1653:
446:
58:
438:
483:
1868:
3457:
469:
In severe cases of hyperopia from birth, the brain has difficulty in merging the images that each individual eye sees. This is because the images the brain receives from each eye are always blurred. A child with severe hyperopia can never see objects in detail. If the brain never learns to see
725:
is a non laser refractive procedure used to correct presbyopia and low hypermetropia (+0.75D to +3.25D) with or without astigmatism (up to 0.75D). It uses radiofrequency energy to heat and shrink corneal collagen tissue. CK is contraindicated in pregnant/breastfeeding women, central
648:(PRK): This is a refractive technique that is done by removal of a minimal amount of the corneal surface. Hyperopic PRK has many complications like regression effect, astigmatism due to epithelial healing, and corneal haze. Post operative epithelial healing time is also more for PRK.
453:
A diagnosis of far-sightedness is made by utilizing either a retinoscope or an automated refractor-objective refraction; or trial lenses in a trial frame or a phoropter to obtain a subjective examination. Ancillary tests for abnormal structures and physiology can be made via a
748:
Keratophakia and epi-keratophakia are another two non laser surgical procedures used to correct hypermetropia. Keratophakia is a surgical technique developed by
Barraquer for treating high hypermetropia and aphakia. Poor predictability and induced irregular
396:
Index: Age related changes in refractive index (cortical sclerosis) can cause hypermetropia. Another cause of index hypermetropia is diabetes. Occasionally, mild hypermetropic shift may be seen in association with cortical or subcapsular cataract
291:. Surgery works by changing the shape of the cornea. Far-sightedness primarily affects young children, with rates of 8% at 6 years old and 1% at 15 years old. It then becomes more common again after the age of 40, known as
3477:
654:(LASIK): Laser eye surgery to reshape the cornea, so that glasses or contact lenses are no longer needed. Excimer laser LASIK can correct hypermetropia up to +6 diopters. LASIK is contraindicated in patients with
1796:
1781:
228:
by the lens. Minor hypermetropia in young patients is usually corrected by their accommodation, without any defects in vision. But, due to this accommodative effort for distant vision, people may complain of
385:
Axial: Axial hypermetropia occur when the axial length of eyeball is too short. About 1 mm decrease in axial length cause 3 diopters of hypermetropia. One condition that cause axial hypermetropia is
260:
is flatter than normal. Changes in refractive index of lens, alterations in position of the lens or absence of lens are the other main causes. Risk factors include a family history of the condition,
470:
objects in detail, then there is a high chance of one eye becoming dominant. The result is that the brain will block the impulses of the non-dominant eye. In contrast, the child with
745:(H-ALK) and Homoplastic ALK are ALK procedures that corrects low to moderate hyperopia. Poor predictability and the risk of complications limits usefulness of these procedures.
342:) may occur, as well as difficulty with depth perception. The asthenopic symptoms and near blur are usually seen after close work, especially in the evening or night.
417:
Far-sightedness is often present from birth, but children have a very flexible eye lens, which helps to compensate. In rare instances, hyperopia can be due to
101:
711:
are lenses that implanted inside eye without removing the normal crystalline lens. Phakic IOLs can be used to correct hypermetropia up to +20 diopters.
1178:
220:
where distant objects are seen clearly but near objects appear blurred. This blur is due to incoming light being focused behind, instead of on, the
2905:
1365:
Screening for Visual
Impairment in Children Ages 1-5 Years: Systematic Review to Update the 2004 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation
679:
is a laser based non-destructive refractive procedure used to correct hyperopia and presbyopia. It uses
Thallium-Holmium-Chromium (THC): YAG laser.
1424:
2302:
233:
during prolonged reading. If the hypermetropia is high, there will be defective vision for both distance and near. People may also experience
589:: It is the amount of hyperopia not corrected by ciliary tone. Manifest hyperopia is further classified into two, facultative and absolute.
2974:
2900:
1280:
1338:
1309:
973:
403:
Consecutive: Consecutive hypermetropia occur due to surgical over correction of myopia or surgical under correction in cataract surgery.
