879:'leaf valve' in the opening of the sphere. LHM has to squeeze back and forth through this valve which causes resistance and controls the suspension movements. It is the simplest damper and one of the most efficient. Ride height correction (self leveling) is achieved by height corrector valves connected to the anti-roll bar, front and rear. When the car is too low, the height corrector valve opens to allow more fluid into the suspension cylinder (e.g., the car is loaded). When the car is too high (e.g. after unloading) fluid is returned to the system reservoir via low-pressure return lines. Height correctors act with some delay in order not to correct regular suspension movements. The rear brakes are powered from the rear suspension circuit. Because the pressure there is proportional to the load, so is the braking power.
901:), which they used from 1954 to 1967. The chief problem with LHS was that it absorbed moisture and dust from the air, which caused corrosion in the system. Most hydraulic brake systems are sealed from the outside air by a rubber diaphragm in the reservoir filler cap, but the Citroën system had to be vented to allow the fluid level in the reservoir to rise and fall, thus it was not hermetically sealed. Consequently, each time the suspension would rise, the fluid level in the reservoir dropped, drawing in fresh moisture-laden air. The large surface of the fluid in the reservoir readily absorbed moisture. Since the system recirculates fluid continually through the reservoir, all the fluid was repeatedly exposed to the air and its moisture content.
1044:, suspension strut or steering ram, are sealed by contact seals between the cylinder and piston for tightness under pressure. The other plastic/rubber parts are return tubes from valves such as the brake control or height corrector valves, also catching seeping fluid around the suspension push-rods. Height corrector, brake master valve and steering valve spools, and hydraulic pump pistons have extremely small clearances (1–3 micrometres) within their cylinders, permitting only a very low leakage rate. The metal and alloy parts of the system rarely fail, even after excessively high mileages, but the elastomer components (especially those exposed to the air) can harden and leak, typical failure points for the system.
1052:
sphere membrane has an indefinite life unless run at low pressure, which leads to rupture. Timely recharging, approximately every 3 years, is thus vital. A ruptured membrane means suspension loss at the attached wheel; however, ride height is unaffected. With no springing other than the (slight) flexibility of tyres, hitting a pothole with a flat sphere can bend the suspension parts or dent a wheel rim. In the case of main accumulator sphere failure, the high pressure pump is the only source of braking pressure for the front wheels. Some older cars had a separate front brake accumulator on power steering models.
966:
most dust and wear particles from the system, ensuring the longevity of the system. Failure to keep the oil clean is the main cause of problems. It is also imperative to always use the correct fluid for the system; the two types of fluids and their associated system components are not interchangeable. If the wrong type of fluid is used, the system must be drained and rinsed with
Hydraflush (Total's Hydraurincage), before draining again and filling with the correct fluid. These procedures are clearly described in DIY manuals obtainable from automotive retailers.
25:
1106:
suspension, throttle pedal and gearbox feed information on the car's speed, acceleration, and road conditions to an on-board computer, which in turn activates or deactivates an extra pair of suspension spheres on the circuit, to enable either a more smooth supple ride or tighter handling in corners. On the Activa and Activa 2, the car leaned inwards by one degree in turns – Citroën acknowledged that this was somewhat of a marketing gimmick, and that a lean of zero degrees was optimal.
39:
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423:
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70:
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53:
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368:
580:, and hydraulically actuated directional high beams. The beams of all six headlights are maintained parallel to the road surface by a hydraulic system separate from the directional long range high beams. The headlights' steering and leveling systems are totally separate from the central system that powers the suspension, steering and brakes and use a different fluid, a glycerine type.
854:
270:, to provide extra clearance in rough terrain. Hydropneumatic suspension has a number of natural advantages over steel springs, generally recognized in the auto industry. In a hydropneumatic system, gas absorbs excessive force, whereas liquid in hydraulics directly transfers force, which combines the advantages of two
2000:
Magès was the man behind the hydropneumatic suspension of the DS. His ideas were discovered by Pierre
Boulanger by accident, and Boulanger was fascinated by them, even though the Citroën technicians considered them hopeless. Boulanger employed Magès in the development department. A decision, he never
965:
LHM, being a mineral oil, absorbs only an infinitesimal proportion of moisture, plus it contains corrosion inhibitors. The dust inhalation problem continued, so a filter assembly was fitted into the hydraulic reservoir. Cleaning the filters and changing the fluid at the recommended intervals removes
442:
in 1955. This type of suspension for automobiles was inspired by the pneumatic suspension used for aircraft landing gear, which was also partly filled with oil for lubrication and to prevent gas leakage, as patented in 1933 by the same company. Other modifications followed, with design changes such
1193:
has continued development of
Hydractive suspension with Hydractive 3. Compared to earlier cars, the C5 stays at normal ride height even when the engine is turned off for an extended period, through the use of electronics. The C5 also uses orange synthetic hydraulic fluid named LDS fluid in place of
1109:
An additional, perhaps unexpected, benefit of active suspension is that fuel consumption and tire wear is lowered overall. The negative camber designed into most suspensions in order to maximize the size of the contact patch when turning leads to tire scrub, which wears out tires and increases fuel
1051:
Classic (non-saucer) green- (and grey-) coloured suspension spheres typically last between 60,000 and 100,000 km. Spheres originally had a threaded plug on top for recharging. Newer ('saucer') spheres do not have this plug, but it can be retrofitted, enabling them to be recharged with gas. The
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Spheres are not subject to mechanical wear, but suffer pressure loss, due to the pressurised nitrogen diffusing through the membrane. They can, however, be recharged, which is cheaper than replacing them. When Citroën designed their
Hydractive 3 suspension they redesigned the spheres with new nylon
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At the heart of the system, acting as pressure sink as well as suspension elements, are the so-called spheres, five or six in all; one per wheel and one main accumulator as well as a dedicated brake accumulator on some models. On later cars fitted with
Hydractive or Activa suspension, there may be
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Pressure flows from the hydraulic circuit to the suspension cylinders, pressurizing the bottom part of the spheres and suspension cylinders. Suspension works by means of a piston forcing LHM into the sphere, compressing the nitrogen in the upper part of the sphere; damping is provided by a two-way
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Starting with Xantia model year 1994 and XM model year 1995, all models featured an additional sphere and valve that together functioned as a pressure reservoir for rear brakes because of new hydraulic locks, letting the car retain normal ride height for several weeks without running the engine.
