1729:
diagnoses begun after a teacher raises concerns. While many tools exist to aid in the diagnosis of ADHD, their validity varies in different populations, and a reliable and valid diagnosis requires confirmation by a clinician while supplemented by standardized rating scales and input from multiple informants across various settings. The diagnosis of ADHD has been criticised as being subjective because it is not based on a biological test. The
International Consensus Statement on ADHD concluded that this criticism is unfounded, on the basis that ADHD meets standard criteria for validity of a mental disorder established by Robins and Guze. They attest that the disorder is considered valid because: 1) well-trained professionals in a variety of settings and cultures agree on its presence or absence using well-defined criteria and 2) the diagnosis is useful for predicting a) additional problems the patient may have (e.g., difficulties learning in school); b) future patient outcomes (e.g., risk for future drug abuse); c) response to treatment (e.g., medications and psychological treatments); and d) features that indicate a consistent set of causes for the disorder (e.g., findings from genetics or brain imaging), and that professional associations have endorsed and published guidelines for diagnosing ADHD.
1565:
2280:
systematic review, "recent evidence from observational and registry studies indicates that pharmacological treatment of ADHD is associated with increased achievement and decreased absenteeism at school, a reduced risk of trauma-related emergency hospital visits, reduced risks of suicide and attempted suicide, and decreased rates of substance abuse and criminality". Data also suggest that combining medication with CBT is a good idea: although CBT is substantially less effective, it can help address problems that reside after medication has been optimised. The nature and range of desirable endpoints of ADHD treatment vary among diagnostic standards for ADHD. In most studies, the efficacy of treatment is determined by reductions in symptoms. However, some studies have included subjective ratings from teachers and parents as part of their assessment of treatment efficacies.
2189:– potential alternate explanations for specific symptoms. Assessment and investigation of clinical history determines which is the most appropriate diagnosis. The DSM-5 suggests ODD, intermittent explosive disorder, and other neurodevelopmental disorders (such as stereotypic movement disorder and Tourette's disorder), in addition to specific learning disorder, intellectual developmental disorder, ASD, reactive attachment disorder, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, substance use disorder, personality disorders, psychotic disorders, medication-induced symptoms, and neurocognitive disorders. Many but not all of these are also common comorbidities of ADHD. The DSM-5-TR also suggests post-traumatic stress disorder.
1109:
financial distress. A 2019 meta-analysis indicated a significant association between ADHD and suicidal spectrum behaviours (suicidal attempts, ideations, plans, and completed suicides); across the studies examined, the prevalence of suicide attempts in individuals with ADHD was 18.9%, compared to 9.3% in individuals without ADHD, and the findings were substantially replicated among studies which adjusted for other variables. However, the relationship between ADHD and suicidal spectrum behaviours remains unclear due to mixed findings across individual studies and the complicating impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders. There is no clear data on whether there is a direct relationship between ADHD and suicidality, or whether ADHD increases suicide risk through comorbidities.
2722:
harmful, racially targeted medical practices. Medical pseudosciences, particularly those that targeted Black populations during the period of slavery in the US, lead to a distrust of medical practices within certain communities. The combination of ADHD symptoms often being regarded as misbehaviour rather than as a psychiatric condition, and the use of drugs to regulate ADHD, result in a hesitancy to trust a diagnosis of ADHD. Cases of misdiagnosis in ADHD can also occur due to stereotyping of people of color. Due to ADHD's subjectively determined symptoms, medical professionals may diagnose individuals based on stereotyped behaviour or misdiagnose due to cultural differences in symptom presentation.
17812:
families' preferred languages,34 and linking with community resources to provide mental health education, guidance, and services to families (eg, parent training courses for parents of children with ADHD).35–39 Pediatric clinicians also may need to consider universal behavioral health screening tools for children to improve diagnostic capabilities and recognize when a child has ADHD symptoms, even if the problem is not recognized by the parent. Because the rates of diagnosis and treatment are rising in the general population of US children, a significant need remains to identify and treat
African-American and Latino children who have ADHD and avoid a widening of these disparities.
686:(IQ) tests. The significance of this is controversial due to the differences between people with ADHD and the difficulty determining the influence of symptoms, such as distractibility, on lower scores rather than intellectual capacity. In studies of ADHD, higher IQs may be over-represented because many studies exclude individuals who have lower IQs despite those with ADHD scoring on average nine points lower on standardised intelligence measures. However, other studies contradict this, saying that in individuals with high intelligence, there is an increased risk of a missed ADHD diagnosis, possibly because of compensatory strategies in said individuals.
2458:(CVD) across age groups, although the study suggests further investigation is warranted for patients with preexisting CVD as well as long-term medication use. Regular monitoring has been recommended in those on long-term treatment. There are indications suggesting that stimulant therapy for children and adolescents should be stopped periodically to assess continuing need for medication, decrease possible growth delay, and reduce tolerance. Although potentially addictive at high doses, stimulants used to treat ADHD have low potential for abuse. Treatment with stimulants is either protective against substance abuse or has no effect.
2568:, are approved by the FDA and in other countries for the treatment of ADHD (effective in children and adolescents but effectiveness has still not been shown for adults). They appear to be modestly less effective than the stimulants (amphetamine and methylphenidate) and non-stimulants (atomoxetine and viloxazine) at reducing symptoms, but can be useful alternatives or used in conjunction with a stimulant. These medications act by adjusting the alpha-2a ports on the outside of noradrenergic nerve cells in the pre-frontal executive networks, so the information (electrical signal) is less confounded by noise.
447:. This requires at least six symptoms of either inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity for those under 17 and at least five symptoms for those 17 years or older. The symptoms must be present in at least two settings (e.g., social, school, work, or home), and must directly interfere with or reduce quality of functioning. Additionally, several symptoms must have been present before age twelve. The DSM-5 's required age of onset of symptoms is 12 years. However, research indicates the age of onset should not be interpreted as a prerequisite for diagnosis given contextual exceptions.
2593:
symptoms. A 2024 systematic review and meta analysis commissioned by the
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) identified seven studies on the effectiveness of physical exercise for treating ADHD symptoms. The type and amount of exercise varied widely across studies from martial arts interventions to treadmill training, to table tennis or aerobic exercise. Effects reported were not replicated, causing the authors to conclude that there is insufficient evidence that exercise intervention is an effective form of treatment for ADHD symptoms.
1607:(fMRI) studies have revealed a number of differences between ADHD and control brains. Mirroring what is known from structural findings, fMRI studies have showed evidence for a higher connectivity between subcortical and cortical regions, such as between the caudate and prefrontal cortex. The degree of hyperconnectivity between these regions correlated with the severity of inattention or hyperactivity Hemispheric lateralization processes have also been postulated as being implicated in ADHD, but empiric results showed contrasting evidence on the topic.
2688:
diagnosed. Children in North
America appear to have a higher rate of ADHD than children in Africa and the Middle East; this is believed to be due to differing methods of diagnosis rather than a difference in underlying frequency. (The same publication which describes this difference also notes that the difference may be rooted in the available studies from these respective regions, as far more studies were from North America than from Africa and the Middle East.) As of 2019, it was estimated to affect 84.7 million people globally.
2706:
to be diagnosed and 41% more likely to be treated than those born in
January. Girls born in December had a diagnosis and treatment percentage increase of 70% and 77% respectively compared to those born in January. Children who were born at the last three days of a calendar year were reported to have significantly higher levels of diagnosis and treatment for ADHD than children born at the first three days of a calendar year. The studies suggest that ADHD diagnosis is prone to subjective analysis.
2510:, due to its lack of addiction liability, may be preferred in those who are at risk of recreational or compulsive stimulant use, although evidence is lacking to support its use over stimulants for this reason. Atomoxetine alleviates ADHD symptoms through norepinephrine reuptake and by indirectly increasing dopamine in the pre-frontal cortex, sharing 70-80% of the brain regions with stimulants in their produced effects. Atomoxetine has been shown to significantly improve academic performance.
2680:
20420:
19512:
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those used in the treatment of younger patients, are used to treat adults with ADHD, these patients show a very robust clinical response consistent with that observed in pediatric studies. These data suggest that older patients may require a more aggressive approach in terms of dosing, based on the same target dosage ranges that have already been established – for methylphenidate, 1–1.5–2 mg/kg/day, and for D,L-amphetamine, 0.5–0.75–1 mg/kg/day....
74:
18969:
2799:) were involved in ADHD. A genetic component was identified and ADHD was acknowledged to be a persistent, long-term disorder which lasted from childhood into adulthood. ADHD was split into the current three sub-types because of a field trial completed by Lahey and colleagues and published in 1994. In 2021, global teams of scientists curated the International Consensus Statement compiling evidence-based findings about the disorder.
2425:
find certainty in the safety and high efficacy of methylphenidate for reducing ADHD symptoms, for alleviating the underlying executive functioning deficits, and for substantially reducing the adverse consequences of untreated ADHD with continuous treatment. Clinical guidelines internationally are also consistent in approving the safety and efficacy of methylphenidate and recommending it as a first-line treatment for the disorder.
18986:
18952:
2731:
12850:
18924:
9599:
Of possible relevance in this aspect is modafanil, which has shown beneficial effects in ADHD patients and has been reported to enhance the activity of PE at TAAR1. Conversely, methylphenidate, ...showed poor efficacy at the TAAR1 receptor. In this respect it is worth noting that the enhancement of functioning at TAAR1 seen with modafanil was not a result of a direct interaction with TAAR1.
855:
mis-identified as the other. Additionally, traumatic events in childhood are a risk factor for ADHD; they can lead to structural brain changes and the development of ADHD behaviours. Finally, the behavioural consequences of ADHD symptoms cause a higher chance of the individual experiencing trauma (and therefore ADHD leads to a concrete diagnosis of a trauma-related disorder).
1504:, rather than any true presence of ADHD in the individual. In other cases, it may be explained by increasing academic expectations, with a diagnosis being a method for parents in some countries to get extra financial and educational support for their child. Behaviours typical of ADHD occur more commonly in children who have experienced violence and emotional abuse.
2429:
Academy of
Pediatrics), and government agencies who have endorsed these guidelines (e.g., the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council). These professional groups unanimously conclude, based on the scientific evidence, that methylphenidate is safe and effective and should be considered as a first-line treatment for ADHD. The likelihood of developing
1669:
maturation and the increasing demands for executive control as a person gets older, ADHD impairments may not fully manifest themselves until adolescence or even early adulthood. Conversely, brain maturation trajectories, potentially exhibiting diverging longitudinal trends in ADHD, may support a later improvement in executive functions after reaching adulthood.
15057:
period. ... Only one paper examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria. ... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.
1985:
2020, this was 139.84 million and 366.33 million affected adults respectively. Around 15% of children with ADHD continue to meet full DSM-IV-TR criteria at 25 years of age, and 50% still experience some symptoms. As of 2010, most adults remain untreated. Many adults with ADHD without diagnosis and treatment have a disorganised life, and some use
674:. There is significant overlap in the symptomatologies of ADHD, dyslexia, and dysgraphia, and 3 in 10 people diagnosed with dyslexia experience co-occurring ADHD. Although it causes significant difficulty, many children with ADHD have an attention span equal to or greater than that of other children for tasks and subjects they find interesting.
2208:. Some symptoms that are due to anxiety disorders, personality disorder, developmental disabilities or intellectual disability or the effects of substance abuse such as intoxication and withdrawal can overlap with ADHD. These disorders can also sometimes occur along with ADHD. Medical conditions which can cause ADHD-type symptoms include:
822:. The reason for this may be an altered reward pathway in the brains of ADHD individuals, self-treatment and increased psychosocial risk factors. This makes the evaluation and treatment of ADHD more difficult, with serious substance misuse problems usually treated first due to their greater risks. Other psychiatric conditions include
1981:
childhood; a family history of ADHD also adds weight to a diagnosis. While the core symptoms of ADHD are similar in children and adults, they often present differently in adults than in children: for example, excessive physical activity seen in children may present as feelings of restlessness and constant mental activity in adults.
3564:'on line' in order to guide actions, suppression of prepotent behaviors that compete with goal-directed actions, and control of attention and thus the ability to overcome distractions. Cognitive control is impaired in several disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ... Noradrenergic projections from the
1379:. Rare genetic variants show more relevant clinical significance as their penetrance (the chance of developing the disorder) tends to be much higher. However their usefulness as tools for diagnosis is limited as no single gene predicts ADHD. ASD shows genetic overlap with ADHD at both common and rare levels of genetic variation.
1219:
thousands of years, these genetic variants become more stable, decreasing disorder prevalence. Throughout human evolution, the EFs involved in ADHD likely provide the capacity to bind contingencies across time thereby directing behaviour toward future over immediate events so as to maximise future social consequences for humans.
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diagnosed and how readily people are willing to treat it with medications rather than a true change in incidence. With widely differing rates of diagnosis across countries, states within countries, races, and ethnicities, some suspect factors other than symptoms of ADHD are playing a role in diagnosis, such as cultural norms.
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ability to produce creative solutions which differ significantly from each other and consider the issue from multiple perspectives. Those with ADHD symptoms could be advantaged in this form of creativity as they tend to have diffuse attention, allowing rapid switching between aspects of the task under consideration; flexible
11465:
performance in children with ADHD. Pharmacotherapy may also improve task persistence in these children. ... Previous studies suggest that a clinical approach using interventions to improve motivational processes in patients with ADHD may improve outcomes as children with ADHD transition into adolescence and adulthood.
2374:), reported ADHD symptoms (ADHD-RS-IV inattention subscale and total score), and reported quality of life (AAQoL). The magnitude of improvement in attention was nearly seven times greater than that reported in pediatric trials. The treatment was well-tolerated, with high compliance and no serious adverse events.
3635:
et al. 2002, Cacioppo & Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not.
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There are various improvements in care that may help in closing this gap in diagnosis and treatment. These include actively and universally eliciting parental concerns about child behavior and academic performance (at home and school) at well-visits,32,33 providing care that is culturally relevant in
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skills to compensate for their impairments. The condition can be difficult to tell apart from other conditions, as well as from high levels of activity within the range of normal behaviour. ADHD has a negative impact on patient health-related quality of life that may be further exacerbated by, or may
2592:
Exercise does not reduce the symptoms of ADHD. The conclusion by the
International Consensus Statement is based on two meta-analyses: one of 10 studies with 300 children and the other of 15 studies and 668 participants, which showed that exercise yields no statistically significant reductions on ADHD
2583:
recommends use for children only in severe cases, though for adults medication is a first-line treatment. Conversely, most United States guidelines recommend medications in most age groups. Medications are especially not recommended for preschool children. Underdosing of stimulants can occur, and can
2410:
studies suggest that long-term treatment with amphetamine or methylphenidate decreases abnormalities in brain structure and function found in subjects with ADHD. A 2018 review found the greatest short-term benefit with methylphenidate in children, and amphetamines in adults. Studies and meta-analyses
1728:
ADHD is diagnosed by an assessment of a person's behavioural and mental development, including ruling out the effects of drugs, medications, and other medical or psychiatric problems as explanations for the symptoms. ADHD diagnosis often takes into account feedback from parents and teachers with most
1117:
ADHD arises from brain maldevelopment especially in the prefrontal executive networks that can arise either from genetic factors (different gene variants and mutations for building and regulating such networks) or from acquired disruptions to the development of these networks and regions; involved in
634:
Symptoms are expressed differently and more subtly as the individual ages. Hyperactivity tends to become less overt with age and turns into inner restlessness, difficulty relaxing or remaining still, talkativeness or constant mental activity in teens and adults with ADHD. Impulsivity in adulthood may
428:
Inattention, hyperactivity (restlessness in adults), disruptive behaviour, and impulsivity are common in ADHD. Academic difficulties are frequent, as are problems with relationships. The signs and symptoms can be difficult to define, as it is hard to draw a line at where normal levels of inattention,
16553:
In particular, adolescents and adults are vulnerable to underdosing, and are thus at potential risk of failing to receive adequate dosage levels. As with all therapeutic agents, the efficacy and safety of stimulant medications should always guide prescribing behavior: careful dosage titration of the
12532:
as a standard treatment in ADHD. Nevertheless, the possibility of untreated CD predisposing to ADHD-like behavior should be kept in mind. ... It is possible that in untreated patients with CD, neurologic symptoms such as chronic fatigue, inattention, pain, and headache could predispose patients
2356:
evaluated AKL-T01 as an adjunctive treatment for children with ADHD who were either on stimulant medication or not on stimulant pharmacotherapy. Results showed improvements in ADHD-related impairment (measured by the
Impairment Rating Scale) and ADHD symptoms after 4 weeks of treatment, with effects
2270:
or medications, either alone or in combination. While there are various options of treatment to improve ADHD symptoms, medication therapies substantially improves long-term outcomes, and while completely eliminating some elevated risks such as obesity, they do come with some risks of adverse events.
2006:
For diagnosis in an adult, having symptoms since childhood is required. Nevertheless, a proportion of adults who meet the criteria for ADHD in adulthood would not have been diagnosed with ADHD as children. Most cases of late-onset ADHD develop the disorder between the ages of 12–16 and may therefore
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control, maintaining concentration, paying attention, ignoring distractions, regulating emotions, and remembering details. People with ADHD appear to have unimpaired long-term memory, and deficits in long-term recall appear to be attributed to impairments in working memory. Due to the rates of brain
16872:
Zinc binds at ... extracellular sites of the DAT, serving as a DAT inhibitor. In this context, controlled double-blind studies in children are of interest, which showed positive effects of zinc on symptoms of ADHD. It should be stated that at this time with zinc is not integrated in any ADHD
15697:
Biederman J, Wigal SB, Spencer TJ, McGough JJ, Mays DA (February 2006). "A post hoc subgroup analysis of an 18-day randomized controlled trial comparing the tolerability and efficacy of mixed amphetamine salts extended release and atomoxetine in school-age girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity
9598:
Although there is little direct evidence, changes in trace amines, in particular PE, have been identified as a possible factor for the onset of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ... Further, amphetamines, which have clinical utility in ADHD, are good ligands at trace amine receptors.
3634:
and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten & Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker & Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister
3563:
has multiple actions in the prefrontal cortex. It promotes the 'cognitive control' of behavior: the selection and successful monitoring of behavior to facilitate attainment of chosen goals. Aspects of cognitive control in which DA plays a role include working memory, the ability to hold information
2783:
in the DSM-III (1980). In 1987, this was changed to ADHD in the DSM-III-R, and in 1994 the DSM-IV in split the diagnosis into three subtypes: ADHD inattentive type, ADHD hyperactive-impulsive type, and ADHD combined type. These terms were kept in the DSM-5 in 2013 and in the DSM-5-TR in 2022. Prior
2705:
Studies from multiple countries have reported that children born closer to the start of the school year are more frequently diagnosed with and medicated for ADHD than their older classmates. Boys who were born in
December where the school age cut-off was 31 December were shown to be 30% more likely
2424:
that methylphenidate is safe and highly effective for treating ADHD. The same journal released a subsequent systematic review (2022) of extended-release methylphenidate for adults, concluding similar doubts about the certainty of evidence. Other recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses, however,
2247:
Primary sleep disorders may affect attention and behaviour and the symptoms of ADHD may affect sleep. It is thus recommended that children with ADHD be regularly assessed for sleep problems. Sleepiness in children may result in symptoms ranging from the classic ones of yawning and rubbing the eyes,
1218:
has been acting against the genetic variants for ADHD over the course of at least 45,000 years, indicating that it was not an adaptative trait in ancient times. The disorder may remain at a stable rate by the balance of genetic mutations and removal rate (natural selection) across generations; over
854:
can have significant behavioural overlap—in particular, motor restlessness, difficulty concentrating, distractibility, irritability/anger, emotional constriction or dysregulation, poor impulse control, and forgetfulness are common in both. This could result in trauma-related disorders or ADHD being
419:
The precise causes of ADHD are unknown in the majority of cases. For most people with ADHD, many genetic and environmental risk factors accumulate to cause the disorder. The environmental risks are biological and most often exert their effects in the prenatal period. However, in rare cases ADHD may
16550:
As most treatment guidelines and prescribing information for stimulant medications relate to experience in school-aged children, prescribed doses for older patients are lacking. Emerging evidence for both methylphenidate and
Adderall indicate that when weight-corrected daily doses, equipotent with
15155:
In addition, a consensus has not been reached on the optimal diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Moreover, the benefits and long-term effects of medical and complementary therapies for this disorder continue to be debated. These gaps in knowledge hinder the ability of clinicians to effectively recognise
2721:
children to be diagnosed or treated for ADHD, a finding that is often explained by bias among health professionals, as well as parents who may be reluctant to acknowledge that their child has ADHD. Crosscultural differences in diagnosis of ADHD can also be attributed to the long-lasting effects of
2279:
improves task performance. Medications are the most effective treatment, and any side effects are typically mild and easy to resolve although any improvements will be reverted if medication is ceased. ADHD stimulants also improve persistence and task performance in children with ADHD. To quote one
1768:
Based on a 2024 systematic literature review and meta analysis commissioned by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), rating scales based on parent report, teacher report, or self-assessment from the adolescent have high internal consistency as a diagnostic tool meaning that the
1235:
The association of maternal smoking observed in large population studies disappears after adjusting for family history of ADHD, which indicates that the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD is due to familial or genetic factors that increase the risk for the confluence of
15476:
supervised use of stimulants at therapeutic doses may decrease risk of experimentation with drugs to self-medicate symptoms. Second, untreated ADHD may lead to school failure, peer rejection, and subsequent association with deviant peer groups that encourage drug misuse. ... amphetamines and
15056:
Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this
14361:
Banaschewski T, Gerlach M, Becker K, Holtmann M, Döpfner M, Romanos M (July 2016). "Trust, but verify. The errors and misinterpretations in the Cochrane analysis by O. J. Storebo and colleagues on the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate for the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD".
11464:
Behavioral studies show altered processing of reinforcement and incentives in children with ADHD. These children respond more impulsively to rewards and choose small, immediate rewards over larger, delayed incentives. Interestingly, a high intensity of reinforcement is effective in improving task
2617:
supplementation or decreased consumption of artificial food colouring. These benefits may be limited to children with food sensitivities or those who are simultaneously being treated with ADHD medications. This review also found that evidence does not support removing other foods from the diet to
1997:
Some ADHD symptoms in adults differ from those seen in children. While children with ADHD may climb and run about excessively, adults may experience an inability to relax, or may talk excessively in social situations. Adults with ADHD may start relationships impulsively, display sensation-seeking
1077:
published a systematic literature review of 28 longitudinal studies published from 2011 through 2021 of associations between digital media use by children and adolescents and later ADHD symptoms and found reciprocal associations between digital media use and ADHD symptoms (i.e. that subjects with
396:
ADHD symptoms arise from executive dysfunction, and emotional dysregulation is often considered a core symptom. Difficulties in self-regulation such as time management, inhibition and sustained attention may cause poor professional performance, relationship difficulties and numerous health risks,
14914:
Treatment-emergent psychotic or manic symptoms, e.g., hallucinations, delusional thinking, or mania in children and adolescents without prior history of psychotic illness or mania can be caused by stimulants at usual doses. ... In a pooled analysis of multiple short-term, placebo controlled
2791:
ADHD, its diagnosis, and its treatment have been controversial since the 1970s. Positions range from the view that ADHD is within the normal range of behaviour to the hypothesis that ADHD is a genetic condition. Other areas of controversy include the use of stimulant medications in children, the
2419:
clinical synopsis, Dr Storebø and colleagues summarised their meta-review on methylphenidate for ADHD in children and adolescents. The meta-analysis raised substantial doubts about the drug's efficacy relative to a placebo. This led to a strong critical reaction from the European ADHD Guidelines
1984:
Worldwide, it is estimated that 2.58% of adults have persistent ADHD (where the individual currently meets the criteria and there is evidence of childhood onset), and 6.76% of adults have symptomatic ADHD (meaning that they currently meet the criteria for ADHD, regardless of childhood onset). In
1126:
Genetic factors play an important role; ADHD has a heritability rate of 70-80%. The remaining 20-30% of variance is mediated by de-novo mutations and non-shared environmental factors that provide for or produce brain injuries; there is no significant contribution of the rearing family and social
14870:
A minority of individuals who use amphetamines develop full-blown psychosis requiring care at emergency departments or psychiatric hospitals. In such cases, symptoms of amphetamine psychosis commonly include paranoid and persecutory delusions as well as auditory and visual hallucinations in the
2687:
ADHD is estimated to affect about 6–7% of people aged 18 and under when diagnosed via the DSM-IV criteria. When diagnosed via the ICD-10 criteria, rates in this age group are estimated around 1–2%. Rates are similar between countries and differences in rates depend mostly on how it is
2626:
as standard ADHD treatment is not advised. A 2017 review showed that a few-foods elimination diet may help children too young to be medicated or not responding to medication, while free fatty acid supplementation or decreased eating of artificial food colouring as standard ADHD treatment is not
2428:
Safety and efficacy data have been reviewed extensively by medical regulators (e.g., the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency), the developers of evidence-based international guidelines (e.g., the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and the American
1859:
This subdivision is based on presence of at least six (in children) or five (in older teenagers and adults) out of nine long-term (lasting at least six months) symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity–impulsivity, or both. To be considered, several symptoms must have appeared by the age of six to
654:
by their peers compared to 10–15% of non-ADHD children and adolescents. People with attention deficits are prone to having difficulty processing verbal and nonverbal language which can negatively affect social interaction. They may also drift off during conversations, miss social cues, and have
2831:
and quantity of creative achievements, but not with the disorder of ADHD itself – i.e. it has not been found to be increased in people diagnosed with the disorder, only in people with subclinical symptoms or those that possess traits associated with the disorder. Divergent thinking is the
2316:
has greater treatment effects than non-active controls for up to 6 months and possibly a year following treatment, and may have treatment effects comparable to active controls (controls proven to have a clinical effect) over that time period. Despite efficacy in research, there is insufficient
1740:
used for parents to rate their child's behaviour, the Youth Self Report Form (YSR) used for children to rate their own behaviour, and the Teacher Report Form (TRF) used for teachers to rate their pupil's behaviour. Additional rating scales that have been used alone or in combination with other
2643:
ADHD persists into adulthood in about 30–50% of cases. Those affected are likely to develop coping mechanisms as they mature, thus compensating to some extent for their previous symptoms. Children with ADHD have a higher risk of unintentional injuries. Effects of medication on functional
2002:
are common. This led to those who presented differently as they aged having outgrown the DSM-IV criteria. The DSM-5 criteria does specifically deal with adults unlike that of DSM-IV, which does not fully take into account the differences in impairments seen in adulthood compared to childhood.
1980:
Adults with ADHD are diagnosed under the same criteria, including that their signs must have been present by the age of six to twelve. The individual is the best source for information in diagnosis, however others may provide useful information about the individual's symptoms currently and in
1239:
ADHD presents with reduced size, functional connectivity and activation as well as low noradrenergic and dopaminergic functioning in brain regions and networks crucial for executive functioning and self-regulation. Typically, a number of genes are involved, many of which directly affect brain
984:
published a systematic review of four decades of research on the relationship between children and adolescents' screen media use and ADHD-related behaviours and concluded that a statistically small relationship between children's media use and ADHD-related behaviours exists. In November 2018,
2709:
Rates of diagnosis and treatment have increased in both the United Kingdom and the United States since the 1970s. Prior to 1970, it was rare for children to be diagnosed with ADHD, while in the 1970s rates were about 1%. This is believed to be primarily due to changes in how the condition is
1756:
The ASEBA, BASC, CHAOS, CRS, and Vanderbilt diagnostic rating scales allow for both parents and teachers as raters in the diagnosis of childhood and adolescent ADHD. Adolescents may also self report their symptoms using self report scales from the ASEBA, SWAN, and the Dominic Interactive for
1108:
risk across all age groups, as well as growing evidence that an ADHD diagnosis in childhood or adolescence represents a significant future suicidal risk factor. Potential causes include ADHD's association with functional impairment, negative social, educational and occupational outcomes, and
472:
The table "Symptoms" lists the symptoms for ADHD-I and ADHD-HI from two major classification systems. Symptoms which can be better explained by another psychiatric or medical condition which an individual has are not considered to be a symptom of ADHD for that person. In DSM-5, subtypes were
420:
be caused by a single event such as traumatic brain injury, exposure to biohazards during pregnancy, a major genetic mutation or extreme environmental deprivation very early in life. There is no biologically distinct adult-onset ADHD except for when ADHD occurs after traumatic brain injury.
713:
have been found to occur in about 20–30% of children with ADHD. Learning disabilities can include developmental speech and language disorders, and academic skills disorders. ADHD, however, is not considered a learning disability, but it very frequently causes academic difficulties.
3995:
Cattoi B, Alpern I, Katz JS, Keepnews D, Solanto MV (April 2022). "The Adverse Health Outcomes, Economic Burden, and Public Health Implications of Unmanaged Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Call to Action Resulting from CHADD Summit, Washington, DC, October 17, 2019".
2473:
was formerly used as a second-line treatment for ADHD but research indicates it has no significant effects in reducing ADHD symptoms. Caffeine appears to help with alertness, arousal and reaction time but not the type of inattention implicated in ADHD (sustained attention/persistence).
2453:
The long-term effects of ADHD medication have yet to be fully determined, although stimulants are generally beneficial and safe for up to two years for children and adolescents. A 2022 meta-analysis found no statistically significant association between ADHD medications and the risk of
2664:
Individuals with ADHD are significantly overrepresented in prison populations. Although there is no generally accepted estimate of ADHD prevalence among inmates, a 2015 meta-analysis estimated a prevalence of 25.5%, and a larger 2018 meta-analysis estimated the frequency to be 26.2%.
16054:
Stuhec M, Munda B, Svab V, Locatelli I (June 2015). "Comparative efficacy and acceptability of atomoxetine, lisdexamfetamine, bupropion and methylphenidate in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis with focus on bupropion".
15477:
methylphenidate are used in low doses to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and in higher doses to treat narcolepsy (Chapter 12). Despite their clinical uses, these drugs are strongly reinforcing, and their long-term use at high doses is linked with potential addiction
594:
Multiple symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity that directly negatively impact occupational, academic or social functioning. Typically, these tend to be most apparent in environments with structure or which require self-control. Symptoms are generally from the following clusters:
14067:
Stuhec M, Lukić P, Locatelli I (February 2019). "Efficacy, Acceptability, and Tolerability of Lisdexamfetamine, Mixed Amphetamine Salts, Methylphenidate, and Modafinil in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
2405:
or its derivatives are often first-line treatments for ADHD. About 70 per cent respond to the first stimulant tried and as few as 10 per cent respond to neither amphetamines nor methylphenidate. Stimulants may also reduce the risk of unintentional injuries in children with ADHD.
1084:
published a meta-analysis of 9 studies with 81,234 child subjects that found a positive correlation between screen time and ADHD risk in children and that higher amounts of screen time in childhood may significantly contribute to the development of ADHD. In December 2023, the
2449:
are rare at therapeutic doses, appearing to occur in approximately 0.1% of individuals, within the first several weeks after starting amphetamine therapy. The safety of these medications in pregnancy is unclear. Symptom improvement is not sustained if medication is ceased.
2357:
persisting during a 4-week pause and further improving with an additional treatment period. Notably, the magnitude of the measured improvement was similar for children both on and off stimulants. In 2020, AKL-T01 received marketing authorization for pediatric ADHD from the
16240:
Biederman J, Melmed RD, Patel A, McBurnett K, Konow J, Lyne A, et al. (SPD503 Study Group) (January 2008). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
15440:
1772:
Imaging studies of the brain do not give consistent results between individuals; thus, they are only used for research purposes and not a diagnosis. Electroencephalography is not accurate enough to make an ADHD diagnosis. A 2024 systematic review concluded that the use of
2320:
There is little high-quality research on the effectiveness of family therapy for ADHD—but the existing evidence shows that it is similar to community care, and better than placebo. ADHD-specific support groups can provide information and may help families cope with ADHD.
19320:
830:, a distinct attention disorder occurring in 30–50% of ADHD cases as a comorbidity, regardless of the presentation; a subset of cases diagnosed with ADHD-PIP have been found to have CDS instead. Individuals with ADHD are three times more likely to be diagnosed with an
3391:
Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K (February 2013). "Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects".
2691:
ADHD is diagnosed approximately twice as often in boys as in girls, and 1.6 times more often in men than in women, although the disorder is overlooked in girls or diagnosed in later life because their symptoms sometimes differ from diagnostic criteria. In 2014,
888:
converge on common neurochemical mechanisms that interfere with biological mechanisms also considered central in ADHD pathophysiology and treatment. This highlights the importance of close collaboration between health services to avoid clinical overshadowing.
2584:
result in a lack of response or later loss of effectiveness. This is particularly common in adolescents and adults as approved dosing is based on school-aged children, causing some practitioners to use weight-based or benefit-based off-label dosing instead.
1749:, Diagnostic Infant and Preschool Assessment (DIPA-L), Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC), Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Rating Scale (SWAN). and the
13739:
Koda K, Ago Y, Cong Y, Kita Y, Takuma K, Matsuda T (July 2010). "Effects of acute and chronic administration of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on extracellular levels of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of mice".
790:
is the most common sleep disorder with behavioural therapy being the preferred treatment. Problems with sleep initiation are common among individuals with ADHD but often they will be deep sleepers and have significant difficulty getting up in the morning.
598:
Excessive motor activity; struggles to sit still, often leaving their seat; prefers to run about; in younger children, will fidget when attempting to sit still; in adolescents and adults, a sense of physical restlessness or discomfort with being quiet and
15733:
Bushe C, Day K, Reed V, Karlsdotter K, Berggren L, Pitcher A, et al. (May 2016). "A network meta-analysis of atomoxetine and osmotic release oral system methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients".
538:
Multiple symptoms of inattention that directly negatively impact occupational, academic or social functioning. Symptoms may not be present when engaged in highly stimulating tasks with frequent rewards. Symptoms are generally from the following clusters:
635:
appear as thoughtless behaviour, impatience, irresponsible spending and sensation-seeking behaviours, while inattention may appear as becoming easily bored, difficulty with organization, remaining on task and making decisions, and sensitivity to stress.
9864:
Sonuga-Barke EJ, Brandeis D, Cortese S, Daley D, Ferrin M, Holtmann M, et al. (March 2013). "Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments".
6793:
10565:
an elimination diet produces a small aggregate effect but may have greater benefit among some children. Very few studies enable proper evaluation of the likelihood of response in children with ADHD who are not already preselected based on prior diet
729:(ODD) occurs in about 25% of children with an inattentive presentation and 50% of those with a combined presentation. It is characterised by angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behaviour and vindictiveness which are age-inappropriate.
9963:
Burger PH, Goecke TW, Fasching PA, Moll G, Heinrich H, Beckmann MW, et al. (September 2011). "" [How does maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy affect the development of attention deficit/hyperactivity syndrome in the child].
