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Hyperfunction

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Since the zeroth cohomology group of any sheaf is simply the global sections of that sheaf, we see that a hyperfunction is a pair of holomorphic functions one each on the upper and lower complex halfplane modulo entire holomorphic functions.
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just above the real line - both from left to right. Note that the hyperfunction can be non-trivial, even if the components are analytic continuation of the same function. Also this can be easily checked by differentiating the Heaviside
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Using a partition of unity one can write any continuous function (distribution) as a locally finite sum of functions (distributions) with compact support. This can be exploited to extend the above embedding to an embedding
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A special case worth considering is the case of continuous functions or distributions with compact support: If one considers
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A hyperfunction on the real line can be conceived of as the 'difference' between one holomorphic function defined on the
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would be at the real line itself. This difference is not affected by adding the same holomorphic function to both
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This article is about hyperfunctions in a mathematical context. For biological hypo- or hyperfunctions, see
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Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo. Sect. 1, Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry
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Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo. Sect. 1, Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry
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is a vector space such that addition and multiplication with complex numbers are well-defined. Explicitly:
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via the above embedding, then this computes exactly the traditional Lebesgue-integral. Furthermore: If
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The integrals are independent of the choice of these curves because the upper and lower half plane are
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which are undefined in the usual sense. Moreover: Because the real analytic functions are dense in
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giving another reason to think of hyperfunctions as "boundary values" of holomorphic functions.
805:{\displaystyle H^{0}({\tilde {U}}\setminus U,{\mathcal {O}})/H^{0}({\tilde {U}},{\mathcal {O}})} 315:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}(\mathbb {R} )=H_{\mathbb {R} }^{1}(\mathbb {C} ,{\mathcal {O}}).} 63: 4034: 3705:
Hyperfunctions and Pseudo-Differential Equations, Proceedings of a Conference at Katata, 1971
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one associates to each hyperfunction with compact support a continuous linear function on
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looks like a "distribution of infinite order" at 0. (Note that distributions always have
1451:{\displaystyle \textstyle {\mathcal {D}}'(\mathbb {R} )\to {\mathcal {B}}(\mathbb {R} ).} 1223: 200: 100: 2289: 444:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{+}\cup \mathbb {C} ^{-}=\mathbb {C} \setminus \mathbb {R} } 3777: 3596: 2269: 3954:, Progress in Mathematics (Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed.), Springer, 3745: 78:
and another on the lower half-plane. That is, a hyperfunction is specified by a pair (