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The whole high pressure part of the system is manufactured from steel tubing of small diameter, connected to valve control units by
Lockheed type pipe unions with special seals made from Desmopan, a type of polyurethane thermoplastic compatible with the LHM fluid. The moving parts of the system,
1105:
concept. It describes a development of the 1954 hydropneumatic suspension design using additional electronic sensors and driver control of suspension performance. The driver can make the suspension stiffen (sport mode) or ride in outstanding comfort (soft mode). Sensors in the steering, brakes,
305:
and springing technology is not generally well understood by consumers, leading to a public perception that hydropneumatics are merely "good for comfort". They also have advantages related to handling and control efficiency, solving a number of problems inherent in steel springs that suspension
150:
This type of suspension for automobiles was inspired by the pneumatic suspension used for aircraft landing gear, which was also partly filled with oil for lubrication and to prevent gas leakage, as patented in 1933 by the same company. The principles illustrated by the successful use of
1440: – a type of vehicle suspension powered by an electric or engine-driven air pump or compressor. This compressor pumps the air into a flexible bellows, usually made from textile-reinforced rubber. The air pressure inflates the bellows, and raises the chassis from the axle.
336:'s application of the system had the disadvantage that only garages equipped with special tools and knowledge were qualified to work on the cars, making them radically different from ordinary cars with common mechanicals. France was noted for the poor quality of its roads after
306:
designers have previously struggled to eliminate. Although auto manufacturers understood the inherent advantages over steel springs, there were two problems. First, it was patented by the inventor, and second it had a perceived element of complexity, so automakers like
622:
and speed-adjustable DIRAVI power steering (first introduced on the Citroën SM). The suspension was attached to sub frames that were fitted to the body through flexible mountings, to improve even more the ride quality and to reduce road noise. The
British magazine
689:/estate) begins production in July, offering the same self-leveling hydropneumatic rear suspension as previous BMW, with the difference that the pump is a parallel circuit on the belt-driven steering assist pump, and shares its fluid. Starting in September, the
874:
maintains a reserve of hydraulic power. This part of the circuit is at between 150 and 180 bars. It powers the front brakes first, prioritised via a security valve, and depending on type of vehicle, can power the steering, clutch, gear selector, etc.
656:
with hydropneumatic suspension, with the pump driven by the engine's timing chain instead of an external belt. This adaptation was used only for the suspension. Power steering and brakes were conventional hydraulic- and vacuum-powered,
480:: Suspension, power steering, brakes and gearbox/clutch assembly powered by high pressure hydraulic assistance. A belt driven 7-piston pump, similar in size to a power steering pump, generates this pressure when the engine is running.
413:
inside a suspension cylinder. By adjusting the filled fluid volume within the cylinder, a leveling functionality is implemented. The nitrogen gas within the suspension sphere is separated from the hydraulic oil by a rubber membrane.
1149:
setting, the suspension was switched from soft to firm mode temporarily when a speed-dependent threshold in accelerator pedal movement, brake pressure, steering wheel angle, or body movement was detected by one of several sensors.
1176:
Whenever the
Hydractive 1 or 2 computers received abnormal sensor information, often caused by malfunctioning electrical contacts, the car's suspension system would be forced into its firm setting for the remainder of the ride.