3741:
Faraone SV, Rostain AL, Blader J, Busch B, Childress AC, Connor DF, et al. (February 2019). "Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention".
1769:
items within the scale are highly interrelated. The reliability of the scales between raters (i.e. their degree of agreement) however is poor to moderate making it important to include information from multiple raters to best inform a diagnosis.
1006:
published a systematic review of 29 studies including 56,650 subjects that found that ADHD symptoms were consistently associated with gaming disorder and more frequent associations between inattention and gaming disorder than other ADHD scales.
2539:, with less frequent side effects. A 2021 retrospective study showed that amantadine may serve as an effective adjunct to stimulants for ADHD–related symptoms and appears to be a safer alternative to second- or third-generation antipsychotics.
19326:
780:). Boys diagnosed with the combined ADHD subtype are more likely to have a mood disorder. Adults and children with ADHD sometimes also have bipolar disorder, which requires careful assessment to accurately diagnose and treat both conditions.
542:
Struggles to maintain focus on tasks that aren't highly stimulating/rewarding or that require continuous effort; details are often missed, and careless mistakes are frequent in school and work tasks; tasks are often abandoned before they are
2792:
method of diagnosis, and the possibility of overdiagnosis. In 2009, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence states that the current treatments and methods of diagnosis are based on the dominant view of the academic literature.
1663:
that are required to successfully select and monitor behaviours that facilitate the attainment of one's chosen goals. The executive function impairments that occur in ADHD individuals result in problems with staying organised, time keeping,
1576:
also shows thinning in individuals with ADHD compared to controls. Other brain structures in the prefrontal-striatal-cerebellar and prefrontal-striatal-thalamic circuits have also been found to differ between people with and without ADHD.
1231:
and thus arises through the accumulation of many genetic risks each having a very small effect. The siblings of children with ADHD are three to four times more likely to develop the disorder than siblings of children without the disorder.
10797:
Recent conceptualizations of ADHD have taken seriously the distributed nature of neuronal processing. Most of the candidate networks have focused on prefrontal-striatal-cerebellar circuits, although other posterior regions are also being
1860:
twelve and occur in more than one environment (e.g. at home and at school or work). The symptoms must be inappropriate for a child of that age and there must be clear evidence that they are causing impairment in multiple domains of life.
1058:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 87 studies with 159,425 subjects 12 years of age or younger that found a small but statistically significant correlation between screen time and ADHD symptoms in children. In April 2022,
1600:
appears smaller in individuals with ADHD compared with controls. Structural MRI studies have also revealed differences in white matter, with marked differences in inter-hemispheric asymmetry between ADHD and typically developing youths.
15961:
Mohammadi MR, Kazemi MR, Zia E, Rezazadeh SA, Tabrizi M, Akhondzadeh S (November 2010). "Amantadine versus methylphenidate in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind trial".
2627:
advised. Chronic deficiencies of iron, magnesium and iodine may have a negative impact on ADHD symptoms. There is a small amount of evidence that lower tissue zinc levels may be associated with ADHD. In the absence of a demonstrated
2648:(e.g. reduced risk of accidents) have been found across multiple domains. Rates of smoking among those with ADHD are higher than in the general population at about 40%. About 30–50% of people diagnosed in childhood continue to have
12366:
Mohr-Jensen C, Steinhausen HC (August 2016). "A meta-analysis and systematic review of the risks associated with childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder on long-term outcome of arrests, convictions, and incarcerations".
9923:
Free fatty acid supplementation and artificial food color exclusions appear to have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, although the effect of the former are small and those of the latter may be limited to ADHD patients with food
1993:
as a coping mechanism. Other problems may include relationship and job difficulties, and an increased risk of criminal activities. Associated mental health problems include depression, anxiety disorders, and learning disabilities.
902:
of 82 studies that all confirmed or implied elevated accident-proneness in ADHD patients and whose data suggested that the type of accidents or injuries and overall risk changes in ADHD patients over the lifespan. In January 2014,
14915:
studies, such symptoms occurred in about 0.1% (4 patients with events out of 3482 exposed to methylphenidate or amphetamine for several weeks at usual doses) of stimulant-treated patients compared to 0 in placebo-treated patients.
5748:
Rommelse N, van der Kruijs M, Damhuis J, Hoek I, Smeets S, Antshel KM, et al. (December 2016). "An evidenced-based perspective on the validity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the context of high intelligence".
14817:
In varying percentages of trial participants, insomnia is a treatment-emergent adverse effect in triple-bead mixed amphetamine salts (40–45%), dasotraline (35–45%), lisdexamfetamine (10–19%), and extended-release methylphenidate
2317:
regulation of neurofeedback practice, leading to ineffective applications and false claims regarding innovations. Parent training may improve a number of behavioural problems including oppositional and non-compliant behaviours.
2806:
dextroamphetamine in the 1970s. The use of stimulants to treat ADHD was first described in 1937. Charles Bradley gave the children with behavioural disorders Benzedrine and found it improved academic performance and behaviour.
1492:
Research does not support popular beliefs that ADHD is caused by eating too much refined sugar, watching too much television, bad parenting, poverty or family chaos; however, they might worsen ADHD symptoms in certain people.
1122:
and self-regulation. Their reduced size, functional connectivity, and activation contribute to the pathophysiology of ADHD, as well as imbalances in the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems that mediate these brain regions.
999:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies with 33,650 post-secondary student subjects that found a weak-to-moderate positive association between mobile phone addiction and impulsivity. In January 2021, the
12590:"Review of the possible relationship and hypothetical links between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the simple sleep related movement disorders, parasomnias, hypersomnias, and circadian rhythm disorders"
733:(CD) occurs in about 25% of adolescents with ADHD. It is characterised by aggression, destruction of property, deceitfulness, theft and violations of rules. Adolescents with ADHD who also have CD are more likely to develop
13700:
Schulz KP, Fan J, Bédard AC, Clerkin SM, Ivanov I, Tang CY, et al. (September 2012). "Common and unique therapeutic mechanisms of stimulant and nonstimulant treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
2864:
levels consistently differ between ADHD individuals and non-ADHD controls. These measurements could serve as diagnostic biomarkers for ADHD, but more research is needed to establish their diagnostic utility. Urinary and
3920:
Lee YC, Yang HJ, Chen VC, Lee WT, Teng MJ, Lin CH, et al. (1 April 2016). "Meta-analysis of quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD: By both parent proxy-report and child self-report using PedsQL™".
4321:
Larsson H, Anckarsater H, Råstam M, Chang Z, Lichtenstein P (January 2012). "Childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as an extreme of a continuous trait: a quantitative genetic study of 8,500 twin pairs".
1672:
ADHD has also been associated with motivational deficits in children. Children with ADHD often find it difficult to focus on long-term over short-term rewards, and exhibit impulsive behaviour for short-term rewards.
1411:
is associated with an increased risk; however, the evidence is not conclusive. Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy can cause problems with central nervous system development and can increase the risk of ADHD.
14927:
Mosholder AD, Gelperin K, Hammad TA, Phelan K, Johann-Liang R (February 2009). "Hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms associated with the use of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder drugs in children".
10683:
Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and
19049:
19034:
19019:
1880:
1484:
are sometimes diagnosed as having ADHD, raising the possibility that a subtype of ADHD has a cause that can be understood mechanistically and treated in a novel way. The sensory overload is treatable with oral
7768:
1823:
Very few studies have been conducted on diagnosis of ADHD on children younger than 7 years of age, and those that have were found in a 2024 systematic review to be of low or insufficient strength of evidence.
1427:, and extreme neglect, abuse, or social deprivation also increase the risk as do certain infections during pregnancy, at birth, and in early childhood. These infections include, among others, various viruses (
980:
17072:
Reports indicate that ADHD affects 2.5%–5% of adults in the general population, compared with 5%–7% of children. ... However, fewer than 20% of adults with ADHD are currently diagnosed and/or treated by
16143:
Several studies (e.g., Findling et al. 2000; Armenteros et al. 2007) have shown that antipsychotics, especially second generation agents, can be effective when used together with stimulants for aggression in
6757:
5901:
15661:
Weiss M, Tannock R, Kratochvil C, Dunn D, Velez-Borras J, Thomason C, et al. (July 2005). "A randomized, placebo-controlled study of once-daily atomoxetine in the school setting in children with ADHD".
14467:
Gerlach M, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Rohde LA, Romanos M (March 2017). "What are the benefits of methylphenidate as a treatment for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?".
977:
published a systematic review of 24 studies researching associations between internet gaming disorder (IGD) and various psychopathologies that found an 85% correlation between IGD and ADHD. In October 2018,
608:
A lack of forethought or consideration of consequences when making decisions or taking action, instead tending to act immediately (e.g., physically dangerous behaviours including reckless driving; impulsive
415:
ADHD represents the extreme lower end of the continuous dimensional trait (bell curve) of executive functioning and self-regulation, which is supported by twin, brain imaging and molecular genetic studies.
16660:"Diet and ADHD, Reviewing the Evidence: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses of Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials Evaluating the Efficacy of Diet Interventions on the Behavior of Children with ADHD"
1849:
ADHD, predominantly inattentive presentation, presents with symptoms including being easily distracted, forgetful, daydreaming, disorganization, poor sustained attention, and difficulty completing tasks.
8271:
Koncz P, Demetrovics Z, Takacs ZK, Griffiths MD, Nagy T, Király O (2023). "The emerging evidence on the association between symptoms of ADHD and gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
1226:
of 74%, meaning that 74% of the presence of ADHD in the population is due to genetic factors. There are multiple gene variants which each slightly increase the likelihood of a person having ADHD; it is
13298:"Practitioner Review: Current best practice in the use of parent training and other behavioural interventions in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"
2382:
The medications for ADHD appear to alleviate symptoms via their effects on the pre-frontal executive, striatal and related regions and networks in the brain; usually by increasing neurotransmission of
2370:
investigated the efficacy and safety of AKL-T01 in adults with ADHD. After six weeks of at-home treatment with AKL-T01, participants showed significant improvements in objective measures of attention (
14871:
presence of extreme agitation. More common (about 18%) is for frequent amphetamine users to report psychotic symptoms that are sub-clinical and that do not require high-intensity intervention ...
14051:
Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in children with ADHD. These changes and alterations in limbic regions like
13923:"Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects"
6037:
Rubia K (June 2011). ""Cool" inferior frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus "hot" ventromedial orbitofrontal-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: a review".
11021:
Damiani S, Tarchi L, Scalabrini A, Marini S, Provenzani U, Rocchetti M, et al. (April 2021). "Beneath the surface: hyper-connectivity between caudate and salience regions in ADHD fMRI at rest".
7102:
Nguyen MN, Watanabe-Galloway S, Hill JL, Siahpush M, Tibbits MK, Wichman C (June 2019). "Ecological model of school engagement and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-aged children".
1069:
published a meta-analysis of 14 studies comprising 2,488 subjects aged 6 to 18 years that found significantly more severe problematic internet use in subjects diagnosed with ADHD to control groups.
17368:"Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in girls and women"
14230:"Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of randomised clinical trials"
18280:
Lahey BB, Applegate B, McBurnett K, Biederman J, Greenhill L, Hynd GW, et al. (November 1994). "DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents".
1692:
of patients). These are unexpected reactions in the opposite direction as with a normal effect, or otherwise significant different reactions. These are reactions to neuroactive substances such as
404:
Although people with ADHD struggle to persist on tasks with delayed consequences, they may be able to do so on tasks they find intrinsically interesting or immediately rewarding; this is known as
1837:
As with many other psychiatric disorders, a formal diagnosis should be made by a qualified professional based on a set number of criteria. In the United States, these criteria are defined by the
15317:
Kraemer M, Uekermann J, Wiltfang J, Kis B (July 2010). "Methylphenidate-induced psychosis in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: report of 3 new cases and review of the literature".
4109:
Ayers-Glassey S, MacIntyre PD (September 2021). "Investigating emotion dysregulation and the perseveration-and flow-like characteristics of ADHD hyperfocus in Canadian undergraduate students".
19446:
15914:"Early response to SPN-812 (viloxazine extended-release) can predict efficacy outcome in pediatric subjects with ADHD: a machine learning post-hoc analysis of four randomized clinical trials"
1095:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 48 studies examining associations between ADHD and gaming disorder that found a statistically significant association between the disorders.
1078:
ADHD symptoms were more likely to develop problematic digital media use and that increased digital media use was associated with increased subsequent severity of ADHD symptoms). In May 2023,
2348:, an objective measure of attention and inhibitory control, compared to a control group after four weeks of at-home use. A subsequent pediatric open-label study, STARS-Adjunct, published in
1065:
published a systematic review of 11 studies where the data from all but one study suggested that heightened screen time for children is associated with attention problems. In July 2022, the
17899:
An inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement: comprehending a concise system of the physiology and pathology of the human mind and a history of the passions and their effects
10505:
7055:"Understanding the association between adverse childhood experiences and subsequent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"
3129:
6815:
Schneider M, VanOrmer J, Zlomke K (2019). "Adverse Childhood Experiences and Family Resilience Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder".
4574:
666:
is more common in children with ADHD. Poor handwriting can be a symptom of ADHD in itself due to decreased attentiveness. When this is a pervasive problem, it may also be attributable to
562:
Six or more of the following symptoms in children, and five or more in adults, excluding situations where these symptoms are better explained by another psychiatric or medical condition:
506:
Six or more of the following symptoms in children, and five or more in adults, excluding situations where these symptoms are better explained by another psychiatric or medical condition:
15777:
Hazell PL, Kohn MR, Dickson R, Walton RJ, Granger RE, Wyk GW (November 2011). "Core ADHD symptom improvement with atomoxetine versus methylphenidate: a direct comparison meta-analysis".
13579:
16284:
Palumbo DR, Sallee FR, Pelham WE, Bukstein OG, Daviss WB, McDERMOTT MP (February 2008). "Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Efficacy and tolerability outcomes".
15873:"Comparative efficacy of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
15016:"The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials"
7145:
Miodus S, Allwood MA, Amoh N (5 January 2021). "Childhood ADHD Symptoms in Relation to Trauma Exposure and PTSD Symptoms Among College Students: Attending to and Accommodating Trauma".
2433:
for ADHD patients taking stimulants has been measured at between 11 and 45 per cent for different medications, and may be a main reason for discontinuation. Other side effects, such as
1958:
suggests that, because the boundaries between normal and abnormal behaviour are socially constructed (i.e. jointly created and validated by all members of society, and in particular by
1619:
in people with ADHD was part of the pathophysiology, but it appears the elevated numbers may be due to adaptation following exposure to stimulant medication. Current models involve the
1572:
In children with ADHD, there is a general reduction of volume in certain brain structures, with a proportionally greater decrease in the volume in the left-sided prefrontal cortex. The
10703:"New perspectives on catecholaminergic regulation of executive circuits: evidence for independent modulation of prefrontal functions by midbrain dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons"
6622:
1564:
19314:
19209:
14599:"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
12974:"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
2366:
459:
11981:
4136:
Barkley RA, Murphy KR (1 June 2011). "The Nature of Executive Function (EF) Deficits in Daily Life Activities in Adults with ADHD and Their Relationship to Performance on EF Tests".
4039:
Barkley RA, Murphy KR (1 June 2011). "The Nature of Executive Function (EF) Deficits in Daily Life Activities in Adults with ADHD and Their Relationship to Performance on EF Tests".
15360:
van de Loo-Neus GH, Rommelse N, Buitelaar JK (August 2011). "To stop or not to stop? How long should medication treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder be extended?".
13365:
Bjornstad G, Montgomery P (April 2005). Bjornstad GJ (ed.). "Family therapy for attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents".
11565:
Peterson BS, Trampush J, Brown M, Maglione M, Bolshakova M, Rozelle M, et al. (April 2024). "Tools for the Diagnosis of ADHD in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review".
3952:
Barkley RA, Fischer M (July 2019). "Hyperactive Child Syndrome and Estimated Life Expectancy at Young Adult Follow-Up: The Role of ADHD Persistence and Other Potential Predictors".
973:
20350:
6739:
5802:
Bridgett DJ, Walker ME (March 2006). "Intellectual functioning in adults with ADHD: a meta-analytic examination of full scale IQ differences between adults with and without ADHD".
9267:
Barkley RA (2004). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and self-regulation: Taking an evolutionary perspective on executive functioning.". In Baumeister RF, Vohs KD (eds.).
2836:, allowing them to remember and use more distantly-related ideas which is associated with creativity; and impulsivity, allowing them to consider ideas which others may not have.
1962:, parents, teachers, and others), it then follows that subjective valuations and judgements determine which diagnostic criteria are used and thus, the number of people affected.
15822:"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis"
1801:
14055:
and amygdala are more pronounced in non-treated populations and seem to diminish over time from child to adulthood. Treatment seems to have positive effects on brain structure.
10056:
de Cock M, Maas YG, van de Bor M (August 2012). "Does perinatal exposure to endocrine disruptors induce autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders? Review".
5504:
Sexton CC, Gelhorn HL, Bell JA, Classi PM (November 2012). "The co-occurrence of reading disorder and ADHD: epidemiology, treatment, psychosocial impact, and economic burden".
1089:
published a meta-analysis of 24 studies with 18,859 subjects with a mean age of 18.4 years that found significant associations between ADHD and problematic internet use, while
14503:
Kooij JJ, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I, Balázs J, et al. (February 2019). "Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD".
16885:
Bálint S, Czobor P, Mészáros A, Simon V, Bitter I (2008). "" [Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A literature review].
397:
collectively predisposing to a diminished quality of life and a direct average reduction in life expectancy of 13 years. ADHD is associated with other neurodevelopmental and
21882:
14783:
Wynchank D, Bijlenga D, Beekman AT, Kooij JJ, Penninx BW (October 2017). "Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Insomnia: an Update of the Literature".
13065:
Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Barker A, Corr L, Wheeler A, Madaan V (March 2009). "Review of pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder for the general psychiatrist".
6216:
Corkum P, Davidson F, Macpherson M (June 2011). "A framework for the assessment and treatment of sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
20456:
11079:"Centrality and interhemispheric coordination are related to different clinical/behavioral factors in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a resting-state fMRI study"
10499:"Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children"
7827:
de Francisco Carvalho L, Sette CP, Ferrari BL (2018). "Problematic smartphone use relationship with pathological personality traits: Systematic review and meta-analysis".
7405:
Hsu TW, Chen MH, Chu CS, Tsai SJ, Bai YM, Su TP, et al. (May 2022). "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and risk of migraine: A nationwide longitudinal study".
18114:
12672:
Peterson BS, Trampush J, Maglione M, Bolshakova M, Rozelle M, Miles J, et al. (April 2024). "Treatments for ADHD in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review".
6860:"Association between Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the Offspring: The Mediating Role of Antepartum Health Risks"
5955:
1720:
are at least partly genetic, it may be useful in critical situations, for example before operations, to ask whether such abnormalities may also exist in family members.
7856:"Correlations between mobile phone addiction and anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and poor sleep quality among college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
5654:
Frazier TW, Demaree HA, Youngstrom EA (July 2004). "Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
18622:
Scassellati C, Bonvicini C, Faraone SV, Gennarelli M (October 2012). "Biomarkers and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analyses".
16554:
selected stimulant product should help to ensure that each patient with ADHD receives an adequate dose, so that the clinical benefits of therapy can be fully attained.
8882:
Cederlöf M, Ohlsson Gotby A, Larsson H, Serlachius E, Boman M, Långström N, et al. (January 2014). "Klinefelter syndrome and risk of psychosis, autism and ADHD".
2324:
Social skills training, behavioural modification, and medication may have some limited beneficial effects in peer relationships. Stable, high-quality friendships with
1852:
ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation, presents with excessive fidgeting and restlessness, hyperactivity, and difficulty waiting and remaining seated.
14326:
Hoekstra PJ, Buitelaar JK (April 2016). "Is the evidence base of methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder flawed?".
650:, such as social interaction and forming and maintaining friendships. This is true for all presentations. About half of children and adolescents with ADHD experience
19557:
19337:
17537:
5893:
2764:
written in 1798. He made observations about children showing signs of being inattentive and having the "fidgets". The first clear description of ADHD is credited to
2631:(which is rare outside of developing countries), zinc supplementation is not recommended as treatment for ADHD. However, zinc supplementation may reduce the minimum
1792:
In North America and Australia, DSM-5 criteria are used for diagnosis, while European countries usually use the ICD-10. The DSM-IV criteria for diagnosis of ADHD is
18258:
14111:
Faraone SV, Biederman J, Roe C (October 2002). "Comparative efficacy of Adderall and methylphenidate in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis".
4074:
Groen Y, Priegnitz U, Fuermaier AB, Tucha L, Tucha O, Aschenbrenner S, et al. (December 2020). "Testing the relation between ADHD and hyperfocus experiences".
21081:
17669:
12810:"Systematic review of quality of life and functional outcomes in randomized placebo-controlled studies of medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
2337:
2420:
Group and individuals in the scientific community, who identified a number of flaws in the review. Since at least September 2021, there is a unanimous and global
2411:
show that amphetamine is slightly-to-modestly more effective than methylphenidate at reducing symptoms, and they are more effective pharmacotherapy for ADHD than
10099:
Abbott LC, Winzer-Serhan UH (April 2012). "Smoking during pregnancy: lessons learned from epidemiological studies and experimental studies using animal models".
8091:"Problematic use of digital media in children and adolescents with a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to controls. A meta-analysis"
5839:"Guidance for identification and treatment of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder based upon expert consensus"
1741:
measures to diagnose ADHD include the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC), Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Second Edition (BRIEF2),
917:
for drivers with ADHD, finding an overall relative risk estimate of 1.36 without controlling for exposure, a relative risk estimate of 1.29 when controlling for
2881:
in treatment-responsive individuals with ADHD. Lower urinary phenethylamine concentrations are associated with symptoms of inattentiveness in ADHD individuals.
1627:. ADHD psychostimulants possess treatment efficacy because they increase neurotransmitter activity in these systems. There may additionally be abnormalities in
19258:
19243:
19202:
18958:
8228:
Augner C, Vlasak T, Barth A (2023). "The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis".
2890:
2674:
13964:"Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies"
12462:
2795:
Once neuroimaging studies were possible, studies in the 1990s provided support for the pre-existing theory that neurological differences (particularly in the
12490:
Ertürk E, Wouters S, Imeraj L, Lampo A (August 2020). "Association of ADHD and Celiac Disease: What Is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of the Literature".
9516:
Kebir O, Joober R (December 2011). "Neuropsychological endophenotypes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review of genetic association studies".
8462:
1842:
16919:
Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Biederman J, Buitelaar JK, Ramos-Quiroga JA, et al. (August 2015). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
10925:"Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis"
19887:
12880:
11678:
3356:
Schoechlin C, Engel RR (August 2005). "Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of empirical data".
15495:. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Health & Science University. Appendix G: Black box warnings of ADHD drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
9067:
8641:
Nikolas MA, Burt SA (February 2010). "Genetic and environmental influences on ADHD symptom dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis".
7999:"Association of Screen Time With Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems in Children 12 Years or Younger: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
2344:. The pediatric STARS-ADHD randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, controlled trial demonstrated that AKL-T01 significantly improved performance on the
1789:, in diagnosis for ADHD remains unclear; studies showed great variability, did not assess test-retest reliability, and were not independently replicable.
834:
compared to those without ADHD; conversely, individuals with eating disorders are two times more likely to have ADHD than those without eating disorders.
761:
is characterised by sudden and disproportionate outbursts of anger and co-occurs in individuals with ADHD more frequently than in the general population.
20270:
19806:
19472:
19288:
19248:
19233:
18793:
17561:"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder late birthdate effect common in both high and low prescribing international jurisdictions: a systematic review"
11430:
Modesto-Lowe V, Chaplin M, Soovajian V, Meyer A (July 2013). "Are motivation deficits underestimated in patients with ADHD? A review of the literature".
9409:"The risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy - a re-examination using a sibling design"
3698:
Retz W, Stieglitz RD, Corbisiero S, Retz-Junginger P, Rösler M (October 2012). "Emotional dysregulation in adult ADHD: What is the empirical evidence?".
2739:
2261:
18206:
Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Knee D, Tsuang MT (July 1990). "Family-genetic and psychosocial risk factors in DSM-III attention deficit disorder".
14898:
14746:"The effects of chronic administration of stimulant and non-stimulant medications on executive functions in ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
8189:
Liu H, Chen X, Huang M, Yu X, Gan Y, Wang J, et al. (2023). "Screen time and childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis".
5964:
2980:
2292:
in ADHD. They are the recommended first-line treatment in those who have mild symptoms or who are preschool-aged. Psychological therapies used include:
850:
are also comorbid, which could in part be potentially explained by the similarity in presentation between different diagnoses. The symptoms of ADHD and
605:
Blurts out answers or comments; struggles to wait their turn in conversation, games, or activities; will interrupt or intrude on conversations or games.
15489:
McDonagh MS, Christensen V, Peterson K, Thakurta S (October 2009). "Black box warnings of ADHD drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration".
11339:
Lesch KP, Merker S, Reif A, Novak M (June 2013). "Dances with black widow spiders: dysregulation of glutamate signalling enters centre stage in ADHD".
9253:
6649:"Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome"
4697:"Traumatic brain injury and secondary attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: the effect of reward on inhibitory control"
1300:
is estimated to be responsible for about 9% of cases and when this variant is present, people are particularly responsive to stimulant medication. The
14971:
Ashton H, Gallagher P, Moore B (September 2006). "The adult psychiatrist's dilemma: psychostimulant use in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
9806:"Recent advances in understanding of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): how genetics are shaping our conceptualization of this disorder"
22311:
21875:
19515:
19195:
15268:"Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated With Medications Used in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
7948:"Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Internet Gaming Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Comparative Meta-Analysis"
5412:
Racine MB, Majnemer A, Shevell M, Snider L (April 2008). "Handwriting performance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)".
3544:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
2606:
2580:
18062:
Faraone SV (February 2005). "The scientific foundation for understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a valid psychiatric disorder".
10220:
2802:
In 1934, Benzedrine became the first amphetamine medication approved for use in the United States. Methylphenidate was introduced in the 1950s, and
20449:
19548:
18597:
17444:
Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H (April 2009). "" [Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)].
12268:"Challenges in identifying and managing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults in the primary care setting: a review of the literature"
1733:
16611:"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents"
16423:
11304:
Cortese S (September 2012). "The neurobiology and genetics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): what every clinician should know".
10498:
9481:
Hinshaw SP (May 2018). "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Controversy, Developmental Mechanisms, and Multiple Levels of Analysis".
7448:
Salem H, Vivas D, Cao F, Kazimi IF, Teixeira AL, Zeni CP (March 2018). "ADHD is associated with migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2661:
increase the risk of, other psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression. Individuals with ADHD may also face misconceptions and stigma.
20310:
7903:
Dullur P, Krishnan V, Diaz AM (2021). "A systematic review on the intersection of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and gaming disorder".
14432:
Shaw P (May 2016). "Quantifying the Benefits and Risks of Methylphenidate as Treatment for Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder".
13872:"Risk of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents with ADHD and the impact of ADHD medications: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
8046:
Santos RM, Mendes CG, Miranda DM, Romano-Silva MA (2022). "The Association between Screen Time and Attention in Children: A Systematic Review".
4570:
19238:
3834:"The Nature of Executive Function (EF) Deficits in Daily Life Activities in Adults with ADHD and Their Relationship to Performance on EF Tests"
2649:
1975:
17867:
Palmer ED, Finger S (May 2001). "An early description of ADHD (inattentive subtype): Dr Alexander Crichton and 'Mental restlessness' (1798)".
6487:"Distinct brain structural abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders: A comparative meta-analysis"
6583:
2545:
is also used off-label by some clinicians due to research findings. It is effective, but modestly less than atomoxetine and methylphenidate.
1681:
Another sign of the structurally altered signal processing in the central nervous system in this group of people is the conspicuously common
881:
headaches, but have no increased risk of tension-type headaches. Children with ADHD may also experience headaches as a result of medication.
631:
Girls and women with ADHD tend to display fewer hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms but more symptoms of inattention and distractibility.
6286:
Bendz LM, Scates AC (January 2010). "Melatonin treatment for insomnia in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
1552:(cognitive control of behaviour), motivation, reward perception, and motor function; these pathways are known to play a central role in the
1024:
studies comparing subjects with IGD or ADHD to control groups that found that IGD and ADHD subjects had disorder-differentiating structural
21868:
20098:
11973:
5349:
5314:
1863:
The DSM-5 and the DSM-5-TR also provide two diagnoses for individuals who have symptoms of ADHD but do not entirely meet the requirements.
1745:, Conduct-Hyperactive-Attention Problem-Oppositional Symptom scale (CHAOS), Developmental Behavior Checklist Hyperactivity Index (DBC-HI),
1742:
1461:
may be associated with an increased prevalence of ADHD or ADHD-like symptoms, but the evidence is weak and may apply to only children with
989:
published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 5 studies that found evidence for a relationship between problematic smartphone use and
689:
Studies of adults suggest that negative differences in intelligence are not meaningful and may be explained by associated health problems.
408:(more colloquially) or perseverative responding. This mental state is often hard to disengage from and can be related to risks such as for
19130:
14013:"Meta-analysis of structural MRI studies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder indicates treatment effects"
10447:
7002:
Szymanski K, Sapanski L, Conway F (1 January 2011). "Trauma and ADHD – Association or Diagnostic Confusion? A Clinical Perspective".
20442:
19875:
17279:
13612:"A Single-Arm Pivotal Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Akl-T01, a Novel Digital Intervention for Attention, in Adults Diagnosed With ADHD"
12452:"Evaluating Prescription Drugs Used to Treat: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price"
11912:
6700:
2959:
2548:
There is little evidence on the effects of medication on social behaviours. Antipsychotics may also be used to treat aggression in ADHD.
18975:
16156:
Childress AC, Sallee FR (March 2012). "Revisiting clonidine: an innovative add-on option for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
9171:"Genomic analysis of the natural history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using Neanderthal and ancient Homo sapiens samples"
21553:
21509:
20612:
19881:
15069:
Castells X, Blanco-Silvente L, Cunill R, et al. (Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group) (August 2018).
12712:
Wigal SB (2009). "Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults".
5931:
2613:
due to insufficient evidence. A 2013 meta-analysis found less than a third of children with ADHD see some improvement in symptoms with
2610:
1746:
1903:(6A05.2). However, the ICD-11 includes two residual categories for individuals who do not entirely match any of the defined subtypes:
737:
in adulthood. Brain imaging supports that CD and ADHD are separate conditions: conduct disorder was shown to reduce the size of one's
8427:"Association between suicidal spectrum behaviors and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
6364:
Picchietti MA, Picchietti DL (August 2010). "Advances in pediatric restless legs syndrome: Iron, genetics, diagnosis and treatment".
5594:
5283:
Coleman WL (August 2008). "Social competence and friendship formation in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
1073:
12027:
11529:"Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders"
2488:
has shown some efficacy in reducing the severity of ADHD in children and adolescents. It may be prescribed off-label to treat ADHD.
1845:. Based on the DSM-5 criteria published in 2013 and the DSM-5-TR criteria published in 2022, there are three presentations of ADHD:
21368:
20985:
19625:
17697:
8140:"Longitudinal associations between digital media use and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review"
5002:
2869:
phenethylamine concentrations are lower in ADHD individuals relative to controls. The two most commonly prescribed drugs for ADHD,
2622:
results in a small overall benefit in a minority of children, such as those with allergies. A 2016 review stated that the use of a
15492:
Drug Class Review: Pharmacologic Treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Final Report Update 3 [Internet]
11612:
7713:"Association between Internet Gaming Disorder or Pathological Video-Game Use and Comorbid Psychopathology: A Comprehensive Review"
873:, a neurological condition characterised by recurrent seizures. There are well established associations between ADHD and obesity,
803:. However, restless legs can simply be a part of ADHD and requires careful assessment to differentiate between the two disorders.
709:(ASD), co-occurring at a rate of 21% in those with ADHD, affects social skills, ability to communicate, behaviour, and interests.
589:
Frequently interrupts or intrudes, including into others' conversations or activities, or by using people's things without asking.
20778:
9562:
Berry MD (January 2007). "The potential of trace amines and their receptors for treating neurological and psychiatric diseases".
5928:"ADHD and Learning Disabilities: How can you help your child cope with ADHD and subsequent Learning Difficulties? There is a way"
1762:
1750:
1387:
In addition to genetics, some environmental factors might play a role in causing ADHD. Alcohol intake during pregnancy can cause
1061:
894:
16117:
Gurnani T, Ivanov I, Newcorn JH (February 2016). "Pharmacotherapy of Aggression in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders".
12920:"Efficacy and Tolerability of Different Interventions in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder"
571:
Frequently runs around or climbs in inappropriate situations. In adults and teenagers, this may be present only as restlessness.
21104:
19869:
18804:"Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
17824:
Slobodin O, Masalha R (June 2020). "Challenges in ADHD care for ethnic minority children: A review of the current literature".
16537:
16506:
14875:
Findings from one trial indicate use of antipsychotic medications effectively resolves symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.
10578:
18106:
15520:"Targeting the nicotinic cholinergic system to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: rationale and progress to date"
6701:"Sluggish cognitive tempo (concentration deficit disorder?): current status, future directions, and a plea to change the name"
6015:
5003:"Diagnosis and management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in primary care for school-age children and adolescents"
2652:, with 2.58% of adults estimated to have ADHD which began in childhood. In adults, hyperactivity is usually replaced by inner
964:
22226:
19921:
18773:
18725:
18252:
18186:
18046:
17991:
17907:
17273:
17244:
17144:
16717:
Konikowska K, Regulska-Ilow B, Rózańska D (2012). "The influence of components of diet on the symptoms of ADHD in children".
16376:
15469:
15170:"The challenges to demonstrating long-term effects of psychostimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
13421:
12173:
11945:
11906:
11662:
11546:
10676:
10632:
10474:
10391:
9342:
9153:
9113:
6562:
5040:
3673:
3553:
3092:
3035:
1604:
1021:
921:, a relative risk estimate of 1.23 when controlling for exposure, and a relative risk estimate of 1.86 for ADHD drivers with
18005:
17913:
14697:"Long term methylphenidate exposure and growth in children and adolescents with ADHD. A systematic review and meta-analysis"
13488:"A novel digital intervention for actively reducing severity of paediatric ADHD (STARS-ADHD): a randomised controlled trial"
11951:
6758:"The risk of eating disorders comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
6329:
Merino-Andreu M (March 2011). "" [Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and restless legs syndrome in children].