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Thus this notion of integration gives a precise meaning to formal expressions like
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is any holomorphic function on the whole complex plane, then the restriction of
1353:{\displaystyle f(z)={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{x\in I}g(x){\frac {1}{z-x}}\,dx.} 3949: 3928: 3799: 3703: 3683: 3660: 3639: 4013: 3859: 3851: 136: 1814:{\displaystyle a(f_{+},f_{-})+b(g_{+},g_{-}):=(af_{+}+bg_{+},af_{-}+bg_{-})} 2645:
be the space of hyperfunctions with compact support. Via the bilinear form
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Hyperfunctions and Theoretical Physics, Rencontre de Nice, 21-30 Mai 1973
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Relative cohomology of sheaves of solutions of differential equations
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restricts to a real analytic function in some small neighbourhood of
892:. One can show that this definition does not depend on the choice of 233: 2152: 3579:{\displaystyle f\circ \Phi :=(f_{+}\circ \Phi ,f_{-}\circ \Phi )} 1230:) on the real line with support contained in a bounded interval 2335:
are two holomorphic points, then integration is well-defined:
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The motivation can be concretely implemented using ideas from
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to another at a boundary, and can be thought of informally as
3366:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}'\hookrightarrow {\mathcal {B}}} 2187:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}'\hookrightarrow {\mathcal {B}}} 1464:
is any function that is holomorphic everywhere except for an
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to the real axis is a hyperfunction, represented by either (
3334:. This is an alternative description of the same embedding 2747: 3754:, Séminaire Bourbaki, Tome 6 (1960-1961), Exposé no. 214, 3951:
Hyperfunctions and Harmonic Analysis on Symmetric Spaces
2591:{\displaystyle \gamma _{\pm }(0)=a,\gamma _{\pm }(1)=b.} 3665:, Mathematics and its Applications (Book 3), Springer, 3644:, Mathematics and its Applications (Book 8), Springer, 34:
are generalizations of functions, as a 'jump' from one
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just below the real line, and subtract integration of
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is a holomorphic function on the upper half-plane and
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Informally, the hyperfunction is what the difference
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of infinite order. Hyperfunctions were introduced by
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Sato, Mikio (1960), "Theory of Hyperfunctions, II",
3678: 3289:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}(U),{\mathcal {E}}'(U)} 1206:. To verify it one can calculate the integration of 3866:Sato, Mikio (1959), "Theory of Hyperfunctions, I", 94:is a holomorphic function on the lower half-plane. 3776: 3578: 3508: 3475: 3442: 3422: 3400: 3365: 3326: 3288: 3231: 3180: 3118: 3068: 3029: 2985: 2952: 2914: 2873: 2830: 2797:This induces an identification of the dual space, 2789: 2753: 2637: 2590: 2517: 2457: 2327: 2301: 2278: 2258: 2215: 2186: 2143: 2110: 1889: 1839: 1813: 1659: 1622: 1581: 1542: 1499: 1450: 1352: 1194: 1100: 1068: 913: 884: 842:{\displaystyle {\tilde {U}}\subseteq \mathbb {C} } 841: 804: 700: 672: 632: 443: 375: 346: 314: 224: 191: 115: 3818: 3733:Sato, Mikio; Kawai, Takahiro; Kashiwara, Masaki, 4011: 3735:Microfunctions and pseudo-differential equations 1597: 1250:is a holomorphic function on the complement of 885:{\displaystyle {\tilde {U}}\cap \mathbb {R} =U} 3933:, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 126, Springer, 3836:"Cyōkansū no