1579:
377:
Simple hypermetropia, the most common form of hypermetropia, is caused by normal biological variations in the development of eyeball.
689:
Aphakia correction: High degree hypermetropia due to absence of lens (aphakia) is best corrected using intraocular lens implantation.
1398:
1376:
1914:
819:
1748:
389:
Curvatural: Curvatural hypermetropia occur when curvature of lens or cornea is flatter than normal. About 1 mm increase in
2922:
2917:
2742:
1702:
1555:
1256:
1223:
1070:
1040:
892:
2782:
573:: It is the total amount of hyperopia which is obtained after complete relaxation of accommodation using cycloplegics like
2895:
996:
2890:
2777:
2344:
163:
1156:
326:
In young patients, mild hypermetropia may not produce any symptoms. The signs and symptoms of far-sightedness include
2645:
2505:
967:
916:
2610:
566:
Accommodation has significant role in hyperopia. Considering accommodative status, hyperopia can be classified as:
400:
Positional: Positional hypermetropia occur due to posterior dislocation of Lens or IOL. It may occur due to trauma.
358:. At a young age, severe far-sightedness can cause the child to have double vision as a result of "over-focusing".
234:
406:
Functional: Functional hypermetropia results from paralysis of accommodation as seen in internal ophthalmoplegia,
3185:
2703:
2615:
1458:"Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) versus laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for hyperopia correction"
742:
490:
Hyperopia is typically classified according to clinical appearance, its severity, or how it relates to the eye's
2605:
2334:
915:
Moore, Bruce D.; Augsburger, Arol R.; Ciner, Elise B.; Cockrell, David A.; Fern, Karen D.; Harb, Elise (2008).
252:
There are many causes for this condition. It may occur when the axial length of eyeball is too short or if the
225:
2698:
2589:
2455:
3096:
2787:
2772:
159:
1883:
1984:
1942:
1907:
1186:
645:
1099:"Hyperopia: a meta-analysis of prevalence and a review of associated factors among school-aged children"
3447:
2912:
2708:
2682:
2640:
2635:
2500:
2373:
2361:
2317:
1726:
1367:(Report). Evidence Syntheses. Vol. 81. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
676:
672:
is also used to correct hyperopia. In this procedure, use of epikeratome eliminates the use of alcohol.
665:
Laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK): Resembles PRK, but uses alcohol to loosen the corneal surface.
249:. Newborns are almost invariably hypermetropic, but it gradually decreases as the newborn gets older.
3091:
2979:
2885:
2732:
2577:
2378:
2324:
1432:
17:
1652:
474:
can see objects close to the eye in detail and does learn at an early age to see objects in detail.
2630:
2601:
2225:
2190:
1811:
704:; the difference is the existence of abnormal ocular anatomy which causes a high refractive error.
3101:
2855:
2655:
2175:
2168:
722:
708:
96:
1272:
287:, or refractive corneal surgeries. Glasses are easiest while contact lenses can provide a wider
3370:
3340:
3275:
3270:
2997:
2275:
2140:
1900:
150:
1851:
1330:
1301:
957:
3313:
2989:
583:: It is the amount of hyperopia normally corrected by ciliary tone (approximately 1 diopter).
338:, tiredness of eyes etc. The common symptom is eye strain. Difficulty seeing with both eyes (
2957:
295:, affecting about half of people. The best treatment option to correct hypermetropia due to
3086:
2672:
2667:
2625:
2440:
2356:
1571:
659:
445:
1519:
393:
results in 6 diopters of hypermetropia. Cornea is flatter in microcornea and cornea plana.
8:
3391:
3265:
3065:
2948:
2940:
2728:
2692:
2677:
2532:
2312:
2092:
1800:
1390:
491:
390:
3021:
1873:
1364:
3002:
2752:
2660:
2584:
2537:
2349:
2285:
2270:
2130:
2079:
1720:
1636:
1601:
1490:
1457:
1125:
1098:
811:
735:
181:
86:
1805:
542:
3345:
3242:
3007:
2867:
2650:
2307:
2213:
1822:
1740:
1708:
1698:
1641:
1623:
1551:
1495:
1477:
1368:
1252:
1229:
1219:
1130:
1066:
1036:
963:
888:
727:
624:, i.e. eyeglasses or contact lenses. Eyeglasses used to correct far-sightedness have
138:
70:
883:
Khurana, AK (September 2008). "Errors of refraction and binocular optical defects".