3025:
19541:
17529:
15244:
1624:
1359:
to be used as a tool for diagnosis, more validating studies need to be performed. However, smaller studies have shown that
786:
and ADHD commonly co-exist. They can also occur as a side effect of medications used to treat ADHD. In children with ADHD,
646:
is generally understood to be a common symptom of ADHD. People with ADHD of all ages are more likely to have problems with
15496:
12858:
9941:
8373:"Long-Term Suicide Risk of Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder-A Systematic Review"
7266:"Carbamazepine use in children and adolescents with features of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis"
2934:
1320:, including ADHD symptoms reflecting split attention. The DRD4 gene is both linked to novelty seeking and ADHD. The genes
21891:
21565:
20713:
19811:
19477:
19068:
18940:
18192:
16103:
10638:
6568:
1481:
17661:
17430:
15569:"Effects of Caffeine on Main Symptoms in Children with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials"
14745:
9408:
5699:"Rethinking Intelligence Quotient Exclusion Criteria Practices in the Study of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder"
22321:
20815:
20790:
20625:
20496:
20473:
20465:
17869:
12528:. Therefore, it is not advised to perform routine screening of CD when assessing ADHD (and vice versa) or to implement
11179:"Striatal dopamine transporter alterations in ADHD: pathophysiology or adaptation to psychostimulants? A meta-analysis"
10193:"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders and other psychiatric outcomes in very low birthweight children at 12 years"
4947:
4922:
4272:
1205:
553:
The individual may also meet the criteria for hyperactivity-impulsivity, but the inattentive symptoms are predominant.
38:
18845:
Reaser A, Prevatt F, Petscher Y, Proctor B (2007). "The learning and study strategies of college students with ADHD".
16321:"Focus: Translational Medicine: Guanfacine for the Treatment of Cognitive Disorders: A Century of Discoveries at Yale"
14696:
2702:
article. In contrast, a 2014 peer-reviewed medical literature review indicated that ADHD is underdiagnosed in adults.
2469:
as treatments for ADHD have shown favorable results; however, no nicotinic drug has been approved for ADHD treatment.
546:
Easily distracted (including by own thoughts); may not listen when spoken to; frequently appears to be lost in thought
22253:
22138:
22084:
21601:
21421:
21319:
20204:
20199:
19851:
18744:
18698:
18671:
17087:"Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Detention Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
12447:
3656:
Antshel KM, Hier BO, Barkley RA (2014). "Executive Functioning Theory and ADHD". In Goldstein S, Naglieri JA (eds.).
1293:
905:
18691:
Driven to distraction : recognizing and coping with attention deficit disorder from childhood through adulthood
16390:
14397:
Romanos M, Reif A, Banaschewski T (September 2016). "Methylphenidate for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder".
13343:
12896:
11653:
Smith BJ, Barkley RA, Shapiro CJ (2007). "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". In Mash EJ, Barkley RA (eds.).
2361:, becoming "the first game-based therapeutic granted marketing authorization by the FDA for any type of condition."
2275:
agonists, and sometimes antidepressants. In those who have trouble focusing on long-term rewards, a large amount of
22216:
21693:
20930:
20901:
20842:
20522:
13580:"FDA Permits Marketing of First Game-Based Digital Therapeutic to Improve Attention Function in Children with ADHD"
13151:"Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
12451:
3252:"The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder"
2756:. Symptoms similar to those of ADHD have been described in medical literature dating back to the 18th century. Sir
1838:
995:
827:
613:
The individual may also meet the criteria for inattention, but the hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are predominant.
230:
20275:
13870:
Ruiz-Goikoetxea M, Cortese S, Aznarez-Sanado M, Magallón S, Alvarez Zallo N, Luis EO, et al. (January 2018).
11128:"Brain lateralization and self-reported symptoms of ADHD in a population sample of adults: a dimensional approach"
8426:
3432:"Brain Imaging of the Cortex in ADHD: A Coordinated Analysis of Large-Scale Clinical and Population-Based Samples"
21985:
20935:
20730:
20655:
20370:
19534:
19497:
6952:"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity in a sample of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder"
2857:
2833:
2205:
1955:
1813:
1388:
1321:
1143:
1080:
1002:
758:
734:
275:
270:
20338:
17485:
Staller J, Faraone SV (2006). "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in girls: epidemiology and management".
16838:
Krause J (April 2008). "SPECT and PET of the dopamine transporter in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
14873:
About 5–15% of the users who develop an amphetamine psychosis fail to recover completely (Hofmann 1983) ...
13650:"Cognition-enhancing doses of methylphenidate preferentially increase prefrontal cortex neuronal responsiveness"
12203:"The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis"
11686:
9027:
5988:"Continuity of aggressive antisocial behavior from childhood to adulthood: The question of phenotype definition"
4645:
Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Biederman J, Buitelaar JK, Ramos-Quiroga JA, et al. (August 2015).
2532:
2308:, school-based interventions, social skills training, behavioural peer intervention, organization training, and
22336:
22000:
21588:
21373:
21344:
20605:
18170:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults
15205:
10624:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults
7685:
6546:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults
4880:
Faraone SV, Biederman J (July 2016). "Can Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Onset Occur in Adulthood?".
2602:
2371:
2345:
1891:, the disorder is classified as Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (code 6A05). The defined subtypes are
1215:
851:
18551:"Creativity and ADHD: A review of behavioral studies, the effect of psychostimulants and neural underpinnings"
4222:"Hyperfocus symptom and internet addiction in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder trait"
3121:
3087:(Fifth, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing. February 2022.
2412:
1336:
make it an interesting candidate causative gene. Another candidate causative gene that has been identified is
21114:
20832:
20808:
20562:
20491:
20280:
14887:
10461:
Tomaska LD, Brooke-Taylor S (2014). "Food Additives – General". In Motarjemi Y, Moy GG, Todd EC (eds.).
8294:
2963:
2632:
1805:
1189:
922:
847:
726:
250:
8920:, Spencer T (November 1999). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a noradrenergic disorder".
2192:
Symptoms of ADHD, such as low mood and poor self-image, mood swings, and irritability, can be confused with
22331:
22241:
22079:
21939:
21777:
21314:
20847:
20692:
20517:
19467:
19166:
15871:
Rezaei G, Hosseini SA, Akbari Sari A, Olyaeemanesh A, Lotfi MH, Yassini M, et al. (10 February 2016).
12354:
likelihood that the adult with ADHD has developed coping mechanisms to compensate for his or her impairment
8736:"Intergenerational transmission of ADHD behaviors: More evidence for heritability than life history theory"
7777:
2824:
2645:
2358:
2297:
1632:
1620:
1261:
1136:
953:
823:
804:
53:
18339:
Rasmussen N (July 2006). "Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929-1950".
17771:
Coker TR, Elliott MN, Toomey SL, Schwebel DC, Cuccaro P, Tortolero Emery S, et al. (September 2016).
17034:"Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature"
13100:
Lopez PL, Torrente FM, Ciapponi A, Lischinsky AG, Cetkovich-Bakmas M, Rojas JI, et al. (March 2018).
6251:
Tsai MH, Huang YS (May 2010). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sleep disorders in children".
4976:
625:
Criteria are met for both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD, with neither clearly predominating.
21912:
21022:
20820:
20502:
19833:
19492:
12533:
to ADHD-like behavior (mainly symptoms of inattentive type), which may be alleviated after GFD treatment.
10192:
9360:"Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD in offspring"
8221:
7493:"Headache in ADHD as comorbidity and a side effect of medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
7491:
Pan PY, Jonsson U, Şahpazoğlu Çakmak SS, Häge A, Hohmann S, Nobel Norrman H, et al. (January 2022).
4408:"Epigenetics and ADHD: Reflections on Current Knowledge, Research Priorities and Translational Potential"
3250:
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1512:
Current models of ADHD suggest that it is associated with functional impairments in some of the brain's
21927:
21772:
20687:
20189:
20176:
19845:
18914:
8819:"The heritability of clinically diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan"
8678:"Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
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2897:
2407:
2309:
1786:
1309:
1091:
949:
877:
and sleep disorders, and an association with celiac disease. Children with ADHD have a higher risk for
530:
Is frequently easily distracted by extraneous stimuli, including thoughts in adults and older teenagers
443:), symptoms must be present for six months or more to a degree that is much greater than others of the
18664:
Taking charge of adult ADHD : proven strategies to succeed at work, at home, and in relationships
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1888:
1573:
1396:
1265:
1209:
1045:
777:
240:
90:
31:
17613:"Misdiagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: 'Normal behaviour' and relative maturity"
16933:
15567:
Perrotte G, Moreira MM, de Vargas Junior A, Teixeira Filho A, Castaldelli-Maia JM (September 2023).
14228:
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13611:
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9169:
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521:
Often struggles to organise tasks and activities, to meet deadlines, and to keep belongings in order
22341:
22316:
22268:
22258:
22005:
21830:
21746:
21741:
21438:
21401:
21393:
21211:
21180:
20921:
20906:
20209:
19682:
19674:
19487:
19079:
16450:"Using stimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: clinical approaches and challenges"
13820:"Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)"
13102:"Cognitive-behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults"
13053:
there is strong and consistent evidence that behavioral treatments are effective for treating ADHD.
9705:"Toward a better understanding of ADHD: LPHN3 gene variants and the susceptibility to develop ADHD"
9576:
3317:"The Neurocognitive Profile of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Meta-Analyses"
2696:, one of the early advocates for recognition of the disorder, spoke out against overdiagnosis in a
2518:
have found that atomoxetine has comparable efficacy, equal tolerability and response rate (75%) to
1737:
1513:
706:
390:
245:
19187:
15227:
Kemper AR, Maslow GR, Hill S, Namdari B, Allen Lapointe NM, Goode AP, et al. (January 2018).
14695:
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13818:
Storebø OJ, Storm MR, Pereira Ribeiro J, Skoog M, Groth C, Callesen HE, et al. (March 2023).
13806:
For example, pseudoephedrine and ephedrine ... have no detectable effects on the symptoms of ADHD.
13532:"Effectiveness of a digital therapeutic as adjunct to treatment with medication in pediatric ADHD"
3873:"Educational and Health Outcomes of Children Treated for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder"
1391:
which can include ADHD or symptoms like it. Children exposed to certain toxic substances, such as
864:
22089:
22049:
22027:
21767:
21274:
21124:
21119:
21076:
20893:
20400:
19588:
19298:
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2416:
2249:
1182:
1104:
Systematic reviews in 2017 and 2020 found strong evidence that ADHD is associated with increased
1017:
715:
639:
386:
260:
152:
14550:"Extended-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults"
14279:"Methylphenidate for ADHD in children and adolescents: throwing the baby out with the bathwater"
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5341:
5310:
515:
Often appears not to be listening when spoken to, including when there is no obvious distraction
22246:
22201:
22126:
21995:
21917:
21645:
21284:
21175:
21134:
21109:
21017:
20325:
20127:
19568:
17366:
Young S, Adamo N, Ásgeirsdóttir BB, Branney P, Beckett M, Colley W, et al. (August 2020).
16928:
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11485:
11077:
Tarchi L, Damiani S, Fantoni T, Pisano T, Castellini G, Politi P, et al. (December 2022).
10411:
9571:
3430:
Hoogman M, Muetzel R, Guimaraes JP, Shumskaya E, Mennes M, Zwiers MP, et al. (July 2019).
2455:
2276:
2186:
2117:
2074:
1778:
1525:
1447:
1432:
1197:
811:
800:
796:
719:
659:
211:
193:
19141:
17261:
17236:
17222:
12762:
Mayes R, Bagwell C, Erkulwater J (2008). "ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children".
12165:
11896:
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Douglas PK, Gutman B, Anderson A, Larios C, Lawrence KE, Narr K, et al. (February 2018).
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4598:"Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan"
22290:
22221:
22206:
22169:
21840:
21573:
21453:
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21339:
20390:
20333:
20244:
20194:
20160:
20156:
20152:
20144:
20140:
20117:
19863:
19621:
19462:
19028:
18242:
18173:. NICE Clinical Guidelines. Vol. 72. Leicester: British Psychological Society. pp.
18038:
17724:"The importance of relative standards in ADHD diagnoses: evidence based on exact birth dates"
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13413:
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12155:
11538:
11528:
9247:
6549:. NICE Clinical Guidelines. Vol. 72. Leicester: British Psychological Society. pp.
2964:"Global Burden of Disease Study 2019: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder—Level 3 cause"
2653:
2336:
Several clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of digital therapeutics, particularly
1817:
1616:
1269:
1119:
710:
683:
374:
189:
142:
49:
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Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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18028:
17975:
17971:
17935:
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5927:
4357:
Lee SH, Ripke S, Neale BM, Faraone SV, Purcell SM, Perlis RH, et al. (September 2013).
1796:
more likely to diagnose ADHD than is the ICD-10 criteria. ADHD is alternately classified as
22326:
22159:
22154:
22044:
21980:
21965:
21949:
21944:
21665:
21578:
21334:
21154:
20755:
20735:
20423:
20239:
20184:
20148:
20136:
19907:
19827:
18128:
Cormier E (October 2008). "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review and update".
17171:"The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review"
16985:
16671:
15266:
Zhang L, Yao H, Li L, Du Rietz E, Andell P, Garcia-Argibay M, et al. (November 2022).
13486:
Kollins SH, DeLoss DJ, Cañadas E, Lutz J, Findling RL, Keefe RS, et al. (April 2020).
11611:
Peterson BS, Trampush J, Maglione M, Bolshakova M, Brown M, Rozelle M, et al. (2024).
9446:
Biederman J (June 2005). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview".
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Biederman J (June 2005). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview".
8497:
7781:
7544:"ADHD symptoms in neurometabolic diseases: Underlying mechanisms and clinical implications"
4472:
2845:
2768:
in 1902 during a series of lectures he gave to the Royal College of Physicians of London.
2522:
in children and adolescents. In adults, efficacy and discontinuation rates are equivalent.
2421:
2353:
2325:
1682:
1497:
1360:
1241:
1173:
1127:
environment. Very rarely, ADHD can also be the result of abnormalities in the chromosomes.
1033:
957:
843:
746:
45:
18737:
Scattered minds : a new look at the origins and healing of attention deficit disorder
17559:
Whitely M, Raven M, Timimi S, Jureidini J, Phillimore J, Leo J, et al. (April 2019).
15912:
Faraone SV, Gomeni R, Hull JT, Busse GD, Melyan Z, O'Neal W, et al. (February 2021).
12854:
10015:(Review. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.).
9494:
5590:
3486:
Brown TE (October 2008). "ADD/ADHD and Impaired Executive Function in Clinical Practice".
1553:
8:
22211:
22039:
21715:
21697:
21660:
21650:
21504:
21406:
21383:
21231:
21223:
21002:
20980:
20708:
20295:
20249:
19053:
17690:
15405:"Drug Holidays From ADHD Medication: International Experience Over the Past Four Decades"
12545:
Owens JA (October 2008). "Sleep disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
12404:"Annual Research Review: Does late-onset attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder exist?"
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9101:
7990:
7820:
5837:
Young S, Hollingdale J, Absoud M, Bolton P, Branney P, Colley W, et al. (May 2020).
5006:
4789:"Premorbid Prevalence of ADHD and Development of Secondary ADHD After Closed Head Injury"
4359:"Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs"
2442:
2289:
2156:
1966:, a supporter of this theory, has argued that ADHD was "invented and then given a name".
1648:
1532:
project to diverse regions of the brain and govern a variety of cognitive processes. The
1486:
1469:
has put in place regulatory measures based on these concerns. In a minority of children,
757:
more broadly. Conduct disorder involves more impairment in motivation control than ADHD.
429:
hyperactivity, and impulsivity end and significant levels requiring interventions begin.
16989:
16675:
16609:
Wolraich ML, Hagan JF, Allan C, Chan E, Davison D, Earls M, et al. (October 2019).
16092:
Drug Class Review: Pharmacologic Treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
15595:
15568:
14303:
14278:
13844:
13819:
13714:
13021:
Fabiano GA, Pelham WE, Coles EK, Gnagy EM, Chronis-Tuscano A, O'Connor BC (March 2009).
12004:
11493:
9186:
8501:
8166:
8139:
7785:
4526:
Brown TE (March 2009). "ADD/ADHD and impaired executive function in clinical practice".
4248:
4221:
3608:
2415:
but methylphenidate has comparable efficacy to non-stimulants such as atomoxetine. In a
1867:
allows the clinician to describe why the individual does not meet the criteria, whereas
22174:
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21378:
20975:
20827:
20133:
19616:
19482:
19358:
19062:
19058:
18862:
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18408:
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18297:
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18174:
18087:
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17797:
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15015:
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13386:
13335:
13273:
13248:
13224:
13199:
13175:
13150:
13126:
13101:
13023:"A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
12998:
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7019:
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6673:
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5838:
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5725:
5698:
5679:
5619:
Walitza S, Drechsler R, Ball J (August 2012). "" [The school child with ADHD].
5572:
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5481:
5456:
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5260:
5235:
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5130:
5082:
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4721:
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4509:"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, self-regulation, and executive functioning."
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The terminology used to describe the condition has changed over time and has included:
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2438:
1652:
1549:
1501:
1462:
815:
409:
121:
21860:
17948:
16566:
Kessler S (January 1996). "Drug therapy in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder".
14614:
13504:
13487:
13439:"The importance of friendship for youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
12989:
10940:
9047:
8937:
7188:
6550:
5472:
5001:
Dobie C, Donald WB, Hanson M, Heim C, Huxsahl J, Karasov R, et al. (March 2012).
4787:
Gerring JP, Brady KD, Chen A, Vasa R, Grados M, Bandeen-Roche KJ, et al. (1998).
3871:
Fleming M, Fitton CA, Steiner MF, McLay JS, Clark D, King A, et al. (July 2017).
2820:
Possible positive traits of ADHD are a new avenue of research, and therefore limited.
2529:
is about as effective as atomoxetine and methylphenidate but with fewer side effects.
1181:
and Henrik Larsson that found an average heritability estimate of 0.74. Additionally,
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18079:
18042:
17997:
17987:
17903:
17853:
17841:
17802:
17753:
17642:
17590:
17502:
17498:
17461:
17399:
17348:
17340:
17332:
17269:
17240:
17200:
17118:
17063:
17011:
16946:
16894:
16855:
16820:
16771:
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16640:
16583:
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16479:
16382:
16372:
16342:
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16258:
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16072:
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15935:
15894:
15853:
15794:
15751:
15715:
15679:
15635:
15600:
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15424:
15404:
15377:
15334:
15299:
15236:
15189:
15138:
15100:
15047:
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14861:
14800:
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14726:
14677:
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14449:
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14379:
14343:
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14259:
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14128:
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13993:
13944:
13903:
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13797:
13757:
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13003:
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12345:
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12019:
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11356:
11321:
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11003:
10954:
10905:
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10672:
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9906:
9898:
9890:
9837:
9783:
9734:
9677:
9642:
9589:
9533:
9498:
9463:
9428:
9389:
9338:
9315:
9208:
9149:
9145:
9129:
9109:
9105:
9089:
9051:
9023:
9005:
8941:
8899:
8895:
8858:
8799:
8735:
8717:
8658:
8615:
8558:
8523:
8458:
8446:
8404:
8350:
8299:
8257:
8245:
8241:
8214:
8202:
8171:
8120:
8075:
8063:
8028:
8014:
7979:
7932:
7920:
7916:
7885:
7809:
7744:
7667:
7626:
7614:
7577:
7565:
7524:
7465:
7434:
7422:
7387:
7336:
7287:
7282:
7265:
7246:
7215:"Epilepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: links, risks, and challenges"
7174:
7162:
7119:
7084:
7039:
7027:
6981:
6950:
Harrington KM, Miller MW, Wolf EJ, Reardon AF, Ryabchenko KA, Ofrat S (August 2012).
6936:
6924:
6889:
6844:
6832:
6777:
6723:
6678:
6606:
6558:
6516:
6467:
6416:
6381:
6346:
6315:
6303:
6268:
6233:
6198:
6149:
6114:
6054:
6007:
5870:
5819:
5776:
5730:
5671:
5636:
5564:
5521:
5486:
5441:
5429:
5394:
5292:
5265:
5216:
5122:
5087:
5036:
4897:
4893:
4859:
4810:
4805:
4788:
4761:
4726:
4669:
4627:
4543:
4486:
4437:
4388:
4339:
4335:
4307:
4295:
4253:
4202:
4153:
4091:
4056:
4025:
4013:
3969:
3934:
3902:
3888:
3853:
3808:
3759:
3727:
3715:
3669:
3622:
3549:
3515:
3503:
3461:
3409:
3373:
3338:
3291:
3273:
3185:
3098:
3088:
3031:
2849:
2576:
2515:
2466:
2044:
1758:
1541:
1364:
1356:
1333:
1228:
1201:
1185:
1148:
914:
899:
754:
489:
255:
201:
98:
82:
20590:
18569:
18368:
17514:
16867:
16595:
16270:
15991:
15806:
15711:
15647:
15436:
15389:
15373:
15346:
15201:
15150:
15000:
14957:
14812:
14761:
14712:
14140:
14097:
14046:
13939:
13922:
13888:
13871:
13390:
13339:
12791:
12741:
12574:
12519:
12054:"Diagnostic Criteria in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - Changes in DSM 5"
11505:
Rainer Laufkötter, Berthold Langguth, Monika Johann, Peter Eichhammer, Göran Hajak:
11459:
11411:
11368:
11352:
10627:. NICE Clinical Guidelines. Vol. 72. Leicester: British Psychological Society.
10589:
10443:
10363:
10320:
10128:
10085:
9545:
8953:
8627:
8570:
8442:
7609:
7592:
7560:
7543:
7131:
6967:
6789:
6756:
Nazar BP, Bernardes C, Peachey G, Sergeant J, Mattos P, Treasure J (December 2016).
6618:
6145:
6085:"Understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from childhood to adulthood"
6066:
5762:
5683:
5576:
4773:
4613:
3981:
3405:
3268:
22121:
22106:
22074:
21494:
21448:
21416:
21264:
21242:
21207:
20970:
20852:
20803:
20750:
20725:
20720:
20677:
20665:
20544:
20512:
20486:
20164:
20092:
20051:
19600:
19380:
19152:
18854:
18815:
18631:
18573:
18565:
18499:
18440:
18403:
18395:
18348:
18289:
18215:
18137:
18071:
17979:
17944:
17878:
17833:
17792:
17784:
17743:
17739:
17735:
17632:
17624:
17580:
17572:
17494:
17453:
17389:
17379:
17314:
17303:"The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis"
17190:
17182:
17108:
17098:
17053:
17045:
17001:
16993:
16958:
16938:
16847:
16810:
16802:
16761:
16753:
16689:
16679:
16630:
16622:
16575:
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16498:
16469:
16461:
16332:
16293:
16250:
16212:
16204:
16165:
16126:
16064:
16026:
16018:
15971:
15930:
15925:
15913:
15884:
15843:
15833:
15786:
15743:
15707:
15671:
15627:
15590:
15580:
15539:
15531:
15416:
15369:
15326:
15289:
15279:
15181:
15130:
15090:
15086:
15082:
15037:
15027:
14980:
14937:
14851:
14847:
14843:
14792:
14757:
14716:
14708:
14667:
14659:
14618:
14610:
14569:
14565:
14561:
14520:
14512:
14477:
14441:
14406:
14371:
14335:
14298:
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14249:
14241:
14175:
14167:
14120:
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13983:
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13893:
13883:
13839:
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13831:
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13710:
13669:
13665:
13661:
13623:
13551:
13543:
13499:
13458:
13450:
13374:
13370:
13317:
13309:
13268:
13260:
13219:
13211:
13200:"Sustained effects of neurofeedback in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
13170:
13162:
13121:
13117:
13113:
13074:
13034:
12993:
12985:
12941:
12931:
12829:
12821:
12771:
12721:
12681:
12646:
12609:
12601:
12588:
Walters AS, Silvestri R, Zucconi M, Chandrashekariah R, Konofal E (December 2008).
12554:
12499:
12443:
12415:
12376:
12335:
12287:
12279:
12238:
12214:
12184:
and then given a name, for example attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
12126:
12116:
12075:
12065:
11861:
11821:
11813:
11772:
11762:
11721:
11713:
11620:
11574:
11489:
11439:
11391:
11348:
11313:
11276:
11268:
11208:
11195:
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11178:
11149:
11139:
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10993:
10985:
10944:
10936:
10897:
10860:
10832:
10828:
10778:
10770:
10724:
10714:
10546:
10538:
10423:
10343:
10300:
10263:
10255:
10204:
10163:
10155:
10108:
10065:
10028:
10020:
9973:
9878:
9874:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9773:
9765:
9724:
9716:
9669:
9632:
9624:
9581:
9525:
9490:
9459:
9455:
9420:
9379:
9371:
9305:
9297:
9235:
9198:
9190:
9063:
9043:
8995:
8987:
8933:
8917:
8891:
8848:
8838:
8830:
8789:
8781:
8707:
8697:
8689:
8650:
8605:
8597:
8554:
8550:
8513:
8505:
8438:
8394:
8384:
8340:
8330:
8289:
8281:
8237:
8194:
8161:
8151:
8110:
8102:
8055:
8018:
8010:
7969:
7959:
7912:
7875:
7867:
7836:
7799:
7789:
7734:
7724:
7711:
González-Bueso V, Santamaría JJ, Fernández D, Merino L, Montero E, Ribas J (2018).
7657:
7649:
7604:
7555:
7514:
7504:
7477:
7457:
7414:
7377:
7367:
7326:
7318:
7277:
7236:
7226:
7154:
7111:
7074:
7066:
7011:
6971:
6963:
6916:
6879:
6871:
6824:
6769:
6735:
6715:
6668:
6660:
6598:
6584:"Association Between Insecure Attachment and ADHD: Environmental Mediating Factors"
6506:
6498:
6457:
6447:
6408:
6373:
6338:
6295:
6260:
6225:
6188:
6180:
6141:
6104:
6096:
6050:
6046:
5999:
5860:
5850:
5811:
5788:
5766:
5758:
5720:
5710:
5663:
5628:
5556:
5513:
5476:
5468:
5421:
5384:
5255:
5247:
5206:
5196:
5134:
5114:
5077:
5069:
4889:
4849:
4841:
4800:
4753:
4716:
4708:
4681:
4661:
4617:
4609:
4535:
4476:
4468:
4427:
4419:
4378:
4370:
4331:
4287:
4243:
4233:
4220:
Ishii S, Takagi S, Kobayashi N, Jitoku D, Sugihara G, Takahashi H (16 March 2023).
4192:
4184:
4145:
4118:
4083:
4048:
4005:
3961:
3926:
3892:
3884:
3845:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3751:
3707:
3661:
3612:
3604:
3495:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3401:
3365:
3328:
3281:
3263:
3175:
3167:
2623:
2619:
2557:
2349:
2233:
2221:
2213:
2201:
1923:
1907:(6A05.Y) where the clinician includes detail on the individual's presentation; and
1809:
1693:
1533:
1470:
1424:
1313:
1152:
926:
918:
773:
765:
730:
658:
Difficulties managing anger are more common in children with ADHD as are delays in
651:
473:
discarded and reclassified as presentations of the disorder that change over time.
265:
235:
225:
185:
181:
21623:
18909:
National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
18906:
18837:
18765:
ADHD Nation: Children, Doctors, Big Pharma, and the Making of an American Epidemic
17136:
16169:
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13249:"Neurofeedback as a Treatment Intervention in ADHD: Current Evidence and Practice"
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Gershon J (January 2002). "A meta-analytic review of gender differences in ADHD".
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3030:(5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp. 59–65.
2927:"Anxiety or ADHD? Why They Sometimes Look the Same and How to Tell the Difference"
1998:
behaviour, and be short-tempered. Addictive behaviour such as substance abuse and
22116:
22010:
21990:
21922:
21670:
21628:
21499:
21486:
21433:
21428:
21411:
21291:
21086:
21058:
20859:
20682:
20621:
20320:
20315:
20290:
20113:
20011:
19705:
19611:
19606:
19592:
19386:
19352:
19253:
19084:
18928:
18820:
18803:
18032:
17963:
17897:
17226:
16684:
16364:
16297:
15330:
15185:
15134:
14516:
13166:
12808:
Coghill DR, Banaschewski T, Soutullo C, Cottingham MG, Zuddas A (November 2017).
12524:
Up till now, there is no conclusive evidence for a relationship between ADHD and
12442:
12159:
12005:"Diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: much ado about something"
11935:
11532:
10112:
9239:
8983:
8967:
7015:
6828:
6696:
6412:
6184:
5560:
4712:
2905:
2874:
2714:
2628:
2614:
2536:
2519:
2475:
2398:
2293:
2225:
2209:
2143:
2035:
1986:
1665:
1589:
1529:
1420:
1408:
1400:
1368:
1178:
1054:
1012:
831:
819:
783:
444:
398:
316:
21720:
18244:
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment
17983:
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11685:. Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA: Merck & Co., Inc. August 2002. Archived from
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7704:
7542:
Cannon Homaei S, Barone H, Kleppe R, Betari N, Reif A, Haavik J (January 2022).
6377:
5632:
4508:
3665:
2679:
1881:
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
725:
ADHD is often comorbid with disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders.
173:
In most cases at least some ADHD symptoms and impairments onset prior to age 12.
22236:
22196:
22186:
21655:
21596:
21520:
21329:
21296:
21279:
21269:
20375:
20360:
19839:
18666:(2nd ed.). The Guilford Press, a division of Guildford Publications, Inc.
18635:
18168:
18164:
18162:
18141:
17384:
17319:
17302:
16193:"Guanfacine Extended Release: A New Pharmacological Treatment Option in Europe"
16007:"Amantadine for the treatment of childhood and adolescent psychiatric symptoms"
15490:
15228:
14663:
14160:
Soa--Ch'ongsonyon Chongsin Uihak = Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
13627:
13547:
11717:
11317:
11094:
11034:
10989:
10774:
10622:
10620:
9585:
9194:
8156:
6864:
Soa--Ch'ongsonyon Chongsin Uihak = Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
6664:
6544:
6540:
6538:
6502:
6264:
6003:
5855:
5667:
5118:
4423:
4238:
4188:
4087:
3930:
2926:
2861:
2853:
2718:
2698:
2383:
2305:
2237:
1656:
1521:
1466:
1443:
1392:
1168:
312:
19155:
19095:
18718:
The ADHD Explosion: Myths, Medication, Money, and Today's Push for Performance
18708:
18681:
18075:
17186:
16806:
16386:
16208:
16091:
16068:
16005:
Morrow K, Choi S, Young K, Haidar M, Boduch C, Bourgeois JA (September 2021).
15535:
14796:
14481:
14339:
13454:
13264:
13215:
13078:
13039:
13022:
12825:
12775:
12558:
12380:
11817:
11751:"EEG for Diagnosis of Adult ADHD: A Systematic Review With Narrative Analysis"
11272:
10901:
10542:
10159:
9720:
9673:
9529:
9301:
8991:
8834:
8785:
8693:
8601:
8389:
8285:
7964:
7653:
7509:
7461:
7115:
6920:
6719:
6342:
6229:
5389:
5372:
4845:
4539:
4149:
4052:
4009:
3849:
3499:
3369:
3102:
1344:, knockout of this gene causes a loss of dopaminergic function in the ventral
869:
Some non-psychiatric conditions are also comorbidities of ADHD. This includes
682:
Certain studies have found that people with ADHD tend to have lower scores on
583:
Often answers a question before it is finished, or finishes people's sentences
577:
Frequently seems to be "on the go" or appears uncomfortable when not in motion
22305:
22191:
22181:
21689:
21640:
20958:
20530:
20385:
20102:
19784:
19753:
19713:
19273:
18874:
18866:
18783:
18519:
18511:
18452:
18301:
17837:
17662:"Problems of overdiagnosis and overprescribing in ADHD: are they legitimate?"
17418:
17328:
17103:
16851:
15838:
15790:
15747:
15631:
15585:
15566:
15420:
14984:
14081:
12936:
12859:"CC BY 4.0 Deed | Attribution 4.0 International | Creative Commons"
12685:
12503:
12234:
12226:
12070:
11767:
11578:
11443:
11395:
11204:
11144:
10840:
10719:
10484:
9886:
7847:
7322:
7166:
7158:
7031:
7023:
6928:
6907:
Ford JD, Connor DF (1 June 2009). "ADHD and post-traumatic stress disorder".
6602:
6100:
5815:
5715:
5517:
5425:
5251:
4918:
4547:
4299:
4291:
4157:
4060:
3965:
3857:
3277:
2693:
2511:
2313:
2267:
2217:
1855:
ADHD, combined presentation, is a combination of the first two presentations.
1705:
1458:
1337:
1329:
1297:
1041:
910:
769:
742:
738:
647:
643:
401:
as well as non-psychiatric disorders, which can cause additional impairment.
294:
147:
93:, which regulate the executive functions necessary for human self-regulation.
86:
19043:
18754:
18293:
17882:
16997:
16757:
15455:
15453:
15071:"Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults"
14410:
13869:
12283:
10009:"Lead and PCBs as risk factors for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
9358:
Skoglund C, Chen Q, D'Onofrio BM, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H (January 2014).
8198:
8106:
7871:
7794:
7372:
5201:
3833:
3333:
3316:
3171:
2504:, are approved by the FDA and in other countries for the treatment of ADHD.
1556:
of ADHD. Larger models of ADHD with additional pathways have been proposed.
826:, characterised by a severe inability to appropriately relate socially, and
702:
In children, ADHD occurs with other disorders about two-thirds of the time.
568:
Frequently has trouble sitting still during dinner, class, in meetings, etc.
524:
Is frequently reluctant to engage in tasks which require sustained attention
518:
Frequently does not finish following instructions, failing to complete tasks
22285:
22278:
22273:
22017:
21543:
21324:
20876:
18890:
18829:
18643:
18585:
18535:
18468:
18444:
18417:
18360:
18352:
18317:
18149:
18083:
17845:
17806:
17788:
17757:
17646:
17628:
17594:
17506:
17465:
17403:
17352:
17344:
17204:
17122:
17067:
17015:
16950:
16898:
16859:
16824:
16775:
16730:
16703:
16644:
16626:
16483:
16346:
16305:
16262:
16254:
16226:
16177:
16138:
16099:
16076:
16040:
15983:
15939:
15898:
15857:
15798:
15755:
15719:
15683:
15639:
15604:
15553:
15428:
15381:
15338:
15303:
15240:
15193:
15142:
15104:
15051:
14992:
14949:
14941:
14865:
14804:
14769:
14730:
14681:
14632:
14583:
14534:
14489:
14453:
14445:
14418:
14383:
14347:
14312:
14294:
14263:
14189:
14132:
14089:
14038:
13997:
13948:
13907:
13853:
13801:
13761:
13722:
13683:
13565:
13513:
13472:
13382:
13331:
13282:
13233:
13184:
13135:
13086:
13048:
13007:
12955:
12843:
12783:
12733:
12693:
12658:
12623:
12566:
12511:
12429:
12388:
12349:
12301:
12252:
12140:
12089:
12023:
11873:
11835:
11786:
11735:
11632:
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11586:
11451:
11403:
11360:
11325:
11290:
11236:
11228:
11163:
11112:
11052:
11007:
10958:
10909:
10874:
10856:
10792:
10738:
10671:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 266, 315, 318–323.