riron (Theory of Hyperfunctions)" 3804:, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 449, Springer, 3744: 3732: 3708:, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 287, Springer, 166: 3947: 3069:{\displaystyle \varphi \in {\mathcal {O}}(U)} 1380:follows from the previous example by writing 3662:Introduction to the Theory of Hyperfunctions 3408:is a real analytic map between open sets of 3172: 3160: 1858:Multiplication with real analytic functions 3682:; Kawai, Takahiro; Kimura, Tatsuo (2017) , 3232:{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}\delta (x)\,dx} 1372:) when crossing the real axis at the point 58:in English), building upon earlier work by 3846:(1), Mathematical Society of Japan: 1–27, 3416: 3222: 2706: 2505: 2448: 2402: 1616: 1437: 1416: 1340: 872: 835: 694: 610: 563: 522: 482: 467: 437: 429: 415: 400: 363: 334: 292: 277: 261: 215: 3923: 3779:An Introduction to Sato's Hyperfunctions 3774: 3037:is a distribution with compact support, 1388:of itself with the Dirac delta function. 1110:principal value of the complex logarithm 3819:Cerezo, A.; Piriou, A.; Chazarain, J., 3701: 3030:{\displaystyle u\in {\mathcal {E}}'(U)} 1623:{\displaystyle U\subseteq \mathbb {R} } 701:{\displaystyle U\subseteq \mathbb {R} } 135:is a holomorphic function on the whole 4012: 3991: 3658: 2874:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}_{c}(U).} 2259:{\displaystyle f\in {\mathcal {B}}(U)} 1890:{\displaystyle h\in {\mathcal {O}}(U)} 3975: 2638:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}_{c}(U)} 1897:and differentiation are well-defined: 1515:has a pole of finite order at 0 then 3894: 3865: 3830: 3797: 3634: 55: 51: 47: 3722: 2831:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}'(U),} 13: 3570: 3551: 3529: 3492: 3459: 3437: 3383: 3358: 3344: 3327:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}'(U)} 3306: 3268: 3248: 3052: 3009: 2969: 2953:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}'(U)} 2932: 2848: 2807: 2790:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(U).} 2770: 2688: 2663: 2615: 2242: 2179: 2165: 2127: 1873: 1832: 1823:The obvious restriction maps turn 1643: 1554:has an essential singularity then 1428: 1403: 1238:corresponds to the hyperfunction ( 794: 751: 656: 619: 578: 537: 491: 301: 252: 184: 14: 4046: 3968: 3702:Komatsu, Hikosaburo, ed. (1973), 3685:Foundations of Algebraic Analysis 3509:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}(U)} 3476:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}(V)} 3076:is a real analytic function, and 2986:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}(U)} 2144:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}(U)} 1660:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}(U)} 1511:0 that is not a distribution. If 740: 673:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}(U)} 433: 232:Define the hyperfunctions on the 3450:is a well-defined operator from 1202:This is really a restatement of 376:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{-}} 347:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{+}} 163:) are defined to be equivalent. 3948:Schlichtkrull, Henrik (2013) , 3821:Introduction aux hyperfonctions 3573: 3535: 3503: 3497: 3470: 3464: 3392: 3353: 3321: 3315: 3283: 3277: 3259: 3253: 3219: 3213: 3113: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3063: 3057: 3024: 3018: 2980: 2974: 2947: 2941: 2909: 2903: 2865: 2859: 2822: 2816: 2781: 2775: 2729: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2680: 2674: 2632: 2626: 2576: 2570: 2548: 2542: 2500: 2497: 2485: 2445: 2439: 2399: 2393: 2253: 2247: 2174: 2138: 2132: 2027: 2001: 1979: 1947: 1937: 1911: 1884: 1878: 1840:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} 1808: 1744: 1738: 1712: 1703: 1677: 1654: 1648: 1576: 1561: 1537: 1522: 1494: 1479: 1441: 1433: 1423: 1420: 1412: 1319: 1313: 1270: 1264: 1095: 1089: 1055: 1049: 1016: 1010: 969: 963: 905: 862: 825: 799: 783: 774: 756: 734: 725: 667: 661: 647:More generally one can define 624: 606: 583: 558: 542: 517: 496: 478: 306: 288: 265: 257: 192:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}} 69: 1: 3751:Les hyperfonctions de M. Sato 3628: 225:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} .