587:
5-series released with optional hydropneumatic rear suspension. Coil springs are retained, though softer than conventional coils for the same car. This system was offered in most BMW 5-, 6-, and 7-series models, as well as the
725:
used hydraulic struts controlled by an array of sensors with yaw velocity sensors, vertical G sensors, height sensors, wheel speed sensors, longitudinal and lateral G sensors) that detected cornering, acceleration and braking
797:: Hydractive 3 removes the need for central hydraulic pressure generation; combined pump/sphere unit for the suspension only and with electric height adjustment sensors. Hydractive 3+ was available on some models
2181:"The 2019 Mercedes-Benz GLE 450 Has an Incredible Adaptive Suspension System – The new Mercedes SUV can lean into corners and adjust each wheel's suspension tuning individually and on the fly"
862:
as many as ten spheres. Spheres consist of a hollow metal ball, open to the bottom, with a flexible
Desmopan rubber membrane, fixed at the 'equator' inside, separating top and bottom. The top is filled with
930:. Mineral oil is hydrophobic, unlike standard brake fluid; therefore, water-vapour bubbles do not form in the system, as would be the case with standard brake fluid, creating a "spongy" brake feel. Use of
804:: An improved version of the C5 system known as Hydractive 3+ (also fitted to some C5 models), C6 with a V6 engine was fitted with AMVAR version of Hydractive 3+ (sometimes called Hydractive 4)
1627:
458:, an employee of Citroën, with no formal training in engineering, secretly develops the concept of an oil and air suspension to combine a new level of softness with vehicle control and
870:, the bottom connects to the car's hydraulic fluid circuit. The high pressure pump, powered by the engine, pressurizes the hydraulic fluid (LHM – liquide hydraulique minéral) and an
636:
II: was on an extended Citroën SM chassis, available since Citroën had purchased the
Italian company and was the only Maserati Quattroporte to feature hydropneumatic suspension and
596:/estate), into the 1990s when it was replaced with an air suspension. Until late 1987, the hydraulic circuit was separate from the power steering, and the pump electrically powered.
187:
117:
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is used as the trapped gas to be compressed, since it is unlikely to cause corrosion. The actuation of the nitrogen spring reservoir is performed through an incompressible
1909:
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on estate (wagon) models on rear suspension used hydraulic suspension with spheres height adjustable suspension and self-levelling suspension mixed with coil springs.
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selected models of E class had this technology (rear only hydraulic suspension) height adjustable suspension and self-levelling suspension mixed with coil springs.
1791:
1649:
We designed a bolt-on kit for aftermarket installation of hydropneumatic suspension into current ambulances using our 2004 Ford F-350 ambulance as a template.
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setting would no longer keep the suspension system in firm mode, but instead lowered the thresholds significantly for any of the sensor readings also used in
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1181:
Correctly called the SC/MAC sphere, it often became known as the 'anti-sink' sphere, because of its ability to better maintain rear suspension height.
844:
U8 SUV and U9 sportscar. The suspension features the ability to drive with only three wheels fitted, and jump in the air while parked remaining level.
2001:
would regret. Paul Magès was a curious man, and he consumed all literature concerning wheel suspension, suspension in general and braking systems.
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600:
555:
2260:
107:, and fitted to Citroën cars, as well as being used under licence by other car manufacturers. Similar systems are also widely used on modern
2034:
347:
Hydropneumatic suspension offers no natural roll stiffness. There have been many improvements to the system over the years, including steel
3688:
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systems so that gas absorbs excessive force and liquid in hydraulics directly transfers force. The suspension system usually features both
2435:
2105:
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The principles illustrated by the successful use of hydropneumatic suspension are now used in a broad range of applications, such as
484:
1980:
1910:"TRACTION AVANT 15cv, 6 cylindres, suspension hydraulique ! LA REINE DE LA ROUTE – LES RENDEZ VOUS DE LA REINE"
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mode, allowing for a similar level of body firmness during cornering and acceleration, without the sacrifice in ride quality the
629:
described the sensation of driving a CX as hovering over road irregularities, much like a ship traversing above the ocean floor.
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was able to reach more than 1g lateral acceleration, and still holds the record speed (85 km/h (53 mph)) through the
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704:: Hydractive Suspension, electronic regulation of the hydropneumatic system; sensors measure acceleration and other factors
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using concepts very similar to those developed earlier by Paul Magès – Patent forms the basis for aircraft
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in an easy way, independent of the distance between the input and output, without the need for mechanical gears or levers.
1468:
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2013:
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1709:
1401: – suspension for most large aircraft, using the same physical properties of air and hydraulic fluid.
1078:, first patented in the U.S. in 1934 by Cleveland Pneumatic Tool Co. Similar systems are also widely used on modern
233:
UZZ32 "Limited" was fitted with a fully integrated four-wheel steering and a complex, computer-controlled hydraulic
3383:
3175:
235:
1635:
1389: – is an improved form of Hydrolastic, using nitrogen-pressurised gas springs, rather than rubber.
2157:
1259:
The BHI of the 3+ Hydractive suspension calculates the optimum vehicle height, using the following information:
255:
The purpose of this system is to provide a sensitive, dynamic and high-capacity suspension that offers superior
124:
The purpose of this system is to provide a sensitive, dynamic and high-capacity suspension that offers superior
3330:
3075:
1227:
The BHI of the Hydractive 3 suspension calculates the optimum vehicle height, using the following information:
1008:
664:
500SEL used hydropneumatic suspension as optional, later this system was available on 420SEL and 560SEL models.
973:
hydraulic fluid. This lasts longer and requires less frequent attention. It conforms to DIN 51524-3 for HVLP.