10560:
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10435:
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7813:
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7671:
7618:
7569:
7528:
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4942:
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2796:
2765:
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of amphetamine when it is used with amphetamine for the treatment of ADHD.
2092:
2064:
1963:
1782:
1709:
1537:
1474:
1435:
1404:
1345:
1223:
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1156:
1025:
206:
Based on impairing symptoms after other possible causes have been ruled out
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18503:
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show strong genetic associations with ADHD. CDH13's association with ASD,
22231:
21528:
21259:
20990:
20740:
20405:
20380:
19949:
19930:
19763:
19748:
19743:
19728:
19654:
19649:
19584:
19526:
19401:
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The left prefrontal cortex, shown here in blue, is often affected in ADHD
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has been found to be more common in those with ADHD and is often due to
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22034:
22022:
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21932:
21845:
21538:
21443:
21144:
20869:
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20555:
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19779:
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19695:
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A 2021 review reported that several neurometabolic disorders caused by
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have been found to occur more commonly in the ADHD population, as have
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Meet the criteria for both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD.
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Often loses things; is forgetful and disorganised in daily activities.
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Often forgets daily activities, or is forgetful while completing them.
485:
389:
that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and
21798:
21730:
21548:
21007:
20745:
20670:
20395:
20355:
19857:
19723:
19718:
19690:
19659:
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19147:
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2135:
2068:
2053:
1959:
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Some studies suggest that in a small number of children, artificial
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Often has difficulty maintaining focus on one task or play activity
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ADHD arises from a core deficit in executive functions (e.g.,
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Previously, it had been suggested that the elevated number of
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Other neurodevelopmental conditions are common comorbidities.
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Often struggles to wait their turn, including waiting in lines
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18934:
17031:
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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
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Often cannot quietly engage in leisure activities or play
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Frequently loses items required for tasks and activities
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Frequently overlooks details or makes careless mistakes
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18794:
ADHD Grown Up: A Guide to Adolescent and Adult ADHD
18156:
17606:
17604:
16974:"ADHD and smoking: from genes to brain to behavior"
16791:"Nutritional supplements for the treatment of ADHD"
15518:Potter AS, Schaubhut G, Shipman M (December 2014).
15459:
14791:(12). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 98.
14110:
13520:
13397:
13364:
13155:
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
12894:
12401:
11652:
10666:
10098:
9938:"Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)"
9122:
8770:"Genetics of ADHD: What Should the Clinician Know?"
7447:
5849:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 146.
3581:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
2740:
History of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
2262:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management
20638:
18026:
17443:
17220:
16746:Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
16447:
16119:Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
15265:
14004:
13955:
13914:
13598:
13259:(6). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 46.
12265:
11700:Al Rahbi HA, Al-Sabri RM, Chitme HR (April 2014).
11606:
11604:
11602:
11600:
11598:
11596:
10006:
9702:
9082:
7902:
6858:Moon DS, Bong SJ, Kim BN, Kang NR (January 2021).
6817:Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
5954:
5454:
4270:
3655:
2271:Medications used include stimulants, atomoxetine,
455:ADHD is divided into three primary presentations:
192:factors (exposure to biohazards during pregnancy,
18615:
17968:Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook
17027:
17025:
16743:
15111:
14325:
14052:
13647:
13410:The Encyclopedia of the Brain and Brain Disorders
13406:"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)"
13148:
12636:
12321:
12109:Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health
11748:
11560:
11558:
11470:
10504:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. March 2011.
9659:
9016:
8295:20.500.11820/91f22260-b579-4f0b-9e81-adc063f27e9e
8227:
8150:(8). Springer Science+Business Media: 2503–2526.
7686:"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)"
7144:
6997:
6995:
6534:
6532:
6530:
4695:Sinopoli KJ, Schachar R, Dennis M (August 2011).
4173:"Hyperfocus: the forgotten frontier of attention"
2607:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
2581:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
2041:loss of interest in hobbies or regular activities
1052:) for both IGD and ADHD subjects. In March 2022,
22303:
21047:
18715:
17601:
17164:
17162:
16971:
13403:
12879:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
12803:
12801:
12485:
12483:
12200:
11927:
11898:Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology
11534:Concise Guide to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
10887:
10810:
10808:
10806:
10756:
10752:
10750:
10748:
10454:
10405:
10403:
10007:Eubig PA, Aguiar A, Schantz SL (December 2010).
8916:
8420:
8418:
8316:
7263:
6131:
5696:
4879:
4502:
4500:
4170:
3522:
1897:predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation
935:
20311:History and culture of substituted amphetamines
18332:
17823:
17685:
17683:
17681:
17679:
17294:
16190:
16155:
16083:
15877:Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran
14010:
13775:
13773:
13771:
13738:
13695:
13693:
12897:"Are We Overdiagnosing and Overtreating ADHD?""
12895:Jummani RR, Hirsch E, Hirsch GS (31 May 2019).
12861:. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017
11749:Adamou M, Fullen T, Jones SL (25 August 2020).
11593:
11257:"Cognitive enhancers for the treatment of ADHD"
11072:
11070:
10701:Chandler DJ, Waterhouse BD, Gao WJ (May 2014).
10284:
10141:
9799:
9797:
7945:
7052:
6857:
5614:
5612:
5546:
4913:
4911:
4875:
4873:
3651:
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3355:
3245:
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3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3122:"6A05 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"
2996:. Both DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 criteria were used.
810:Individuals with ADHD are at increased risk of
21820:
19638:
19569:
18688:
17817:
17484:
17216:
17214:
17022:
15813:
15062:
14829:
14776:
12213:. International Global Health Society: 04009.
12102:
11847:
11845:
11799:
11555:
11507:ADHS des Erwachsenenalters und Komorbiditäten.
11425:
11423:
11421:
9940:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
9751:
9557:
9555:
9332:
9283:
9252:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
8966:
8767:
8763:
8761:
8759:
8757:
8583:
8366:
8364:
8188:
7404:
6992:
6527:
6166:
6078:
6076:
5801:
5690:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5026:
5024:
4827:
3951:
3919:
3569:
3425:
3423:
3314:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3149:
3147:
2525:Analyses of clinical trial data suggests that
1976:Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1677:Paradoxical reaction to neuroactive substances
21876:
20606:
20450:
19915:
19542:
19203:
18661:
18542:
18234:
18121:
18055:
17696:. Center For Disease Control and Prevention.
17437:
17159:
16893:(5). Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság: 324–335.
16788:
16782:
16737:
16710:
16651:
16360:
16358:
16356:
15402:
15353:
15310:
15161:
14920:
14470:Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders
13734:
13732:
13430:
12798:
12630:
12480:
12322:Gentile JP, Atiq R, Gillig PM (August 2006).
12259:
12196:
12194:
12192:
12161:Pharmacracy: medicine and politics in America
12045:
11996:
11888:
11375:
11332:
11297:
11170:
11014:
10803:
10745:
10616:
10614:
10612:
10610:
10520:
10518:
10400:
10049:
9859:
9857:
9855:
9853:
9851:
9709:Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders
9277:
8634:
8415:
7298:
7147:Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
6762:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
6328:
6132:Baud P, Perroud N, Aubry JM (June 2011). "".
6082:
5540:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
4573:. National Institute of Mental Health. 2013.
4497:
4135:
4129:
4038:
3831:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
1922:were analogous to ADHD in the ICD-11. When a
1348:and the fish display a hyperactive/impulsive
913:of 16 studies examining the relative risk of
17866:
17676:
17038:The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders
16878:
16454:The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders
15864:
15770:
15120:
15007:
13768:
13690:
13572:
12757:
12755:
12753:
12751:
11933:
11067:
10409:
10377:
10375:
10373:
10250:(Review. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't).
10235:
10092:
10060:(Review. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't).
9956:
9794:
8009:(5). American Medical Association: 393–405.
6484:
6392:
6357:
6322:
6279:
6244:
6209:
6125:
6030:
5979:
5647:
5609:
5364:
5055:
4908:
4870:
4032:
3734:
3693:
3691:
3660:. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 107–120.
3640:
2760:describes "mental restlessness" in his book
1930:. Otherwise, the disorder was classified as
1610:
1375:can reliably predict a person's response to
697:
638:Although not listed as an official symptom,
19876:Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
19377:(Dexedrine, Zenzedi, ProCentra, and others)
19315:ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Presentation
17970:(2nd ed.). Springer Science. pp.
17715:
17530:"The Selling of Attention Deficit Disorder"
17253:
17211:
16831:
16191:Huss M, Chen W, Ludolph AG (January 2016).
15726:
15075:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
15020:Psychology Research and Behavior Management
14836:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
14554:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
13824:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
13479:
13443:Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
13367:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
13106:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
12917:
12317:
12315:
12313:
12311:
11937:Textbook Of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
11842:
11418:
10579:"Mental health of children and adolescents"
10491:
10000:
9803:
9758:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
9653:
9552:
9515:
9509:
9228:Current Directions in Psychological Science
9022:
8768:Grimm O, Kranz TM, Reif A (February 2020).
8754:
8640:
8370:
8361:
7441:
7264:Silva RR, Munoz DM, Alpert M (March 1996).
6399:Karroum E, Konofal E, Arnulf I (2008). "".
6285:
6160:
6073:
5992:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
5921:
5919:
5405:
5033:Cognitive behavioral therapy for adult ADHD
5021:
3631:
3420:
3196:
3144:
2960:Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
2815:
1477:to certain foods may worsen ADHD symptoms.
356:0.8–1.5% (2019, using DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10)
21883:
21869:
21510:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
20777:
20613:
20599:
20457:
20443:
19922:
19908:
19882:Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
19556:
19549:
19535:
19210:
19196:
18064:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
17902:. United Kingdom: AMS Press. p. 271.
17610:
17141:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
16978:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
16353:
16318:
14895:United States Food and Drug Administration
14328:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
14153:
13729:
13648:Devilbiss DM, Berridge CW (October 2008).
13204:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
13142:
13058:
12814:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
12538:
12189:
11526:
11023:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
10881:
10607:
10524:
10515:
10382:Mayes R, Bagwell C, Erkulwater JL (2009).
10148:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
9848:
9703:Arcos-Burgos M, Muenke M (November 2010).
8144:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
7450:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
7104:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
6906:
6749:
6541:"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder"
5888:
5886:
5884:
5830:
5141:
4948:"Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder"
4647:"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
4519:
3472:
2611:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
2266:The management of ADHD typically involves
1949:
1942:. The latter was sometimes referred to as
1074:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
965:Digital media use and mental health § ADHD
72:
18819:
18490:Brown W (1998). "Charles Bradley, M.D.".
18407:
18338:
17961:
17796:
17747:
17636:
17584:
17393:
17383:
17318:
17264:. In Tsuang MT, Tohen M, Jones P (eds.).
17194:
17112:
17102:
17057:
17005:
16972:McClernon FJ, Kollins SH (October 2008).
16932:
16814:
16765:
16693:
16683:
16634:
16527:
16473:
16336:
16216:
16030:
15929:
15888:
15847:
15837:
15594:
15584:
15543:
15293:
15283:
15094:
15041:
15031:
14855:
14720:
14671:
14622:
14573:
14524:
14302:
14253:
14179:
14028:
13987:
13938:
13897:
13887:
13843:
13673:
13555:
13503:
13462:
13321:
13272:
13223:
13174:
13125:
13038:
12997:
12945:
12935:
12833:
12748:
12707:
12705:
12703:
12613:
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12339:
12291:
12242:
12130:
12120:
12079:
12069:
11825:
11776:
11766:
11725:
11520:
11280:
11194:
11153:
11143:
11102:
11042:
10997:
10948:
10864:
10782:
10728:
10718:
10550:
10370:
10327:
10290:
10267:
10167:
10032:
9831:
9821:
9777:
9728:
9636:
9575:
9445:
9383:
9309:
9202:
9028:"The extreme male brain theory of autism"
8999:
8852:
8842:
8793:
8711:
8701:
8609:
8540:
8517:
8398:
8388:
8344:
8334:
8293:
8165:
8155:
8114:
8022:
7973:
7963:
7879:
7853:
7803:
7793:
7738:
7728:
7661:
7608:
7559:
7518:
7508:
7484:
7381:
7371:
7330:
7281:
7240:
7230:
7078:
6975:
6900:
6883:
6672:
6510:
6461:
6451:
6250:
6192:
6108:
5864:
5854:
5770:
5724:
5714:
5480:
5388:
5259:
5210:
5200:
5081:
4853:
4804:
4720:
4621:
4480:
4461:Annual Review of Developmental Psychology
4431:
4405:
4382:
4271:Worthington R, Wheeler S (January 2023).
4247:
4237:
4196:
4171:Ashinoff BK, Abu-Akel A (February 2021).
3896:
3802:
3688:
3616:
3455:
3332:
3285:
3267:
3179:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
2954:
2952:
2437:, decreased appetite and weight loss, or
2010:
1268:Other genes associated with ADHD include
22312:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
22097:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
21773:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
21369:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
19801:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
19219:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
19167:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
19131:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
18937:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
17895:
17668:. Vol. 28, no. 8. p. 14.
17521:
17416:
17168:
16602:
16448:Stevens JR, Wilens TE, Stern TA (2013).
16325:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
13289:
13067:The Psychiatric Clinics of North America
12529:
12436:
12402:Asherson P, Agnew-Blais J (April 2019).
12308:
11894:
11306:European Journal of Paediatric Neurology
11261:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior
10757:Castellanos FX, Proal E (January 2012).
9929:
7503:(1). Cambridge University Press: 14–25.
6083:Wilens TE, Spencer TJ (September 2010).
5916:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5240:Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry
4994:
3126:International Classification of Diseases
3116:
3114:
3112:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
2729:
2717:children in the US are less likely than
2678:
2618:treat ADHD. A 2014 review found that an
2331:
2283:
1875:International Classification of Diseases
1563:
1548:are directly responsible for modulating
1302:7 repeat variant of dopamine receptor D4
895:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
363:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
67:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
18801:
18761:
18240:
18127:
18104:
18061:
17527:
17259:
16565:
16405:
14011:Frodl T, Skokauskas N (February 2012).
12051:
11800:Lenartowicz A, Loo SK (November 2014).
11303:
10450:from the original on 11 September 2015.
10142:Tiesler CM, Heinrich J (October 2014).
9966:Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie
9804:Zayats T, Neale BM (12 February 2020).
9480:
9273:. The Guilford Press. pp. 301–323.
9266:
9098:The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology
6695:
5946:
5881:
5455:Peterson RL, Pennington BF (May 2012).
5282:
5104:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4506:
3590:
3565:
3153:
1763:Vanderbilt ADHD diagnostic rating scale
1751:Vanderbilt ADHD diagnostic rating scale
1210:sex ratio in the epidemiology of autism
1016:published a meta-analysis reviewing 40
565:Is often fidgeting or squirming in seat
14:
22304:
19870:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
18558:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
18027:Weiss M, Hechtman LT, Weiss G (2001).
17659:
16837:
15617:
15167:
14750:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
14701:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
14154:Nam SH, Lim MH, Park TW (April 2022).
14113:Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
13876:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
13779:
13436:
13346:from the original on 25 September 2017
13149:Evans SW, Owens JS, Bunford N (2014).
12700:
12525:
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12002:
10410:Millichap JG, Yee MM (February 2012).
9225:
8431:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
8371:Garas P, Balazs J (21 December 2020).
7597:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
7548:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
7219:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
5925:
5751:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
5030:
4473:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-060320-093413
4076:Research in Developmental Disabilities
3923:Research in Developmental Disabilities
3256:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2949:
2810:
2288:There is good evidence for the use of
2248:to hyperactivity and inattentiveness.
2177:same symptoms as in depression section
1893:predominantly inattentive presentation
677:
22227:Psychological effects of Internet use
21864:
21819:
21687:
21622:
21474:
21201:
21046:
20956:
20776:
20637:
20594:
20438:
20103:
19903:
19530:
19191:
18905:National Institute of Mental Health.
18790:
18603:from the original on 6 September 2023
18489:
18430:
18247:. New York: Guilford. pp. 42–5.
17934:
17721:
17282:from the original on 22 December 2020
17228:Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry
17223:"Drugs and other physical treatments"
17221:Cowen P, Harrison P, Burns T (2012).
16789:Bloch MH, Mulqueen J (October 2014).
16496:
15499:from the original on 8 September 2017
14904:from the original on 30 December 2013
14888:"Adderall XR Prescribing Information"
14832:"Treatment for amphetamine psychosis"
14541:
12711:
12544:
12468:from the original on 15 November 2012
12153:
12103:Parens E, Johnston J (January 2009).
11915:from the original on 22 December 2020
11851:
10511:from the original on 6 November 2015.
9561:
9495:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084917
9128:
9088:
8317:Balazs J, Kereszteny A (March 2017).
6036:
5952:
5597:from the original on 21 February 2023
5377:Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences
5329:
5056:Epstein JN, Loren RE (October 2013).
4525:
3832:Barkley RA, Murphy KR (1 June 2011).
3485:
3315:Pievsky MA, McGrath RE (March 2018).
3109:
3044:
2924:
1932:disturbance of activity and attention
1155:and Thomas Spencer found the average
1022:functional magnetic resonance imaging
423:
20957:
18941:
18734:
18029:"ADHD in Adulthood: An Introduction"
18008:from the original on 14 January 2023
17672:from the original on 12 August 2021.
17266:Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology
16719:Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny
16429:from the original on 21 January 2021
16393:from the original on 12 January 2021
16106:from the original on 31 August 2016.
14431:
9483:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
9284:Faraone SV, Larsson H (April 2019).
8584:Faraone SV, Larsson H (April 2019).
8465:from the original on 4 November 2021
7353:
6796:from the original on 8 December 2022
6708:Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
6628:from the original on 9 December 2021
6253:The Medical Clinics of North America
6167:Wilens TE, Morrison NR (July 2011).
5934:from the original on 3 December 2013
5904:from the original on 1 February 2021
5352:from the original on 2 November 2014
5317:from the original on 5 November 2013
4828:Faraone SV, Larsson H (April 2019).
4554:
4511:. In Vohs KD, Baumeister RF (eds.).
3358:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
3321:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
2937:from the original on 26 January 2023
2823:A 2020 review found that creativity
2441:, may also lead to discontinuation.
2016:Symptoms related to other disorders
1743:Revised Conners Rating Scale (CRS-R)
1625:locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system
1296:. A common variant of a gene called
865:Accident-proneness § Hypophobia
21892:Digital media use and mental health
21476:Physiological and physical behavior
19812:Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation
19478:Developmental coordination disorder
18797:. Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc.
18261:from the original on 2 October 2023
16413:"Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines"
13715:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2053
11513:31, 2005, S. 563, (in German).
11482:Deutsches Ärzteblatt international.
10333:
9935:
9752:Nikolaidis A, Gray JR (June 2010).
7639:
6909:Current Attention Disorders Reports
6745:from the original on 9 August 2017.
5348:. World Health Organisation. 2010.
4981:National Institute of Mental Health
4952:National Institute of Mental Health
4743:
4528:Current Attention Disorders Reports
4406:Cecil CA, Nigg JT (November 2022).
3609:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
2999:
2986:from the original on 7 January 2021
2560:, extended-release formulations of
2252:can also cause ADHD-type symptoms.
1940:hyperkinetic disorders, unspecified
1482:hypokalemic sensory overstimulation
1446:). At least 30% of children with a
412:and types of offending behaviour.
24:
21422:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
20816:Emotional and behavioral disorders
20466:Emotional and behavioral disorders
18654:
18433:The American Journal of Psychiatry
18282:The American Journal of Psychiatry
17870:Child and Adolescent Mental Health
17703:from the original on 7 August 2013
17433:from the original on 9 April 2017.
17307:The American Journal of Psychiatry
17147:from the original on 30 March 2019
16840:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
15676:10.1097/01.chi.0000163280.47221.c9
15620:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
15446:from the original on 30 June 2016.
15285:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.43597
13968:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
13529:
12918:Luan R, Mu Z, Yue F, He S (2017).
12594:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
12164:. Westport, CT: Praeger. pp.
11183:The American Journal of Psychiatry
10821:The American Journal of Psychiatry
10525:Nigg JT, Holton K (October 2014).
10336:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
10209:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01612.x
9944:from the original on 14 April 2016
9867:The American Journal of Psychiatry
6218:Pediatric Clinics of North America
4925:from the original on 22 March 2016
4746:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
4577:from the original on 14 April 2016
3783:The American Journal of Psychiatry
3700:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
3436:The American Journal of Psychiatry
3132:from the original on 1 August 2018
2777:hyperkinetic reaction of childhood
2754:hyperkinetic reaction of childhood
1621:mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway
1559:
1507:
906:Accident Analysis & Prevention
858:
814:. This is most commonly seen with
39:Attention deficit (disambiguation)
25:
22353:
22254:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
22139:Narcissistic personality disorder
21602:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
19852:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
18899:
18716:Hinshaw SP, Scheffler RM (2014).
18117:from the original on 8 July 2017.
18037:. Taylor & Francis. pp.
17916:from the original on 3 April 2019
17540:from the original on 1 March 2015
15403:Ibrahim K, Donyai P (July 2015).
15233:Comparative Effectiveness Reviews
15208:from the original on 26 July 2020
12448:Drug Effectiveness Review Project
12266:Culpepper L, Mattingly G (2010).
12033:from the original on 28 July 2020
11984:from the original on 21 June 2021
11655:Assessment of Childhood Disorders
10588:. 15 January 2005. Archived from
10013:Environmental Health Perspectives
9564:Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials
7642:Accident: Analysis and Prevention
5311:"ADHD Anger Management Directory"
4412:Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy
3658:Handbook of Executive Functioning
3573:
3128:(11th ed.). February 2022 .
2840:Possible biomarkers for diagnosis
2827:with ADHD symptoms, particularly
2491:
2372:TOVA - Attention Comparison Score
1833:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
1827:
1643:Executive function and motivation
745:, and increase the size of one's
22217:Mobile phones and driving safety
22175:2021 Facebook company files leak
20902:X-linked intellectual disability
20419:
20418:
19511:
19510:
18984:
18967:
18950:
18922:
18483:
18424:
18375:
18273:
18220:10.1097/00004583-199007000-00004
18199:
18098:
18020:
17964:"Definition and History of ADHD"
17928:
17889:
17860:
17764:
17653:
17552:
17499:10.2165/00023210-200620020-00003
17478:
17472:
17410:
17359:
17129:
17078:
16965:
16912:
16580:10.1097/00007611-199601000-00005
16559:
16528:Biederman J (21 November 2003).
16521:
16490:
16441:
16312:
16277:
16233:
16149:
16110:
16047:
15998:
15954:
15905:
15690:
15654:
15611:
15560:
15511:
15482:
15396:
15362:European Neuropsychopharmacology
15259:
15247:from the original on 17 May 2022
15220:
14964:
14880:
14737:
14688:
14639:
14590:
14496:
14460:
14425:
14390:
14354:
14319:
14270:
14221:
14196:
14147:
14125:10.1097/00004714-200210000-00005
14104:
14060:
14030:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01786.x
13811:
13754:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06750.x
13641:
13412:. Infobase Publishing. pp.
13358:
13240:
13191:
13093:
13014:
12911:
12888:
12848:
12726:10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004
12665:
12581:
12395:
12359:
12156:"Psychiatric Medicine: Disorder"
12147:
12096:
11966:
11793:
11742:
11693:
11671:
11499:
11341:European Neuropsychopharmacology
11119:
10965:
10916:
10571:
10260:10.1136/archdischild-2011-300482
10248:Archives of Disease in Childhood
10223:from the original on 17 May 2022
10184:
10135:
10070:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02693.x
9745:
9696:
9604:
9474:
9439:
9400:
9351:
9326:
9260:
9219:
9162:
9070:from the original on 3 July 2013
8960:
8910:
8896:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.10.001
8875:
8869:
8810:
8728:
8669:
8577:
8534:
8477:
8310:
8264:
8242:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
8182:
8131:
8095:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
8082:
8039:
8015:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0155
7939:
7917:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.026
7896:
7860:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
7854:Li Y, Li G, Liu L, Wu H (2020).
7755:
7678:
7633:
7584:
7535:
7398:
7347:
7283:10.1097/00004583-199603000-00017
7257:
7206:
7181:
7138:
6018:from the original on 17 May 2022
5967:from the original on 5 June 2009
5697:Mackenzie GB, Wonders E (2016).
5506:Journal of Learning Disabilities
5035:. Routledge. pp. 4, 25–26.
4894:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0400
4806:10.1097/00004583-199806000-00015
4602:European Neuropsychopharmacology
4336:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02467.x
4280:The Journal of Forensic Practice
3889:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0691
3560:
3160:Archives of Disease in Childhood
2167:difficulty maintaining attention
2122:difficulty maintaining attention
1879:In the eleventh revision of the
1839:American Psychiatric Association
1777:such as blood or urine samples,
1389:fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
1067:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
996:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
963:This section is an excerpt from
828:cognitive disengagement syndrome
692:
655:trouble learning social skills.
450:
231:cognitive disengagement syndrome
21986:Computer-mediated communication
20731:Intermittent explosive disorder
20656:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
20371:Performance-enhancing substance
19929:
19498:Hunter versus farmer hypothesis
19355:(Ritalin, Concerta, and others)
18853:(6). Wiley-Blackwell: 627–638.
18689:Hallowell EM, Ratey JJ (2011).
18570:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.029
18105:Boseley S (30 September 2010).
16921:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
16540:from the original on 8 May 2022
16509:from the original on 8 May 2022
16420:Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance
15712:10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.02.008
15374:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.03.008
14897:. Shire US Inc. December 2013.
14762:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105703
14713:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.031
13940:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277
13889:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.007
13404:Turkington C, Harris J (2009).
11954:from the original on 6 May 2016
11353:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.013
8884:Journal of Psychiatric Research
8443:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.022
8230:Journal of Psychiatric Research
8191:Reviews on Environmental Health
8101:(2). Akadémiai Kiadó: 305–325.
7905:Journal of Psychiatric Research
7866:(3). Akadémiai Kiadó: 551–571.
7610:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.002
7561:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.012
7095:
7046:
6968:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.12.001
6943:
6851:
6808:
6689:
6640:
6575:
6478:
6427:
6146:10.53738/REVMED.2011.7.297.1219
5795:
5763:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.032
5741:
5583:
5497:
5448:
5373:"Language disturbances in ADHD"
5303:
5276:
5227:
5098:
5049:
4821:
4780:
4737:
4688:
4654:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
4638:
4614:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.08.001
4589:
4448:
4399:
4350:
4314:
4264:
4213:
4164:
4102:
4067:
3988:
3945:
3913:
3864:
3825:
3819:
3770:
3682:
3406:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277
3384:
3349:
3269:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022
2668:
2496:Two non-stimulant medications,
2206:borderline personality disorder
1956:social construct theory of ADHD
1816:. A diagnosis does not imply a
1814:antisocial personality disorder
1738:Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)
1580:The subcortical volumes of the
1516:, particularly those involving
1200:, citing clinical psychologist
1177:in April 2019 by psychologists
1171:literature review published in
1099:
1087:Journal of Psychiatric Research
1081:Reviews on Environmental Health
1003:Journal of Psychiatric Research
759:Intermittent explosive disorder
735:antisocial personality disorder
468:combined presentation (ADHD-C).
439:(DSM-5) and its text revision (
276:fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
271:borderline personality disorder
21374:Dissociative identity disorder
20639:Adult personality and behavior
19574:Tooltip central nervous system
18662:Barkley RA, Benton CM (2022).
18492:American Journal of Psychiatry
17740:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.06.003
17617:Paediatrics & Child Health
17528:Schwarz A (14 December 2013).
16057:Journal of Affective Disorders
15931:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113664
15779:Journal of Attention Disorders
15409:Journal of Attention Disorders
15087:10.1002/14651858.CD007813.pub3
14848:10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3
14566:10.1002/14651858.CD012857.pub2
14208:University of Southern Denmark
14017:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
13836:10.1002/14651858.CD009885.pub3
13782:Journal of Clinical Psychology
13703:Archives of General Psychiatry
13666:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.037
13375:10.1002/14651858.CD005042.pub2
13118:10.1002/14651858.CD010840.pub2
12492:Journal of Attention Disorders
11486:doi:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0541a
11384:Journal of Attention Disorders
11196:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11060940
10833:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11101521
10101:Critical Reviews in Toxicology
9879:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070991
9823:10.12688/f1000research.18959.2
9460:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.020
8643:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
8555:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.020
7311:Journal of Attention Disorders
6591:Journal of Attention Disorders
6051:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.023
5107:Journal of Attention Disorders
3998:Journal of Attention Disorders
3954:Journal of Attention Disorders
3795:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070966
3448:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18091033
3308:
3302:
2918:
2603:American Academy of Pediatrics
2346:Test of Variables of Attention
2164:inappropriate social behaviour
1382:
1196:suggests that ADHD may be the
1163:to be 0.8, while a subsequent
807:is also a common comorbidity.
662:and motor development. Poorer
13:
1:
22085:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
20563:Stereotypic movement disorder
20497:Emotional/behavioral disorder
20492:Oppositional defiant disorder
20281:Benzedrine in popular culture
17949:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)74984-7
16497:Young JL (20 December 2010).
16170:10.1358/dot.2012.48.3.1750904
16023:10.1080/08998280.2021.1925827
15736:Journal of Psychopharmacology
15174:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
15123:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
14973:Journal of Psychopharmacology
14615:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30269-4
14070:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
13505:10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30017-0
12990:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30269-4
11934:Wiener JM, Dulcan MK (2004).
11802:"Use of EEG to diagnose ADHD"
11478:Paradoxical reaction in ADHD.
10941:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30049-4
9048:10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01904-6
8938:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00192-4
8060:10.1080/87565641.2022.2064863
8048:Developmental Neuropsychology
6288:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
6173:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
5926:Bailey E (5 September 2007).
5473:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60198-6
2911:
2744:ADHD was officially known as
2571:
2482:do not affect ADHD symptoms.
2393:
2377:
2255:
2089:persistent feeling of anxiety
1928:hyperkinetic conduct disorder
1802:disruptive behaviour disorder
1686:
1062:Developmental Neuropsychology
993:traits. In October 2020, the
936:Problematic digital media use
923:oppositional defiant disorder
848:adverse childhood experiences
727:Oppositional defiant disorder
391:developmentally-inappropriate
251:oppositional defiant disorder
22242:Social aspects of television
22080:Generalized anxiety disorder
21940:Problematic social media use
21778:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
21315:Generalized anxiety disorder
21048:Neurological and symptomatic
20693:Sexual relationship disorder
19468:Auditory processing disorder
18821:10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e724
18693:(1 ed.). Anchor Books.
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17417:Crawford N (February 2003).
16685:10.1371/journal.pone.0169277
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15331:10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181e29174
15186:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32834742db
15135:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000229
14517:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001
14283:Evidence-Based Mental Health
13584:Food and Drug Administration
13167:10.1080/15374416.2013.850700
12764:Harvard Review of Psychiatry
11854:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
11706:Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal
11679:"ADHD –Pathophysiology"
11617:effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov
10763:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
10707:Frontiers in Neural Circuits
10113:10.3109/10408444.2012.658506
9240:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.006
9032:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
7835:(3). Masaryk University: 5.
7778:National Academy of Sciences
7016:10.1080/15289168.2011.575704
6829:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000703
6413:10.1016/j.neurol.2008.06.006
6185:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328345c956
5953:Krull KR (5 December 2007).
5930:. Remedy Health Media, LLC.
5561:10.1016/j.cortex.2009.08.016
5342:"F90 Hyperkinetic disorders"
4713:10.1080/13803395.2011.562864
3154:Foreman DM (February 2006).
2638:
2298:cognitive behavioral therapy
1936:other hyperkinetic disorders
1905:other specified presentation
1723:
1137:Missing heritability problem
1040:for IGD subjects and in the
954:Problematic social media use
824:reactive attachment disorder
805:Delayed sleep phase disorder
54:Hyperactive (disambiguation)
7:
21913:Internet addiction disorder
21554:REM sleep behavior disorder
21023:Seasonal affective disorder
20821:Separation anxiety disorder
19834:Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
19493:Sensory processing disorder
18791:Young JL (9 January 2007).
18720:. Oxford University Press.
17984:10.1007/978-1-4419-1397-5_1
17728:Journal of Health Economics
17722:Elder TE (September 2010).
17691:"ADHD Throughout the Years"
17458:10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005
16319:Arnsten AF, Jin LE (2012).
16197:Clinical Drug Investigation
12003:Berger I (September 2011).
11527:Dulcan MK, Lake MB (2011).
10463:Encyclopedia of Food Safety
8323:World Journal of Psychiatry
7958:. Frontiers Media: 679437.
6440:Nature and Science of Sleep
6378:10.1016/j.sleep.2009.11.014
3666:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_7
3597:Annual Review of Psychology
2925:Young K (9 February 2017).
2884:
2784:to the DSM, terms included
2656:, and adults often develop
2587:
2461:The majority of studies on
2302:interpersonal psychotherapy
2273:alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
1798:neurodevelopmental disorder
1712:and central and peripheral
1130:
946:Internet addiction disorder
886:inborn errors of metabolism
371:neurodevelopmental disorder
27:Neurodevelopmental disorder
10:
22358:
22001:Human–computer interaction
21928:Problematic smartphone use
21821:Symptoms and uncategorized
20922:developmental disabilities
20688:Sexual maturation disorder
19846:Norepinephrine transporter
19456:Related or outdated topics
19371:, Adzenys XR, Dyanavel XR)
19327:ADHD Combined Presentation
18636:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.015
18142:10.1016/j.pedn.2008.01.003
17611:Ford-Jones PC (May 2015).
17385:10.1186/s12888-020-02707-9
17320:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.6.942
15319:Clinical Neuropharmacology
14785:Current Psychiatry Reports
14664:10.1007/s00213-021-05946-0
13628:10.1016/j.jaac.2023.09.510
13548:10.1038/s41746-021-00429-0
13492:The Lancet. Digital Health
13253:Current Psychiatry Reports
13027:Clinical Psychology Review
12547:Current Psychiatry Reports
12369:Clinical Psychology Review
12178:– via Google Books.
11806:Current Psychiatry Reports
11718:10.1016/j.jsps.2013.04.001
11318:10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.01.009
11095:10.1007/s11682-022-00708-8
11083:Brain Imaging and Behavior
11035:10.1007/s00787-020-01545-0
10990:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.02.020
10890:Clinical Psychology Review
10775:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.007
9586:10.2174/157488707779318107
9242:(inactive 14 August 2024).
9195:10.1038/s41598-020-65322-4
8970:, Larsson H (April 2019).