607:
So, Total hyperopia= latent hyperopia + manifest hyperopia (facultative + absolute)
601:: It is the residual part of hyperopia which causes blurring of vision for distance.
123:
Axial length of eyeball is too short, lens or cornea is flatter than normal, aphakia
3133:
3123:
2969:
2944:
2877:
2843:
2762:
2393:
2383:
2280:
2135:
2022:
2012:
1631:
1613:
1485:
1473:
1469:
1120:
1110:
701:
693:
538:
471:
339:
307:
300:
269:
238:
185:
105:
1669:
959:
The
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Illustrated Manual of Ophthalmology E-Book
3461:
3200:
3164:
3128:
2747:
2572:
2559:
2493:
2450:
2368:
2180:
2112:
2032:
2017:
1816:
1360:
621:
288:
1097:
Castagno, VD; Fassa, AG; Carret, ML; Vilela, MA; Meucci, RD (23 December 2014).
1031:
Ramjit, Sihota; Radhika, Tandon (15 July 2015). "Refractive errors of the eye".
413:
Absence of lens: Congenital or acquired aphakia cause high degree hypermetropia.
361:
Hypermetropic patients with short axial length are at higher risk of developing
3430:
3282:
3227:
3070:
2838:
2767:
2549:
2519:
2465:
2419:
2290:
2163:
2097:
2087:
1827:
697:
463:
284:
253:
177:
1790:
1618:
1233:
1004:
3478:
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction
3471:
3350:
3205:
3145:
2862:
2810:
2757:
2687:
2596:
2483:
2460:
2388:
2297:
2102:
2007:
1712:
1627:
1481:
1456:
Settas, George; Settas, Clare; Minos, Evangelos; Yeung, Ian Yl (2012-01-01).
1115:
767:
731:
422:
327:
75:
1892:
1085:
917:"Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the Patient with Hyperopia"
3215:
3043:
2424:
2339:
2247:
2125:
2120:
2065:
2060:
1645:
1499:
1372:
1148:
1134:
407:
1602:"Refractive lens exchange in modern practice: when and when not to do it?"
927:
3414:
3365:
3308:
3303:
3260:
3238:
3149:
3140:
3060:
3038:
2850:
2822:
2620:
2488:
2329:
2150:
2027:
1979:
1926:
1846:
1697:. Azar, Dimitri T. (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby / Elsevier. 2007.
750:
625:
459:
311:
128:
3335:
3298:
3222:
3210:
3154:
3115:
2936:
2826:
2185:
2050:
1251:(6th ed.). Jaypee, The Health Sciences Publisher. pp. 37–38.
437:
366:
351:
335:
315:
292:
280:
246:
230:
173:
113:
27:
Eye condition in which light is focused behind instead of on the retina
1773:
57:
3386:
3360:
3234:
3180:
3168:
3053:
3048:
3033:
3029:
2567:
2265:
2242:
2055:
2002:
1997:
1974:
669:
482:
455:
369:
and glaucoma evaluation is recommended for all hypermetropic adults.
355:
331:
242:
155:
109:
79:
31:
1600:
Alió, Jorge L.; Grzybowski, Andrzej; Romaniuk, Dorota (2014-12-10).
3425:
3190:
2724:
2527:
2158:
780:
595:: It is the part of hyperopia corrected by patient's accommodation.
574:
521:: Caused by paralysis that interferes eye's ability to accommodate.
418:
378:
362:
273:
261:
143:
3252:
3195:
2737:
2544:
2475:
2445:
2435:
2042:
620:
The simplest form of treatment for far-sightedness is the use of
296:
1520:"LASIK Hyperopia: Background, History of the Procedure, Problem"
956:
Kaiser, Peter K.; Friedman, Neil J.; II, Roberto Pineda (2014).
