompressed hyperspectral cubes are large, multidimensional datasets,

293:) data. HSI devices for non-scanning yield the full datacube at once, without any scanning. Figuratively speaking, a single snapshot represents a perspective projection of the datacube, from which its three-dimensional structure can be reconstructed. The most prominent benefits of these 1447:

Myrick, Michael L.; Soyemi, Olusola O.; Haibach, Fred; Zhang, Lixia; Greer, Ashley; Li, Hongli; Priore, Ryan; Schiza, Maria V.; Farr, J. R. (2002-02-22). Christesen, Steven D; Sedlacek Iii, Arthur J (eds.). "Application of multivariate optical computing to near-infrared imaging".

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In astronomy, hyperspectral imaging is used to determine a spatially-resolved spectral image. Since a spectrum is an important diagnostic, having a spectrum for each pixel allows more science cases to be addressed. In astronomy, this technique is commonly referred to as

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is a factor in addition to spectral resolution. If the pixels are too large, then multiple objects are captured in the same pixel and become difficult to identify. If the pixels are too small, then the intensity captured by each sensor cell is low, and the decreased

229:). Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) devices for spatial scanning obtain slit spectra by projecting a strip of the scene onto a slit and dispersing the slit image with a prism or a grating. These systems have the drawback of having the image analyzed per lines (with a 96:

Figuratively speaking, hyperspectral sensors collect information as a set of "images." Each image represents a narrow wavelength range of the electromagnetic spectrum, also known as a spectral band. These "images" are combined to form a three-dimensional

610:) to identify and remove defects and foreign material (FM) that are invisible to traditional camera and laser sorters. By improving the accuracy of defect and FM removal, the food processor’s objective is to enhance product quality and increase yields. 726:

that military entities now take to avoid airborne surveillance. The idea that drives hyperspectral surveillance is that hyperspectral scanning draws information from such a large portion of the light spectrum that any given object should have a unique

41:. The goal of hyperspectral imaging is to obtain the spectrum for each pixel in the image of a scene, with the purpose of finding objects, identifying materials, or detecting processes. There are three general types of spectral imagers. There are 809:

Soldiers can be exposed to a wide variety of chemical hazards. These threats are mostly invisible but detectable by hyperspectral imaging technology. The Telops Hyper-Cam, introduced in 2005, has demonstrated this at distances up to 5 km.

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Qureshi, Muhammad Saad; Oasmaa, Anja; Pihkola, Hanna; Deviatkin, Ivan; Tenhunen, Anna; Mannila, Juha; Minkkinen, Hannu; Pohjakallio, Maija; Laine-Ylijoki, Jutta (1 November 2020). "Pyrolysis of plastic waste: Opportunities and challenges".

239:, the spatial dimension is collected through platform movement or scanning. This requires stabilized mounts or accurate pointing information to 'reconstruct' the image. Nonetheless, line-scan systems are particularly common in 1855:

Fernández Pierna, J.A., et al., 'Combination of Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Near Infrared (NIR) imaging spectroscopy for the detection of meat and bone meat (MBM) in compound feeds' Journal of Chemometrics 18 (2004)

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Francisco Pinto, Michael Mielewczik, Frank Liebisch, Achim Walter, Hartmut Greven, Uwe Rascher (2013), "Non-Invasive Measurement of Frog Skin Reflectivity in High Spatial Resolution Using a Dual Hyperspectral Approach.",

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Although the cost of acquiring hyperspectral images is typically high for specific crops and in specific climates, hyperspectral remote sensing use is increasing for monitoring the development and health of crops. In

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infrared spectroscopy techniques. Some recent standoff measurements performed allowed the evaluation of the air quality but not many remote independent methods allow for low uncertainty measurements.

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Davis, Brandon M.; Hemphill, Amanda J.; Cebeci Maltaş, Derya; Zipper, Michael A.; Wang, Ping; Ben-Amotz, Dor (2011-07-01). "Multivariate Hyperspectral Raman Imaging Using Compressive Detection".