8774:Current Psychiatry Reports
8274:Clinical Psychology Review
8157:10.1007/s00787-022-02130-3
6665:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821
6503:10.1038/s41398-022-02130-6
6265:10.1016/j.mcna.2010.03.008
6004:10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.04.004
5856:10.1186/s12916-020-01585-y
5668:10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.543
5414:Journal of Child Neurology
5119:10.1177/108705470200500302
4424:10.1007/s40291-022-00609-y
4239:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1127777
4189:10.1007/s00426-019-01245-8
4088:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103789
3931:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.11.009
3488:Current Psychiatry Reports
2898:Directed attention fatigue
2877:, increase phenethylamine
2779:in the DSM-II (1968), and
2746:attention deficit disorder
2737:
2725:
2672:
2408:Magnetic resonance imaging
2310:parent management training
2259:
2110:inability to pay attention
2034:feelings of hopelessness,
1973:
1310:G protein-coupled receptor
1134:
1092:Clinical Psychology Review
962:
950:Problematic smartphone use
939:
862:
559:Hyperactivity-Impulsivity
222:symptomatic but unimpaired
188:) and to a lesser extent,
43:
29:
22322:Ailments of unknown cause
22147:
22065:
21958:
21898:
21826:
21815:
21791:
21783:Simple-type schizophrenia
21760:
21752:Schizophreniform disorder
21729:
21708:
21704:
21683:
21636:
21618:
21587:
21564:
21518:
21485:
21481:
21470:
21392:
21359:
21307:
21250:
21241:
21222:
21218:
21197:
21163:
21130:Mild cognitive impairment
21115:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
21095:
21057:
21053:
21042:
21013:Major depressive disorder
20966:
20952:
20918:Psychological development
20917:
20892:
20789:
20785:
20772:
20701:
20648:
20644:
20633:
20472:
20414:
20258:
20232:
20174:
20079:
20072:
20050:
20022:
20010:
19948:
19937:
19817:Monoamine releasing agent
19793:
19772:
19704:
19673:
19635:
19567:
19506:
19455:
19336:
19307:
19226:
19116:
19005:
18847:Psychology in the Schools
18076:10.1007/s00787-005-0429-z
18051:– via Google Books.
18016:– via Google Books.
17924:– via Google Books.
17249:– via Google Books.
17187:10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8
17169:Willcutt EG (July 2012).
16807:10.1016/j.chc.2014.05.002
16209:10.1007/s40261-015-0336-0
16069:10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.006
15536:10.1007/s40263-014-0208-9
14797:10.1007/s11920-017-0860-0
14482:10.1007/s12402-017-0220-2
14376:10.1024/1422-4917/a000433
14340:10.1007/s00787-016-0845-2
13742:Journal of Neurochemistry
13455:10.1007/s10567-010-0067-y
13426:– via Google Books.
13265:10.1007/s11920-019-1021-4
13216:10.1007/s00787-018-1121-4
13079:10.1016/j.psc.2008.10.001
13040:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.11.001
12826:10.1007/s00787-017-0986-y
12776:10.1080/10673220802167782
12559:10.1007/s11920-008-0070-x
12381:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.002
11895:Caroline SC, ed. (2010).
11818:10.1007/s11920-014-0498-0
11551:– via Google Books.
11515:doi:10.1055/s-2005-923370
11273:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.002
10902:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.005
10543:10.1016/j.chc.2014.05.010
10160:10.1007/s00787-014-0615-y
9721:10.1007/s12402-010-0030-2
9674:10.1007/s00439-009-0694-x
9530:10.1007/s00406-011-0207-5
9333:Nolen-Hoeksema S (2013).
9302:10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0
8992:10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0
8835:10.1017/S0033291713002493
8786:10.1007/s11920-020-1141-x
8694:10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7
8602:10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0
8390:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.557909
8286:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102343
8054:(4). Routledge: 175–192.
7965:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.679437
7654:10.1016/j.aap.2013.10.003
7510:10.1017/s0033291721004141
7462:10.1007/s00787-017-1045-4
7116:10.1007/s00787-018-1248-3
6921:10.1007/s12618-009-0009-0
6720:10.1007/s10802-013-9824-y
6343:10.33588/rn.52S01.2011037
6230:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.03.004
5963:. Wolters Kluwer Health.
5633:10.1024/0040-5930/a000316
5390:10.1017/S2045796011000527
4846:10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0
4540:10.1007/s12618-009-0006-3
4150:10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x
4053:10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x
4010:10.1177/10870547211036754
3850:10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x
3500:10.1007/s11920-008-0065-7
3370:10.1016/j.acn.2005.04.005
2848:have noted that platelet
2773:minimal brain dysfunction
2296:input, behavior therapy,
2026:
2023:
2020:
1969:
1889:World Health Organization
1611:Neurotransmitter pathways
1574:posterior parietal cortex
1397:polychlorinated biphenyls
1367:neurotransmission or the
1183:evolutionary psychiatrist
1112:
1046:anterior cingulate cortex
837:
778:major depressive disorder
716:Intellectual disabilities
698:Psychiatric comorbidities
494:
484:
460:predominantly inattentive
352:
303:
284:
241:major depressive disorder
210:
200:
177:
169:
120:
97:
91:anterior cingulate cortex
80:
71:
66:
22269:Suicide and the Internet
22259:Social media and suicide
22006:Media naturalness theory
21831:Impulse-control disorder
21747:Schizoaffective disorder
21742:Brief reactive psychosis
21439:Mass psychogenic illness
21402:Body dysmorphic disorder
21181:Post-concussion syndrome
20791:Emotional and behavioral
19984:Mixed amphetamine salts
19488:Sluggish cognitive tempo
18388:Human Psychopharmacology
17838:10.1177/1363461520902885
17826:Transcultural Psychiatry
17104:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00331
16852:10.1586/14737175.8.4.611
16568:Southern Medical Journal
15964:Human Psychopharmacology
15839:10.1186/1471-244X-11-176
15791:10.1177/1087054710379737
15748:10.1177/0269881116636105
15632:10.1586/14737175.6.4.455
15586:10.3390/brainsci13091304
15421:10.1177/1087054714548035
14985:10.1177/0269881106061710
14082:10.1177/1060028018795703
13578:
12937:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00229
12686:10.1542/peds.2024-065787
12504:10.1177/1087054715611493
12207:Journal of Global Health
12071:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00049
11768:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00871
11579:10.1542/peds.2024-065854
11444:10.3810/pgm.2013.07.2677
11396:10.1177/1087054713510561
11145:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01418
10720:10.3389/fncir.2014.00053
7323:10.1177/1087054716669589
7159:10.1177/1063426620982624
6956:Comprehensive Psychiatry
6603:10.1177/1087054713501079
6491:Translational Psychiatry
6101:10.3810/pgm.2010.09.2206
5816:10.1037/1040-3590.18.1.1
5804:Psychological Assessment
5716:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00794
5518:10.1177/0022219411407772
5457:"Developmental dyslexia"
5426:10.1177/0883073807309244
5252:10.1177/1359104508100890
4292:10.1108/JFP-01-2022-0005
3966:10.1177/1087054718816164
3262:. Elsevier BV: 789–818.
2816:Possible positive traits
2161:decreased need for sleep
1909:presentation unspecified
1514:neurotransmitter systems
1332:, bipolar disorder, and
1190:male-to-female sex ratio
1188:has argued that the 5:1
1044:(including the OFC, the
707:Autism spectrum disorder
377:occasioning symptoms of
246:autism spectrum disorder
22090:Social anxiety disorder
21923:Online problem gambling
21768:Childhood schizophrenia
21120:Frontotemporal dementia
21077:High-functioning autism
20894:Intellectual disability
20401:Substituted amphetamine
19589:Mixed amphetamine salts
19299:Emotional dysregulation
18802:Pliszka S (July 2007).
18294:10.1176/ajp.151.11.1673
17883:10.1111/1475-3588.00324
17419:"ADHD: a women's issue"
17233:Oxford University Press
17091:Frontiers in Psychiatry
16998:10.1196/annals.1441.016
16758:10.1089/cap.2005.15.619
14411:10.1001/jama.2016.10279
13437:Mikami AY (June 2010).
12924:Frontiers in Psychiatry
12284:10.4088/PCC.10r00951pur
12058:Frontiers in Psychiatry
11974:"Adult ADHD: Diagnosis"
11755:Frontiers in Psychiatry
11132:Frontiers in Psychology
8377:Frontiers in Psychiatry
8199:10.1515/reveh-2022-0262
8107:10.1556/2006.2022.00007
7952:Frontiers in Psychiatry
7872:10.1556/2006.2020.00057
7795:10.1073/pnas.1611611114
7373:10.3390/children9060781
7189:"Is It ADHD or Trauma?"
5703:Frontiers in Psychology
5202:10.1186/1471-244X-10-67
4226:Frontiers in Psychiatry
3172:10.1136/adc.2004.064576
2596:
2250:Obstructive sleep apnea
2097:occasional feelings of
2052:difficulty maintaining
1950:Social construct theory
1914:In the tenth revision (
1538:norepinephrine pathways
1018:voxel-based morphometry
1013:Frontiers in Psychiatry
812:substance use disorders
640:emotional dysregulation
580:Often talks excessively
387:emotional dysregulation
261:intellectual disability
219:Individual without ADHD
162:impaired working memory
153:emotional dysregulation
22247:Television consumption
22202:Evolution of cognition
22127:Body image disturbance
22068:psychiatric conditions
21996:Engineering psychology
21918:Internet sex addiction
21899:Proposed or recognised
21285:Specific social phobia
21176:Organic brain syndrome
21018:Melancholic depression
20779:Childhood and learning
19266:Major characteristics:
18445:10.1176/ajp.152.2.298b
17789:10.1542/peds.2016-0407
16627:10.1542/peds.2019-2528
16255:10.1542/peds.2006-3695
15168:Hazell P (July 2011).
14942:10.1542/peds.2008-0185
14603:The Lancet. Psychiatry
14446:10.1001/jama.2016.3427
14295:10.1136/eb-2016-102461
12978:The Lancet. Psychiatry
11625:10.23970/ahrqepccer267
10929:The Lancet. Psychiatry
10428:10.1542/peds.2011-2199
10305:10.1542/peds.2007-1332
9978:10.1055/s-0031-1273360
9968:(Review) (in German).
9629:10.1124/mol.109.055970
9617:Molecular Pharmacology
8823:Psychological Medicine
8510:10.1126/sciadv.aba1551
7730:10.3390/ijerph15040668
7497:Psychological Medicine
5621:Therapeutische Umschau
4177:Psychological Research
2735:
2684:
2456:cardiovascular disease
2338:Akili Interactive Labs
2277:positive reinforcement
2187:differential diagnoses
2011:Differential diagnosis
1716:. Since the causes of
1659:), which are a set of
1569:
1526:ventral tegmental area
1448:traumatic brain injury
1159:estimate of ADHD from
801:iron deficiency anemia
797:Restless legs syndrome
212:Differential diagnosis
194:traumatic brain injury
37:. For other uses, see
22337:Learning disabilities
22291:Texting while driving
22222:Promotion of anorexia
22207:Evolutionary mismatch
22170:Criticism of Facebook
21901:diagnostic categories
21841:Psychomotor agitation
21631:and substance-related
21574:Postpartum depression
21454:Somatization disorder
21340:Acute stress reaction
21105:AIDS dementia complex
20568:Elimination disorders
20391:Recreational drug use
20334:Motivational salience
20329:-Methylphenethylamine
20276:Amphetamine psychosis
20245:4-Hydroxynorephedrine
20128:competitive inhibitor
20108:Tooltip messenger RNA
19864:Serotonin transporter
19622:Serdexmethylphenidate
19463:Delayed gratification
19361:(Focalin, Focalin XR)
18630:(10): 1003–1019.e20.
18504:10.1176/ajp.155.7.968
17962:Millichap JG (2010).
17423:Monitor on Psychology
16887:Psychiatria Hungarica
16666:(Systematic Review).
16131:10.1089/cap.2015.0167
15700:Clinical Therapeutics
14172:10.5765/jkacap.210034
13654:Biological Psychiatry
13308:(9). Wiley: 932–947.
12651:10.1378/chest.11-2214
12219:10.7189/jogh.11.04009
12122:10.1186/1753-2000-3-1
11432:Postgraduate Medicine
9936:CDC (16 March 2016).
9448:Biological Psychiatry
8922:Biological Psychiatry
8543:Biological Psychiatry
7911:. Elsevier: 212–222.
7648:. Elsevier: 415–425.
7603:. Elsevier: 582–591.
7313:(Systematic Review).
6876:10.5765/jkacap.200041
6331:Revista de Neurologia
6134:Revue Médicale Suisse
6089:Postgraduate Medicine
6039:Biological Psychiatry
3593:"Executive functions"
3334:10.1093/arclin/acx055
2775:in the DSM-I (1952),
2733:
2682:
2332:Digital interventions
2290:behavioural therapies
2284:Behavioural therapies
1944:hyperkinetic syndrome
1920:hyperkinetic disorder
1901:combined presentation
1818:neurological disorder
1718:paradoxical reactions
1617:dopamine transporters
1567:
1540:which project to the
1361:genetic polymorphisms
1144:Biological Psychiatry
1120:executive functioning
711:Learning disabilities
684:intelligence quotient
434:fifth edition of the
375:executive dysfunction
143:executive dysfunction
50:ADHD (disambiguation)
22160:Behavioral modernity
22155:Behavioral addiction
21981:Cognitive ergonomics
21966:Digital anthropology
21959:Disciplines involved
21950:Video game addiction
21945:Television addiction
21836:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
21666:Substance dependence
21579:Postpartum psychosis
21125:Huntington's disease
20907:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
20756:Personality disorder
20474:Emotional/behavioral
20240:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
20081:Biomolecular targets
19828:Dopamine transporter
19773:Miscellaneous/others
19259:Epidemiology of ADHD
18353:10.1093/jhmas/jrj039
17896:Crichton A (1976) .
17629:10.1093/pch/20.4.200
17143:. 13 February 2017.
17050:10.4088/PCC.13r01600
16943:10.1038/nrdp.2015.20
16873:treatment algorithm.
16466:10.4088/PCC.12f01472
13980:10.4088/JCP.12r08287
13536:npj Digital Medicine
12180:Mental diseases are
11683:MerckMedicus Modules
10978:NeuroImage. Clinical
9290:Molecular Psychiatry
8976:Molecular Psychiatry
8590:Molecular Psychiatry
8336:10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.44
8280:. Elsevier: 102343.
7193:Child Mind Institute
6337:(Suppl 1): S85–S95.
4834:Molecular Psychiatry
4666:10.1038/nrdp.2015.20
2852:expression, urinary
2786:minimal brain damage
2422:scientific consensus
2354:npj Digital Medicine
2021:Depression disorder
1987:non-prescribed drugs
1865:Other Specified ADHD
1779:electroencephalogram
1683:paradoxical reaction
1498:dysfunctional family
1377:stimulant medication
1363:in genes related to
1194:epidemiology of ADHD
1174:Molecular Psychiatry
1034:orbitofrontal cortex
958:Video game addiction
747:orbitofrontal cortex
46:ADD (disambiguation)
22332:Attention disorders
22212:Fear of missing out
21716:Delusional disorder
21661:Stimulant psychosis
21651:Physical dependence
21505:Rumination syndrome
21407:Conversion disorder
21384:Psychogenic amnesia
21234:with depressed mood
21232:Adjustment disorder
21135:Parkinson's disease
21110:Alzheimer's disease
21003:Atypical depression
20839:Social functioning
20714:Munchausen syndrome
20709:Factitious disorder
20296:Executive functions
20134:Carbonic anhydrases
19626:+dexmethylphenidate
18739:. Canada: Vintage.
17260:Faraone SV (2011).
16990:2008NYASA1141..131M
16676:2017PLoSO..1269277P
15918:Psychiatry Research
15033:10.2147/PRBM.S49114
14505:European Psychiatry
14204:"Ole Jakob Storebø"
12278:(6): PCC.10r00951.
10025:10.1289/ehp.0901852
9770:10.1093/scan/nsp049
9335:Abnormal Psychology
9187:2020NatSR..10.8622E
8502:2020SciA....6.1551B
7786:2018PNAS..115.9875B
7354:Gaur S (May 2022).
6453:10.2147/NSS.S163074
5900:. 20 October 2017.
5591:"Dyslexia and ADHD"
5467:(9830): 1997–2007.
5285:Adolescent Medicine
4507:Barkley RA (2011).
2962:(17 October 2020).
2811:Research directions
2443:Stimulant psychosis
2172:in depressive state
2157:grandiose delusions
2017:
1918:), the symptoms of
1781:(EEG) markers, and
1661:cognitive processes
1649:attentional control
1487:potassium gluconate
1028:alterations in the
971:In April 2018, the
720:Tourette's syndrome
678:IQ test performance
478:
462:(ADHD-PI or ADHD-I)
337:alpha-2a agonists (
21908:Computer addiction
21735:schizophrenia-like
21379:Dissociative fugue
20828:Movement disorders
20508:Social functioning
20503:Separation anxiety
20339:Incentive salience
20233:Active metabolites
19617:Dexmethylphenidate
19483:Low arousal theory
19359:Dexmethylphenidate
19244:ADHD controversies
19117:External resources
18859:10.1002/pits.20252
18762:Schwarz A (2016).
18241:Barkley R (2006).
17660:Connor DF (2011).
17577:10.1111/jcpp.12991
17534:The New York Times
14756:(105703): 105703.
14652:Psychopharmacology
13794:10.1002/jclp.20122
13314:10.1111/jcpp.12825
12720:(Suppl 1): 21–31.
12606:10.5664/jcsm.27356
12421:10.1111/jcpp.13020
12052:Steinau S (2013).
10595:on 24 October 2009
9425:10.1111/jcpp.12478
9376:10.1111/jcpp.12124
9175:Scientific Reports
8236:. Elsevier: 1–12.
7841:10.5817/CP2018-3-5
7419:10.1111/head.14306
7232:10.2147/NDT.S81549
7059:Brain and Behavior
6401:Revue Neurologique
6140:(297): 1219–1222.
5031:Ramsay JR (2007).
4919:"Facts About ADHD"
4123:10.1037/cns0000299
3925:. 51–52: 160–172.
3756:10.1111/jcpp.12899
3712:10.1586/ern.12.109
3591:Diamond A (2013).
2979:(10258). Table 1.
2834:associative memory
2829:divergent thinking
2758:Alexander Crichton
2736:
2685:
2516:systematic reviews
2467:nicotinic agonists
2439:emotional lability
2116:low tolerance for
2073:low tolerance for
2015:
1653:inhibitory control
1570:
1550:executive function
1502:educational system
1463:food sensitivities
1236:smoking and ADHD.
1141:In November 1999,
1071:In December 2022,
915:traffic collisions
476:
424:Signs and symptoms
410:internet addiction
22299:
22298:
21971:Digital sociology
21858:
21857:
21854:
21853:
21811:
21810:
21807:
21806:
21679:
21678:
21614:
21613:
21610:
21609:
21466:
21465:
21462:
21461:
21355:
21354:
21193:
21192:
21189:
21188:
21150:Vascular dementia
21072:Asperger syndrome
21038:
21037:
20948:
20947:
20944:
20943:
20882:Tourette syndrome
20768:
20767:
20764:
20763:
20588:
20587:
20537:Tourette syndrome
20432:
20431:
20228:
20227:
20073:Neuropharmacology
20068:
20067:
20024:Dextroamphetamine
19897:
19896:
19597:Dextroamphetamine
19561:pharmacotherapies
19524:
19523:
19375:Dextroamphetamine
19289:Dopamine Dressing
19185:
19184:
18775:978-1-5011-0591-3
18727:978-0-19-979055-5
18288:(11): 1673–1685.
18254:978-1-60623-750-2
18188:978-1-85433-471-8
18048:978-0-8018-6822-1
17993:978-1-4419-1396-8
17909:978-0-404-08212-3
17666:Psychiatric Times
17275:978-0-470-97740-8
17246:978-0-19-960561-3
17175:Neurotherapeutics
16378:978-1-4731-2830-9
15530:(12): 1103–1113.
15471:978-0-07-148127-4
15272:JAMA Network Open
14658:(10): 2667–2691.
14440:(18): 1953–1955.
14246:10.1136/bmj.h5203
13423:978-1-4381-2703-3
12901:Psychiatric Times
12820:(11): 1283–1307.
12498:(10): 1371–1376.
12175:978-0-275-97196-0
11947:978-1-58562-057-9
11908:978-0-387-71798-2
11664:978-1-59385-493-5
11548:978-1-58562-416-4
11488:, PMID 21886668,
10827:(10): 1038–1055.
10678:978-0-07-148127-4
10634:978-1-85433-471-8
10476:978-0-12-378613-5
10393:978-0-674-03163-0
10348:10.1586/ern.12.15
10019:(12): 1654–1667.
9454:(11): 1215–1220.
9344:978-0-07-803538-8
9155:978-1-118-75580-8
9115:978-0-471-26403-3
8829:(10): 2223–2229.
8549:(11): 1215–1220.
7071:10.1002/brb3.2748
6774:10.1002/eat.22643
6768:(12): 1045–1057.
6564:978-1-85433-471-8
6300:10.1345/aph.1M365
5074:10.2217/npy.13.59
5042:978-0-415-95501-0
4758:10.1586/ern.12.15
4608:(10): 1059–1088.
3706:(10): 1241–1251.
3675:978-1-4614-8106-5
3555:978-0-07-148127-4
3094:978-0-89042-575-6
3037:978-0-89042-555-8
2850:monoamine oxidase
2825:may be associated
2650:ADHD in adulthood
2558:alpha-2a agonists
2552:Alpha-2a agonists
2294:psychoeducational
2234:drug interactions
2185:The DSM provides
2183:
2182:
2153:excessive talking
2079:thoughts of death
2027:Bipolar disorder
2024:Anxiety disorder
1759:ADHD rating scale
1542:prefrontal cortex
1534:dopamine pathways
1480:Individuals with
1409:dialkyl phosphate
1365:catecholaminergic
1357:genetic variation
1216:Natural selection
1202:Simon Baron-Cohen
1186:Randolph M. Nesse
1151:by psychiatrists
1149:literature review
900:systematic review
766:Anxiety disorders
755:prefrontal cortex
722:are also common.
629:
628:
432:According to the
381:, hyperactivity,
373:characterised by
360:
359:
256:learning disorder
202:Diagnostic method
83:prefrontal cortex
61:Medical condition
33:Attention Deficit
16:(Redirected from
22349:
22122:Anorexia nervosa
22107:Bipolar disorder
22075:Anxiety disorder
21885:
21878:
21871:
21862:
21861:
21817:
21816:
21706:
21705:
21685:
21684:
21620:
21619:
21495:Anorexia nervosa
21483:
21482:
21472:
21471:
21449:Psychogenic pain
21417:Globus pharyngis
21265:Childhood phobia
21248:
21247:
21220:
21219:
21199:
21198:
21055:
21054:
21044:
21043:
20954:
20953:
20853:Selective mutism
20804:Conduct disorder
20787:
20786:
20774:
20773:
20751:Trichotillomania
20726:Gender dysphoria
20721:Fear of intimacy
20678:Sexual anhedonia
20646:
20645:
20635:
20634:
20622:Mental disorders
20615:
20608:
20601:
20592:
20591:
20545:Speech disorders
20513:Selective mutism
20487:Conduct disorder
20459:
20452:
20445:
20436:
20435:
20422:
20421:
20259:Related articles
20165:enzyme activator
20109:
20105:
20077:
20076:
20052:Lisdexamfetamine
19995:Adderall XR
19970:Dyanavel XR
19965:
19946:
19945:
19924:
19917:
19910:
19901:
19900:
19794:Related articles
19640:
19601:Lisdexamfetamine
19575:
19571:
19560:
19551:
19544:
19537:
19528:
19527:
19514:
19513:
19440:Investigational:
19381:Lisdexamfetamine
19212:
19205:
19198:
19189:
19188:
19003:
19002:
18997:
18989:
18988:
18987:
18980:
18972:
18971:
18970:
18963:
18955:
18954:
18953:
18943:
18927:
18926:
18925:
18918:
18894:
18841:
18823:
18798:
18787:
18758:
18731:
18712:
18685:
18648:
18647:
18619:
18613:
18612:
18610:
18608:
18602:
18555:
18546:
18540:
18539:
18487:
18481:
18480:
18428:
18422:
18421:
18411:
18379:
18373:
18372:
18336:
18330:
18329:
18277:
18271:
18270:
18268:
18266:
18238:
18232:
18231:
18203:
18197:
18196:
18160:
18154:
18153:
18125:
18119:
18118:
18102:
18096:
18095:
18059:
18053:
18052:
18024:
18018:
18017:
18015:
18013:
17959:
17953:
17952:
17932:
17926:
17925:
17923:
17921:
17893:
17887:
17886:
17864:
17858:
17857:
17821:
17815:
17814:
17800:
17783:(3): e20160407.
17768:
17762:
17761:
17751:
17719:
17713:
17712:
17710:
17708:
17702:
17695:
17687:
17674:
17673:
17657:
17651:
17650:
17640:
17608:
17599:
17598:
17588:
17556:
17550:
17549:
17547:
17545:
17525:
17519:
17518:
17482:
17476:
17470:
17469:
17441:
17435:
17434:
17414:
17408:
17407:
17397:
17387:
17363:
17357:
17356:
17322:
17298:
17292:
17291:
17289:
17287:
17257:
17251:
17250:
17231:(6th ed.).
17218:
17209:
17208:
17198:
17166:
17157:
17156:
17154:
17152:
17133:
17127:
17126:
17116:
17106:
17082:
17076:
17075:
17061:
17029:
17020:
17019:
17009:
16969:
16963:
16962:
16936:
16916:
16910:
16909:
16889:(in Hungarian).
16882:
16876:
16875:
16835:
16829:
16828:
16818:
16786:
16780:
16779:
16769:
16741:
16735:
16734:
16714:
16708:
16707:
16697:
16687:
16655:
16649:
16648:
16638:
16621:(4): e20192528.
16606:
16600:
16599:
16563:
16557:
16556:
16547:
16545:
16525:
16519:
16518:
16516:
16514:
16494:
16488:
16487:
16477:
16445:
16439:
16438:
16436:
16434:
16428:
16417:
16409:
16403:
16402:
16400:
16398:
16362:
16351:
16350:
16340:
16316:
16310:
16309:
16281:
16275:
16274:
16237:
16231:
16230:
16220:
16188:
16182:
16181:
16153:
16147:
16146:
16114:
16108:
16107:
16087:
16081:
16080:
16051:
16045:
16044:
16034:
16002:
15996:
15995:
15976:10.1002/hup.1154
15970:(7–8): 560–565.
15958:
15952:
15951:
15933:
15909:
15903:
15902:
15892:
15868:
15862:
15861:
15851:
15841:
15817:
15811:
15810:
15774:
15768:
15767:
15730:
15724:
15723:
15694:
15688:
15687:
15658:
15652:
15651:
15615:
15609:
15608:
15598:
15588:
15564:
15558:
15557:
15547:
15515:
15509:
15508:
15506:
15504:
15486:
15480:
15479:
15457:
15448:
15447:
15445:
15400:
15394:
15393:
15357:
15351:
15350:
15314:
15308:
15307:
15297:
15287:
15278:(11): e2243597.
15263:
15257:
15256:
15254:
15252:
15224:
15218:
15217:
15215:
15213:
15165:
15159:
15158:
15118:
15109:
15108:
15098:
15066:
15060:
15059:
15045:
15035:
15011:
15005:
15004:
14968:
14962:
14961:
14924:
14918:
14917:
14911:
14909:
14903:
14892:
14884:
14878:
14877:
14859:
14827:
14821:
14820:
14780:
14774:
14773:
14741:
14735:
14734:
14724:
14692:
14686:
14685:
14675:
14643:
14637:
14636:
14626:
14594:
14588:
14587:
14577:
14545:
14539:
14538:
14528:
14500:
14494:
14493:
14464:
14458:
14457:
14429:
14423:
14422:
14394:
14388:
14387:
14358:
14352:
14351:
14323:
14317:
14316:
14306:
14274:
14268:
14267:
14257:
14225:
14219:
14218:
14216:
14214:
14200:
14194:
14193:
14183:
14151:
14145:
14144:
14108:
14102:
14101:
14064:
14058:
14057:
14054:
14032:
14008:
14002:
14001:
13991:
13959:
13953:
13952:
13942:
13918:
13912:
13911:
13901:
13891:
13867:
13858:
13857:
13847:
13815:
13809:
13808:
13777:
13766:
13765:
13736:
13727:
13726:
13697:
13688:
13687:
13677:
13645:
13639:
13638:
13636:
13634:
13607:
13596:
13595:
13593:
13591:
13576:
13570:
13569:
13559:
13527:
13518:
13517:
13507:
13498:(4): e168–e178.
13483:
13477:
13476:
13466:
13434:
13428:
13427:
13401:
13395:
13394:
13362:
13356:
13355:
13353:
13351:
13325:
13293:
13287:
13286:
13276:
13244:
13238:
13237:
13227:
13195:
13189:
13188:
13178:
13146:
13140:
13139:
13129:
13097:
13091:
13090:
13062:
13056:
13055:
13042:
13018:
13012:
13011:
13001:
12969:
12960:
12959:
12949:
12939:
12915:
12909:
12908:
12892:
12886:
12884:
12878:
12870:
12868:
12866:
12852:
12847:
12837:
12805:
12796:
12795:
12759:
12746:
12745:
12709:
12698:
12697:
12669:
12663:
12662:
12645:(6): 1601–1610.
12634:
12628:
12627:
12617:
12585:
12579:
12578:
12542:
12536:
12535:
12531:
12527:
12487:
12478:
12477:
12475:
12473:
12467:
12456:
12444:Consumer Reports
12440:
12434:
12433:
12423:
12399:
12393:
12392:
12363:
12357:
12356:
12343:
12319:
12306:
12305:
12295:
12263:
12257:
12256:
12246:
12198:
12187:
12186:
12154:Szasz T (2001).
12151:
12145:
12144:
12134:
12124:
12100:
12094:
12093:
12083:
12073:
12049:
12043:
12042:
12040:
12038:
12032:
12009:
12000:
11994:
11993:
11991:
11989:
11970:
11964:
11963:
11961:
11959:
11931:
11925:
11924:
11922:
11920:
11892:
11886:
11885:
11849:
11840:
11839:
11829:
11797:
11791:
11790:
11780:
11770:
11746:
11740:
11739:
11729:
11697:
11691:
11690:
11675:
11669:
11668:
11650:
11644:
11643:
11641:
11639:
11608:
11591:
11590:
11562:
11553:
11552:
11524:
11518:
11503:
11497:
11474:
11468:
11467:
11427:
11416:
11415:
11379:
11373:
11372:
11336:
11330:
11329:
11301:
11295:
11294:
11284:
11252:
11241:
11240:
11198:
11174:
11168:
11167:
11157:
11147:
11123:
11117:
11116:
11106:
11089:(6): 2526–2542.
11074:
11065:
11064:
11046:
11018:
11012:
11011:
11001:
10969:
10963:
10962:
10952:
10920:
10914:
10913:
10885:
10879:
10878:
10868:
10812:
10801:
10800:
10786:
10754:
10743:
10742:
10732:
10722:
10698:
10687:
10686:
10664:
10643:
10642:
10618:
10605:
10604:
10602:
10600:
10594:
10583:
10575:
10569:
10568:
10554:
10522:
10513:
10512:
10510:
10503:
10495:
10489:
10488:
10458:
10452:
10451:
10407:
10398:
10397:
10379:
10368:
10367:
10331:
10325:
10324:
10299:(2): e358–e365.
10288:
10282:
10281:
10271:
10239:
10233:
10232:
10230:
10228:
10188:
10182:
10181:
10171:
10139:
10133:
10132:
10096:
10090:
10089:
10058:Acta Paediatrica
10053:
10047:
10046:
10036:
10004:
9998:
9997:
9960:
9954:
9953:
9951:
9949:
9933:
9927:
9926:
9924:sensitivities...
9861:
9846:
9845:
9835:
9825:
9801:
9792:
9791:
9781:
9764:(2–3): 188–193.
9749:
9743:
9742:
9732:
9700:
9694:
9693:
9657:
9651:
9650:
9640:
9608:
9602:
9601:
9579:
9559:
9550:
9549:
9513:
9507:
9506:
9478:
9472:
9471:
9443:
9437:
9436:
9404:
9398:
9397:
9387:
9355:
9349:
9348:
9330:
9324:
9323:
9313:
9281:
9275:
9274:
9264:
9258:
9257:
9251:
9243:
9223:
9217:
9216:
9206:
9166:
9160:
9159:
9148:. p. 1019.
9140:(2nd ed.).
9126:
9120:
9119:
9100:(1st ed.).
9086:
9080:
9079:
9077:
9075:
9020:
9014:
9013:
9003:
8964:
8958:
8957:
8914:
8908:
8907:
8879:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8856:
8846:
8814:
8808:
8807:
8797:
8765:
8752:
8751:
8749:
8747:
8732:
8726:
8725:
8715:
8705:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8655:10.1037/a0018010
8638:
8632:
8631:
8613:
8581:
8575:
8574:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8521:
8496:(40): eaba1551.
8490:Science Advances
8481:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8422:
8413:
8412:
8402:
8392:
8368:
8359:
8358:
8348:
8338:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8297:
8268:
8262:
8261:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8169:
8159:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8118:
8086:
8080:
8079:
8043:
8037:
8036:
8026:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7977:
7967:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7883:
7851:
7845:
7844:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7807:
7797:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7742:
7732:
7723:(4). MDPI: 668.
7708:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7682:
7676:
7675:
7665:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7612:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7563:
7539:
7533:
7532:
7522:
7512:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7402:
7396:
7395:
7385:
7375:
7366:(6). MDPI: 781.
7351:
7345:
7344:
7334:
7302:
7296:
7295:
7285:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7244:
7234:
7210:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7199:
7185:
7179:
7178:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7082:
7050:
7044:
7043:
6999:
6990:
6989:
6979:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6887:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6812:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6705:
6699:(January 2014).
6693:
6687:
6686:
6676:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6627:
6588:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6536:
6525:
6524:
6514:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6465:
6455:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6407:(8–9): 701–721.
6396:
6390:
6389:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6196:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6112:
6080:
6071:
6070:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5958:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5923:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5890:
5879:
5878:
5868:
5858:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5774:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5718:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5616:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5484:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5392:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5338:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5291:(2): 278–99, x.