} 3641:Applied Hyperfunction Theory 3617:Pseudo-differential operator 3423:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } 3401:{\displaystyle \Phi :U\to V} 2915:{\displaystyle C_{c}^{0}(U)} 2328:{\displaystyle a\leqslant b} 1598:Operations on hyperfunctions 914:{\displaystyle {\tilde {U}}} 16:Type of generalized function 7: 3999:Encyclopedia of Mathematics 3930:Theories des Hyperfonctions 3589: 2194:is a morphism of D-modules. 1550:is a distribution, so when 924: 167:Definition in one dimension 10: 4051: 3607:Distribution (mathematics) 2525:are arbitrary curves with 18: 3798:Pham, F. L., ed. (1975), 3775:Morimoto, Mitsuo (1993), 1204:Cauchy's integral formula 3852:10.11429/sugaku1947.10.1 3430:, then composition with 1507:is a hyperfunction with 2118:With these definitions 1101:{\displaystyle \log(z)} 951:Heaviside step function 942:, 0) or (0, − 3659:Kaneko, Akira (1988), 3580: 3510: 3477: 3444: 3424: 3402: 3367: 3328: 3290: 3233: 3182: 3120: 3070: 3031: 2987: 2954: 2916: 2875: 2832: 2791: 2755: 2639: 2592: 2519: 2459: 2329: 2303: 2280: 2260: 2217: 2216:{\displaystyle a\in U} 2188: 2145: 2112: 1891: 1841: 1815: 1661: 1624: 1583: 1582:{\displaystyle (f,-f)} 1544: 1543:{\displaystyle (f,-f)} 1501: 1500:{\displaystyle (f,-f)} 1452: 1354: 1196: 1121:Dirac delta "function" 1102: 1070: 953:can be represented as 915: 886: 843: 806: 702: 674: 634: 445: 377: 348: 316: 226: 193: 139:, the hyperfunctions ( 117: 4030:Generalized functions 3739:. - It is called SKK. 3723:Komatsu, Hikosaburo, 3581: 3511: 3478: 3445: 3443:{\displaystyle \Phi } 3425: 3403: 3368: 3329: 3291: 3234: 3183: 3121: 3071: 3032: 2988: 2955: 2917: 2876: 2833: 2792: 2756: 2640: 2593: 2520: 2460: 2330: 2304: 2281: 2261: 2218: 2189: 2146: 2113: 1892: 1842: 1816: 1662: 1625: 1584: 1545: 1502: 1466:essential singularity 1453: 1355: 1226:(or more generally a 1197: 1103: 1071: 916: 887: 849:is any open set with 844: 807: 703: 675: 635: 446: 378: 349: 317: 227: 205:holomorphic functions 194: 118: 3992:Kaneko, A. (2001) , 3602:Generalized function 3520: 3487: 3454: 3434: 3412: 3380: 3338: 3300: 3243: 3192: 3130: 3080: 3041: 2997: 2964: 2926: 2885: 2842: 2801: 2765: 2649: 2609: 2529: 2469: 2339: 2313: 2290: 2270: 2231: 2201: 2159: 2122: 1901: 1862: 1827: 1671: 1638: 1630:be any open subset. 1606: 1593:order at any point.) 1558: 1519: 1476: 1396: 1258: 1127: 1080: 957: 896: 853: 816: 712: 684: 651: 458: 395: 358: 329: 247: 211: 179: 101: 36:holomorphic function 3612:Microlocal analysis 3209: 3147: 2902: 2356: 1468:at 0 (for example, 1224:continuous function 477: 391:respectively. Then 287: 116:{\displaystyle f-g} 4020:Algebraic analysis 3737:, pp. 265–529 3727:, pp. 192–261 3597:Algebraic analysis 3576: 3506: 3473: 3440: 3420: 3398: 3363: 3324: 3286: 3229: 3195: 3178: 3133: 3116: 3066: 3027: 2983: 2950: 2912: 2888: 2871: 2828: 2787: 2751: 2746: 2635: 2588: 2515: 2455: 2342: 2325: 2302:{\displaystyle a.