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Multiband imaging deals with several images at discrete and somewhat narrow bands. Being "discrete and somewhat narrow" is what distinguishes multispectral imaging in the visible wavelength from

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unique "fingerprints" in the electromagnetic spectrum. Known as spectral signatures, these "fingerprints" enable identification of the materials that make up a scanned object. For example, a

662:, can be rapidly mapped for nearly all minerals of commercial interest with hyperspectral imaging. Fusion of SWIR and LWIR spectral imaging is standard for the detection of minerals in the 2710:

Gross, Kevin C.; Bradley, Kenneth C.; Perram, Glen P. (2010). "Remote Identification and Quantification of Industrial Smokestack Effluents via Imaging Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy".

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A line scan push-broom system was used to scan the cheeses and images were acquired using a Hg-Cd-Te array (386x288) equipped linescan camera with halogen light as a radiation source.

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of the different objects such as the watch glass have clearly distinctive characteristics. The contrast level indicates the temperature of the object. This image was produced with a

892: 411:. A multispectral sensor may have many bands covering the spectrum from the visible to the longwave infrared. Multispectral images do not produce the "spectrum" of an object. 193:) dataset of a hyperspectral cube. The choice of technique depends on the specific application, seeing that each technique has context-dependent advantages and disadvantages. 128:

Technically speaking, there are four ways for sensors to sample the hyperspectral cube: spatial scanning, spectral scanning, snapshot imaging, and spatio-spectral scanning.

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leakages from pipelines and natural wells, and their effects on the vegetation and the spectral signatures. Recent work includes the PhD dissertations of Werff and Noomen.

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hyperspectral imaging can be used to rapidly monitor the application of pesticides to individual seeds for quality control of the optimum dose and homogeneous coverage.

542:. It has been applied to distinguish between substances with different fabrics and to identify natural, animal and synthetic fibers. HSI cameras can be integrated with 1369: 706:

measurement, an outdoor scan in winter conditions, ambient temperature -15°C—relative radiance spectra from various targets in the image are shown with arrows. The

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before damage to the eye occurs. The metabolic hyperspectral camera will detect a drop in oxygen consumption in the retina, which indicates potential disease. An

243:, where it is sensible to use mobile platforms. Line-scan systems are also used to scan materials moving by on a conveyor belt. A special case of line scanning is 626:

other nuts. Here, improved product quality, low false reject rates and the ability to handle high incoming defect loads often justify the cost of the technology.

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systems and, via simplifying platforms, allow end-customers to create new waste sorting applications and other sorting/identification applications. A system of

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HSI cameras can also be used to detect stress from heavy metals in plants and become an earlier and faster alternative to post-harvest wet chemical methods.

49:(spatial scanning), which read images over time, band sequential scanners (spectral scanning), which acquire images of an area at different wavelengths, and 1725:

IGARSS 2001. Scanning the Present and Resolving the Future. Proceedings. IEEE 2001 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (Cat. No.01CH37217)

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and hyperspectral camera can distinguish between 12 different types of plastics such as PET and PP for automated separation of waste of, as of 2020, highly

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by moving the slit alone. Spatiospectral scanning unites some advantages of spatial and spectral scanning, thereby alleviating some of their disadvantages.

2677: 2602: 2386: 2979: 1894:"Leveraging high-throughput hyperspectral imaging technology to detect cadmium stress in two leafy green crops and accelerate soil remediation efforts" 2334: 2616: 2478: 2021: 1392:"SPIE – Optical Engineering – Snapshot advantage: a review of the light collection improvement for parallel high-dimensional measurement systems" 735:

purposes. Facial recognition algorithms using hyperspectral imaging have been shown to perform better than algorithms using traditional imaging.

506:, also known as mad-cow disease. Different studies have been done to propose alternative tools to the reference method of detection, (classical 2401: 133: 3197: 3130: 3075: 3044: 2497:

Knowledge based remote sensing of complex objects: recognition of spectral and spatial patterns resulting from natural hydrocarbon seepages

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spatial relationships among the different spectra in a neighbourhood, allowing more elaborate spectral-spatial models for a more accurate

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Acquisition techniques for hyperspectral imaging, visualized as sections of the hyperspectral datacube with its two spatial dimensions (

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Charting the quality of forage: measuring and mapping the variation of chemical components in foliage with hyperspectral remote sensing

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spread into fields as widespread as ecology and surveillance, as well as historical manuscript research, such as the imaging of the

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Vermeulen, Ph.; et al. (2017). "Assessment of pesticide coating on cereal seeds by near infrared hyperspectral imaging".