5280:
5274:
5273:
5263:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5214:
5204:
5180:
5139:
5138:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5085:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5028:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4973:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4954:. September 2023
4944:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4915:
4906:
4905:
4877:
4868:
4867:
4857:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4724:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4651:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4625:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4567:
4552:
4551:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4504:
4495:
4494:
4484:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4435:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4386:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4277:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4251:
4241:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4200:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4036:
4030:
4029:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3900:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3695:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3653:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3620:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3541:
3520:
3519:
3483:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3271:
3247:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3118:
3107:
3106:
3079:
3042:
3041:
3022:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2968:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2922:
2844:Reviews of ADHD
2624:gluten-free diet
2620:elimination diet
2350:Nature Portfolio
2222:hearing deficits
2214:seizure disorder
2204:as well as with
2202:bipolar disorder
2107:being hyperalert
2082:unexplained pain
2018:
2014:
1924:conduct disorder
1869:Unspecified ADHD
1795:
1736:and include the
1696:at the dentist,
1694:local anesthetic
1691:
1688:
1433:varicella zoster
1425:low birth weight
1314:adenylyl cyclase
1222:ADHD has a high
1212:as an analogue.
1169:adoption studies
1153:Joseph Biederman
927:conduct disorder
919:publication bias
774:bipolar disorder
731:Conduct disorder
660:speech, language
652:social rejection
497:
491:
487:
479:
475:
399:mental disorders
326:non-stimulants (
266:anxiety disorder
236:conduct disorder
226:bipolar disorder
76:
64:
63:
21:
22357:
22356:
22352:
22351:
22350:
22348:
22347:
22346:
22342:Methylphenidate
22317:1987 neologisms
22302:
22301:
22300:
22295:
22143:
22117:Eating disorder
22067:
22061:
22011:Neuroergonomics
21991:Cyberpsychology
21954:
21900:
21894:
21889:
21859:
21850:
21822:
21803:
21787:
21756:
21734:
21725:
21700:
21675:
21632:
21629:substance abuse
21606:
21583:
21560:
21514:
21500:Bulimia nervosa
21477:
21458:
21434:Hypochondriasis
21429:False pregnancy
21412:Ganser syndrome
21394:Somatic symptom
21388:
21351:
21303:
21292:Specific phobia
21237:
21214:
21185:
21159:
21091:
21087:Savant syndrome
21059:Autism spectrum
21049:
21034:
20962:
20940:
20919:
20913:
20888:
20781:
20760:
20736:Dermatillomania
20697:
20683:Sexual anorexia
20640:
20629:
20619:
20589:
20584:
20468:
20463:
20433:
20428:
20410:
20321:Methylphenidate
20316:Methamphetamine
20291:Doping in sport
20271:ADHD management
20254:
20224:
20170:
20114:5-HT1A receptor
20107:
20064:
20046:
20018:
20012:Levoamphetamine
20006:
19980:Evekeo ODT
19963:
19958:Adzenys ER
19942:pharmaceuticals
19941:
19939:
19933:
19928:
19898:
19893:
19789:
19768:
19706:Antidepressants
19700:
19681:
19678:
19669:
19637:
19631:
19612:Methylphenidate
19607:Methamphetamine
19593:Levoamphetamine
19573:
19563:
19555:
19525:
19520:
19502:
19451:
19387:Methamphetamine
19353:Methylphenidate
19332:
19303:
19249:ADHD management
19234:History of ADHD
19222:
19216:
19186:
19181:
19180:
19112:
19111:
19014:
19000:
18990:
18985:
18983:
18973:
18968:
18966:
18956:
18951:
18949:
18946:
18942:sister projects
18939:at Knowledge's
18933:
18923:
18921:
18913:
18902:
18897:
18776:
18747:
18735:Mate G (1999).
18728:
18701:
18674:
18657:
18655:Further reading
18652:
18651:
18620:
18616:
18606:
18604:
18600:
18553:
18547:
18543:
18488:
18484:
18429:
18425:
18400:10.1002/hup.992
18380:
18376:
18337:
18333:
18278:
18274:
18264:
18262:
18255:
18239:
18235:
18204:
18200:
18189:
18161:
18157:
18126:
18122:
18103:
18099:
18060:
18056:
18049:
18025:
18021:
18011:
18009:
17994:
17960:
17956:
17933:
17929:
17919:
17917:
17910:
17894:
17890:
17865:
17861:
17822:
17818:
17769:
17765:
17720:
17716:
17706:
17704:
17700:
17693:
17689:
17688:
17677:
17658:
17654:
17609:
17602:
17557:
17553:
17543:
17541:
17526:
17522:
17483:
17479:
17473:
17442:
17438:
17415:
17411:
17364:
17360:
17299:
17295:
17285:
17283:
17276:
17258:
17254:
17247:
17219:
17212:
17167:
17160:
17150:
17148:
17135:
17134:
17130:
17083:
17079:
17030:
17023:
16970:
16966:
16934:10.1.1.497.1346
16917:
16913:
16883:
16879:
16836:
16832:
16787:
16783:
16742:
16738:
16715:
16711:
16670:(1): e0169277.
16656:
16652:
16607:
16603:
16564:
16560:
16552:
16543:
16541:
16526:
16522:
16512:
16510:
16495:
16491:
16446:
16442:
16432:
16430:
16426:
16415:
16411:
16410:
16406:
16396:
16394:
16379:
16363:
16354:
16317:
16313:
16282:
16278:
16238:
16234:
16189:
16185:
16154:
16150:
16115:
16111:
16088:
16084:
16052:
16048:
16003:
15999:
15959:
15955:
15910:
15906:
15869:
15865:
15818:
15814:
15775:
15771:
15731:
15727:
15695:
15691:
15659:
15655:
15616:
15612:
15565:
15561:
15516:
15512:
15502:
15500:
15487:
15483:
15472:
15458:
15451:
15443:
15401:
15397:
15358:
15354:
15315:
15311:
15264:
15260:
15250:
15248:
15225:
15221:
15211:
15209:
15166:
15162:
15156:and treat ADHD.
15119:
15112:
15081:(8): CD007813.
15067:
15063:
15012:
15008:
14969:
14965:
14925:
14921:
14907:
14905:
14901:
14890:
14886:
14885:
14881:
14874:
14872:
14842:(1): CD003026.
14828:
14824:
14781:
14777:
14742:
14738:
14693:
14689:
14644:
14640:
14595:
14591:
14560:(2): CD012857.
14546:
14542:
14501:
14497:
14465:
14461:
14430:
14426:
14395:
14391:
14359:
14355:
14324:
14320:
14275:
14271:
14226:
14222:
14212:
14210:
14202:
14201:
14197:
14152:
14148:
14109:
14105:
14065:
14061:
14009:
14005:
13960:
13956:
13927:JAMA Psychiatry
13919:
13915:
13868:
13861:
13830:(3): CD009885.
13816:
13812:
13778:
13769:
13737:
13730:
13698:
13691:
13646:
13642:
13632:
13630:
13608:
13599:
13589:
13587:
13577:
13573:
13528:
13521:
13484:
13480:
13435:
13431:
13424:
13402:
13398:
13369:(2): CD005042.
13363:
13359:
13349:
13347:
13294:
13290:
13245:
13241:
13196:
13192:
13147:
13143:
13112:(3): CD010840.
13098:
13094:
13063:
13059:
13019:
13015:
12970:
12963:
12916:
12912:
12893:
12889:
12872:
12871:
12864:
12862:
12857:
12806:
12799:
12760:
12749:
12710:
12701:
12670:
12666:
12635:
12631:
12586:
12582:
12543:
12539:
12488:
12481:
12471:
12469:
12465:
12454:
12441:
12437:
12400:
12396:
12364:
12360:
12320:
12309:
12264:
12260:
12199:
12190:
12176:
12152:
12148:
12101:
12097:
12050:
12046:
12036:
12034:
12030:
12007:
12001:
11997:
11987:
11985:
11972:
11971:
11967:
11957:
11955:
11948:
11932:
11928:
11918:
11916:
11909:
11893:
11889:
11866:10.1038/nrn2514
11860:(12): 957–964.
11850:
11843:
11798:
11794:
11747:
11743:
11698:
11694:
11677:
11676:
11672:
11665:
11651:
11647:
11637:
11635:
11609:
11594:
11563:
11556:
11549:
11525:
11521:
11504:
11500:
11475:
11471:
11428:
11419:
11380:
11376:
11337:
11333:
11302:
11298:
11253:
11244:
11175:
11171:
11124:
11120:
11075:
11068:
11019:
11015:
10970:
10966:
10921:
10917:
10886:
10882:
10813:
10804:
10755:
10746:
10699:
10690:
10679:
10665:
10646:
10635:
10619:
10608:
10598:
10596:
10592:
10581:
10577:
10576:
10572:
10523:
10516:
10508:
10501:
10497:
10496:
10492:
10477:
10459:
10455:
10408:
10401:
10394:
10380:
10371:
10332:
10328:
10289:
10285:
10240:
10236:
10226:
10224:
10189:
10185:
10154:(10): 913–929.
10140:
10136:
10097:
10093:
10054:
10050:
10005:
10001:
9961:
9957:
9947:
9945:
9934:
9930:
9862:
9849:
9802:
9795:
9750:
9746:
9701:
9697:
9658:
9654:
9609:
9605:
9560:
9553:
9514:
9510:
9479:
9475:
9444:
9440:
9405:
9401:
9356:
9352:
9345:
9331:
9327:
9282:
9278:
9265:
9261:
9245:
9244:
9224:
9220:
9167:
9163:
9156:
9127:
9123:
9116:
9108:. p. 918.
9087:
9083:
9073:
9071:
9021:
9017:
8984:Nature Research
8965:
8961:
8915:
8911:
8880:
8876:
8870:
8815:
8811:
8766:
8755:
8745:
8743:
8734:
8733:
8729:
8682:Nature Genetics
8674:
8670:
8639:
8635:
8582:
8578:
8539:
8535:
8482:
8478:
8468:
8466:
8423:
8416:
8369:
8362:
8315:
8311:
8269:
8265:
8226:
8222:
8187:
8183:
8136:
8132:
8087:
8083:
8044:
8040:
8003:JAMA Psychiatry
7995:
7991:
7944:
7940:
7901:
7897:
7852:
7848:
7825:
7821:
7760:
7756:
7709:
7705:
7695:
7693:
7684:
7683:
7679:
7638:
7634:
7589:
7585:
7540:
7536:
7489:
7485:
7446:
7442:
7403:
7399:
7352:
7348:
7303:
7299:
7262:
7258:
7211:
7207:
7197:
7195:
7187:
7186:
7182:
7143:
7139:
7100:
7096:
7051:
7047:
7000:
6993:
6948:
6944:
6905:
6901:
6856:
6852:
6813:
6809:
6799:
6797:
6754:
6750:
6742:
6703:
6694:
6690:
6645:
6641:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6586:
6580:
6576:
6565:
6537:
6528:
6483:
6479:
6432:
6428:
6397:
6393:
6362:
6358:
6327:
6323:
6284:
6280:
6249:
6245:
6214:
6210:
6165:
6161:
6130:
6126:
6081:
6074:
6035:
6031:
6021:
6019:
5984:
5980:
5970:
5968:
5951:
5947:
5937:
5935:
5924:
5917:
5907:
5905:
5894:"ADHD Symptoms"
5892:
5891:
5882:
5835:
5831:
5800:
5796:
5746:
5742:
5695:
5691:
5656:Neuropsychology
5652:
5648:
5617:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5545:
5541:
5502:
5498:
5453:
5449:
5410:
5406:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5340:
5339:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5281:
5277:
5232:
5228:
5181:
5142:
5103:
5099:
5062:Neuropsychiatry
5054:
5050:
5043:
5029:
5022:
5012:
5010:
5009:on 1 March 2013
4999:
4995:
4985:
4983:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4957:
4955:
4946:
4945:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4917:
4916:
4909:
4882:JAMA Psychiatry
4878:
4871:
4826:
4822:
4785:
4781:
4742:
4738:
4693:
4689:
4649:
4643:
4639:
4594:
4590:
4580:
4578:
4569:
4568:
4555:
4524:
4520:
4505:
4498:
4453:
4449:
4404:
4400:
4375:10.1038/ng.2711
4363:Nature Genetics
4355:
4351:
4319:
4315:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4218:
4214:
4169:
4165:
4134:
4130:
4107:
4103:
4072:
4068:
4037:
4033:
3993:
3989:
3950:
3946:
3918:
3914:
3877:JAMA Pediatrics
3869:
3865:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3775:
3771:
3739:
3735:
3696:
3689:
3683:
3676:
3654:
3641:
3589:
3582:
3556:
3542:
3523:
3484:
3473:
3428:
3421:
3394:JAMA Psychiatry
3389:
3385:
3354:
3350:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3248:
3197:
3152:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3120:
3119:
3110:
3095:
3081:
3080:
3045:
3038:
3024:
3023:
3000:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2966:
2957:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2906:Self-medication
2887:
2875:methylphenidate
2842:
2818:
2813:
2742:
2728:
2677:
2671:
2646:quality of life
2644:impairment and
2641:
2629:zinc deficiency
2615:free fatty acid
2599:
2590:
2574:
2537:methylphenidate
2520:methylphenidate
2494:
2476:Pseudoephedrine
2399:Methylphenidate
2396:
2380:
2334:
2286:
2264:
2258:
2226:hepatic disease
2210:hyperthyroidism
2144:racing thoughts
2036:low self-esteem
2013:
1978:
1972:
1952:
1877:
1835:
1830:
1793:
1726:
1689:
1679:
1666:procrastination
1645:
1613:
1562:
1560:Brain structure
1554:pathophysiology
1530:locus coeruleus
1510:
1508:Pathophysiology
1421:premature birth
1401:organophosphate
1385:
1371:complex of the
1179:Stephen Faraone
1139:
1133:
1115:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1055:JAMA Psychiatry
1042:rewards circuit
1020:studies and 59
987:Cyberpsychology
968:
960:
938:
867:
861:
859:Non-psychiatric
840:
832:eating disorder
784:Sleep disorders
700:
695:
680:
453:
426:
348:
317:methylphenidate
299:
280:
165:
116:
62:
57:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
22355:
22345:
22344:
22339:
22334:
22329:
22324:
22319:
22314:
22297:
22296:
22294:
22293:
22288:
22283:
22282:
22281:
22271:
22266:
22261:
22256:
22251:
22250:
22249:
22244:
22239:
22237:Binge-watching
22229:
22224:
22219:
22214:
22209:
22204:
22199:
22197:Digital zombie
22194:
22189:
22187:Cyberpathology
22184:
22179:
22178:
22177:
22167:
22162:
22157:
22151:
22149:
22148:Related topics
22145:
22144:
22142:
22141:
22136:
22131:
22130:
22129:
22124:
22114:
22109:
22104:
22099:
22094:
22093:
22092:
22087:
22082:
22071:
22069:
22063:
22062:
22060:
22059:
22058:
22057:
22052:
22047:
22042:
22032:
22031:
22030:
22020:
22015:
22014:
22013:
22008:
22003:
21998:
21993:
21988:
21983:
21973:
21968:
21962:
21960:
21956:
21955:
21953:
21952:
21947:
21942:
21937:
21936:
21935:
21925:
21920:
21915:
21910:
21904:
21902:
21896:
21895:
21888:
21887:
21880:
21873:
21865:
21856:
21855:
21852:
21851:
21849:
21848:
21843:
21838:
21833:
21827:
21824:
21823:
21813:
21812:
21809:
21808:
21805:
21804:
21802:
21801:
21795:
21793:
21789:
21788:
21786:
21785:
21780:
21775:
21770:
21764:
21762:
21758:
21757:
21755:
21754:
21749:
21744:
21738:
21736:
21727:
21726:
21724:
21723:
21718:
21712:
21710:
21702:
21701:
21681:
21680:
21677:
21676:
21674:
21673:
21668:
21663:
21658:
21656:Rebound effect
21653:
21648:
21643:
21637:
21634:
21633:
21616:
21615:
21612:
21611:
21608:
21607:
21605:
21604:
21599:
21597:Hypersexuality
21593:
21591:
21585:
21584:
21582:
21581:
21576:
21570:
21568:
21562:
21561:
21559:
21558:
21557:
21556:
21551:
21546:
21536:
21531:
21525:
21523:
21516:
21515:
21513:
21512:
21507:
21502:
21497:
21491:
21489:
21479:
21478:
21468:
21467:
21464:
21463:
21460:
21459:
21457:
21456:
21451:
21446:
21441:
21436:
21431:
21426:
21425:
21424:
21419:
21414:
21404:
21398:
21396:
21390:
21389:
21387:
21386:
21381:
21376:
21371:
21365:
21363:
21357:
21356:
21353:
21352:
21350:
21349:
21348:
21347:
21342:
21332:
21330:Panic disorder
21327:
21322:
21317:
21311:
21309:
21305:
21304:
21302:
21301:
21300:
21299:
21297:Claustrophobia
21289:
21288:
21287:
21282:
21280:Anthropophobia
21272:
21270:Social anxiety
21267:
21262:
21256:
21254:
21245:
21239:
21238:
21236:
21235:
21228:
21226:
21216:
21215:
21195:
21194:
21191:
21190:
21187:
21186:
21184:
21183:
21178:
21173:
21167:
21165:
21161:
21160:
21158:
21157:
21152:
21147:
21142:
21140:Pick's disease
21137:
21132:
21127:
21122:
21117:
21112:
21107:
21101:
21099:
21093:
21092:
21090:
21089:
21084:
21079:
21074:
21069:
21063:
21061:
21051:
21050:
21040:
21039:
21036:
21035:
21033:
21032:
21027:
21026:
21025:
21020:
21015:
21010:
21005:
20995:
20994:
20993:
20988:
20983:
20978:
20967:
20964:
20963:
20950:
20949:
20946:
20945:
20942:
20941:
20939:
20938:
20933:
20927:
20925:
20915:
20914:
20912:
20911:
20910:
20909:
20898:
20896:
20890:
20889:
20887:
20886:
20885:
20884:
20874:
20873:
20872:
20867:
20857:
20856:
20855:
20850:
20845:
20837:
20836:
20835:
20825:
20824:
20823:
20813:
20812:
20811:
20801:
20795:
20793:
20783:
20782:
20770:
20769:
20766:
20765:
20762:
20761:
20759:
20758:
20753:
20748:
20743:
20738:
20733:
20728:
20723:
20718:
20717:
20716:
20705:
20703:
20699:
20698:
20696:
20695:
20690:
20685:
20680:
20675:
20674:
20673:
20668:
20658:
20652:
20650:
20642:
20641:
20631:
20630:
20626:Classification
20618:
20617:
20610:
20603:
20595:
20586:
20585:
20583:
20582:
20581:
20580:
20575:
20565:
20560:
20559:
20558:
20553:
20541:
20540:
20539:
20527:
20526:
20525:
20520:
20515:
20505:
20500:
20494:
20489:
20484:
20478:
20476:
20470:
20469:
20462:
20461:
20454:
20447:
20439:
20430:
20429:
20427:
20426:
20415:
20412:
20411:
20409:
20408:
20403:
20398:
20393:
20388:
20383:
20378:
20376:Phenethylamine
20373:
20368:
20363:
20361:Norepinephrine
20358:
20353:
20348:
20343:
20342:
20341:
20331:
20323:
20318:
20313:
20308:
20303:
20298:
20293:
20288:
20283:
20278:
20273:
20268:
20262:
20260:
20256:
20255:
20253:
20252:
20247:
20242:
20236:
20234:
20230:
20229:
20226:
20225:
20223:
20222:
20217:
20212:
20207:
20202:
20197:
20192:
20187:
20181:
20179:
20172:
20171:
20169:
20168:
20131:
20121:
20116:(low affinity
20111:
20096:
20085:
20083:
20074:
20070:
20069:
20066:
20065:
20063:
20062:
20056:
20054:
20048:
20047:
20045:
20044:
20039:
20034:
20028:
20026:
20020:
20019:
20016:
20014:
20008:
20007:
20005:
20004:
20003:
20002:
19997:
19992:
19982:
19977:
19972:
19967:
19964:Adzenys XR-ODT
19960:
19954:
19952:
19943:
19938:Main articles
19935:
19934:
19927:
19926:
19919:
19912:
19904:
19895:
19894:
19892:
19891:
19885:
19879:
19873:
19867:
19861:
19855:
19849:
19843:
19840:Norepinephrine
19837:
19831:
19825:
19819:
19814:
19809:
19804:
19797:
19795:
19791:
19790:
19788:
19787:
19782:
19776:
19774:
19770:
19769:
19767:
19766:
19761:
19756:
19751:
19746:
19741:
19736:
19731:
19726:
19721:
19716:
19710:
19708:
19702:
19701:
19699:
19698:
19693:
19687:
19685:
19676:
19671:
19670:
19668:
19667:
19662:
19657:
19652:
19646:
19644:
19633:
19632:
19630:
19629:
19619:
19614:
19609:
19604:
19581:
19579:
19565:
19564:
19554:
19553:
19546:
19539:
19531:
19522:
19521:
19519:
19518:
19507:
19504:
19503:
19501:
19500:
19495:
19490:
19485:
19480:
19475:
19470:
19465:
19459:
19457:
19453:
19452:
19450:
19449:
19443:
19442:
19436:
19435:
19425:
19415:
19405:
19398:
19397:
19395:Non-stimulant:
19391:
19390:
19384:
19378:
19372:
19362:
19356:
19349:
19348:
19342:
19340:
19334:
19333:
19331:
19330:
19324:
19318:
19311:
19309:
19305:
19304:
19302:
19301:
19296:
19291:
19286:
19281:
19276:
19271:
19262:
19261:
19256:
19251:
19246:
19241:
19239:ADHD in adults
19236:
19230:
19228:
19224:
19223:
19215:
19214:
19207:
19200:
19192:
19183:
19182:
19179:
19178:
19169:
19158:
19144:
19133:
19121:
19120:
19118:
19114:
19113:
19110:
19109:
19098:
19087:
19076:
19065:
19046:
19031:
19015:
19010:
19009:
19007:
19006:Classification
18999:
18998:
18981:
18979:from Wikiquote
18964:
18935:
18932:
18931:
18911:
18910:
18901:
18900:External links
18898:
18896:
18895:
18842:
18814:(7): 894–921.
18799:
18788:
18774:
18759:
18745:
18732:
18726:
18713:
18699:
18686:
18672:
18658:
18656:
18653:
18650:
18649:
18614:
18541:
18482:
18439:(2): 298–299.
18423:
18374:
18347:(3): 288–323.
18331:
18272:
18253:
18233:
18214:(4): 526–533.
18198:
18187:
18155:
18136:(5): 345–357.
18120:
18097:
18054:
18047:
18019:
17992:
17954:
17927:
17908:
17888:
17859:
17832:(3): 468–483.
17816:
17763:
17734:(5): 641–656.
17714:
17675:
17652:
17623:(4): 200–202.
17600:
17571:(4): 380–391.
17551:
17520:
17493:(2): 107–123.
17477:
17471:
17452:(2): 107–114.
17436:
17409:
17372:BMC Psychiatry
17358:
17313:(6): 942–948.
17293:
17274:
17252:
17245:
17210:
17181:(3): 490–499.
17158:
17128:
17077:
17073:psychiatrists.
17021:
16984:(1): 131–147.
16964:
16911:
16906:2008-18348-001
16877:
16846:(4): 611–625.
16830:
16801:(4): 883–897.
16781:
16752:(4): 619–627.
16736:
16725:(2): 127–134.
16709:
16650:
16601:
16558:
16520:
16489:
16440:
16404:
16377:
16352:
16311:
16292:(2): 180–188.
16276:
16249:(1): e73–e84.
16232:
16183:
16164:(3): 207–217.
16158:Drugs of Today
16148:
16109:
16082:
16046:
16017:(5): 566–570.
15997:
15953:
15904:
15863:
15826:BMC Psychiatry
15812:
15785:(8): 674–683.
15769:
15742:(5): 444–458.
15725:
15706:(2): 280–293.
15689:
15670:(7): 647–655.
15653:
15626:(4): 455–468.
15610:
15573:Brain Sciences
15559:
15510:
15481:
15470:
15449:
15415:(7): 551–568.
15395:
15368:(8): 584–599.
15352:
15325:(4): 204–206.
15309:
15258:
15219:
15180:(4): 286–290.
15160:
15129:(3): 395–404.
15110:
15061:
15006:
14979:(5): 602–610.
14963:
14936:(2): 611–616.
14919:
14879:
14822:
14775:
14736:
14687:
14638:
14609:(9): 727–738.
14589:
14540:
14495:
14459:
14424:
14405:(9): 994–995.
14389:
14370:(4): 307–314.
14353:
14334:(4): 339–340.
14318:
14269:
14220:
14195:
14146:
14119:(5): 468–473.
14103:
14076:(2): 121–133.
14059:
14023:(2): 114–126.
14003:
13974:(9): 902–917.
13954:
13933:(2): 185–198.
13913:
13859:
13810:
13788:(5): 589–606.
13767:
13748:(1): 259–270.
13728:
13709:(9): 952–961.
13689:
13660:(7): 626–635.
13640:
13597:
13571:
13519:
13478:
13449:(2): 181–198.
13429:
13422:
13396:
13357:
13288:
13239:
13190:
13161:(4): 527–551.
13141:
13092:
13057:
13033:(2): 129–140.
13013:
12984:(9): 727–738.
12961:
12910:
12887:
12797:
12770:(3): 151–166.
12747:
12699:
12664:
12629:
12600:(6): 591–600.
12580:
12553:(5): 439–444.
12537:
12479:
12459:Best Buy Drugs
12450:(March 2012).
12435:
12414:(4): 333–352.
12394:
12358:
12307:
12258:
12188:
12174:
12146:
12095:
12044:
12018:(9): 571–574.
11995:
11965:
11946:
11926:
11907:
11887:
11841:
11792:
11741:
11712:(2): 101–106.
11692:
11689:on 1 May 2010.
11670:
11663:
11645:
11592:
11554:
11547:
11519:
11498:
11469:
11417:
11390:(4): 267–283.
11374:
11347:(6): 479–491.
11331:
11312:(5): 422–433.
11296:
11267:(2): 262–274.
11242:
11189:(3): 264–272.
11169:
11118:
11066:
11029:(4): 619–631.
11013:
10964:
10935:(4): 310–319.
10915:
10896:(4): 433–444.
10880:
10802:
10744:
10688:
10677:
10644:
10633:
10606:
10570:
10537:(4): 937–953.
10514:
10490:
10475:
10453:
10422:(2): 330–337.
10399:
10392:
10369:
10342:(4): 475–483.
10326:
10283:
10254:(3): 260–265.
10234:
10203:(8): 931–941.
10183:
10134:
10107:(4): 279–303.
10091:
10064:(8): 811–818.
10048:
9999:
9972:(9): 500–506.
9955:
9928:
9873:(3): 275–289.
9847:
9793:
9744:
9715:(3): 139–147.
9695:
9662:Human Genetics
9652:
9623:(2): 229–235.
9603:
9577:10.1.1.329.563
9551:
9524:(8): 583–594.
9508:
9489:(1): 291–316.
9473:
9438:
9419:(4): 532–537.
9399:
9350:
9343:
9325:
9276:
9259:
9234:(6): 395–399.
9218:
9161:
9154:
9121:
9114:
9081:
9015:
8959:
8909:
8890:(1): 128–130.
8874:
8868:
8809:
8753:
8727:
8668:
8633:
8596:(4): 562–575.
8576:
8533:
8476:
8414:
8360:
8309:
8263:
8220:
8193:. De Gruyter.
8181:
8130:
8081:
8038:
7989:
7938:
7895:
7846:
7819:
7754:
7703:
7677:
7632:
7583:
7534:
7483:
7440:
7413:(5): 634–641.
7397:
7346:
7317:(3): 203–228.
7297:
7276:(3): 352–358.
7256:
7205:
7180:
7153:(3): 187–196.
7137:
7110:(6): 795–805.
7094:
7065:(10): e32748.
7045:
6991:
6962:(6): 679–690.
6942:
6899:
6850:
6823:(8): 573–580.
6807:
6748:
6714:(1): 117–125.
6688:
6659:(6): 629–645.
6639:
6597:(2): 187–196.
6574:
6563:
6526:
6477:
6426:
6391:
6372:(7): 643–651.
6366:Sleep Medicine
6356:
6333:(in Spanish).
6321:
6294:(1): 185–191.
6278:
6259:(3): 615–632.
6243:
6224:(3): 667–683.
6208:
6179:(4): 280–285.
6159:
6124:
6072:
6029:
5998:(4): 224–234.
5978:
5945:
5915:
5880:
5829:
5794:
5740:
5689:
5662:(3): 543–555.
5646:
5627:(8): 467–473.
5608:
5582:
5555:(1): 117–127.
5539:
5512:(6): 538–564.
5496:
5447:
5420:(4): 399–406.
5404:
5383:(4): 311–315.
5363:
5328:
5302:
5275:
5246:(3): 329–344.
5226:
5189:BMC Psychiatry
5140:
5113:(3): 143–154.
5097:
5068:(5): 455–458.
5048:
5041:
5020:
4993:
4965:
4936:
4907:
4888:(7): 655–656.
4869:
4840:(4): 562–575.
4820:
4799:(6): 647–654.
4779:
4752:(4): 475–483.
4736:
4707:(7): 805–819.
4687:
4637:
4588:
4553:
4518:
4496:
4467:(1): 559–583.
4447:
4418:(6): 581–606.
4398:
4369:(9): 984–994.
4349:
4313:
4286:(3): 185–200.
4263:
4212:
4163:
4144:(2): 137–158.
4128:
4117:(2): 234–251.
4101:
4066:
4047:(2): 137–158.
4031:
4004:(6): 807–808.
3987:
3960:(9): 907–923.
3944:
3912:
3883:(7): e170691.
3863:
3844:(2): 137–158.
3824:
3818:
3789:(3): 276–293.
3769:
3750:(2): 133–150.
3733:
3687:
3681:
3674:
3639:
3580:
3554:
3521:
3494:(5): 407–411.
3471:
3442:(7): 531–542.
3419:
3400:(2): 185–198.
3383:
3364:(6): 727–744.
3348:
3327:(2): 143–157.
3307:
3301:
3195:
3166:(2): 192–194.
3143:
3108:
3093:
3043:
3036:
2998:
2948:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2883:
2862:phenethylamine
2860:, and urinary
2854:norepinephrine
2841:
2838:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2788:in the 1930s.