} 2299: 2276: 2256: 2213: 2184: 2155:and the embedding 2141: 2108: 2106: 1887: 1851:(which is in fact 1837: 1811: 1657: 1620: 1579: 1540: 1497: 1448: 1447: 1376:. The formula for 1364:jumps in value by 1350: 1192: 1182: 1156: 1123:is represented by 1098: 1066: 911: 882: 839: 802: 698: 670: 630: 461: 441: 373: 344: 312: 271: 222: 189: 113: 3961:978-1-4612-9775-8 3940:978-3-540-04915-9 3811:978-3-540-37454-1 3715:978-3-540-06218-9 3695:978-0-691-62832-5 3680:Kashiwara, Masaki 3672:978-90-277-2837-1 3651:978-94-010-5125-5 3296:is a subspace of 2960:) as a subset of 2279:{\displaystyle f} 2225:holomorphic point 2097: 2067: 1999: 1338: 1292: 1181: 1155: 1041: 1002: 908: 865: 828: 786: 737: 680:for any open set 21:endocrine disease 4042: 4025:Complex analysis 4006: 3988: 3987: 3964: 3943: 3925:Schapira, Pierre 3919: 3890: 3862: 3824: 3814: 3793: 3790:978-0-82184571-4 3782: 3770: 3746:Martineau, André 3738: 3728: 3718: 3698: 3675: 3654: 3622:Sheaf cohomology 3585: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3566: 3565: 3547: 3546: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3496: 3495: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3463: 3462: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3399: 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917: 912: 910: 909: 901: 891: 889: 888: 883: 875: 867: 866: 858: 848: 846: 845: 840: 838: 830: 829: 821: 811: 809: 808: 803: 798: 797: 788: 787: 779: 773: 772: 763: 755: 754: 739: 738: 730: 724: 723: 708:as the quotient 707: 705: 704: 699: 697: 679: 677: 676: 671: 660: 659: 639: 637: 636: 631: 623: 622: 613: 605: 604: 595: 590: 586: 582: 581: 572: 571: 566: 557: 556: 541: 540: 531: 530: 525: 516: 515: 495: 494: 485: 476: 471: 470: 450: 448: 447: 442: 440: 432: 424: 423: 418: 409: 408: 403: 389:lower half-plane 385:upper half-plane 382: 380: 379: 374: 372: 371: 366: 353: 351: 350: 345: 343: 342: 337: 325:Concretely, let 321: 319: 318: 313: 305: 304: 295: 286: 281: 280: 264: 256: 255: 238:local cohomology 231: 229: 228: 223: 218: 198: 196: 195: 190: 188: 187: 173:sheaf cohomology 122: 120: 119: 114: 76:upper half-plane 60:Laurent Schwartz 4050: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4010: 4009: 3994:"Hyperfunction" 3978:"Hyperfunction" 3976:Jacobs, Bryan. 3971: 3962: 3941: 3842:(in Japanese), 3823:, pp. 1–53 3812: 3791: 3716: 3696: 3673: 3652: 3631: 3626: 3592: 3561: 3557: 3542: 3538: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3357: 3356: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3204: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3051: 3050: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3008: 3007: 3006: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2745: 2744: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2687: 2686: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2564: 2560: 2536: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2351: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2241: 2240: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2178: 2177: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2105: 2104: 2089: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2072: 2059: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2021: 2017: 2008: 2004: 1991: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1973: 1969: 1957: 1953: 1940: 1931: 1927: 1918: 1914: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1872: 1871: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1802: 1798: 1786: 1782: 1770: 1766: 1754: 1750: 1732: 1728: 1719: 1715: 1697: 1693: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1615: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1436: 1427: 1426: 1415: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1327: 1322: 1298: 1294: 1281: 1276: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1167: 1161: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1113: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1030: 1025: 991: 986: 979: 975: 958: 955: 954: 927: 900: 899: 897: 894: 893: 871: 857: 856: 854: 851: 850: 834: 820: 819: 817: 814: 813: 793: 792: 778: 777: 768: 764: 759: 750: 749: 729: 728: 719: 715: 713: 710: 709: 693: 685: 682: 681: 655: 654: 652: 649: 648: 618: 617: 609: 600: 596: 591: 577: 576: 567: 562: 561: 552: 548: 536: 535: 526: 521: 520: 511: 507: 506: 502: 490: 489: 481: 472: 466: 465: 