3355:
2257:
2234:
1954:
1785:
426:
265:
257:
221:
65:
Far-sightedness without (top) and with lens correction (bottom)
1247:
Khurana, AK (2015). "Errors of refraction and accommodation".
3327:
1359:
Chou, Roger; Dana, Tracy; Bougatsos, Christina (2011-02-01).
655:
651:
914:
2407:
1969:
51:
Hypermetropia, hyperopia, longsightedness, long-sightedness
1379:
from the original on 2017-09-08 – via PubMed Health.
1096:
1063:
Handbook of visual optics-Fundamentals and eye optics and
486:
Choroid folds in high hyperopia (fluorescein angiography)
217:
636:
There are also surgical treatments for far-sightedness:
525:
1599:
1455:
1216:
Kanski's clinical ophthalmology: a systematic approach
551:: Refractive error greater than +2.00 D up to +5.00 D.
3445:
1185:. National Health Service. 2014-07-09. Archived from
515:: Caused by disease, trauma, or abnormal development.
1763:
1546:
Khurana, AK (September 2008). "Refractive surgery".
350:
Far-sightedness can have rare complications such as
30:"Hyperopia" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2956:
502:There are three clinical categories of hyperopia.
441:Far-sighted vision on left, normal vision on right
2901:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
1358:
741:Automated lamellar keratoplasty (ALK): Hyperopic
3469:
955:
381:, causes of hypermetropia can be classified as:
1273:"Normal, near-sightedness, and far-sightedness"
692:Refractive lens exchange (RLE): A variation of
509:: Occurs naturally due to biological diversity.
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
561:
1922:
1908:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1030:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
91:Near blur, Distance and near blur, Asthenopia
2975:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
1550:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 307–348.
1548:Theory and practice of optics and refraction
885:Theory and practice of optics and refraction
306:Other common types of refractive errors are
2303:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1962:
980:
1915:
1901:
1526:
887:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 62–66.
833:
530:There are also three categories severity:
497:
56:
1664:
1662:
1635:
1617:
1489:
1431:. National Health Service. Archived from
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1124:
1114:
962:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 541.
951:
949:
947:
910:
908:
906:
904:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1391:"Farsightedness (Hyperopia): Treatments"
1026:
1024:
1022:
557:: Refractive error greater than +5.00 D.
481:
444:
436:
1545:
1462:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1246:
1240:
1213:
1141:
1056:
1054:
1052:
882:
14:
3470:
1659:
1517:
1451:
1449:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1397:. U. S. National Library of Medicine.
1200:
1090:
944:
901:
753:are complications of these procedures.
3412:
2808:
2211:
1940:
1896:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1506:
1218:(9th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier.
1060:
1019:
926:. pp. 2–3, 10–11. Archived from
805:
803:
801:
652:Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis
321:
2783:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
1294:
1049:
615:
526:Classification according to severity
2906:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
2743:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
1446:
1412:
1179:"Complications of long-sightedness"
24:
2778:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
1680:
1518:Gulani, Arun C (9 November 2019).
798:
675:Laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK):
164:retinitis pigmentosa sine pigmento
25:
3489:
2506:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
1759:
1159:from the original on 28 July 2016
809:
477:
458:test, which examines the cornea,
3455:
2611:Central retinal artery occlusion
1866:
1751:from the original on 2017-09-08.
1651:
1335:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
1306:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
1277:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
976:from the original on 2017-09-08.
345:
268:around the eye. It is a type of
2616:Branch retinal artery occlusion
2345:Terrien's marginal degeneration
1733:
1593:
1582:from the original on 2016-03-06
1564:
1401:from the original on 2017-09-08
1383:
1352:
1341:from the original on 2016-03-05
1323:
1312:from the original on 2016-02-24
1283:from the original on 2016-03-05
1265:
1171:
1149:"Facts About Refractive Errors"
924:American Optometric Association
822:from the original on 2016-03-03
743:automated lamellar keratoplasty
700:is replaced with an artificial
421:, as well as problems with the
3413:
2646:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2606:Central retinal vein occlusion
2335:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1474:10.1002/14651858.CD007112.pub3
1079:
721:Conductive keratoplasty (CK):
363:primary angle closure glaucoma
13:
1:
2699:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2590:Posterior vitreous detachment
2456:Persistent pupillary membrane
791:
330:, frontal or fronto temporal
3186:Leber's congenital amaurosis
3097:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2809:
2788:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
2773:Persistent fetal vasculature
2704:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1033:Parsons' diseases of the eye
818:. Patient Platform Limited.