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discrete bands covering the visible, near, short wave, medium wave and long wave infrared would be considered multispectral.

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with its hyperspectral instrument Hyperion. However, for many development and validation studies, handheld sensors are used.

2943: 2544:"Studies on Hyperspectral Face Recognition in Visible Spectrum With Feature Band Selection - IEEE Journals & Magazine". 2437:

Dacal-Nieto, Angel; et al. (2011). "Common Scab Detection on Potatoes Using an Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging System".

3170: 3115: 3065: 3558: 1150: 306: 251:), where a point-like aperture is used instead of a slit, and the sensor is essentially one-dimensional instead of 2D. 177:

Slit spectrum; monochromatic spatial map; 'perspective projection' of hyperspectral cube; wavelength-coded spatial map.

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Hyperspectral imaging can provide information about the chemical constituents of materials which makes it useful for

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J Priore, Ryan; Haibach, Frederick; V Schiza, Maria; E Greer, Ashley; L Perkins, David; Myrick, M.L. (2004-08-01).

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in at least a few of the many bands that are scanned. Hyperspectral imaging has also shown potential to be used in

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type imaging sensors with a very fine spectral resolution. These sensors often have (but not necessarily) a low

3548: 3513: 3346: 3137: 3034: 1799: 1193:"OSA – Basic slit spectroscope reveals three-dimensional scenes through diagonal slices of hyperspectral cubes" 897: 314: 294: 276: 50: 3553: 3491: 3144: 3049: 913: 3278: 3125: 3014: 2864:

Spectral and Spatial Feature Integration for Classification of Non-ferrous Materials in Hyper-spectral Data

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Recent research indicates that hyperspectral imaging may be useful to detect the development of cracks in

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industry, hyperspectral imaging, combined with intelligent software, enables digital sorters (also called

551: 446: 301:(higher light throughput) and shorter acquisition time. A number of systems have been designed, including 259:

In spectral scanning, each 2D sensor output represents a monochromatic (i.e. single wavelength), spatial (

3434: 3273: 3242: 3175: 2613: 764: 567: 2475: 2420: 3518: 3424: 3366: 3215: 3087: 617: 2207:"Breakthrough in separating plastic waste: Machines can now distinguish 12 different types of plastic" 2064:

2013 5th Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS)

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Zea, Maria; Souza, Augusto; Yang, Yang; Lee, Linda; Nemali, Krishna; Hoagland, Lori (1 January 2022).

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In spatiospectral scanning, each 2D sensor output represents a wavelength-coded ("rainbow-colored",

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Another application in agriculture is the detection of animal proteins in compound feeds to avoid

3528: 3323: 3019: 2655: 1721:"Use of hyperspectral imagery for mapping grape varieties in the Barossa Valley, South Australia" 1595: 980: 750:

introduced a thermal infrared hyperspectral camera that can be used for outdoor surveillance and

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Traditionally, commercially available thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging systems have needed

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AM Shahidi; et al. (2013). "Regional variation in human retinal vessel oxygen saturation".

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Hyperspectral imaging has also been used to detect cancer, identify nerves and analyze bruises.

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M. Chamberland, V. Farley, A. Vallières, L. Belhumeur, A. Villemaire, J. Giroux et J. Legault,

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Specim's Owl sees an invisible object and identifies its materials even in a pitch-dark night.

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Henriksen, Martin L.; Karlsen, Celine B.; Klarskov, Pernille; Hinge, Mogens (1 January 2022).

456:. This technology is continually becoming more available to the public. Organizations such as 221:

In spatial scanning, each two-dimensional (2D) sensor output represents a full slit spectrum (

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Photos illustrating individual sensor outputs for the four hyperspectral imaging techniques.