459: 456: 455: 436: 428: 419: 414: 413: 404: 399: 398: 396: 393: 392: 367: 362: 361: 359: 356: 355: 338: 333: 332: 330: 327: 326: 300: 299: 291: 282: 276: 275: 260: 251: 250: 248: 245: 244: 214: 212: 209: 208: 183: 182: 180: 177: 176: 169: 102: 99: 98: 72: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4048: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4008: 4007: 3989: 3970: 3969:External links 3967: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3945: 3939: 3921: 3903:(2): 387–437, 3892: 3874:(1): 139–193, 3863: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3810: 3795: 3789: 3772: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3730: 3714: 3699: 3694: 3676: 3671: 3656: 3650: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3461: 3439: 3418: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3374: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2856: 2850: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2772: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2603: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2298: 2295: 2275: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2236: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2195: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2129: 2102: 2095: 2092: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1856: 1834: 1821: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1634:By definition 1618: 1614: 1611: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1458: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1389: 1360:This function 1349: 1346: 1343: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1216: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1117: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1000: 997: 994: 990: 985: 982: 978: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 947: 926: 923: 907: 904: 881: 878: 874: 870: 864: 861: 837: 833: 827: 824: 801: 796: 791: 785: 782: 776: 771: 767: 762: 758: 753: 748: 745: 742: 736: 733: 727: 722: 718: 696: 692: 689: 669: 666: 663: 658: 641: 640: 629: 626: 621: 616: 612: 608: 603: 599: 594: 589: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 551: 547: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 510: 505: 501: 498: 493: 488: 484: 480: 475: 469: 464: 439: 435: 431: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 370: 365: 341: 336: 323: 322: 311: 308: 303: 298: 294: 290: 285: 279: 274: 270: 267: 263: 259: 254: 221: 217: 186: 168: 165: 112: 109: 106: 71: 68: 50:in Japanese, ( 32:hyperfunctions 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4047: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3781: 3780: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3748:(1960–1961), 3747: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3500: 3467: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3375: 3349: 3318: 3311: 3280: 3273: 3262: 3256: 3226: 3223: 3216: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3060: 3047: 3044: 3021: 3014: 3003: 3000: 2977: 2944: 2937: 2906: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2868: 2862: 2854: 2825: 2819: 2812: 2784: 2778: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2696: 2683: 2677: 2669: 2654: 2629: 2621: 2604: 2601: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2510: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2452: 2449: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2296: 2293: 2273: 2250: 2237: 2234: 2226: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2196: 2170: 2154: 2135: 2100: 2093: 2090: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2034: 2032: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2005: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1881: 1868: 1865: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1822: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1651: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1612: 