2738:Main article:
2727:
2724:
2699:New York Times
2673:Main article:
2670:
2667:
2640:
2637:
2633:effective dose
2598:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2573:
2570:
2493:
2492:Non-stimulants
2490:
2395:
2392:
2384:norepinephrine
2379:
2376:
2333:
2330:
2306:family therapy
2285:
2282:
2260:Main article:
2257:
2254:
2238:celiac disease
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2129:in manic state
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2049:sleep problems
2047:
2042:
2039:
2038:or unhappiness
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2012:
2009:
1974:Main article:
1971:
1968:
1951:
1948:
1899:(6A05.1); and
1876:
1873:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:Classification
1826:
1725:
1722:
1678:
1675:
1657:working memory
1644:
1641:
1612:
1609:
1605:Functional MRI
1561:
1558:
1522:norepinephrine
1509:
1506:
1467:European Union
1444:enterovirus 71
1384:
1381:
1312:that inhibits
1132:
1129:
1114:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1010:In July 2021,
969:
961:
937:
934:
892:In June 2021,
860:
857:
839:
836:
770:mood disorders
699:
696:
694:
691:
679:
676:
627:
626:
623:
620:
616:
615:
611:
610:
606:
603:
600:
592:
591:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
560:
556:
555:
551:
550:
547:
544:
536:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
504:
500:
499:
493:
483:
482:Presentations
470:
469:
466:
463:
452:
449:
425:
422:
358:
357:
354:
350:
349:
347:
346:
335:
324:
313:CNS stimulants
309:
307:
301:
300:
298:
297:
292:
288:
286:
282:
281:
279:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
220:
216:
214:
208:
207:
204:
198:
197:
179:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
164:
163:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
137:
132:
126:
124:
118:
117:
115:
114:
109:
103:
101:
95:
94:
78:
77:
69:
68:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22354:
22343:
22340:
22338:
22335:
22333:
22330:
22328:
22325:
22323:
22320:
22318:
22315:
22313:
22310:
22309:
22307:
22292:
22289:
22287:
22284:
22280:
22277:
22276:
22275:
22272:
22270:
22267:
22265:
22262:
22260:
22257:
22255:
22252:
22248:
22245:
22243:
22240:
22238:
22235:
22234:
22233:
22230:
22228:
22225:
22223:
22220:
22218:
22215:
22213:
22210:
22208:
22205:
22203:
22200:
22198:
22195:
22193:
22192:Digital detox
22190:
22188:
22185:
22183:
22182:Cyberbullying
22180:
22176:
22173:
22172:
22171:
22168:
22166:
22163:
22161:
22158:
22156:
22153:
22152:
22150:
22146:
22140:
22137:
22135:
22132:
22128:
22125:
22123:
22120:
22119:
22118:
22115:
22113:
22110:
22108:
22105:
22103:
22100:
22098:
22095:
22091:
22088:
22086:
22083:
22081:
22078:
22077:
22076:
22073:
22072:
22070:
22064:
22056:
22053:
22051:
22048:
22046:
22043:
22041:
22038:
22037:
22036:
22033:
22029:
22026:
22025:
22024:
22021:
22019:
22016:
22012:
22009:
22007:
22004:
22002:
21999:
21997:
21994:
21992:
21989:
21987:
21984:
21982:
21979:
21978:
21977:
21974:
21972:
21969:
21967:
21964:
21963:
21961:
21957:
21951:
21948:
21946:
21943:
21941:
21938:
21934:
21931:
21930:
21929:
21926:
21924:
21921:
21919:
21916:
21914:
21911:
21909:
21906:
21905:
21903:
21897:
21893:
21886:
21881:
21879:
21874:
21872:
21867:
21866:
21863:
21847:
21844:
21842:
21839:
21837:
21834:
21832:
21829:
21828:
21825:
21818:
21814:
21800:
21797:
21796:
21794:
21790:
21784:
21781:
21779:
21776:
21774:
21771:
21769:
21766:
21765:
21763:
21761:Schizophrenia
21759:
21753:
21750:
21748:
21745:
21743:
21740:
21739:
21737:
21732:
21728:
21722:
21719:
21717:
21714:
21713:
21711:
21707:
21703:
21699:
21695:
21691:
21690:Schizophrenia
21686:
21682:
21672:
21669:
21667:
21664:
21662:
21659:
21657:
21654:
21652:
21649:
21647:
21644:
21642:
21641:Drug overdose
21639:
21638:
21635:
21630:
21626:
21621:
21617:
21603:
21600:
21598:
21595:
21594:
21592:
21590:
21589:Sexual desire
21586:
21580:
21577:
21575:
21572:
21571:
21569:
21567:
21563:
21555:
21552:
21550:
21547:
21545:
21542:
21541:
21540:
21537:
21535:
21532:
21530:
21527:
21526:
21524:
21522:
21517:
21511:
21508:
21506:
21503:
21501:
21498:
21496:
21493:
21492:
21490:
21488:
21484:
21480:
21473:
21469:
21455:
21452:
21450:
21447:
21445:
21442:
21440:
21437:
21435:
21432:
21430:
21427:
21423:
21420:
21418:
21415:
21413:
21410:
21409:
21408:
21405:
21403:
21400:
21399:
21397:
21395:
21391:
21385:
21382:
21380:
21377:
21375:
21372:
21370:
21367:
21366:
21364:
21362:
21358:
21346:
21343:
21341:
21338:
21337:
21336:
21333:
21331:
21328:
21326:
21323:
21321:
21318:
21316:
21313:
21312:
21310:
21306:
21298:
21295:
21294:
21293:
21290:
21286:
21283:
21281:
21278:
21277:
21276:
21275:Social phobia
21273:
21271:
21268:
21266:
21263:
21261:
21258:
21257:
21255:
21253:
21249:
21246:
21244:
21240:
21233:
21230:
21229:
21227:
21225:
21221:
21217:
21213:
21210:-related and
21209:
21205:
21200:
21196:
21182:
21179:
21177:
21174:
21172:
21169:
21168:
21166:
21162:
21156:
21153:
21151:
21148:
21146:
21143:
21141:
21138:
21136:
21133:
21131:
21128:
21126:
21123:
21121:
21118:
21116:
21113:
21111:
21108:
21106:
21103:
21102:
21100:
21098:
21094:
21088:
21085:
21083:
21080:
21078:
21075:
21073:
21070:
21068:
21065:
21064:
21062:
21060:
21056:
21052:
21045:
21041:
21031:
21028:
21024:
21021:
21019:
21016:
21014:
21011:
21009:
21006:
21004:
21001:
21000:
20999:
20996:
20992:
20989:
20987:
20984:
20982:
20979:
20977:
20974:
20973:
20972:
20969:
20968:
20965:
20960:
20955:
20951:
20937:
20934:
20932:
20929:
20928:
20926:
20923:
20916:
20908:
20905:
20904:
20903:
20900:
20899:
20897:
20895:
20891:
20883:
20880:
20879:
20878:
20875:
20871:
20868:
20866:
20863:
20862:
20861:
20858:
20854:
20851:
20849:
20846:
20844:
20841:
20840:
20838:
20834:
20831:
20830:
20829:
20826:
20822:
20819:
20818:
20817:
20814:
20810:
20807:
20806:
20805:
20802:
20800:
20797:
20796:
20794:
20792:
20788:
20784:
20780:
20775:
20771:
20757:
20754:
20752:
20749:
20747:
20744:
20742:
20739:
20737:
20734:
20732:
20729:
20727:
20724:
20722:
20719:
20715:
20712:
20711:
20710:
20707:
20706:
20704:
20700:
20694:
20691:
20689:
20686:
20684:
20681:
20679:
20676:
20672:
20669:
20667:
20664:
20663:
20662:
20659:
20657:
20654:
20653:
20651:
20647:
20643:
20636:
20632:
20627:
20623:
20616:
20611:
20609:
20604:
20602:
20597:
20596:
20593:
20579:
20576:
20574:
20571:
20570:
20569:
20566:
20564:
20561:
20557:
20554:
20552:
20549:
20548:
20547:
20546:
20542:
20538:
20535:
20534:
20533:
20532:
20531:Tic disorders
20528:
20524:
20521:
20519:
20516:
20514:
20511:
20510:
20509:
20506:
20504:
20501:
20498:
20495:
20493:
20490:
20488:
20485:
20483:
20480:
20479:
20477:
20475:
20471:
20467:
20460:
20455:
20453:
20448:
20446:
20441:
20440:
20437:
20425:
20417:
20416:
20413:
20407:
20404:
20402:
20399:
20397:
20394:
20392:
20389:
20387:
20386:Phenylacetone
20384:
20382:
20379:
20377:
20374:
20372:
20369:
20367:
20364:
20362:
20359:
20357:
20354:
20352:
20349:
20347:
20344:
20340:
20337:
20336:
20335:
20332:
20330:
20328:
20324:
20322:
20319:
20317:
20314:
20312:
20309:
20307:
20304:
20302:
20299:
20297:
20294:
20292:
20289:
20287:
20284:
20282:
20279:
20277:
20274:
20272:
20269:
20267:
20264:
20263:
20261:
20257:
20251:
20248:
20246:
20243:
20241:
20238:
20237:
20235:
20231:
20221:
20218:
20216:
20213:
20211:
20208:
20206:
20203:
20201:
20198:
20196:
20193:
20191:
20188:
20186:
20183:
20182:
20180:
20178:
20173:
20166:
20162:
20158:
20154:
20150:
20146:
20142:
20138:
20135:
20132:
20129:
20125:
20122:
20119:
20115:
20112:
20106:
20100:
20097:
20094:
20090:
20087:
20086:
20084:
20082:
20078:
20075:
20071:
20061:
20058:
20057:
20055:
20053:
20049:
20043:
20040:
20038:
20035:
20033:
20030:
20029:
20027:
20025:
20021:
20015:
20013:
20009:
20001:
19998:
19996:
19993:
19991:
19990:
19986:
19985:
19983:
19981:
19978:
19976:
19973:
19971:
19968:
19966:
19961:
19959:
19956:
19955:
19953:
19951:
19947:
19944:
19936:
19932:
19925:
19920:
19918:
19913:
19911:
19906:
19905:
19902:
19889:
19886:
19883:
19880:
19877:
19874:
19871:
19868:
19865:
19862:
19859:
19856:
19853:
19850:
19847:
19844:
19841:
19838:
19835:
19832:
19829:
19826:
19823:
19820:
19818:
19815:
19813:
19810:
19808:
19805:
19802:
19799:
19798:
19796:
19792:
19786:
19785:Carbamazepine
19783:
19781:
19778:
19777:
19775:
19771:
19765:
19762:
19760:
19757:
19755:
19754:Nortriptyline
19752:
19750:
19747:
19745:
19742:
19740:
19737:
19735:
19732:
19730:
19727:
19725:
19722:
19720:
19717:
19715:
19714:Amitriptyline
19712:
19711:
19709:
19707:
19703:
19697:
19694:
19692:
19689:
19688:
19686:
19684:
19680:
19679:-adrenoceptor
19672:
19666:
19663:
19661:
19658:
19656:
19653:
19651:
19648:
19647:
19645:
19643:
19636:Non-classical
19634:
19627:
19623:
19620:
19618:
19615:
19613:
19610:
19608:
19605:
19602:
19598:
19594:
19590:
19586:
19583:
19582:
19580:
19578:
19572:
19566:
19562:
19552:
19547:
19545:
19540:
19538:
19533:
19532:
19529:
19517:
19509:
19508:
19505:
19499:
19496:
19494:
19491:
19489:
19486:
19484:
19481:
19479:
19476:
19474:
19471:
19469:
19466:
19464:
19461:
19460:
19458:
19454:
19448:
19445:
19444:
19441:
19438:
19437:
19433:
19429:
19426:
19423:
19419:
19416:
19413:
19409:
19406:
19403:
19400:
19399:
19396:
19393:
19392:
19388:
19385:
19382:
19379:
19376:
19373:
19370:
19366:
19363:
19360:
19357:
19354:
19351:
19350:
19347:
19344:
19343:
19341:
19339:
19335:
19328:
19325:
19322:
19319:
19316:
19313:
19312:
19310:
19306:
19300:
19297:
19295:
19292:
19290:
19287:
19285:
19282:
19280:
19277:
19275:
19274:Hyperactivity
19272:
19270:
19267:
19264:
19263:
19260:
19257:
19255:
19254:ADHD coaching
19252:
19250:
19247:
19245:
19242:
19240:
19237:
19235:
19232:
19231:
19229:
19227:Main articles
19225:
19220:
19213:
19208:
19206:
19201:
19199:
19194:
19193:
19190:
19177:
19173:
19170:
19168:
19164:
19163:
19159:
19157:
19154:
19150:
19149:
19145:
19143:
19139:
19138:
19134:
19132:
19128:
19127:
19123:
19122:
19119:
19115:
19108:
19104:
19103:
19099:
19097:
19093:
19092:
19088:
19086:
19082:
19081:
19077:
19075:
19071:
19070:
19066:
19064:
19060:
19056:
19055:
19051:
19047:
19045:
19041:
19040:
19036:
19032:
19030:
19026:
19025:
19021:
19017:
19016:
19013:
19008:
19004:
18996:from Wikidata
18995:
18994:
18982:
18978:
18977:
18965:
18961:
18960:
18948:
18947:
18944:
18938:
18930:
18920:
18919:
18916:
18908:
18904:
18903:
18892:
18888:
18884:
18880:
18876:
18872:
18868:
18864:
18860:
18856:
18852:
18848:
18843:
18839:
18835:
18831:
18827:
18822:
18817:
18813:
18809:
18805:
18800:
18796:
18795:
18789:
18785:
18781:
18777:
18771:
18767:
18766:
18760:
18756:
18752:
18748:
18746:9780676972597
18742:
18738:
18733:
18729:
18723:
18719:
18714:
18710:
18706:
18702:
18700:9780307743152
18696:
18692:
18687:
18683:
18679:
18675:
18673:9781462547524
18669:
18665:
18660:
18659:
18645:
18641:
18637:
18633:
18629:
18625:
18618:
18599:
18595:
18591:
18587:
18583:
18579:
18575:
18571:
18567:
18563:
18559:
18552:
18545:
18537:
18533:
18529:
18525:
18521:
18517:
18513:
18509:
18505:
18501:
18497:
18493:
18486:
18478:
18474:
18470:
18466:
18462:
18458:
18454:
18450:
18446:
18442:
18438:
18434:
18427:
18419:
18415:
18410:
18405:
18401:
18397:
18393:
18389:
18385:
18378:
18370:
18366:
18362:
18358:
18354:
18350:
18346:
18342:
18335:
18327:
18323:
18319:
18315:
18311:
18307:
18303:
18299:
18295:
18291:
18287:
18283:
18276:
18260:
18256:
18250:
18246:
18245:
18237:
18229:
18225:
18221:
18217:
18213:
18209:
18202:
18194:
18190:
18184:
18180:
18176:
18172:
18171:
18166:
18159:
18151:
18147:
18143:
18139:
18135:
18131:
18124:
18116:
18112:
18108:
18101:
18093:
18089:
18085:
18081:
18077:
18073:
18069:
18065:
18058:
18050:
18044:
18040:
18036:
18035:
18030:
18023:
18007:
18003:
17999:
17995:
17989:
17985:
17981:
17977:
17973:
17969:
17965:
17958:
17950:
17946:
17943:: 1008–1012.
17942:
17938:
17931:
17915:
17911:
17905:
17901:
17900:
17892:
17884:
17880:
17876:
17872:
17871:
17863:
17855:
17851:
17847:
17843:
17839:
17835:
17831:
17827:
17820:
17813:
17808:
17804:
17799:
17794:
17790:
17786:
17782:
17778:
17774:
17767:
17759:
17755:
17750:
17745:
17741:
17737:
17733:
17729:
17725:
17718:
17699:
17692:
17686:
17684:
17682:
17680:
17671:
17667:
17663:
17656:
17648:
17644:
17639:
17634:
17630:
17626:
17622:
17618:
17614:
17607:
17605:
17596:
17592:
17587:
17582:
17578:
17574:
17570:
17566:
17562:
17555:
17539:
17535:
17531:
17524:
17516:
17512:
17508:
17504:
17500:
17496:
17492:
17488:
17481:
17475:
17467:
17463:
17459:
17455:
17451:
17448:(in French).
17447:
17440:
17432:
17428:
17424:
17420:
17413:
17405:
17401:
17396:
17391:
17386:
17381:
17377:
17373:
17369:
17362:
17354:
17350:
17346:
17342:
17338:
17334:
17330:
17326:
17321:
17316:
17312:
17308:
17304:
17297:
17281:
17277:
17271:
17267:
17263:
17256:
17248:
17242:
17238:
17234:
17230:
17229:
17224:
17217:
17215:
17206:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17188:
17184:
17180:
17176:
17172:
17165:
17163:
17146:
17142:
17138:
17132:
17124:
17120:
17115:
17110:
17105:
17100:
17096:
17092:
17088:
17081:
17074:
17069:
17065:
17060:
17055:
17051:
17047:
17043:
17039:
17035:
17028:
17026:
17017:
17013:
17008:
17003:
16999:
16995:
16991:
16987:
16983:
16979:
16975:
16968:
16960:
16956:
16952:
16948:
16944:
16940:
16935:
16930:
16926:
16922:
16915:
16907:
16904:
16900:
16896:
16892:
16888:
16881:
16874:
16869:
16865:
16861:
16857:
16853:
16849:
16845:
16841:
16834:
16826:
16822:
16817:
16812:
16808:
16804:
16800:
16796:
16792:
16785:
16777:
16773:
16768:
16763:
16759:
16755:
16751:
16747:
16740:
16732:
16728:
16724:
16720:
16713:
16705:
16701:
16696:
16691:
16686:
16681:
16677:
16673:
16669:
16665:
16661:
16654:
16646:
16642:
16637:
16632:
16628:
16624:
16620:
16616:
16612:
16605:
16597:
16593:
16589:
16585:
16581:
16577:
16573:
16569:
16562:
16555:
16539:
16535:
16531:
16524:
16508:
16504:
16500:
16493:
16485:
16481:
16476:
16471:
16467:
16463:
16459:
16455:
16451:
16444:
16425:
16421:
16414:
16408:
16392:
16388:
16384:
16380:
16374:
16370:
16369:
16361:
16359:
16357:
16348:
16344:
16339:
16334:
16330:
16326:
16322:
16315:
16307:
16303:
16299:
16295:
16291:
16287:
16280:
16272:
16268:
16264:
16260:
16256:
16252:
16248:
16244:
16236:
16228:
16224:
16219:
16214:
16210:
16206:
16202:
16198:
16194:
16187:
16179:
16175:
16171:
16167:
16163:
16159:
16152:
16145:
16140:
16136:
16132:
16128:
16124:
16120:
16113:
16105:
16101:
16097:
16093:
16086:
16078:
16074:
16070:
16066:
16062:
16058:
16050:
16042:
16038:
16033:
16028:
16024:
16020:
16016:
16012:
16008:
16001:
15993:
15989:
15985:
15981:
15977:
15973:
15969:
15965:
15957:
15949:
15945:
15941:
15937:
15932:
15927:
15923:
15919:
15915:
15908:
15900:
15896:
15891:
15886:
15882:
15878:
15874:
15867:
15859:
15855:
15850:
15845:
15840:
15835:
15831:
15827:
15823:
15816:
15808:
15804:
15800:
15796:
15792:
15788:
15784:
15780:
15773:
15765:
15761:
15757:
15753:
15749:
15745:
15741:
15737:
15729:
15721:
15717:
15713:
15709:
15705:
15701:
15693:
15685:
15681:
15677:
15673:
15669:
15665:
15657:
15649:
15645:
15641:
15637:
15633:
15629:
15625:
15621:
15614:
15606:
15602:
15597:
15592:
15587:
15582:
15578:
15574:
15570:
15563:
15555:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15537:
15533:
15529:
15525:
15521:
15514:
15498:
15494:
15493:
15485:
15478:
15473:
15467:
15463:
15456:
15454:
15442:
15438:
15434:
15430:
15426:
15422:
15418:
15414:
15410:
15406:
15399:
15391:
15387:
15383:
15379:
15375:
15371:
15367:
15363:
15356:
15348:
15344:
15340:
15336:
15332:
15328:
15324:
15320:
15313:
15305:
15301:
15296:
15291:
15286:
15281:
15277:
15273:
15269:
15262:
15246:
15242:
15238:
15234:
15230:
15223:
15207:
15203:
15199:
15195:
15191:
15187:
15183:
15179:
15175:
15171:
15164:
15157:
15152:
15148:
15144:
15140:
15136:
15132:
15128:
15124:
15117:
15115:
15106:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15088:
15084:
15080:
15076:
15072:
15065:
15058:
15053:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15025:
15021:
15017:
15010:
15002:
14998:
14994:
14990:
14986:
14982:
14978:
14974:
14967:
14959:
14955:
14951:
14947:
14943:
14939:
14935:
14931:
14923:
14916:
14900:
14896:
14889:
14883:
14876:
14867:
14863:
14858:
14853:
14849:
14845:
14841:
14837:
14833:
14826:
14819:
14814:
14810:
14806:
14802:
14798:
14794:
14790:
14786:
14779:
14771:
14767:
14763:
14759:
14755:
14751:
14747:
14740:
14732:
14728:
14723:
14718:
14714:
14710:
14706:
14702:
14698:
14691:
14683:
14679:
14674:
14669:
14665:
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9069:
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9061:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9026:(June 2002).
9025:
9024:Baron-Cohen S
9019:
9011:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8963:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8932:: 1234–1242.
8931:
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8901:
8897:
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7834:
7830:
7823:
7815:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7780:: 9875–9881.
7779:
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7770:
7765:
7758:
7750:
7746:
7741:
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7726:
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7692:. 1 June 2018
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6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6570:
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6552:
6548:
6547:
6542:
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6533:
6531:
6522:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6504:
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6496:
6492:
6488:
6481:
6473:
6469:
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6459:
6454:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6430:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6403:(in French).
6402:
6395:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6325:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
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6289:
6282:
6274:
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6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6239:
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6231:
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6219:
6212:
6204:
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6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6163:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6136:(in French).
6135:
6128:
6120:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6095:(5): 97–109.
6094:
6090:
6086:
6079:
6077:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6017:
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6009:
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5993:
5989:
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5903:
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5623:(in German).
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5313:. Webmd.com.
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3305:
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3257:
3253:
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3200:
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3177:
3173:
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3157:
3150:
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3131:
3127:
3123:
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3096:
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2837:
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2830:
2826:
2821:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2797:frontal lobes
2793:
2789:
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2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
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2694:Keith Conners
2689:
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2512:Meta-analyses
2509:
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2329:
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2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:Neurofeedback
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:lead toxicity
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:hyperactivity
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2019:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1854:
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1846:
1844:
1840:
1825:
1821:
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1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1790:
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1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:antihistamine
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690: 10–20%
1684:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:glutamatergic
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
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1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:preservatives
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1403:insecticides
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:schizophrenia
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:latrophilin 3
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1110:
1107:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1004:
998:
997:
992:
988:
983:
982:
976:
975:
966:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
933:
931:
930:comorbidities
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:meta-analysis
908:
907:
901:
897:
896:
890:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
866:
856:
853:
849:
845:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
785:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:limbic system
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
712:
708:
703:
693:Comorbidities
690:
687:
685:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
653:
649:
648:social skills
645:
644:mood lability
641:
636:
632:
624:
621:
618:
617:
614:
607:
604:
601:
597:
596:
593:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
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561:
558:
557:
554:
548:
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541:
540:
537:
532:
529:
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523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
507:
505:
502:
501:
481:
480:
474:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:
456:
451:Presentations
448:
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442:
438:
437:
430:
421:
417:
413:
411:
407:
402:
400:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
355:
351:
344:
340:
339:guanfacine XR
336:
333:
329:
325:
322:
318:
314:
311:
310:
308:
306:
302:
296:
295:psychotherapy
293:
290:
289:
287:
283:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
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254:
252:
249:
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244:
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232:
229:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
215:
213:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:environmental
187:
183:
180:
176:
172:
168:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
148:disinhibition
146:
144:
141:
139:hyperactivity
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
125:
123:
119:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:basal ganglia
84:
79:
75:
70:
65:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
36:
34:
19:
22286:Technostress
22279:Technophobia
22274:Technophilia
22096:
22050:Evolutionary
22028:Evolutionary
22018:Neuroscience
21721:Folie à deux
21646:Intoxication
21627:substances,
21625:Psychoactive
21544:Night terror
21361:Dissociative
21325:Panic attack
20877:Tic disorder
20798:
20567:
20543:
20529:
20507:
20481:
20326:
20265:
20250:Norephedrine
20177:transporters
20093:full agonist
20059:
20041:
20036:
20031:
19999:
19994:
19987:
19979:
19974:
19969:
19962:
19957:
19800:
19439:
19431:
19430:(Wellbutrin
19421:
19411:
19394:
19345:
19265:
19218:
19171:
19160:
19146:
19135:
19124:
19100:
19089:
19078:
19067:
19048:
19033:
19018:
18991:
18974:
18962:from Commons
18957:
18936:
18850:
18846:
18811:
18807:
18792:
18768:. Scribner.
18764:
18736:
18717:
18690:
18663:
18627:
18623:
18617:
18605:. Retrieved
18561:
18557:
18544:
18495:
18491:
18485:
18436:
18432:
18426:
18391:
18387:
18377:
18344:
18340:
18334:
18285:
18281:
18275:
18263:. Retrieved
18243:
18236:
18211:
18207:
18201:
18169:
18158:
18133:
18129:
18123:
18111:The Guardian
18110:
18100:
18067:
18063:
18057:
18033:
18022:
18010:. Retrieved
17967:
17957:
17940:
17936:
17930:
17918:. Retrieved
17898:
17891:
17877:(2): 66–73.
17874:
17868:
17862:
17829:
17825:
17819:
17810:
17780:
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17542:. Retrieved
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17284:. Retrieved
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16604:
16574:(1): 33–38.
16571:
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16561:
16549:
16542:. Retrieved
16533:
16523:
16511:. Retrieved
16502:
16492:
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16431:. Retrieved
16419:
16407:
16395:. Retrieved
16367:
16331:(1): 45–58.
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16246:
16242:
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16125:(1): 65–73.
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15613:
15576:
15572:
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15527:
15523:
15513:
15501:. Retrieved
15491:
15484:
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15408:
15398:
15365:
15361:
15355:
15322:
15318:
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15275:
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15249:. Retrieved
15232:
15222:
15210:. Retrieved
15177:
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15126:
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15064:
15055:
15023:
15019:
15009:
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14966:
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14922:
14913:
14906:. Retrieved
14894:
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14778:
14753:
14749:
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14433:
14427:
14402:
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14363:
14356:
14331:
14327:
14321:
14289:(4): 97–99.
14286:
14282:
14272:
14237:
14233:
14223:
14211:. Retrieved
14207:
14198:
14166:(2): 27–34.
14163:
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14073:
14069:
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13745:
13741:
13706:
13702:
13657:
13653:
13643:
13631:. Retrieved
13622:(10): S318.
13619:
13615:
13588:. Retrieved
13583:
13574:
13539:
13535:
13495:
13491:
13481:
13446:
13442:
13432:
13409:
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13360:
13348:. Retrieved
13323:11343/293788
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13252:
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13203:
13193:
13158:
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13095:
13073:(1): 39–56.
13070:
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13030:
13026:
13016:
12981:
12977:
12927:
12923:
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12900:
12890:
12863:. Retrieved
12817:
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12491:
12470:. Retrieved
12458:
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12334:(8): 25–30.
12331:
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12160:
12149:
12112:
12108:
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12061:
12057:
12047:
12035:. Retrieved
12015:
12011:
11998:
11986:. Retrieved
11977:
11968:
11956:. Retrieved
11936:
11929:
11917:. Retrieved
11897:
11890:
11857:
11853:
11809:
11805:
11795:
11758:
11754:
11744:
11709:
11705:
11695:
11687:the original
11682:
11673:
11654:
11648:
11636:. Retrieved
11616:
11570:
11566:
11533:
11522:
11511:psychoneuro.
11510:
11506:
11501:
11481:
11477:
11472:
11463:
11438:(4): 47–52.
11435:
11431:
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11383:
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11044:2318/1755224
11026:
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10967:
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10889:
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10820:
10796:
10769:(1): 17–26.
10766:
10762:
10710:
10706:
10682:
10668:
10623:
10597:. Retrieved
10590:the original
10585:
10573:
10564:
10534:
10530:
10493:
10462:
10456:
10419:
10415:
10383:
10339:
10335:
10329:
10296:
10292:
10286:
10251:
10247:
10237:
10225:. Retrieved
10200:
10196:
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10100:
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10061:
10057:
10051:
10016:
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9958:
9946:. Retrieved
9931:
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9761:
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9712:
9708:
9698:
9668:(1): 51–90.
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9661:
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9482:
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9441:
9416:
9412:
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9370:(1): 61–68.
9367:
9363:
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9328:
9293:
9289:
9279:
9269:
9262:
9248:cite journal
9231:
9227:
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9164:
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9097:
9084:
9072:. Retrieved
9035:
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8921:
8912:
8887:
8883:
8877:
8871:
8826:
8822:
8812:
8777:
8773:
8744:. Retrieved
8739:
8730:
8688:(1): 63–75.
8685:
8681:
8671:
8646:
8642:
8636:
8593:
8589:
8579:
8546:
8542:
8536:
8493:
8489:
8479:
8467:. Retrieved
8434:
8430:
8380:
8376:
8329:(1): 44–59.
8326:
8322:
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8266:
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8229:
8223:
8190:
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7767:
7757:
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7706:
7694:. Retrieved
7689:
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7269:
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7196:. Retrieved
7192:
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7107:
7103:
7097:
7062:
7058:
7048:
7007:
7003:
6959:
6955:
6945:
6915:(2): 60–66.
6912:
6908:
6902:
6870:(1): 28–34.
6867:
6863:
6853:
6820:
6816:
6810:
6798:. Retrieved
6765:
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6751:
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6630:. Retrieved
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6127:
6092:
6088:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6020:. Retrieved
5995:
5991:
5981:
5971:12 September
5969:. Retrieved
5960:
5948:
5936:. Retrieved
5906:. Retrieved
5897:
5846:
5843:BMC Medicine
5842:
5832:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5706:
5702:
5692:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5624:
5620:
5599:. Retrieved
5585:
5552:
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5509:
5505:
5499:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5380:
5376:
5366:
5354:. Retrieved
5345:
5319:. Retrieved
5305:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5243:
5239:
5229:
5192:
5188:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5065:
5061:
5051:
5032:
5011:. Retrieved
5007:the original
4996:
4984:. Retrieved
4980:
4956:. Retrieved
4951:
4927:. Retrieved
4885:
4881:
4837:
4833:
4823:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4657:
4653:
4640:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4579:. Retrieved
4534:(1): 37–41.
4531:
4527:
4521:
4512:
4464:
4460:
4450:
4415:
4411:
4401:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4330:(1): 73–80.
4327:
4323:
4316:
4283:
4279:
4266:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3957:
3953:
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3922:
3915:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3821:
3786:
3782:
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3747:
3743:
3736:
3703:
3699:
3684:
3657:
3630:
3600:
3596:
3559:
3545:
3491:
3487:
3439:
3435:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3304:
3259:
3255:
3163:
3159:
3134:. Retrieved
3125:
3083:
3026:
2988:. Retrieved
2976:
2970:
2939:. Retrieved
2930:
2920:
2879:biosynthesis
2867:blood plasma
2843:
2822:
2819:
2801:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2766:George Still
2761:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2686:
2669:Epidemiology
2663:
2654:restlessness
2642:
2600:
2591:
2575:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2531:
2524:
2506:
2495:
2484:
2460:
2452:
2427:
2397:
2381:
2365:
2363:
2335:
2323:
2319:
2287:
2265:
2246:
2236:, untreated
2191:
2184:
2171:
2170:
2128:
2127:
2093:irritability
2065:irritability
2005:
1996:
1983:
1979:
1964:Thomas Szasz
1953:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1878:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1836:
1822:
1791:
1783:neuroimaging
1771:
1767:
1755:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1710:neuroleptics
1680:
1671:
1646:
1629:serotonergic
1614:
1603:
1579:
1571:
1511:
1495:
1491:
1479:
1471:intolerances
1452:
1436:encephalitis
1418:
1405:chlorpyrifos
1386:
1354:
1346:diencephalon
1238:
1234:
1224:heritability
1221:
1214:
1172:
1167:, twin, and
1161:twin studies
1157:heritability
1147:published a
1142:
1140:
1125:
1116:
1103:
1100:Suicide risk
1090:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1011:
1009:
1001:
994:
986:
979:
972:
970:
909:published a
904:
898:published a
893:
891:
883:
868:
841:
809:
782:
772:(especially
763:
724:
704:
701:
688:
681:
657:
637:
633:
630:
612:
552:
503:Inattention
471:
454:
435:
431:
427:
418:
414:
403:
395:
366:
362:
361:
343:clonidine XR
184:(inherited,
135:carelessness
58:
32:
22327:Amphetamine
22232:Screen time
21694:schizotypal
21529:Hypersomnia
21519:Nonorganic
21260:Agoraphobia
20991:Cyclothymia
20986:Bipolar NOS
20961:(affective)
20833:Stereotypic
20741:Kleptomania
20406:Trace amine
20381:Phentermine
19950:Amphetamine
19931:Amphetamine
19764:Venlafaxine
19749:Moclobemide
19744:Milnacipran
19729:Desipramine
19655:Atomoxetine
19650:Armodafinil
19585:Amphetamine
19432:(off-label)
19422:(off-label)
19412:(off-label)
19404:(Strattera)
19402:Atomoxetine
19365:Amphetamine
19346:Stimulants:
19338:Medications
19284:Infodumping
19279:Impulsivity
19137:MedlinePlus
18578:1874/409179
18394:(1): 1–17.
18165:"Diagnosis"
18070:(1): 1–10.
17544:26 February
17446:L'Encephale
17235:. pp.
16063:: 149–159.
16011:Proceedings
15698:disorder".
15579:(9): 1304.
14908:30 December
14707:: 509–525.
14526:10651/51910
13899:10171/45012
13350:21 November
11812:(11): 498.
10984:: 744–752.
9570:(1): 3–19.
9181:(1): 8622.
9142:Hoboken, NJ
9102:Hoboken, NJ
9042:: 248–254.
8986:: 562–575.
8918:Biederman J
8844:10616/41709
8703:10023/20827
8649:(1): 1–17.
8530:. eaba1551.
8437:: 109–118.
7696:16 February
7554:: 838–856.
7225:: 287–296.
6632:22 November
6446:: 453–480.
6022:22 November
5938:15 November
5810:(1): 1–14.
5772:2066/163023
4232:: 1127777.
4183:(1): 1–19.
3603:: 135–168.
2931:Hey Sigmund
2871:amphetamine
2804:enantiopure
2508:Atomoxetine
2498:atomoxetine
2413:α2-agonists
2403:amphetamine
2342:EndeavourRx
2326:non-deviant
2242:head injury
2230:sleep apnea
2198:cyclothymia
2113:tire easily
1804:along with
1714:painkillers
1637:cholinergic
1594:hippocampus
1383:Environment
991:impulsivity
942:Screen time
664:handwriting
609:decisions).
383:impulsivity
379:inattention
328:atomoxetine
321:amphetamine
170:Usual onset
158:impulsivity
130:Inattention
18:Hyperactive
22306:Categories
22165:Body image
22112:Depression
22066:Associated
22035:Psychology
22023:Psychiatry
21976:Ergonomics
21933:Nomophobia
21846:Stereotypy
21709:Delusional
21698:delusional
21671:Withdrawal
21539:Parasomnia
21444:Nosophobia
21224:Adjustment
21212:somatoform
21145:Sundowning
20998:Depression
20981:Bipolar II
20870:Stuttering
20865:Cluttering
20661:Paraphilia
20578:Encopresis
20556:Cluttering
20551:Stuttering
20346:Narcolepsy
20301:Formetorex
20175:Inhibited
19780:Amantadine
19759:Reboxetine
19739:Imipramine
19734:Duloxetine
19696:Guanfacine
19665:Viloxazine
19642:stimulants
19577:stimulants
19420:(Catapres
19414:, Intuniv)
19408:Guanfacine
19162:Patient UK
19091:DiseasesDB
18976:Quotations
18709:1200786886
18682:1251741330
18498:(7): 968.
18002:2009938108
17920:17 January
17777:Pediatrics
17378:(1): 404.
17286:1 February
16923:(Review).
16767:1811/51593
16615:Pediatrics
16433:4 February
16387:1126668845
16243:Pediatrics
15924:: 113664.
15832:(1): 176.
15503:17 January
15251:7 November
14930:Pediatrics
14476:(1): 1–3.
12865:22 October
12674:Pediatrics
12494:(Review).
12328:Psychiatry
11958:2 November
11919:1 February
11567:Pediatrics
10684:attention.
10599:13 October
10586:WHO Europe
10533:(Review).
10416:Pediatrics
10338:(Review).
10295:(Review).
10293:Pediatrics
10103:(Review).
8968:Faraone SV
8746:12 January
8469:7 December
8383:: 557909.
6800:26 October
6697:Barkley RA
6497:(1): 368.
5356:2 November
5321:17 January
5195:(67): 67.
5013:10 October
4082:: 103789.
3103:1288423302
2972:The Lancet
2941:27 January
2912:References
2856:, urinary
2846:biomarkers
2577:Guidelines
2572:Guidelines
2562:guanfacine
2533:Amantadine
2527:viloxazine
2502:viloxazine
2465:and other
2394:Stimulants
2378:Medication
2268:counseling
2256:Management
2149:aggression
2134:excessive
2058:change in
1960:physicians
1895:(6A05.0);
1775:biomarkers
1639:pathways.
1500:or a poor
1334:depression
1318:phenotypes
1206:suggestion
1135:See also:
1026:neuroimage
940:See also:
863:See also:
751:cerebellum
672:dysgraphia
543:completed.
406:hyperfocus
332:viloxazine
305:Medication
291:Medication
112:pediatrics
107:Psychiatry
22045:Cognitive
21799:Catatonia
21731:Psychosis
21566:Postnatal
21549:Nightmare
21155:Wandering
21008:Dysthymia
20976:Bipolar I
20931:Pervasive
20746:Pyromania
20671:Voyeurism
20666:Fetishism
20396:Serotonin
20356:Nootropic
20037:ProCentra
20032:Dexedrine
19858:Serotonin
19724:Buspirone
19719:Bupropion
19691:Clonidine
19660:Modafinil
19428:Bupropion
19424:, Kapvay)
19418:Clonidine
19389:(Desoxyn)
19383:(Vyvanse)
19367:(Evekeo,
19323:(ADHD-HI)
19308:Sub-types
19269:Attention
19148:eMedicine
19107:406506008
19102:SNOMED CT
18875:0033-3085
18867:1520-6807
18784:951612166
18607:28 August
18594:222142805
18564:: 66–85.
18520:0002-953X
18512:1535-7228
18453:1535-7228
18302:1535-7228
18092:143646869
17854:214768588
17487:CNS Drugs
17429:(2): 28.
17329:1535-7228
16929:CiteSeerX
16927:: 15020.
16397:9 January
15948:230716405
15524:CNS Drugs
15026:: 87–99.
14240:: h5203.
13882:: 63–71.
13542:(1): 58.
12714:CNS Drugs
12375:: 32–42.
12235:751737736
12227:2047-2986
11882:205504587
11205:1535-7228
11061:218540328
10841:1535-7228
10798:proposed.
10566:response.