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ASTER Spectral Library (compilation of over 2400 spectra of natural and man made materials)

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purposes. Hyperspectral imaging is particularly useful in military surveillance because of

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Hyperspectral surveillance is the implementation of hyperspectral scanning technology for

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and Optina Diagnostics to test the use of hyperspectral photography in the diagnosis of

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only the chemical information, such that post processing or reanalysis is not possible.

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Hyperspectral reflectance of vegetation affected by underground hydrocarbon gas seepage

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will then be able to treat the retina with injections to prevent any potential damage.

430: 373: 230: 146: 81: 42: 2758:"Pavement Crack Detection from Hyperspectral Images Using a Novel Asphalt Crack Index" 746:

cooling, which has made them impractical for most surveillance applications. In 2010,

233:) and also having some mechanical parts integrated into the optical train. With these 3356: 3283: 3257: 2918: 2844: 2826: 2735: 2527: 2505: 2450: 2410: 2315: 2266: 2254: 2192: 2180: 2075: 2059: 2036: 2015: 2004: 1943: 1931: 1923: 1782: 1744: 1636: 1571: 1563: 1520: 1477: 1429: 1343: 1220: 1129: 1071: 1013: 986: 845: 703: 408: 138: 2567: 2089: 2058:

Karaca, Ali Can; Erturk, Alp; Gullu, M. Kemal; Elmas, M.; Erturk, Sarp (June 2013).

1758: 1532: 3523: 2908: 2898: 2834: 2818: 2777: 2727: 2555: 2442: 2307: 2244: 2172: 2067: 1994: 1984: 1974: 1913: 1822: 1736: 1728: 1622: 1555: 1512: 1492: 1465: 1419: 1411: 1333: 1325: 1212: 1119: 1111: 1057: 804: 782: 547: 382: 235: 169: 20: 2249: 2232: 2071: 2879:"A Hyperspectral Image Classification Framework with Spatial Pixel Pair Features" 2690: 2620: 2482: 2446: 2403:

Non-Destructive Detection of Hollow Heart in Potatoes Using Hyperspectral Imaging

1979: 1918: 1893: 1705: 1286: 739: 667: 607: 603: 583: 2559: 2311: 2176: 2060:"Automatic waste sorting using shortwave infrared hyperspectral imaging system" 1732: 1306:"SPIE – Journal of Biomedical Optics – Medical hyperspectral imaging: a review" 1240:

Schurmer, J.H., (Dec 2003), Air Force Research Laboratories Technology Horizons

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Hyperspectral imaging is part of a class of techniques commonly referred to as

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Frost & Sullivan (Feb 2011). Technical Insights, Aerospace & Defence:

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estimate the background spectrum. Measurements made with the Telops Hyper-Cam.

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The acquisition and processing of hyperspectral images is also referred to as

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http://www.bodkindesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Hyperspectral-1011.pdf

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Abdellatif, Mohamed; Peel, Harriet; Cohn, Anthony G.; Fuentes, Raul (2020).

2037:"Near-infrared (NIR)-reflectance in insects–Phenetic studies of 181 species" 826:

of the time-averaged spectral radiance at 2078 cm corresponding to a CO

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Hyperspectral imaging with spatiospectral images from a simple spectroscope

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Hyperspectral Imaging: Techniques for Spectral Detection and Classification

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applications without an external light source such as the sun or the moon.

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which are hard to detect from images taken with visible spectrum cameras.

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Hagen, Nathan; Kester, Robert T.; Gao, Liang; Tkaczyk, Tomasz S. (2012).

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Hyperspectral image of "sugar end" potato strips shows invisible defects.

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Searching for oil seeps and oil-impacted soil with hyperspectral imagery

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LWIR-C imager in the thermal infrared range from 7.7 μm to 12.4 μm. The

309:(IFS-L), multi-aperture integral field spectrometer (Hyperpixel Array), 201: 2782: 2757: 2441:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 6979. pp. 303–312. 1294: 818: 507: 125:

represents the spectral dimension (comprising a range of wavelengths).

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World First Thermal Hyperspectral Camera for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.