1609: 1592: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1553: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1514: 1510: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1444: 1408: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1316: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1267: 1261: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1189: 1185: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1131: 1122: 1118: 1111: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1063: 1059: 1052: 1046: 1043: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1007: 1004: 998: 995: 992: 988: 983: 980: 976: 972: 966: 960: 952: 948: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 928: 922: 902: 879: 876: 868: 859: 831: 822: 789: 780: 769: 765: 760: 746: 743: 731: 720: 716: 690: 687: 664: 645: 627: 614: 601: 597: 592: 587: 573: 568: 553: 549: 545: 532: 527: 512: 508: 503: 499: 486: 473: 462: 454: 453: 452: 425: 420: 410: 405: 390: 386: 368: 339: 309: 296: 283: 272: 268: 243: 242: 241: 239: 236:as the first 235: 219: 206: 202: 174: 164: 162: 159: +  158: 154: 151: +  150: 146: 142: 138: 137:complex plane 134: 130: 126: 110: 107: 104: 95: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 67: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 40:distributions 37: 33: 29: 22: 4035:Sheaf theory 3997: 3981: 3950: 3929: 3900: 3896: 3871: 3867: 3843: 3839: 3820: 3800: 3778: 3750: 3734: 3724: 3704: 3684: 3661: 3640: 2224: 2223:is called a 1601: 1590: 1551: 1512: 1469: 1461: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228:distribution 1219: 1211: 1207: 943: 939: 935: 931: 646: 642: 324: 170: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 132: 128: 124: 96: 91: 87: 83: 79: 73: 66:and others. 64:Grothendieck 31: 25: 3832:Sato, Mikio 1386:convolution 1254:defined by 70:Formulation 28:mathematics 4014:Categories 3768:0122.34902 3636:Imai, Isao 3629:References 2151:becomes a 44:Mikio Sato 4004:EMS Press 3983:MathWorld 3909:2261/6031 3880:2261/6027 3860:0039-470X 3638:(2012) , 3571:Φ 3568:∘ 3563:− 3552:Φ 3549:∘ 3530:Φ 3527:∘ 3438:Φ 3393:→ 3384:Φ 3354:↪ 3211:δ 3197:∫ 3173:⟩ 3170:φ 3161:⟨ 3155:φ 3152:⋅ 3135:∫ 3099:⊂ 3087:⁡ 3048:∈ 3045:φ 3004:∈ 2742:φ 2739:⋅ 2733:∫ 2730:↦ 2724:φ 2703:→ 2684:× 2566:± 2562:γ 2538:± 2534:γ 2511:± 2501:→ 2478:± 2474:γ 2435:− 2423:− 2419:γ 2414:∫ 2373:γ 2368:∫ 2364:− 2344:∫ 2320:⩽ 2238:∈ 2208:∈ 2175:↪ 2084:− 2023:− 1975:− 1933:− 1869:∈ 1804:− 1788:− 1734:− 1699:− 1613:⊆ 1571:− 1532:− 1489:− 1424:→ 1332:− 1303:∈ 1296:∫ 1286:π 1246:), where 1215:function. 1172:π 1146:π 1087:⁡ 1047:⁡ 1035:π 1023:− 1008:⁡ 996:π 984:− 906:~ 869:∩ 863:~ 832:⊆ 826:~ 784:~ 741:∖ 735:~ 691:⊆ 569:− 546:⊕ 434:∖ 421:− 411:∪ 369:− 234:real line 108:− 86:), where 3927:(1970), 3834:(1958), 3590:See also 3350:′ 3312:′ 3274:′ 3015:′ 2938:′ 2813:′ 2197:A point 2171:′ 2153:D-module 1472:), then 1409:′ 1242:, − 925:Examples 131:, so if 3917:0132392 3888:0114124 3760:1611794 1847:into a 1509:support 1384:as the 1234:, then 1108:is the 383:be the 240:group: 199:be the 175:. Let 155:,  147:) and ( 143:,  82:,  3958:  3937:  3915:  3886:  3858:  3840:Sūgaku 3808:  3787:  3766:  3758:  3712:  3692:  3669:  3648:  2465:where 1853:flabby 1591:finite 1076:where 812:where 3126:then 2838:with 1849:sheaf 1222:is a 201:sheaf 3956:ISBN 3935:ISBN 3856:ISSN 3806:ISBN 3785:ISBN 3710:ISBN 3690:ISBN 3667:ISBN 3646:ISBN 3084:supp 2922:(or 2605:Let 1602:Let 1119:The 949:The 387:and 354:and 127:and 56:1960 52:1959 48:1958 3905:hdl 3876:hdl 3848:doi 3764:Zbl 3483:to 3376:If 2309:If 2266:if 2227:of 1460:If 1218:If 1112:of 1084:log 1044:log 1005:log 930:If 451:so 207:on 203:of 46:in 26:In 4016:: 4002:, 3996:, 3980:. 3913:MR 3911:, 3899:, 3884:MR 3882:, 3870:, 3854:, 3844:10 3838:, 3815:. 