3408:
779:
2634:
2409:
1059:
compatible with green LHM. The orange LDS fluid in Hydractive cars is also incompatible with other fluids.
927:
811:
II: Hydractive 3+ as optional on Exclusive models. other versions of the car have normal spring suspension.
783:
772:
604:
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as the 1960 "Double stage oleo-pneumatic shock absorber" patented by Peter Fullam John and Stephan Gyurik.
264:
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The old LHS and LHS2 (coloured red) cars used a different elastomer in the diaphragms and seals that is
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618:: The car was one of the most modern of its time, combining Citroën's unique hydro-pneumatic integral
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membranes, which greatly slow the rate of deflation. These are recognisable by their grey colouring.
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7-series (in production since June '86) switches to this pump from the previous electric pump. The
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2318:(in Swedish). Vol. 43, no. 2. Stockholm, Sweden: Specialtidningsförlaget AB. p. 44.
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high speed 7000 series agricultural tractors now use this system for front and rear suspension.
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Hydractive (and later Hydractive 2) suspension was available on several models, including the
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1988:
1209:. Hydractive 3+ systems contain additional spheres that can be engaged and disengaged via a
1133:. The first Hydractive suspension systems (now known as Hydractive 1) had two user presets,
573:
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2312:
Collin, Robert (1991-02-07). "Citroën fjädrar sig igen" [Citroën springs back up].
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Poor road surface position (raising by 13 mm of the vehicle height below 70 km/h)
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Poor road surface position (raising by 13 mm of the vehicle height below 70 km/h)
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1792:"The All-New Range Rover | Unmatched Capability " Land Rover " www.landrovermena.com"
1524:
Fahrwerkhandbuch: Grundlagen, Fahrdynamik, Komponenten, Systeme, Mechatronik, Perspektiven
8:
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was not ideally suited to high pressure hydraulics, and developed a special red-coloured
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This system uses a belt- or camshaft-driven pump from the engine to pressurise a special
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2203:"BYD Reveals DiSus Intelligent Body Control System, Exclusively for New Energy Vehicles"
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82:, uses hydropneumatic suspension for better crew comfort and increased firing accuracy.
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1602:"Porsche? Releases Cayenne? Four-Wheel Drive Technical Specifications and New Photos"
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1418:, that allows control of the vehicle body motions and therefore virtually eliminates
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Motorway position (lowering by 15 mm of the vehicle height above 110 km/h)
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Motorway position (lowering by 15 mm of the vehicle height above 110 km/h)
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Gardiner, Nick; Griesbach, Doug; McCann, Connor; McDonald, Nick (April 26, 2012).
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Blue: Nitrogen gas; Gold: Hydraulic fluid under pressure from engine-driven pump
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hydropneumatic suspension are now used in a broad range of applications, such as
2774:
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A further improved Hydractive 3+ variation was for cars with top engines on the
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The latest Citroën cars with Hydractive 3 suspension have a new orange coloured
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2035:"Project Car Hell, Roller On a Budget Edition: Silver Cloud or Silver Shadow?"
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Diagram of the Hydractive system, showing centre spheres and stiffness valves
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on a variety of surfaces. A hydropneumatic system combines the advantages of
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To overcome these shortcomings of LHS, Citroën developed a new green fluid,
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Citroën first introduced this system in 1954 on the rear suspension of the
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The system was also used under licence by other car manufacturers, notably
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79:
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38:
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1945:
1446:(EAS) is the air suspension system installed on the second version of the
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setting the car's suspension was always kept in its firmest mode. In the
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high speed agricultural tractor uses this system for its rear suspension.
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1011: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1375: – a type of automotive suspension system used in many
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on a variety of surfaces. The suspension system usually features both
182:
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790: – an electronically controlled hydropneumatic system
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in early literature, pointing to oil and air as its main components.
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in early literature, pointing to oil and air as its main components.
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introduces advanced active hydropneumatic suspension systems on the
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764:, as a test of avoiding a moose in the road. The second place car,
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Mi16x4: first Peugeot equipped with rear hydropneumatic suspension
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and later cars reportedly ensured a smooth and stable ride there.
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833:, discarding mechanical roll bars, notably enhancing performance.
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Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3+: Depends on country and trim.
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5-series begins production in November, also with this new pump.
185:, and fitted to Citroën cars. The suspension was referred to as
69:
3549:
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1625:
1469:"La suspension hydropneumatique du début à la fin chez Citroën"
577:
392:
1238:
The 3+ Hydractive hydraulic suspension has 3 automatic modes:
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is compressible, so equipment is less subject to shock damage.
52:
3534:
3438:
3235:
1681:"Suspension Basics 9 – Hydropneumatic Springs"
1411:
1216:
The Hydractive 3 hydraulic suspension has 2 automatic modes:
908:
LHM reservoir and green suspension sphere in a Citroën Xantia
532:
380:
367:
1628:"Project report: Ambulance Universal Chassis and Suspension"
853:
565:: Adaptation of the hydropneumatic suspension to a small car
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Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3+: Standard on all models.
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licenses Citroën technology for the suspension of the new
438:. The first four-wheel implementation was in the advanced
3277:
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1865:
1395: – uses the same principal for artillery.