10485:865335120
9994:140766296
9887:1535-7228
9572:CiteSeerX
8780:(4): 18.
8459:162184004
8411:. 557909.
8258:264190691
8215:258591184
8076:248228233
7933:229687229
7627:231885131
7578:243983688
7435:248553863
7175:234159064
7167:1063-4266
7040:144348893
7032:1528-9168
7024:1940-9214
6937:145508751
6929:1943-457X
6845:198193637
6316:207263711
5757:: 21–47.
5442:206546871
4986:2 January
4958:2 January
4660:: 15020.
4548:1943-457X
4308:258330884
4300:2050-8794
4158:1573-3505
4061:1573-3505
4026:238218526
3858:1573-3505
3728:207221320
3516:146463279
3278:0149-7634
2990:7 January
2715:non-White
2639:Prognosis
2609:, or the
2566:clonidine
2543:Bupropion
2486:Modafinil
2480:ephedrine
2194:dysthymia
2136:happiness
2069:hostility
2054:attention
1887:) by the
1794:3–4 times
1724:Diagnosis
1582:accumbens
1475:allergies
1455:food dyes
1350:phenotype
1342:zebrafish
1229:polygenic
1038:precuneus
793:Melatonin
741:lobe and
619:Combined
498:symptoms
492:symptoms
477:Symptoms
353:Frequency
285:Treatment
99:Specialty
22134:Insomnia
22040:Clinical
21534:Insomnia
21204:Neurotic
21171:Delirium
21097:Dementia
20936:Specific
20573:Enuresis
20424:Category
20286:Dopamine
20110:inducer)
19989:Adderall
19822:Dopamine
19683:agonists
19516:Category
19434:, Zyban)
19369:Adderall
19329:(ADHD-C)
19317:(ADHD-I)
19294:Stimming
19153:med/3103
18929:medicine
18883:64009353
18830:17581453
18755:48795973
18644:23021477
18598:Archived
18586:33035524
18528:22024537
18461:22024537
18418:19051222
18369:24974454
18361:16492800
18310:22024537
18259:Archived
18193:Archived
18150:18804015
18115:Archived
18084:15756510
18006:Archived
17914:Archived
17846:32233772
17807:27553219
17758:20638739
17707:2 August
17698:Archived
17670:Archived
17647:26038639
17595:30317644
17538:Archived
17515:25835322
17507:16478287
17466:19393378
17431:Archived
17404:32787804
17353:17541055
17337:22024537
17280:Archived
17205:22976615
17151:31 March
17145:Archived
17123:30116206
17068:25317367
17016:18991955
16951:27189265
16899:19129549
16868:24589993
16860:18416663
16825:25220092
16776:16190793
16731:22928358
16704:28121994
16664:PLOS ONE
16645:31570648
16596:12798818
16538:Archived
16534:Medscape
16507:Archived
16503:Medscape
16484:23930227
16424:Archived
16391:Archived
16347:22461743
16306:18182963
16271:25551406
16263:18166547
16227:26585576
16178:22462040
16139:26881859
16104:Archived
16100:22420008
16077:25813457
16041:34456474
15992:30677758
15984:21312290
15940:33418457
15899:27390695
15858:22074258
15807:43503227
15799:20837981
15756:27005307
15720:16678649
15684:15968233
15648:24293088
15640:16623645
15605:37759905
15596:10526204
15554:25349138
15497:Archived
15441:Archived
15437:19949563
15429:25253684
15390:30068561
15382:21530185
15347:34956456
15339:20571380
15304:36416824
15245:Archived
15241:29558081
15206:Archived
15202:21998152
15194:21519262
15151:39004402
15143:25888152
15105:30091808
15052:24082796
15001:32073083
14993:16478756
14958:22391693
14950:19171629
14899:Archived
14866:19160215
14813:38064951
14805:29086065
14770:38718988
14731:33080250
14682:34436651
14633:30097390
14584:35201607
14535:30453134
14490:28168407
14454:27163984
14419:27599342
14384:27270192
14348:27021055
14313:27935807
14304:10699535
14264:26608309
14190:35418800
14141:19726926
14133:12352269
14098:52019992
14090:30117329
14047:25954331
14039:22118249
13998:24107764
13949:23247506
13908:29162520
13854:36971690
13845:10042435
13802:15723384
13762:20403082
13723:22945622
13684:18585681
13633:22 April
13590:19 April
13566:33772095
13514:33334505
13473:20490677
13391:27339381
13383:15846741
13344:Archived
13340:31044370
13332:29083042
13283:31139966
13234:29445867
13185:24245813
13136:29566425
13087:19248915
13049:19131150
13008:30097390
12956:29180967
12875:cite web
12844:28429134
12792:18481191
12784:18569037
12742:11340058
12734:19621975
12694:38523592
12659:22670023
12624:19110891
12575:23624443
12567:18803919
12520:33989148
12512:26825336
12472:12 April
12463:Archived
12430:30843223
12389:27390061
12350:20963192
12302:21494335
12253:33692893
12182:invented
12141:19152690
12115:(1): 1.
12090:23755024
12028:Archived
12024:21991721
11988:17 April
11982:Archived
11952:Archived
11913:Archived
11874:19020513
11836:25234074
11787:33192633
11736:24648820
11633:38657097
11587:38523599
11460:24817804
11452:23933893
11412:27070077
11404:24232170
11369:14701654
11361:22939004
11326:22306277
11291:21596055
11237:22294258
11221:22024537
11164:26441789
11138:: 1418.
11113:35859076
11053:32385695
11008:29876263
10959:28219628
10910:16480802
10875:22983386
10849:22024537
10793:22169776
10739:24904299
10639:Archived
10561:25220094
10506:Archived
10448:Archived
10444:14925322
10436:22232312
10364:35718630
10356:22449218
10321:24339363
10313:18245408
10278:21903599
10227:22 March
10221:Archived
10178:25241028
10129:38886526
10121:22394313
10086:41748237
10078:22458970
10043:20829149
9986:21739408
9948:17 April
9942:Archived
9911:23360949
9895:22024537
9842:31824658
9816:: 2060.
9788:20019071
9739:21432600
9682:19506906
9647:19389919
9594:18473983
9546:21383749
9538:21409419
9503:29220204
9468:15949990
9433:26511313
9394:25359172
9320:29892054
9213:32451437
9130:Nesse RM
9090:Nesse RM
9068:Archived
9056:12039606
9040:Elsevier
9010:29892054
8954:45497168
8946:10560028
8930:Elsevier
8904:24139812
8863:24107258
8804:32108282
8722:30478444
8663:20141238
8628:47016805
8620:29892054
8571:23671547
8563:15949990
8528:32998893
8463:Archived
8451:31129238
8409:33408650
8355:28401048
8304:37883910
8250:37866293
8207:37163581
8176:36562860
8167:11272698
8125:35567763
8068:35430923
8033:35293954
7984:34276447
7925:33360866
7890:32903205
7814:30275318
7769:PNAS USA
7749:29614059
7672:24238842
7619:33582234
7570:34774900
7529:34635194
7470:28905127
7427:35524451
7407:Headache
7392:35740718
7360:Children
7341:27664125
7251:26929624
7198:18 April
7132:53263217
7124:30390147
7089:36068993
6986:22305866
6894:33424239
6837:31335581
6794:Archived
6790:38002526
6782:27859581
6740:Archived
6728:24234590
6683:36007816
6623:Archived
6619:23564305
6611:24062279
6569:Archived
6521:36068207
6472:30588139
6421:18656214
6386:20620105
6351:21365608
6308:20028959
6273:20451036
6238:21600348
6203:21483267
6154:21717696
6119:20861593
6067:14987165
6059:21094938
6016:Archived
6012:19428109
5965:Archived
5961:Uptodate
5932:Archived
5902:Archived
5875:32448170
5824:16594807
5781:27590827
5735:27303350
5684:17628705
5676:15291732
5641:22851461
5595:Archived
5577:32228208
5569:19818437
5526:21757683
5491:22513218
5434:18401033
5399:22201208
5350:Archived
5315:Archived
5297:18822833
5270:19515751
5221:20815868
5127:11911007
5092:24644516
4929:20 March
4923:Archived
4902:27191055
4864:29892054
4774:35718630
4766:22449218
4731:21598155
4674:27189265
4632:30195575
4581:17 April
4575:Archived
4491:34368774
4442:35933504
4393:23933821
4344:21923806
4258:37009127
4249:10061009
4207:31541305
4096:33126147
4018:34585995
3982:54472439
3974:30526189
3939:26829402
3907:28459927
3813:24480998
3764:29624671
3720:23082740
3627:23020641
3508:18803914
3466:31014101
3414:23247506
3378:15953706
3343:29106438
3296:33549739
3190:16428370
3130:Archived
2981:Archived
2935:Archived
2885:See also
2588:Exercise
2471:Caffeine
2463:nicotine
2431:insomnia
2417:Cochrane
2388:dopamine
2060:appetite
2000:gambling
1785:such as
1761:and the
1702:caffeine
1698:sedative
1623:and the
1586:amygdala
1546:striatum
1518:dopamine
1419:Extreme
1414:Nicotine
1306:dopamine
1208:for the
1131:Genetics
1050:striatum
981:PNAS USA
879:migraine
871:epilepsy
820:cannabis
788:insomnia
739:temporal
668:dyslexia
490:DSM-5-TR
445:same age
441:DSM-5-TR
122:Symptoms
22264:Spaving
21243:Anxiety
21082:PDD-NOS
20971:Bipolar
20624: (
20366:Obesity
20220:SLC22A5
20215:SLC22A3
20060:Vyvanse
20042:Zenzedi
20000:Mydayis
19890:(SNDRI)
19410:(Tenex
19176:Q181923
19172:Scholia
19156:ped/177
19085:D001289
18891:1763062
18536:1480183
18477:7840374
18469:1480183
18409:2629554
18326:7943460
18318:1480183
18265:19 July
18228:2387786
17798:5684883
17749:2933294
17638:4443828
17586:7379308
17395:7422602
17345:1480183
17196:3441936
17114:6084240
17097:: 331.
17059:4195639
17007:2758663
16986:Bibcode
16959:7171541
16903:PsycNET
16816:4170184
16695:5266211
16672:Bibcode
16636:7067282
16588:8545689
16475:3733520
16338:3313539
16218:4706844
16032:8366930
15890:4898838
15883:: 325.
15849:3229459
15545:4487649
15295:9685490
15212:19 July
15096:6513464
15043:3785407
14857:7004251
14673:8455398
14624:6109107
14575:8869321
14255:4659414
14213:19 July
14181:8984208
13989:3801446
13675:2603602
13557:7997870
13464:2921569
13274:6538574
13225:6404655
13176:4025987
13127:6494390
12999:6109107
12947:5694170
12930:: 229.
12835:5656703
12615:2603539
12341:2957278
12293:3067998
12244:7916320
12132:2637252
12081:3667245
11827:4633088
11778:7477352
11761:: 871.
11727:3950532
11638:22 June
11494:3163785
11282:3353150
11229:1480183
11155:4585266
11104:9712307
10999:5988460
10950:5933934
10866:3879048
10857:1480183
10784:3272832
10730:4033238
10552:4322780
10269:3927422
10217:9413793
10169:4186967
10034:3002184
9903:1480183
9833:6896240
9779:2894686
9730:3280610
9638:2713119
9385:4217138
9311:6477889
9204:7248073
9183:Bibcode
9136:(ed.).
9134:Buss DM
9096:(ed.).
9094:Buss DM
9064:8098723
9001:6477889
8854:4071160
8795:7046577
8713:6481311
8611:6477889
8519:7527218
8498:Bibcode
8400:7779592
8346:5371172
8116:9295226
8024:8928099
7975:8281314
7881:8943681
7805:6176582
7782:Bibcode
7740:5923710
7520:8711104
7478:3949012
7383:9221618
7332:5987989
7292:8714324
7242:4755462
7080:9575611
6977:6519447
6885:7788667
6736:8287560
6674:9943858
6512:9448791
6463:6299464
6194:3435098
6110:3724232
5866:7247165
5789:6698847
5726:4886698
5709:: 794.
5482:3465717
5261:2827258
5212:2942810
5135:8076914
5083:3955126
4855:6477889
4815:9628085
4722:3184364
4682:7171541
4623:6379245
4482:8336725
4433:7613776
4384:3800159
4198:7851038
3898:6583483
3804:4282137
3618:4084861
3457:6879185
3287:8328933
3181:2082674
2726:History
2045:fatigue
1991:alcohol
1841:in the
1708:, weak
1598:putamen
1590:caudate
1440:rubella
1429:measles
1423:, very
1373:synapse
1192:in the
1106:suicide
1030:putamen
925:and/or
816:alcohol
369:) is a
186:de novo
182:Genetic
35:(album)
22102:Autism
22055:Social
21487:Eating
21335:Stress
21252:Phobia
21208:stress
21067:Autism
20860:Speech
20649:Sexual
20159:, and
20126:(weak
20118:ligand
19975:Evekeo
19884:(NDRI)
19878:(SNRI)
19872:(SSRI)
19866:(SERT)
19860:(5-HT)
19803:(ADHD)
19221:(ADHD)
19142:001551
19126:Curlie
19074:143465
19063:314.01
19059:314.00
18915:Portal
18889:
18881:
18873:
18865:
18838:602465
18836:
18828:
18782:
18772:
18753:
18743:
18724:
18707:
18697:
18680:
18670:
18642:
18592:
18584:
18534:
18526:
18518:
18510:
18475:
18467:
18459:
18451:
18416:
18406:
18367:
18359:
18324:
18316:
18308:
18300:
18251:
18226:
18185:
18148:
18090:
18082:
18045:
18000:
17990:
17937:Lancet
17906:
17852:
17844:
17805:
17795:
17756:
17746:
17645:
17635:
17593:
17583:
17513:
17505:
17464:
17402:
17392:
17351:
17343:
17335:
17327:
17272:
17243:
17203:
17193:
17121:
17111:
17066:
17056:
17014:
17004:
16957:
16949:
16931:
16897:
16866:
16858:
16823:
16813:
16774:
16729:
16702:
16692:
16643:
16633:
16594:
16586:
16482:
16472:
16385:
16375:
16345:
16335:
16304:
16269:
16261:
16225:
16215:
16176:
16137:
16098:
16075:
16039:
16029:
15990:
15982:
15946:
15938:
15897:
15887:
15856:
15846:
15805:
15797:
15764:104938
15762:
15754:
15718:
15682:
15646:
15638:
15603:
15593:
15552:
15542:
15468:
15435:
15427:
15388:
15380:
15345:
15337:
15302:
15292:
15239:
15200:
15192:
15149:
15141:
15103:
15093:
15050:
15040:
14999:
14991:
14956:
14948:
14864:
14854:
14818:(11%).
14811:
14803:
14768:
14729:
14680:
14670:
14631:
14621:
14582:
14572:
14533:
14488:
14452:
14417:
14382:
14346:
14311:
14301:
14262:
14252:
14188:
14178:
14139:
14131:
14096:
14088:
14045:
14037:
13996:
13986:
13947:
13906:
13852:
13842:
13800:
13760:
13721:
13682:
13672:
13564:
13554:
13512:
13471:
13461:
13420:
13389:
13381:
13338:
13330:
13281:
13271:
13232:
13222:
13183:
13173:
13134:
13124:
13085:
13047:
13006:
12996:
12954:
12944:
12842:
12832:
12790:
12782:
12740:
12732:
12692:
12657:
12622:
12612:
12573:
12565:
12518:
12510:
12428:
12387:
12348:
12338:
12300:
12290:
12251:
12241:
12233:
12225:
12172:
12139:
12129:
12088:
12078:
12064:: 49.
12037:23 May
12022:
11944:
11905:
11880:
11872:
11834:
11824:
11785:
11775:
11734:
11724:
11661:
11631:
11585:
11545:
11492:
11458:
11450:
11410:
11402:
11367:
11359:
11324:
11289:
11279:
11235:
11227:
11219:
11203:
11162:
11152:
11111:
11101:
11059:
11051:
11006:
10996:
10957:
10947:
10908:
10873:
10863:
10855:
10847:
10839:
10791:
10781:
10737:
10727:
10713:: 53.
10675:
10631:
10559:
10549:
10483:
10473:
10442:
10434:
10390:
10362:
10354:
10319:
10311:
10276:
10266:
10215:
10176:
10166:
10127:
10119:
10084:
10076:
10041:
10031:
9992:
9984:
9919:434310
9917:
9909:
9901:
9893:
9885:
9840:
9830:
9786:
9776:
9737:
9727:
9690:166017
9688:
9680:
9645:
9635:
9592:
9574:
9544:
9536:
9501:
9466:
9431:
9392:
9382:
9341:
9318:
9308:
9211:
9201:
9152:
9112:
9074:9 July
9062:
9054:
9008:
8998:
8952:
8944:
8902:
8861:
8851:
8802:
8792:
8742:. 2022
8720:
8710:
8661:
8626:
8618:
8608:
8569:
8561:
8526:
8516:
8457:
8449:
8407:
8397:
8353:
8343:
8302:
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8248:
8213:
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8113:
8074:
8066:
8031:
8021:
7982:
7972:
7931:
7923:
7888:
7878:
7812:
7802:
7776:(40).
7747:
7737:
7690:nhs.uk
7670:
7625:
7617:
7576:
7568:
7527:
7517:
7476:
7468:
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7173:
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7087:
7077:
7038:
7030:
7022:
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6671:
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6271:
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6201:
6191:
6152:
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6065:
6057:
6010:
5908:15 May
5898:nhs.uk
5873:
5863:
5822:
5787:
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5733:
5723:
5682:
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5639:
5601:19 May
5575:
5567:
5534:385238
5532:
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5479:
5461:Lancet
5440:
5432:
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3178:
3101:
3091:
3034:
2658:coping
2605:, the
2240:, and
2118:stress
2075:stress
1970:Adults
1916:ICD-10
1885:ICD-11
1812:, and
1655:, and
1596:, and
1465:. The
1338:ADGRL3
1292:, and
1286:ADRA2A
1282:GRIN2A
1278:SNAP25
1264:, and
1165:family
1113:Causes
1048:, and
956:, and
875:asthma
846:, and
844:trauma
842:ADHD,
838:Trauma
599:still.
496:ICD-11
178:Causes
52:, and
21792:Other
21521:sleep
21308:Other
21164:Other
21030:Mania
20702:Other
20499:(EBD)
20306:ΔFosB
20210:EAAT3
20205:VMAT2
20200:VMAT1
20161:hCA14
20157:hCA13
20153:hCA12
20145:hCA5B
20141:hCA5A
20089:TAAR1
19854:(NRI)
19848:(NET)
19836:(DRI)
19830:(DAT)
18959:Media
18863:eISSN
18834:S2CID
18601:(PDF)
18590:S2CID
18554:(PDF)
18508:eISSN
18449:eISSN
18365:S2CID
18298:eISSN
18175:116–7
18088:S2CID
18012:8 May
17850:S2CID
17701:(PDF)
17694:(PDF)
17511:S2CID
17325:eISSN
17044:(3).
16955:S2CID
16864:S2CID
16592:S2CID
16544:8 May
16513:8 May
16460:(2).
16427:(PDF)
16416:(PDF)
16267:S2CID
15988:S2CID
15944:S2CID
15803:S2CID
15760:S2CID
15644:S2CID
15444:(PDF)
15433:S2CID
15386:S2CID
15343:S2CID
15198:S2CID
15147:S2CID
14997:S2CID
14954:S2CID
14902:(PDF)
14891:(PDF)
14809:S2CID
14137:S2CID
14094:S2CID
14043:S2CID
13387:S2CID
13336:S2CID
12788:S2CID
12738:S2CID
12680:(4).
12639:Chest
12571:S2CID
12516:S2CID
12466:(PDF)
12461:: 2.
12455:(PDF)
12223:eISSN
12031:(PDF)
12008:(PDF)
11878:S2CID
11573:(4).
11456:S2CID
11408:S2CID
11365:S2CID
11201:eISSN
11057:S2CID
10837:eISSN
10593:(PDF)
10582:(PDF)
10509:(PDF)
10502:(PDF)
10469:–54.
10440:S2CID
10360:S2CID
10317:S2CID
10125:S2CID
10082:S2CID
9990:S2CID
9915:S2CID
9883:eISSN
9686:S2CID
9542:S2CID
9146:Wiley
9106:Wiley
9060:S2CID
9038:(6).
8982:(4).
8950:S2CID
8928:(9).
8624:S2CID
8567:S2CID
8455:S2CID
8254:S2CID
8211:S2CID
8072:S2CID
7929:S2CID
7623:S2CID
7574:S2CID
7474:S2CID
7431:S2CID
7171:S2CID
7128:S2CID
7036:S2CID
7020:eISSN
6933:S2CID
6841:S2CID
6786:S2CID
6743:(PDF)
6732:S2CID
6704:(PDF)
6626:(PDF)
6615:S2CID
6587:(PDF)
6551:18–26
6312:S2CID
6063:S2CID
5785:S2CID
5680:S2CID
5573:S2CID
5530:S2CID
5438:S2CID
5131:S2CID
4770:S2CID
4678:S2CID
4650:(PDF)
4304:S2CID
4276:(PDF)
4022:S2CID
3978:S2CID
3724:S2CID
3512:S2CID
3136:8 May
2984:(PDF)
2967:(PDF)
2719:White
2447:mania
2099:panic
1800:or a
1635:, or
1369:SNARE
1340:. In
1326:CDH13
1322:GFOD1
1274:HTR1B
1254:TAAR1
486:DSM-5
21696:and
21345:PTSD
20959:Mood
20799:ADHD
20482:ADHD
20266:ADHD
20195:SERT
20149:hCA7
20137:hCA4
20104:mRNA
20099:CART
19940:and
19842:(NE)
19824:(DA)
19559:ADHD
19096:6158
19080:MeSH
19069:OMIM
19054:9-CM
19029:6A05
18993:Data
18887:OCLC
18879:LCCN
18871:ISSN
18826:PMID
18780:OCLC
18770:ISBN
18751:OCLC
18741:ISBN
18722:ISBN
18705:OCLC
18695:ISBN
18678:OCLC
18668:ISBN
18640:PMID
18609:2023
18582:PMID
18532:OCLC
18524:LCCN
18516:ISSN
18473:PMID
18465:OCLC
18457:LCCN
18414:PMID
18357:PMID
18322:PMID
18314:OCLC
18306:LCCN
18267:2022
18249:ISBN
18224:PMID
18183:ISBN
18146:PMID
18080:PMID
18043:ISBN
18014:2022
17998:LCCN
17988:ISBN
17922:2014
17904:ISBN
17842:PMID
17803:PMID
17754:PMID
17709:2013
17643:PMID
17591:PMID
17546:2015
17503:PMID
17462:PMID
17400:PMID
17349:PMID
17341:OCLC
17333:LCCN
17288:2016
17270:ISBN
17241:ISBN
17201:PMID
17153:2020
17119:PMID
17064:PMID
17012:PMID
16982:1141
16947:PMID
16895:PMID
16856:PMID
16821:PMID
16772:PMID
16727:PMID
16700:PMID
16641:PMID
16584:PMID
16546:2022
16515:2022
16480:PMID
16435:2011
16399:2021
16383:OCLC
16373:ISBN
16343:PMID
16302:PMID
16259:PMID
16223:PMID
16174:PMID
16144:ADHD
16135:PMID
16096:PMID
16073:PMID
16037:PMID
15980:PMID
15936:PMID
15895:PMID
15854:PMID
15795:PMID
15752:PMID
15716:PMID
15680:PMID
15636:PMID
15601:PMID
15550:PMID
15505:2014
15466:ISBN
15425:PMID
15378:PMID
15335:PMID
15300:PMID
15253:2021
15237:PMID
15214:2019
15190:PMID
15139:PMID
15101:PMID
15079:2018
15048:PMID
14989:PMID
14946:PMID
14910:2013
14862:PMID
14840:2009
14801:PMID
14766:PMID
14727:PMID
14678:PMID
14629:PMID
14580:PMID
14558:2022
14531:PMID
14486:PMID
14450:PMID
14434:JAMA
14415:PMID
14399:JAMA
14380:PMID
14344:PMID
14309:PMID
14260:PMID
14215:2024
14186:PMID
14129:PMID
14086:PMID
14035:PMID
13994:PMID
13945:PMID
13904:PMID
13850:PMID
13828:2023
13798:PMID
13758:PMID
13719:PMID
13680:PMID
13635:2024
13592:2024
13562:PMID
13510:PMID
13469:PMID
13418:ISBN
13379:PMID
13352:2018
13328:PMID
13279:PMID
13230:PMID
13181:PMID
13132:PMID
13110:2018
13083:PMID
13045:PMID
13004:PMID
12952:PMID
12907:(5).
12881:link
12867:2022
12840:PMID
12780:PMID
12730:PMID
12690:PMID
12655:PMID
12620:PMID
12563:PMID
12508:PMID
12474:2013
12426:PMID
12385:PMID
12346:PMID
12298:PMID
12249:PMID
12231:OCLC
12170:ISBN
12137:PMID
12086:PMID
12039:2013
12020:PMID
11990:2022
11978:CAMH
11960:2014
11942:ISBN
11921:2016
11903:ISBN
11870:PMID
11832:PMID
11783:PMID
11732:PMID
11659:ISBN
11640:2024
11629:PMID
11583:PMID
11543:ISBN
11509:In:
11480:In:
11448:PMID
11400:PMID
11357:PMID
11322:PMID
11287:PMID
11233:PMID
11225:OCLC
11217:LCCN
11160:PMID
11109:PMID
11049:PMID
11004:PMID
10955:PMID
10906:PMID
10871:PMID
10853:OCLC
10845:LCCN
10789:PMID
10735:PMID
10673:ISBN
10629:ISBN
10601:2011
10557:PMID
10481:OCLC
10471:ISBN
10432:PMID
10388:ISBN
10352:PMID
10309:PMID
10274:PMID
10229:2022
10213:PMID
10174:PMID
10117:PMID
10074:PMID
10039:PMID
9982:PMID
9950:2016
9907:PMID
9899:OCLC
9891:LCCN
9838:PMID
9784:PMID
9735:PMID
9678:PMID
9643:PMID
9590:PMID
9534:PMID
9499:PMID
9464:PMID
9429:PMID
9390:PMID
9339:ISBN
9316:PMID
9254:link
9209:PMID
9150:ISBN
9110:ISBN
9076:2020
9052:PMID
9006:PMID
8942:PMID
8900:PMID
8859:PMID
8800:PMID
8748:2024
8718:PMID
8659:PMID
8616:PMID
8559:PMID
8524:PMID
8471:2021
8447:PMID
8405:PMID
8351:PMID
8300:PMID
8246:PMID
8203:PMID
8172:PMID
8121:PMID
8064:PMID
8029:PMID
7980:PMID
7921:PMID
7886:PMID
7810:PMID
7745:PMID
7698:2024
7668:PMID
7615:PMID
7566:PMID
7525:PMID
7466:PMID
7423:PMID
7388:PMID
7337:PMID
7288:PMID
7247:PMID
7200:2024
7163:ISSN
7120:PMID
7085:PMID
7028:ISSN
6982:PMID
6925:ISSN
6890:PMID
6833:PMID
6802:2022
6778:PMID
6724:PMID
6679:PMID
6634:2021
6607:PMID
6559:ISBN
6517:PMID
6468:PMID
6417:PMID
6382:PMID
6347:PMID
6304:PMID
6269:PMID
6234:PMID
6199:PMID
6150:PMID
6115:PMID
6055:PMID
6024:2021
6008:PMID
5973:2008
5940:2013
5910:2018
5871:PMID
5820:PMID
5777:PMID
5731:PMID
5672:PMID
5637:PMID
5603:2022
5565:PMID
5522:PMID
5487:PMID
5430:PMID
5395:PMID
5358:2014
5323:2014
5293:PMID
5266:PMID
5217:PMID
5123:PMID
5088:PMID
5037:ISBN
5015:2012
4988:2024
4960:2024
4931:2016
4898:PMID
4860:PMID
4811:PMID
4762:PMID
4727:PMID
4670:PMID
4628:PMID
4583:2016
4544:ISSN
4487:PMID
4438:PMID
4389:PMID
4340:PMID
4296:ISSN
4254:PMID
4203:PMID
4154:ISSN
4092:PMID
4057:ISSN
4014:PMID
3970:PMID
3935:PMID
3903:PMID
3854:ISSN
3809:PMID
3760:PMID
3716:PMID
3670:ISBN
3623:PMID
3550:ISBN
3504:PMID
3462:PMID
3410:PMID
3374:PMID
3339:PMID
3292:PMID
3274:ISSN
3186:PMID
3138:2022
3099:OCLC
3089:ISBN
3032:ISBN
2992:2021
2943:2023
2873:and
2858:MHPG
2597:Diet
2564:and
2556:Two
2514:and
2500:and
2478:and
2445:and
2435:tics
2401:and
2386:and
2103:fear
1954:The
1787:MRIs
1544:and
1536:and
1528:and
1520:and
1407:and
1393:lead
1355:For
1324:and
1294:BDNF
1290:TPH2
1270:SERT
1266:DBH.
1262:COMT
1258:MAOA
1250:DRD5
1246:DRD4
1032:and
852:PTSD
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753:and
718:and
488:and
385:and
367:ADHD
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21733:and
21320:OCD
20848:RAD
20843:DAD
20809:ODD
20523:DAD
20518:RAD
20190:NET
20185:DAT
20124:MAO
20017:N/A
19639:CNS
19570:CNS
19050:ICD
19044:F90
19035:ICD
19020:ICD
18855:doi
18816:doi
18632:doi
18574:hdl
18566:doi
18562:119
18500:doi
18496:155
18441:doi
18437:152
18404:PMC
18396:doi
18349:doi
18290:doi
18286:151
18216:doi
18179:119
18138:doi
18072:doi
17980:doi
17945:doi
17941:159
17879:doi
17834:doi
17793:PMC
17785:doi
17781:138
17744:PMC
17736:doi
17633:PMC
17625:doi
17581:PMC
17573:doi
17495:doi
17454:doi
17390:PMC
17380:doi
17315:doi
17311:164
17237:546
17191:PMC
17183:doi
17109:PMC
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17054:PMC
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17002:PMC
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16939:doi
16848:doi
16811:PMC
16803:doi
16762:hdl
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16631:PMC
16623:doi
16619:144
16576:doi
16470:PMC
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16294:doi
16251:doi
16247:121
16213:PMC
16205:doi
16166:doi
16127:doi
16065:doi
16061:178
16027:PMC
16019:doi
15972:doi
15926:doi
15922:296
15885:PMC
15844:PMC
15834:doi
15787:doi
15744:doi
15708:doi
15672:doi
15628:doi
15591:PMC
15581:doi
15540:PMC
15532:doi
15417:doi
15370:doi
15327:doi
15290:PMC
15280:doi
15182:doi
15131:doi
15091:PMC
15083:doi
15038:PMC
15028:doi
14981:doi
14938:doi
14934:123
14852:PMC
14844:doi
14793:doi
14758:doi
14754:162
14717:hdl
14709:doi
14705:120
14668:PMC
14660:doi
14656:238
14619:PMC
14611:doi
14570:PMC
14562:doi
14521:hdl
14513:doi
14478:doi
14442:doi
14438:315
14407:doi
14403:316
14372:doi
14336:doi
14299:PMC
14291:doi
14250:PMC
14242:doi
14238:351
14234:BMJ
14176:PMC
14168:doi
14121:doi
14078:doi
14053:ACC
14025:doi
14021:125
13984:PMC
13976:doi
13935:doi
13894:hdl
13884:doi
13840:PMC
13832:doi
13790:doi
13750:doi
13746:114
13711:doi
13670:PMC
13662:doi
13624:doi
13552:PMC
13544:doi
13500:doi
13459:PMC
13451:doi
13371:doi
13318:hdl
13310:doi
13269:PMC
13261:doi
13220:PMC
13212:doi
13171:PMC
13163:doi
13122:PMC
13114:doi
13075:doi
13035:doi
12994:PMC
12986:doi
12942:PMC
12932:doi
12830:PMC
12822:doi
12772:doi
12722:doi
12682:doi
12678:153
12647:doi
12643:141
12610:PMC
12602:doi
12555:doi
12530:GFD
12500:doi
12416:doi
12377:doi
12336:PMC
12288:PMC
12280:doi
12239:PMC
12215:doi
12166:101
12127:PMC
12117:doi
12076:PMC
12066:doi
11862:doi
11822:PMC
11814:doi
11773:PMC
11763:doi
11722:PMC
11714:doi
11621:doi
11575:doi
11571:153
11490:PMC
11440:doi
11436:125
11392:doi
11349:doi
11314:doi
11277:PMC
11269:doi
11209:hdl
11191:doi
11187:169
11150:PMC
11140:doi
11099:PMC
11091:doi
11039:hdl
11031:doi
10994:PMC
10986:doi
10945:PMC
10937:doi
10898:doi
10861:PMC
10829:doi
10825:169
10779:PMC
10771:doi
10725:PMC
10715:doi
10547:PMC
10539:doi
10467:449
10424:doi
10420:129
10344:doi
10301:doi
10297:121
10264:PMC
10256:doi
10205:doi
10164:PMC
10156:doi
10109:doi
10066:doi
10062:101
10029:PMC
10021:doi
10017:118
9974:doi
9875:doi
9871:170
9828:PMC
9818:doi
9774:PMC
9766:doi
9725:PMC
9717:doi
9670:doi
9666:126
9633:PMC
9625:doi
9582:doi
9526:doi
9522:261
9491:doi
9456:doi
9421:doi
9380:PMC
9372:doi
9306:PMC
9298:doi
9236:doi
9199:PMC
9191:doi
9044:doi
8996:PMC
8988:doi
8934:doi
8892:doi
8849:PMC
8839:hdl
8831:doi
8790:PMC
8782:doi
8708:PMC
8698:hdl
8690:doi
8651:doi
8647:119
8606:PMC
8598:doi
8551:doi
8514:PMC
8506:doi
8439:doi
8435:103
8395:PMC
8385:doi
8341:PMC
8331:doi
8290:hdl
8282:doi
8278:106
8238:doi
8234:168
8195:doi
8162:PMC
8152:doi
8111:PMC
8103:doi
8056:doi
8019:PMC
8011:doi
7970:PMC
7960:doi
7913:doi
7909:133
7876:PMC
7868:doi
7837:doi
7800:PMC
7790:doi
7774:115
7735:PMC
7725:doi
7658:hdl
7650:doi
7605:doi
7601:125
7556:doi
7552:132
7515:PMC
7505:doi
7458:doi
7415:doi
7378:PMC
7368:doi
7327:PMC
7319:doi
7278:doi
7237:PMC
7227:doi
7155:doi
7112:doi
7075:PMC
7067:doi
7012:doi
6972:PMC
6964:doi
6917:doi
6880:PMC
6872:doi
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