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Mielewczik, Michael; Liebisch, Frank; Walter, Achim; Greven, Hartmut.

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There are four basic techniques for acquiring the three-dimensional (

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groups, as these minerals have their most distinctive and strongest

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Hyperspectral cubes are generated from airborne sensors like NASA's

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Ran, Lingyan; Zhang, Yanning; Wei, Wei; Zhang, Qilin (2017-10-23).

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or, with reference to the hyperspectral cube, as 3D spectroscopy.

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In non-scanning, a single 2D sensor output contains all spatial (

2938: 1673:"An Ultra-Low-Cost Active Multispectral Crop Diagnostics Device" 1545: 956:"The Working Principle and Key Applications of Infrared Sensors" 2957: 893:

Airborne real-time cueing hyperspectral enhanced reconnaissance

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have been demonstrated. These devices have been based on the

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Thermische Hyperspektralbildgebung im langwelligen Infrarot

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Remote sensing to detect nitrogen and water stress in wheat

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Techniques and Applications of Hyperspectral Image Analysis

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is a prominent practical example of multispectral imaging.

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at 1.5 km using the Telops Hyper-Cam imaging spectrometer.

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Remote chemical imaging of a simultaneous release of SF

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Distinguishing hyperspectral from multispectral imaging

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integral field spectroscopy with image slicing mirrors

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HyperSpy – multidimensional data analysis with python

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A. Picon, O. Ghita, P.F. Whelan, P. Iriondo (2009),

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from the original on 2021-12-19 – via YouTube.

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such as “hyper-,” “super-” and "ultra-,” to prevent

477:Hyperspectral camera embedded on OnyxStar HYDRA-12 437:only, a restriction imposed by the high data rate. 121:represent two spatial dimensions of the scene, and 37:collects and processes information from across the 30:

Two-dimensional projection of a hyperspectral cube.