391:. It can also power any number of features such as the
239:
in 1991. Similar systems are also widely used on modern
1450:. Five suspension heights are offered by this system.
768:
GT3 RS was able to manage 82 km/h (51 mph).
446:
Major milestones of the hydropneumatics design were:
340:, but the hydropneumatic suspension as fitted to the
326:
sought to create simpler variants using a compressed
2227:Jackson, Tony; Bardenwerper, Mark L. (March 2016).
2226:
1129:, which had a more advanced sub-model known as the
1745:"Suspension Basics 8 – Air Springs"
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1496:"Suspension oléopneumatique à amortissement total"
1153:In Hydractive 2, the preset names were changed to
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2108:. G/O Media Inc. 24 January 2015. Archived from
1660:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1639:. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015
1113:
558:legalizes LHM mineral fluid in the United States
1556:
1493:
147:, to provide extra clearance in rough terrain.
2124:
1668:
1494:Richard, Denis; Perineau, Jean (4 June 1986).
1101:in 1990. The prototype debuted in 1988 on the
601:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
556:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
3251:
2353:
2229:"Revised Summary of Citroën Hydraulic Fluids"
2178:
1928:"1955 Citroën DS 19 – Citroën"
1908:REINE, Les RENDEZ-VOUS de La (October 2010).
1346:and DW12TED4 engines (prior to RPO No 10645).
1255:suspension (variation of suspension firmness)
1198:used in millions of hydropneumatic vehicles.
741:) system, eliminating body roll by acting on
2307:
2305:
2296:"Hydropneumatic shock absorber US 1967641 A"
2150:
1963:"Double stage oleo-pneumatic shock absorber"
1957:
1955:
1520:
917:
896:
574:Variable speed auto-returning power steering
115:vehicles. The suspension was referred to as
1521:Heißing, Bernd; Ersoy, Metin, eds. (2008).
1414:name used to describe hydropneumatic fully
3258:
3244:
2360:
2346:
1327:Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3: EW7J4,
1097:is an automotive technology introduced by
495:Double stage oleo-pneumatic shock absorber
362:
2302:
2158:"Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220: 1998-2005)"
1952:
1173:mode in Hydractive 1 systems had caused.
1027:Learn how and when to remove this message
757:. This test is conducted by the magazine
485:United States Patent and Trademark Office
1981:"Citroën Faces – The men behind Citroën"
1571:
903:
852:
547:suspension. The bodies were produced by
421:
366:
2220:
887:Citroën quickly realized that standard
170:Hydropneumatic suspension is a type of
3671:
2255:
2253:
2172:
1619:
733:used hydropneumatic, on 1995 Optional
3239:
2341:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
1946:"Shock absorbing device US 1918697 A"
1907:
1850:. Bonnier Corporation. 1991. p.
1422:in many driving situations including
3220:
2098:
2085:"Citroën XM technical specification"
1527:. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag.
1342:Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3+:
1303:Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3+:
1284:Movement of the accelerator throttle
1213:button, resulting in a firmer ride.
1009:adding citations to reliable sources
980:
430:15CVH – high position
355:), and active control of body roll (
3689:Armoured fighting vehicle equipment
2250:
2179:CHRIS PERKINS (23 September 2018).
1292:Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3:
1275:Vehicle's longitudinal acceleration
521:
294:systems are based on the fact that
13:
3679:Automotive suspension technologies
3374:Continuously variable transmission
2134:. 29 November 2016. Archived from
2070:
470:
14:
3715:
2326:
3694:Automotive technology tradenames
3653:
3652:
3642:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3176:Abu Dhabi Total World Rally Team
2506:
1817:"Lexus LX 470 suspension system"
1269:Rotation speed of steering wheel
1205:and in 2005 was standard on the
985:
976:
882:
236:Toyota Active Control Suspension
68:
51:
37:
23:
3166:Kronos Citroën World Rally Team
2288:
2195:
2045:
2027:
2006:
1973:
1938:
1920:
1901:
1838:
1809:
1784:
1766:
1636:Worcester Polytechnic Institute
1574:Citroen: Daring to Be Different
1272:Angle of rake of steering wheel
1184:
996:needs additional citations for
898:Liquide Hydraulique Synthétique
3265:
3181:Citroën World Touring Car Team
2087:. Citroenet.org.uk. 2000-06-10
1737:
1702:
1594:
1514:
1475:(in French). Air-Techniques.fr
1407: – ABC, is the
1278:Vehicle's lateral acceleration
1266:Front and rear vehicle heights
1234:Front and rear vehicle heights
848:
202:), Bmw 5-Series e34 Touring,
165:
1:
3409:Automated manual transmission
1454:
1114:Hydractive 1 and Hydractive 2
1089:
780:Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C215)
607:, impacting consumers in the
1383:and its successor companies.