812:"Long Sight (Hypermetropia)"
757:
610:
541:less than or equal to +2.00
432:
160:retrobulbar optic neuropathy
7:
1985:Meibomian gland dysfunction
1745:Online Etymology Dictionary
1425:"Treating long-sightedness"
1249:Comprehensive ophthalmology
1035:(22nd ed.). Elsevier.
1003:. July 2016. Archived from
646:Photorefractive keratectomy
562:Components of hypermetropia
272:. Diagnosis is based on an
264:, certain medications, and
10:
3494:
2709:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
2683:Central serous retinopathy
2501:Focal choroidal excavation
2374:Corneal neovascularization
2191:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
1941:
677:Laser thermal keratoplasty
631:
279:Management can occur with
29:
3421:
3408:
3379:
3326:
3291:
3251:
3176:
3163:
3114:
3092:Convergence insufficiency
3079:
3020:
2988:
2965:
2935:
2876:
2834:
2821:
2817:
2804:
2733:Primary juvenile glaucoma
2717:
2578:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2558:
2518:
2474:
2415:
2406:
2256:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2207:
2149:
2111:
2078:
2041:
1993:
1953:
1949:
1936:
1927:Diseases of the human eye
1837:
1767:
1670:"Conductive Keratoplasty"
1619:10.1186/s40662-014-0010-2
372:
235:accommodative dysfunction
191:
169:
149:
137:
127:
119:
102:Accommodative dysfunction
95:
85:
69:
64:
55:
47:
42:
2602:Ocular ischemic syndrome
1214:John F., Salmon (2020).
1116:10.1186/1471-2415-14-163
462:, anterior chamber, and
216:, is a condition of the
3102:One and a half syndrome
2856:Foster Kennedy syndrome
997:"Facts About Hyperopia"
723:Conductive keratoplasty
709:Phakic intraocular lens
498:Clinical classification
449:Human eye cross-section
3341:Argyll Robertson pupil
2141:Periorbital cellulitis
1725:: CS1 maint: others (
1153:National Eye Institute
738:, type 1 diabetes etc.
513:Pathological hyperopia
487:
450:
442:
151:Differential diagnosis
3314:Scintillating scotoma
2980:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
2923:Toxic and nutritional
2896:posterior (PION)
2379:Kayser–Fleischer ring
1086:Eye Examination Guide
1061:Pablo, Artal (2017).
593:Facultative hyperopia
485:
448:
440:
239:binocular dysfunction
106:binocular dysfunction
3087:Conjugate gaze palsy
2958:Paralytic strabismus
2891:anterior (AION)
2673:Retinitis pigmentosa
2668:Macular degeneration
2441:Intermediate uveitis
2357:Keratoconjunctivitis
716:Non laser procedures
660:rheumatoid arthritis
519:Functional hyperopia
492:accommodative status
224:due to insufficient
182:refractive surgeries
3392:Childhood blindness
3371:Parinaud's syndrome
2941:Extraocular muscles
2729:Ocular hypertension
2693:Epiretinal membrane
2678:Retinal haemorrhage
2533:Congenital cataract
1572:"Laser Eye Surgery"
728:corneal dystrophies
571:Total hypermetropia
391:radius of curvature
2918:Leber's hereditary
2585:Retinal detachment
2538:Childhood cataract
2350:Post-LASIK ectasia
2131:Orbital cellulitis
2080:Lacrimal apparatus
1838:External resources
1747:. Douglas Harper.