2709: 2689:Farley, V., Chamberland, M., Lagueux, P., et al., 2385:Burgstaller, Markus; et al. (February 2012). 1035:"Review of snapshot spectral imaging technologies" 630:scab,” conditions that plague potato processors. 1841:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 1656:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 1609:Polder, Gerrit; Gowen, Aoife (27 February 2020). 1179: 1145: 1143: 3505: 2876: 1699:Introduction to hyperspectral imaging with TMIPS 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1891: 859: 307:integral field spectroscopy with lenslet arrays 2105:"Hyperspectral imaging reducing textile waste" 1812: 1140: 999: 529: 154:reduces the reliability of measured features. 134:Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer 2973: 2700:Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 6661, 66610L (2007). 1450:Vibrational Spectroscopy-Based Sensor Systems 1161: 1006:Hans Grahn; Paul Geladi (27 September 2007). 978: 3045:Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules 2020:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1965:, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. e73234, 1032: 910:, a widely used hyperspectral imaging sensor 377:Multispectral and hyperspectral differences. 2436: 2399: 2384: 2157:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 1608: 1033:Hagen, Nathan; Kudenov, Michael W. (2013). 3040:Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy 2980: 2966: 2439:Image Analysis and Processing – ICIAP 2011 2297: 1236: 1234: 329: 3413:Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy 3093:Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization 2912: 2902: 2838: 2799:"Medical hyperspectral imaging: a review" 2781: 2549: 2361:"Hyperspectral Imaging Fights Food Waste" 2248: 1998: 1988: 1978: 1917: 1849: 1826: 1626: 1423: 1337: 1123: 1090:"Medical Hyperspectral Imaging: a review" 1061: 985:. Springer Science & Business Media. 510:). One of the first alternatives is near 447:Multispectral imaging § Applications 303:computed tomographic imaging spectrometry 137:(AVIRIS), or from satellites like NASA's 3181:Extended X-ray absorption fine structure 2680:Proc. SPIE 5994, 59940N, September 2005. 2470: 2468: 2466: 2400:Dacal-Nieto, Angel; et al. (2011). 1765: 1273: 1271: 972: 817: 781: 697: 637: 616: 593: 472: 372: 200: 168: 25: 19:For broader coverage of this topic, see 1791: 1670: 1231: 1190: 953: 465:optimum dose and homogeneous coverage. 3506: 2712:Environmental Science & Technology 2335:"Five New Technologies for Inspection" 1151:"Spectral Imaging and Linear Unmixing" 504:bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 164: 76:which measures spaced spectral bands. 2961: 2855: 2796: 2751: 2749: 2463: 2102: 1955: 1953: 1718: 1712: 1690: 1303: 1268: 1087: 851: 3486: 2944:Sample Hyperspectral (AVIRIS) images 1803:, The Australian Society of Agronomy 1083: 1081: 839: 400:Hyperspectral imaging is related to 254: 57:to generate an image in an instant. 2332: 2103:Brunn, Michael (1 September 2020). 1865: 1727:. Vol. 6. pp. 2875–2877. 798: 321:spectral calculation engine or the 196: 113:for processing and analysis, where 13: 2746: 1950: 873:potentially exceeding hundreds of 642:A set of stones is scanned with a 589: 84:for oil helps geologists find new 14: 3570: 3398:Deep-level transient spectroscopy 3150:Saturated absorption spectroscopy 2932: 2337:. Food Processing. Archived from 1719:Lacar, F.M.; et al. (2001). 1078: 954:Chilton, Alexander (2013-10-07). 869:and classification of the image. 773:Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer 654:spectra are clearly recognizable. 3485: 3474: 3473: 3403:Dual-polarization interferometry 2987: 2797:Lu, Guolan; Fei, Baowei (2014). 1304:Lu, Guolan; Fei, Baowei (2014). 3418:Scanning tunneling spectroscopy 3393:Circular dichroism spectroscopy 3388:Acoustic resonance spectroscopy 2790: 2703: 2683: 2670: 2648: 2626: 2537: 2514: 2488: 2430: 2393: 2378: 2353: 2326: 2291: 2273: 2224: 2199: 2147: 2122: 2096: 2051: 2028: 1885: 1859: 1806: 1709:, MicroImages Tutorial Web site 1664: 1602: 1582: 1539: 1484: 1440: 1383: 1354: 1243: 702:Hyperspectral thermal infrared 693: 440: 270: 16:Multi-wavelength imaging method 3347:Fourier-transform spectroscopy 3035:Vibrational circular dichroism 2504:, ITC Dissertation 131, 138p. 2409:. Springer. pp. 180–187. 1797:Tilling, A.K., et al., (2006) 1781:, ITC Dissertation 126, 166p. 1611:"The hype in spectral imaging" 1088:Lu, G; Fei, B (January 2014). 1026: 979:Chein-I Chang (31 July 2003). 