928:automatic transmission fluid
784:Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220)
773:Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)
605:height adjustable suspension
469:15H: Rear suspension, using
218:trucks and has been used on
7:
3684:Vehicle safety technologies
3484:Semi-automatic transmission
2367:
2333:The Citroën Technical Guide
1821:activesuspensionsystems.com
1366:
919:Liquide Hydraulique Minéral
866:at high pressure, up to 75
524:mineral fluid is introduced
222:cars, where it is known as
10:
3720:
3321:Internal combustion engine
1914:lesrendezvousdelareine.com
1393:Hydraulic recoil mechanism
1281:Speed of suspension travel
1161:. In this new version the
1074:and gas filled automobile
417:
351:, variable ride firmness (
250:
188:Suspension oléopneumatique
158:and gas filled automobile
118:Suspension oléopneumatique
78:, main battle tank of the
3638:
3620:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
3607:
3522:
3509:Transmission control unit
3449:Limited-slip differential
3414:Electrorheological clutch
3339:
3286:
3273:
3205:
3189:
3148:
3119:
3068:
2868:
2808:
2522:
2515:
2504:
2469:
2423:
2392:
2385:
2375:
2311:
1533:10.1007/978-3-8348-9493-9
1444:Electronic Air Suspension
1062:
90:Hydropneumatic suspension
3399:Dual-clutch transmission
3161:Citroën World Rally Team
3140:Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën
2233:citroen.cappyfabrics.com
2021:www.mycitroen.dk/library
671:, built as a 4WD in 1990
644:Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9
620:self-leveling suspension
531:: The Citroën M35 was a
379:, which then powers the
3369:Constant-velocity joint
1572:Reynolds, John (2004).
934:has thus spread beyond
363:Basic mechanical layout
3349:Automatic transmission
2261:"LDS Fluid data sheet"
1358:C5 III X7 (2007–2017)
918:
909:
897:
858:
539:, and equipped with a
517:1967 The superior non-
431:
428:Citroën Traction Avant
372:
214:. It was also used on
2132:"The humble champion"
2106:"Moose tests, ranked"
1095:Hydractive Suspension
907:
856:
831:Sport utility vehicle
823:Mercedes-Benz 450 GLE
755:active anti-roll bars
753:maneuver, due to its
634:Maserati Quattroporte
425:
370:
286:torque multiplication
3454:Locking differential
3389:Direct-shift gearbox
2057:Motor Sport Magazine
2053:"CITROEN bx GTI 4X4"
1005:improve this article
611:. Ban repealed 1981.
490:U.S. patent 2959410A
3479:Preselector gearbox
3459:Manual transmission
3171:Citroën Junior Team
3120:Regional operations
2869:Concepts/prototypes
2489:Jumpy / SpaceTourer
2160:. 18 September 2018
2138:on 17 November 2021
2041:. 15 December 2011.
1405:Active Body Control
827:Active Body Control
788:Active Body Control
786:introduce optional
723:Toyota Soarer UZZ32
603:bans vehicles with
225:Active Body Control
3625:Electric generator
3530:Wheel hub assembly
2183:. Road & Track
1985:The Citroën Source
1780:. 12 January 2015.
1717:www.hydragas.co.uk
1323:C5 II (2004–2007)
910:
872:accumulator sphere
859:
685:3-series Touring (
676:Mercedes-Benz W124
662:Mercedes-Benz W126
646:W116 replaces the
551:from 1969 to 1971.
432:
373:
3666:
3665:
3419:Epicyclic gearing
3288:Automotive engine
3233:
3232:
3127:Citroën Argentina
2864:
2863:
2540:Ami 6 / 8 / Super
2502:
2501:
2014:"Hydraulics info"
1774:"1971 Citröen DS"
1587:978-1-85960-896-8
1578:Haynes Publishing
1542:978-3-8348-0444-0
1416:active suspension
1288:C5 I (2001–2004)
1037:
1036:
1029:
926:, quite close to
739:active suspension
638:front-wheel drive
535:derived from the
397:turning headlamps
175:suspension system
97:suspension system
61:suspension sphere
3711:
3704:Tank suspensions
3656:
3655:
3646:
3523:Wheels and tires
3494:Torque converter
3260:
3253:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3223:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3197:List of vehicles
3131:
2520:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2390:
2389:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2270:. Archived from
2265:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2235:. Archived from
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2112:on 4 August 2020
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2081:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1987:. Archived from
1977:
1971:
1970:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1934:. 31 March 2016.
1924:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1882:. Archived from
1880:tramontana.co.hu
1877:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1823:. Archived from
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1794:. Archived from
1788:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1751:. Archived from
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1719:. Archived from
1714:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1687:. Archived from
1677:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1632:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1604:. Archived from
1598:
1592:
1591:
1569:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1465:
1082:and other large
1032:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1012:
989:
981:
921:
900:
492:
473:hydraulic fluid.