1695:Refractive surgery
736:herpetic keratitis
696:where the natural
599:Absolute hyperopia
587:Manifest hyperopia
488:
451:
443:
322:Signs and symptoms
133:Ageing, hereditary
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3346:Marcus Gunn pupil
3322:
3321:
3243:Visual impairment
3110:
3109:
3016:
3015:
3003:Fourth-nerve (IV)
2931:
2930:
2868:Optic disc drusen
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2514:
2513:
2402:
2401:
2308:Corneal dystrophy
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2074:
2073:
1861:
1860:
1704:978-0-323-03599-6
1557:978-81-312-1132-8
1258:978-93-86056-59-7
1225:978-0-7020-7713-5
1103:BMC Ophthalmology
1072:978-1-4822-3785-6
1042:978-81-312-3818-9
894:978-81-312-1132-8
783:
622:corrective lenses
616:Corrective lenses
199:
198:
139:Diagnostic method
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3485:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3410:
3409:
3174:
3173:
3165:Vision disorders
3124:Refractive error
3066:Brown's syndrome
3022:Other strabismus
3008:Sixth-nerve (VI)
2998:Oculomotor (III)
2970:Ophthalmoparesis
2963:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2945:Binocular vision
2878:Optic neuropathy
2844:optic papillitis
2832:
2831:
2819:
2818:
2806:
2805:
2695:(Macular pucker)
2413:
2412:
2394:Band keratopathy
2231:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2208:
2136:Orbital lymphoma
2023:Blepharophimosis
2013:Blepharochalasis
1960:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1937:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1870:
1869:
1765:
1764:
1753:
1752:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1716:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1639:
1621:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1543:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1421:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1331:"Slit-lamp exam"
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1302:"Farsightedness"
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1211:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1155:. October 2010.
1145:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1058:
1047:
1046:
1028:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
993:
978:
977:
953:
942:
941:
939:
938:
932:
921:
912:
899:
898:
880:
831:
830:
828:
827:
807:
779:
702:intraocular lens
698:crystalline lens
694:cataract surgery
684:IOL implantation
640:Laser procedures
581:Latent hyperopia
539:Refractive error
507:Simple hyperopia
340:binocular vision
308:near-sightedness
270:refractive error
206:long-sightedness
204:, also known as
186:IOL implantation
60:
40:
39:
21:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3444:
3435:
3417:
3396:
3375:
3318:
3287:
3247:
3201:Color blindness
3167:
3159:
3106:
3080:Other binocular
3075:
3012:
2984:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2927:
2872:
2825:
2813:
2792:
2748:Ocular hypotony
2713:
2573:Chorioretinitis
2554:
2510:
2494:Chorioretinitis
2470:
2451:Rubeosis iridis
2429:
2398:
2369:Corneal opacity
2325:Corneal ectasia
2252:
2216:
2195:
2181:Pseudopterygium
2145:
2107:
2070:
2037:
2033:Ankyloblepharon
1989:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1833:
1832:
1776:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1718:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1674:eyewiki.aao.org
1668:
1667:
1660:
1650:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1544:
1527:
1516:
1507:
1468:(6): CD007112.
1454:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1245:
1241:
1226:
1212:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1059:
1050:
1043:
1029:
1020:
1010:
1008:
995:
994:
981:
970:
954:
945:
936:
934:
930:
919:
913:
902:
895:
881:
834:
825:
823:
808:
799:
794:
760:
634:
618:
613:
564:
528:
500:
480:
435:
375:
348:
324:
289:field of vision
202:Far-sightedness
43:Far-sightedness
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3465:
3464:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3431:Onchocerciasis
3428:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3283:Quadrantanopia
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3257:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3228:Oguchi disease
3220:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3071:Duane syndrome
3068:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3041:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2951:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2839:Optic neuritis
2835:
2829:
2815:
2814:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2768:Phthisis bulbi
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2651:Coats' disease
2648:
2643:
2641:of prematurity
2638:
2633:
2628:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2550:Ectopia lentis
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2408:Vascular tunic
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2291:Photokeratitis
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2164:Conjunctivitis
2161:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2098:Dacryocystitis
2095:
2090:
2088:Dacryoadenitis
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1957:
1947:
1946:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1884:Farsightedness
1872:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1819:
1808:
1793:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:Classification
1761:
1760:External links
1758:
1755:
1754:
1732:
1703:
1679:
1658:
1606:Eye and Vision
1592:
1563:
1556:
1525:
1505:
1445:
1411:
1382:
1361:"Introduction"
1351:
1322:
1293:
1264:
1257:
1239:
1224:
1199:
1170:
1140:
1089:
1078:
1071:
1048:
1041:
1018:
1007:on 8 July 2017
979:
968:
943:
900:
893:
832:
796:
795:
793:
790:
774:"over" and ὤψ
759:
756:
755:
754:
746:
739:
713:
712:
705:
690:
681:
680:
673:
666:
663:
649:
633:
630:
617:
614:
612:
609:
605:
604:
603:
602:
596:
584:
578:
563:
560:
559:
558:
552:
546:
527:
524:
523:
522:
516:
510:
499:
496:
479:
478:Classification
476:
434:
431:
415:
414:
411:
404:
401:
398:
394:
387:
386:nanophthalmos.