947: 813: 468: 315:Multivariate Optical Computing 295:snapshot hyperspectral imaging 277:Snapshot hyperspectral imaging 213:) and one spectral dimension ( 51:snapshot hyperspectral imagers 1: 3145:Cavity ring-down spectroscopy 3050:Thermal infrared spectroscopy 2250:10.1016/j.vibspec.2021.103329 2072:10.1109/WHISPERS.2013.8080744 1696:Smith, R.B. (July 14, 2006), 1671:CM Veys; et al. (2017). 941: 914:Liquid crystal tunable filter 633: 3279:Inelastic neutron scattering 2803:Journal of Biomedical Optics 2447:10.1007/978-3-642-24088-1_32 1980:10.1371/journal.pone.0073234 1919:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118405 1310:Journal of Biomedical Optics 1095:Journal of Biomedical Optics 888:Acousto-optic tunable filter 860:Advantages and disadvantages 757: 658:Geological samples, such as 319:Multivariate Optical Element 7: 3340:Data collection, processing 3216:Photoelectron/photoemission 1815:Journal of Spectral Imaging 1615:Journal of Spectral Imaging 1291:Earth Observation Magazine. 880: 765:integral field spectroscopy 561: 530:Waste sorting and recycling 494:, work is under way to use 10: 3577: 3425:Photoacoustic spectroscopy 3367:Time-resolved spectroscopy 2560:10.1109/TSMCA.2010.2052603 2312:10.1016/j.exer.2013.06.001 2177:10.1016/j.jaap.2020.104804 1733:10.1109/IGARSS.2001.978191 1251:"Earth Observing 1 (EO-1)" 802: 714:LWIR hyperspectral imager. 520: 444: 333: 274: 91: 18: 3559:Satellite imaging sensors 3469: 3451:Astronomical spectroscopy 3443: 3430:Photothermal spectroscopy 3380: 3339: 3332: 3294: 3266: 3208: 3158: 3058: 2995: 2823:10.1117/1.JBO.19.1.010901 2300:Experimental Eye Research 1416:10.1117/1.OE.51.11.111702 1330:10.1117/1.JBO.19.1.010901 1255:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 1116:10.1117/1.JBO.19.1.010901 1012:. John Wiley & Sons. 777:Chandra X-ray Observatory 2237:Vibrational Spectroscopy 1517:10.1366/0003702041389418 1191:Grusche, Sascha (2014). 1063:10.1117/1.OE.52.9.090901 39:electromagnetic spectrum 3435:Pump–probe spectroscopy 3324:Ferromagnetic resonance 3116:Laser-induced breakdown 2474:Holma, H., (May 2011), 1898:Environmental Pollution 1771:Ferwerda, J.G. (2005), 1631:(inactive 2024-09-06). 1366:www.laserfocusworld.com 336:Spatiospectral scanning 330:Spatiospectral scanning 323:Spatial Light Modulator 3131:Glow-discharge optical 3111:Raman optical activity 3025:Rotational–vibrational 2583:Cite journal requires 2526:, Enschede, ITC 151p. 2481:July 26, 2011, at the 1866:Gardner, Elizabeth K. 1831:(inactive 2024-09-06). 1277:Ellis, J., (Jan 2001) 832: 795: 715: 655: 622: 599: 568:Université de Montréal 554:plastics products and 486: 425:could be reserved for 378: 218: 178: 31: 3549:Infrared spectroscopy 3514:Satellite meteorology 3352:Hyperspectral imaging 2520:Noomen, M.F. (2007), 1779:Wageningen University 903:Full spectral imaging 821: 785: 779:uses this technique. 701: 686:in the LWIR regions. 641: 620: 597: 496:imaging spectrometers 476: 454:Archimedes Palimpsest 402:multispectral imaging 376: 204: 172: 152:signal-to-noise ratio 35:Hyperspectral imaging 29: 3554:Military electronics 3104:Coherent anti-Stokes 3059:UV–Vis–NIR "Optical" 1680:IEEE Sensors Journal 1548:Analytical Chemistry 1497:Applied Spectroscopy 1217:10.1364/AO.53.004594 769:Very Large Telescope 159:imaging spectroscopy 47:whisk broom scanners 3408:Hadron spectroscopy 3198:Conversion electron 3159:X-ray and Gamma ray 3066:Ultraviolet–visible 2895:2017Senso..17.2421R 2815:2014JBO....19a0901L 2774:2020RemS...12.3084A 2724:2010EnST...44.9390G 2169:2020JAAP..15204804Q 1971:2013PLoSO...873234P 1910:2022EPoll.29218405Z 1828:10.1255/jsi.2017.a1 1628:10.1255/jsi.2020.a4 1509:2004ApSpe..58..870P 1462:2002SPIE.4577..148M 1408:2012OptEn..51k1702H 1396:Optical Engineering 1322:2014JBO....19a0901L 1209:2014ApOpt..53.4594G 1155:Nikon’s MicroscopyU 1108:2014JBO....19a0901L 1054:2013OptEn..52i0901H 1042:Optical Engineering 925:Multispectral image 898:Cathodoluminescence 566:Researchers at the 512:infrared microscopy 249:whisk broom scanner 175:From left to right: 165:Scanning techniques 43:push broom scanners 3456:Force spectroscopy 3381:Measured phenomena 3372:Video spectroscopy 3076:Cold vapour atomic 2783:10.3390/rs12183084 2619:2011-02-21 at the 2502:Utrecht University 2109:RECYCLING magazine 1990:20.500.11850/76533 1704:2008-05-09 at the 1285:2008-03-05 at the 935:Video spectroscopy 919:Metamerism (color) 852:Biomedical imaging 833: 796: 733:facial recognition 729:spectral signature 716: 684:spectral signature 656: 623: 614:foreign material. 