243:and other large
111:and other large
72:
55:
41:
27:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3634:
3603:
3518:
3514:Universal joint
3444:Hotchkiss drive
3335:
3282:
3269:
3264:
3234:
3229:
3201:
3185:
3144:
3129:
3115:
3064:
2860:
2804:
2720:Nemo Multispace
2516:Historic models
2511:
2507:
2498:
2465:
2424:SUVs/crossovers
2419:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2315:Teknikens Värld
2310:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2209:. 17 April 2012
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1994:
1992:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1875:
1873:"citroen guide"
1871:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1847:Popular Science
1844:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1828:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1570:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1381:British Leyland
1369:
1350:C6 (2005–2012)
1187:
1116:
1092:
1076:shock absorbers
1065:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1002:
990:
979:
893:hydraulic fluid
885:
851:
760:Teknikens Värld
503:shock absorbers
501:and gas-filled
488:
420:
411:hydraulic fluid
377:hydraulic fluid
365:
312:British Leyland
265:driver-variable
253:
168:
160:shock absorbers
142:driver-variable
87:
86:
85:
84:
83:
73:
64:
63:
62:
56:
47:
46:
45:
42:
33:
32:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3717:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3615:Electric motor
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3429:Friction drive
3426:
3424:Fluid coupling
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3315:Plug-in hybrid
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3190:Related topics
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3156:Citroën Racing
3152:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Traction Avant
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2387:
2386:Current models
2383:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2327:External links
2325:
2322:
2321:
2301:
2287:
2249:
2219:
2194:
2171:
2149:
2123:
2097:
2069:
2044:
2026:
2005:
1972:
1951:
1937:
1919:
1900:
1864:
1837:
1808:
1783:
1765:
1736:
1701:
1667:
1618:
1593:
1586:
1580:. p. 75.
1555:
1541:
1513:
1500:google patents
1486:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1438:Air suspension
1435:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1321:
1320:
1301:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1194:the green LHM
1186:
1183:
1115:
1112:
1103:Citroën Activa
1091:
1088:
1064:
1061:
1035:
1034:
993:
991:
984:
978:
975:
884:
881:
850:
847:
846:
845:
834:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
776:
769:
743:anti-roll bars
731:Citroën Xantia
727:
719:
712:
705:
698:
679:
672:
665:
658:
648:air suspension
640:
630:
612:
597:
581:
566:
559:
552:
545:hydropneumatic
525:
515:
505:
481:
474:
467:Traction Avant
463:
460:self-levelling
436:Traction Avant
419:
416:
389:power steering
364:
361:
357:Citroën Activa
349:anti-roll bars
328:air suspension
300:
299:
289:
252:
249:
181:, invented by
177:, designed by
167:
164:
103:, invented by
99:, designed by
74:
67:
66:
65:
57:
50:
49:
48:
43:
36:
35:
34:
29:
22:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3716:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3659:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Shift-by-wire
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
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3405:
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3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Petrol engine
3324:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Diesel engine
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3272:
3268:
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3256:
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3159:
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3141:
3138:
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3135:Citroën Chile
3133:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:C-Elysée WTCC
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
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3051:
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3046:
3043:
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3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:GT by Citroën
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:DS High Rider
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:C-SportLounge
2917:
2915:
2912:
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2899:
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2811:
2807:
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2798:
2796:
2795:Xsara Picasso
2793:
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2317:
2316:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2291:
2277:on 2014-08-04
2273:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2239:on 2020-02-15
2238:
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2223:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2182:
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2153:
2137:
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2127:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2059:. 7 July 2014
2058:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2002:
1991:on 2009-08-03
1990:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1933:
1932:SuperCars.net
1929:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1889:on 2004-02-05
1885:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1827:on 2015-01-29
1826:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1798:on 2015-01-29
1797:
1793:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1755:on 2015-01-29
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1726:on 2014-05-31
1722:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1691:on 2015-01-29
1690:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1622:
1608:on 2015-02-06
1607:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
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1526:
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1501:
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1470:
1464:
1460:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1409:Mercedes-Benz
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1263:Vehicle speed
1262:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1231:Vehicle speed
1230:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
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1178:
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1168:
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1160:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1110:consumption.
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1031:
1028:
1020:
1010:
1006:
1000:
999:
994:This section
992:
988:
983:
982:
977:Manufacturing
974:
972:
967:
963:
961:
957:
953:
950:, to include
949:
948:Mercedes-Benz
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
915:
906:
902:
899:
894:
890:
883:Working fluid
880:
876:
873:
869:
865:
855:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:
813:
810:
806:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
785:
781:
777:
774:
770:
767:
763:
761:
756:
752:
748:
747:Xantia Activa
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
713:
710:
706:
703:
699:
696:
692:
688:
687:station wagon
684:
680:
677:
673:
670:
666:
663:
659:
657:respectively.