3762:, 3756:MR 3719:. 3533::= 3516:: 2361::= 2035::= 1945::= 1855:). 1742::= 1362:f 946:). 62:, 54:, 30:, 3986:. 3944:. 3920:. 3907:: 3901:8 3891:. 3878:: 3872:8 3850:: 3825:. 3794:. 3771:. 3729:. 3655:. 3574:) 3559:f 3555:, 3544:+ 3540:f 3536:( 3524:f 3504:) 3501:U 3498:( 3493:B 3471:) 3468:V 3465:( 3460:B 3417:R 3396:V 3390:U 3387:: 3373:. 3359:B 3345:E 3322:) 3319:U 3316:( 3307:O 3284:) 3281:U 3278:( 3269:E 3263:, 3260:) 3257:U 3254:( 3249:E 3227:x 3224:d 3220:) 3217:x 3214:( 3206:b 3201:a 3176:. 3167:, 3164:u 3158:= 3149:u 3144:b 3139:a 3114:) 3111:b 3108:, 3105:a 3102:( 3096:) 3093:u 3090:( 3064:) 3061:U 3058:( 3053:O 3025:) 3022:U 3019:( 3010:E 3001:u 2981:) 2978:U 2975:( 2970:B 2948:) 2945:U 2942:( 2933:E 2910:) 2907:U 2904:( 2899:0 2894:c 2890:C 2869:. 2866:) 2863:U 2860:( 2855:c 2849:B 2826:, 2823:) 2820:U 2817:( 2808:O 2785:. 2782:) 2779:U 2776:( 2771:O 2736:f 2727:) 2721:, 2718:f 2715:( 2707:C 2700:) 2697:U 2694:( 2689:O 2681:) 2678:U 2675:( 2670:c 2664:B 2655:{ 2633:) 2630:U 2627:( 2622:c 2616:B 2602:. 2586:. 2583:b 2580:= 2577:) 2574:1 2571:( 2558:, 2555:a 2552:= 2549:) 2546:0 2543:( 2506:C 2498:] 2495:1 2492:, 2489:0 2486:[ 2483:: 2453:z 2450:d 2446:) 2443:z 2440:( 2431:f 2410:+ 2407:z 2404:d 2400:) 2397:z 2394:( 2389:+ 2385:f 2377:+ 2358:f 2353:b 2348:a 2323:b 2317:a 2297:. 2294:a 2274:f 2254:) 2251:U 2248:( 2243:B 2235:f 2211:U 2205:a 2180:B 2166:D 2139:) 2136:U 2133:( 2128:B 2101:) 2094:z 2091:d 2080:f 2076:d 2070:, 2064:z 2061:d 2054:+ 2050:f 2046:d 2039:( 2028:) 2019:f 2015:, 2010:+ 2006:f 2002:( 1996:z 1993:d 1989:d 1980:) 1971:f 1967:h 1964:, 1959:+ 1955:f 1951:h 1948:( 1938:) 1929:f 1925:, 1920:+ 1916:f 1912:( 1909:h 1885:) 1882:U 1879:( 1874:O 1866:h 1833:B 1809:) 1800:g 1796:b 1793:+ 1784:f 1780:a 1777:, 1772:+ 1768:g 1764:b 1761:+ 1756:+ 1752:f 1748:a 1745:( 1739:) 1730:g 1726:, 1721:+ 1717:g 1713:( 1710:b 1707:+ 1704:) 1695:f 1691:, 1686:+ 1682:f 1678:( 1675:a 1655:) 1652:U 1649:( 1644:B 1617:R 1610:U 1577:) 1574:f 1568:, 1565:f 1562:( 1552:f 1538:) 1535:f 1529:, 1526:f 1523:( 1513:f 1495:) 1492:f 1486:, 1483:f 1480:( 1470:e 1462:f 1445:. 1442:) 1438:R 1434:( 1429:B 1421:) 1417:R 1413:( 1404:D 1382:g 1378:f 1374:x 1370:x 1368:( 1366:g 1348:. 1345:x 1342:d 1335:x 1329:z 1325:1 1320:) 1317:x 1314:( 1311:g 1306:I 1300:x 1289:i 1283:2 1279:1 1274:= 1271:) 1268:z 1265:( 1262:f 1252:I 1248:f 1244:f 1240:f 1236:g 1232:I 1220:g 1212:g 1208:f 1190:. 1186:) 1178:z 1175:i 1169:2 1165:1 1159:, 1152:z 1149:i 1143:2 1139:1 1132:( 1116:. 1114:z 1096:) 1093:z 1090:( 1064:. 1060:) 1056:) 1053:z 1050:( 1038:i 1032:2 1028:1 1020:, 1017:) 1014:z 1011:( 999:i 993:2 989:1 981:1 977:( 973:= 970:) 967:x 964:( 961:H 944:f 940:f 936:f 932:f 903:U 880:U 877:= 873:R 860:U 836:C 823:U 800:) 795:O 790:, 781:U 775:( 770:0 766:H 761:/ 757:) 752:O 747:, 744:U 732:U 726:( 721:0 717:H 695:R 688:U 668:) 665:U 662:( 657:B 628:. 625:) 620:O 615:, 611:C 607:( 602:0 598:H 593:/ 588:] 584:) 579:O 574:, 564:C 559:( 554:0 550:H 543:) 538:O 533:, 528:+ 523:C 518:( 513:0 509:H 504:[ 500:= 497:) 492:O 487:, 483:C 479:( 474:1 468:R 463:H 438:R 430:C 426:= 416:C 406:+ 401:C 364:C 340:+ 335:C 310:. 307:) 302:O 297:, 293:C 289:( 284:1 278:R 273:H 269:= 266:) 262:R 258:( 253:B 220:. 216:C 185:O 161:h 157:g 153:h 149:f 145:g 141:f 133:h 129:g 125:f 111:g 105:f 92:g 88:f 84:g 80:f 23:.

Index

endocrine disease
mathematics
holomorphic function
distributions
Mikio Sato
1958
1959
1960
Laurent Schwartz
Grothendieck
upper half-plane
complex plane
sheaf cohomology
sheaf
holomorphic functions
real line
local cohomology
upper half-plane
lower half-plane
Heaviside step function
principal value of the complex logarithm
Dirac delta "function"
Cauchy's integral formula
continuous function
distribution
convolution
essential singularity
support
sheaf
flabby

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