600: 487: 431:spatial resolution 379: 299:snapshot advantage 231:push broom scanner 219: 179: 147:spatial resolution 82:spectral signature 32: 3519:Materials science 3501: 3500: 3465: 3464: 3357:Spectrophotometry 3284:Neutron spin echo 3258:Beta spectroscopy 3171:Energy-dispersive 2904:10.3390/s17102421 2732:10.1021/es101823z 2718:(24): 9390–9397. 2532:978-90-8504-671-4 2494:Werff H. (2006), 2456:978-3-642-24087-4 2416:978-3-642-23677-8 2365:www.photonics.com 2341:on 15 August 2013 2211:Aarhus University 2081:978-1-5090-1119-3 2041:Entomologie Heute 1872:Purdue University 1560:10.1021/ac103259v 1554:(13): 5086–5092. 1470:10.1117/12.455732 1203:(20): 4594–5103. 1019:978-0-470-01087-7 992:978-0-306-47483-5 840:Civil engineering 570:are working with 409:color photography 387:spectral analysis 255:Spectral scanning 236:line-scan cameras 145:pixels. However, 74:multiband imaging 3566: 3534:Infrared imaging 3489: 3488: 3477: 3476: 3337: 3336: 3248:phenomenological 2997:Vibrational (IR) 2982: 2975: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2927: 2926: 2916: 2906: 2874: 2868: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2842: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2707: 2701: 2687: 2681: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2630: 2624: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2571: 2553: 2541: 2535: 2518: 2512: 2492: 2486: 2472: 2461: 2460: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2419:. Archived from 2408: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2333:Higgins, Kevin. 2330: 2324: 2323: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2252: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2066:. pp. 1–4. 2055: 2049: 2048: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2019: 2011: 2002: 1992: 1982: 1957: 1948: 1947: 1921: 1904:(Pt B): 118405. 1889: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1863: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1840: 1832: 1830: 1810: 1804: 1795: 1789: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1716: 1710: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1677: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1655: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1630: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1594:. 12 July 2014. 1586: 1580: 1579: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1427: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1368:. Archived from 1358: 1352: 1351: 1341: 1301: 1292: 1275: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1262: 1247: 1241: 1238: 1229: 1228: 1188: 1177: 1172: 1159: 1158: 1147: 1138: 1137: 1127: 1085: 1076: 1075: 1065: 1039: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1003: 997: 996: 976: 970: 969: 967: 966: 951: 805:Chemical imaging 799:Chemical imaging 708:infrared spectra 548:machine learning 383:spectral imaging 297:systems are the 289:) and spectral ( 197:Spatial scanning 109:) hyperspectral 45:and the related 21:Spectral imaging 3576: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3461: 3439: 3376: 3328: 3290: 3262: 3204: 3154: 3054: 3015:Resonance Raman 2991: 2986: 2935: 2930: 2875: 2871: 2860: 2856: 2795: 2791: 2754: 2747: 2708: 2704: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2621:Wayback Machine 2612: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2584: 2582: 2573: 2572: 2551:10.1.1.413.3801 2543: 2542: 2538: 2519: 2515: 2493: 2489: 2483:Wayback Machine 2473: 2464: 2457: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2417: 2406: 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564: 532: 526:near-infrared. 523: 471: 449: 443: 397:in discussion. 371: 338: 332: 279: 273: 257: 199: 167: 94: 53:, which uses a 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3574: 3573: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3529:Remote sensing 3526: 3521: 3516: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3483: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3276: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3231:Angle-resolved 3228: 3223: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3096: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3068: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3047: 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331: 328: 275:Main article: 272: 269: 256: 253: 245:point scanning 241:remote sensing 198: 195: 166: 163: 93: 90: 64:sees color of 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3572: 3571: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3494: 3493: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3167: 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