379:Aetiologically
374:
371:
365:, so, routine
347:
344:
323:
320:
303:implantation.
285:contact lenses
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
178:contact lenses
171:
167:
166:
153:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
131:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
99:
93:
92:
89:
83:
82:
73:
67:
66:
62:
61:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3490:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Adie syndrome
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:Achromatopsia
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:Anisometropia
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Accommodation
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:Optic atrophy
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Keratomycosis
2761:
2759:
2758:Globe rupture
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Macular edema
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:Retinoschisis
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Choroideremia
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Iridodialysis
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Arcus senilis
2387:
2385:
2384:Haab's striae
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:Corneal ulcer
2296:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:acanthamoebic
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Fibrous tunic
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2103:Xerophthalmia
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Lagophthalmos
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1728:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1559:
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346:Complications
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328:blurry vision
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97:Complications
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76:Ophthalmology
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3241: /
3237: /
3216:Monochromacy
3148: /
3044:Heterophoria
3032: /
2731: /
2727: /
2631:hypertensive
2604: /
2425:Ciliary body
2340:Keratoglobus
2248:Episcleritis
2126:Enophthalmos
2121:Exophthalmos
2066:Trichomegaly
2061:Distichiasis
1963:Inflammation
1882:
1881:
1880:profile for
1877:
1845:
1821:
1810:
1795:
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1584:. Retrieved
1575:
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1437:. Retrieved
1433:the original
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1403:. Retrieved
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1343:. Retrieved
1334:
1325:
1314:. Retrieved
1305:
1296:
1285:. Retrieved
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1191:. Retrieved
1187:the original
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1161:. Retrieved
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1005:the original
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928:the original
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707:Phakic IOL:
683:
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416:
408:CN III palsy
376:
360:
349:
325:
305:
278:
251:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:
129:Risk factors
3366:Cycloplegia
3309:Photophobia
3304:Hemeralopia
3261:Hemianopsia
3239:Vision loss
3150:Aniseikonia
3141:Astigmatism
3061:Cyclotropia
3039:Hypertropia
2851:Papilledema
2823:Optic nerve
2656:Sickle cell
2636:Purtscher's
2621:Retinopathy
2489:Choroiditis
2330:Keratoconus
2151:Conjunctiva
2028:Xanthelasma
1980:Blepharitis
1847:MedlinePlus
1741:"hyperopia"
1576:MedlinePlus
1429:NHS Choices
1183:NHS Choices
766:comes from
751:astigmatism
668:Epi-LASIK:
460:conjunctiva
312:astigmatism
48:Other names
3415:Infections
3336:Anisocoria
3299:Asthenopia
3292:subjective
3276:homonymous
3271:bitemporal
3223:Nyctalopia
3211:Dichromacy
3155:Presbyopia
3116:Refraction
2937:Strabismus
2827:Optic disc
2186:Pinguecula
2051:Trichiasis
1823:DiseasesDB
1586:2016-02-26
1439:2016-02-26
1405:2016-02-26
1345:2016-02-26
1316:2016-02-26
1287:2016-02-26
1234:1131846767
1193:2016-02-26
937:2006-06-18
826:2016-02-26
792:References
367:gonioscopy
352:strabismus
336:eye strain
316:presbyopia
293:presbyopia
281:eyeglasses
247:strabismus
231:eye strain
195:~7.5% (US)
174:Eyeglasses
114:strabismus
3387:Nystagmus
3361:Mydriasis
3235:Blindness
3181:Amblyopia
3169:Blindness
3129:Hyperopia
3054:Exophoria
3049:Esophoria
3034:Exotropia
3030:Esotropia
2568:Retinitis
2266:Keratitis
2243:Scleritis
2176:Pterygium
2056:Madarosis
2003:Ectropion
1998:Entropion
1975:Chalazion
1721:cite book
1713:853286620
1628:2326-0254
1482:1469-493X
778:"sight" (
764:hyperopia
762:The term
758:Etymology
670:Epi-LASIK
611:Treatment
456:slit lamp
433:Diagnosis
356:amblyopia
332:headaches
243:amblyopia
214:hyperopia
192:Frequency
170:Treatment
156:Amblyopia
110:amblyopia
80:optometry
71:Specialty
32:Hyperepia
18:Hyperopic
3472:Category
3462:Medicine
3426:Trachoma
3191:Diplopia
2886:Ischemic
2811:Pathways
2725:Glaucoma
2626:diabetic
2528:Cataract
2466:Synechia
2318:Meesmann
2286:Exposure
2271:herpetic
2169:allergic
2159:Chemosis
2093:Epiphora
1749:Archived
1646:26605356
1580:Archived
1500:22696365
1399:Archived
1377:Archived
1373:21542544
1339:Archived
1310:Archived
1281:Archived
1157:Archived
1135:25539893
974:Archived
820:Archived
732:scarring
575:atropine
549:Moderate
543:diopters
419:diabetes
274:eye exam
262:diabetes
144:Eye exam
87:Symptoms
3266:binasal
3253:Anopsia
3196:Scotoma
2990:palsies
2753:Red eye
2738:Floater
2545:Aphakia
2476:Choroid
2446:Hyphema
2436:Uveitis
2043:Eyelash
1874:Scholia
1817:D006956
1637:4655463
1491:7388917
1163:30 July
1126:4391667
1109:: 163.
1011:11 July
816:Patient
632:Surgery
425:in the
297:aphakia
3448:Portal
3356:Miosis
3134:Myopia
2913:Kjer's
2661:photic
2560:Retina
2313:Fuchs'
2281:fungal
2258:Cornea
2235:Sclera
2018:Ptosis
1955:Eyelid
1943:Adnexa
1876:has a
1852:001020
1711:
1701:
1644:
1634:
1626:
1612:: 10.
1554:
1498:
1488:
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1371:
1255:
1232:
1222:
1133:
1123:
1069:
1039:
966:
891:
472:myopia
427:retina
373:Causes
314:, and
266:tumors
258:cornea
245:, and
222:retina
212:, and
120:Causes
3380:Other
3328:Pupil
2718:Other
2362:sicca
2214:Globe
2113:Orbit
1878:topic
1828:29644
1806:367.0
1791:H52.0
931:(PDF)
920:(PDF)
784:ὠπός
772:hyper
770:ὑπέρ
768:Greek
656:lupus
397:also.
2520:Lens
2420:Iris
1970:Stye
1812:MeSH
1801:9-CM
1727:link
1709:OCLC
1699:ISBN
1642:PMID
1624:ISSN
1552:ISBN
1496:PMID
1478:ISSN
1369:PMID
1253:ISBN
1230:OCLC
1220:ISBN
1165:2016
1131:PMID
1067:ISBN
1037:ISBN
1013:2017
964:ISBN
889:ISBN
786:ōpos
730:and
658:and
555:High
545:(D).
464:iris
410:etc.
354:and
254:lens
1797:ICD
1782:ICD
1632:PMC
1614:doi
1486:PMC
1470:doi
1121:PMC
1111:doi
1001:NEI
788:).
781:GEN
776:ōps
535:Low
301:IOL
299:is
256:or
218:eye
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1786:10
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