655:
654:
649:
645:
641:
639:
635:
631:
628:
627:
621:
617:
613:
610:
609:United States
606:
602:
598:
595:
594:station wagon
591:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:
560:
557:
553:
550:
546:
542:
541:Wankel engine
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:
520:
516:
514:
513:Silver Shadow
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
491:
486:
482:
479:
475:
472:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:
447:
444:
441:
437:
429:
424:
415:
412:
408:
404:
402:
401:power windows
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
369:
360:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
342:Citroën ID/DS
339:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:Mercedes-Benz
304:
297:
293:
290:
287:
283:
280:
279:
278:
276:
273:
272:technological
269:
266:
262:
261:self-leveling
258:
248:
246:
242:
238:
237:
232:
231:Toyota Soarer
228:
226:
221:
220:Mercedes-Benz
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:Silver Shadow
197:
192:
190:
189:
184:
180:
176:
173:
172:motor vehicle
163:
161:
157:
154:
148:
146:
143:
139:
138:self-leveling
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
119:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
94:motor vehicle
92:is a type of
91:
81:
77:
71:
60:
54:
40:
30:High position
26:
3567:Racing slick
3504:Transfer box
3474:Park-by-wire
3469:Parking pawl
3384:Differential
3359:Direct-drive
3341:Transmission
3331:Steam engine
3276:Part of the
3275:
2377:A marque of
2313:
2290:
2279:. Retrieved
2272:the original
2268:lubadmin.com
2267:
2241:. Retrieved
2237:the original
2232:
2222:
2211:. Retrieved
2206:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2136:the original
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:the original
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2061:. Retrieved
2056:
2047:
2039:autoweek.com
2038:
2029:
2020:
2008:
1999:
1993:. Retrieved
1989:the original
1984:
1975:
1966:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1884:the original
1879:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1846:
1840:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:the original
1820:
1811:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1786:
1777:
1768:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:the original
1748:
1739:
1728:. Retrieved
1721:the original
1716:
1704:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:the original
1684:
1648:
1641:. Retrieved
1634:
1621:
1610:. Retrieved
1606:the original
1596:
1573:
1546:. Retrieved
1523:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1499:
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1472:
1463:
1428:accelerating
1379:produced by
1357:
1349:
1322:
1287:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1237:
1226:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1188:
1185:Hydractive 3
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1117:
1108:
1094:
1093:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1023:
1014:
1003:Please help
998:verification
995:
970:
968:
964:
922:). LHM is a
913:
911:
886:
877:
860:
825:introduces e
758:
746:
734:
651:
624:
494:
452:World War II
445:
433:
405:
374:
346:
338:World War II
332:
301:
284:systems use
257:ride quality
254:
234:
223:
208:Quattroporte
193:
186:
169:
149:
132:systems and
126:ride quality
123:
116:
89:
88:
80:British army
76:Challenger 2
44:Low position
3545:Alloy wheel
3404:Drive wheel
3394:Drive shaft
3354:Chain drive
3069:Racing cars
3045:Technospace
3027:Prototype Y
3022:Prototype C
2977:GS Camargue
2968:DS Numero 9
2620:C4 Aircross
2456:C5 Aircross
2436:C3 Aircross
2431:C3 Aircross
2187:16 November
2164:16 November
2142:17 November
1749:InitialDave
1685:InitialDave
1502:(in French)
1448:Range Rover
1373:Hydrolastic
1196:mineral oil
1072:oleo struts
940:Rolls-Royce
932:mineral oil
924:mineral oil
895:named LHS (
889:brake fluid
849:Functioning
816:JCB Fastrac
766:Porsche 997
716:JCB Fastrac
709:Peugeot 405
529:Citroën M35
519:hygroscopic
509:Rolls-Royce
499:oleo struts
316:Hydrolastic
268:ride height
196:Rolls-Royce
166:Description
156:oleo struts
145:ride height
3673:Categories
3630:Alternator
3278:Automobile
3267:Powertrain
3149:Motorsport
3002:Metropolis
2955:CXperience
2934:C6 Lignage
2929:C3 Lumiere
2896:C-Airdream
2809:Commercial
2615:C4 Picasso
2595:C3 Pluriel
2590:C3 Picasso
2575:C-Triomphe
2482:ë-Berlingo
2379:Stellantis
2281:2014-10-20
2243:2020-04-29
2213:2023-04-14
2091:2018-06-29
2063:2022-11-29
1995:2014-04-01
1967:google.com
1831:2015-01-29
1802:2015-01-29
1759:2015-01-29
1730:2015-01-29
1695:2015-01-29
1643:January 3,
1612:2015-01-29
1455:References
1399:Oleo strut
1207:Citroën C6
1203:Citroën C5
1191:Citroën C5
1090:Hydractive
1086:vehicles.
809:Citroën C5
802:Citroën C6
795:Citroën C5
751:moose test
702:Citroën XM
669:Citroën BX
616:Citroën CX
570:Citroën SM
563:Citroën GS
478:Citroën DS
456:Paul Magès
385:suspension
353:Hydractive
303:Suspension
275:principles
247:vehicles.
179:Paul Magès
101:Paul Magès
16:Pneumatics
3499:Transaxle
3464:Manumatic
3434:Gearshift
3306:Fuel cell
3130:(1959–79)
3106:C3 Rally2
3096:Xsara WRC
2964:DS Inside
2914:C-Métisse
2901:C-Airplay
2851:TUB / TUC
2821:Belphégor
2570:C-Crosser
2446:C4 Cactus
2116:27 August
1893:3 January
1548:3 January
1506:3 January
1479:3 January
1424:cornering
1420:body roll
1337:DW10BTED4
1189:The 2001
1141:. In the
1017:June 2018
642:1975 The
592:Touring (
576:, dubbed
483:1960 The
399:and even
292:Pneumatic
282:Hydraulic
134:pneumatic
130:hydraulic
3658:Category
3597:Tubeless
3582:Run-flat
3562:Off-road
3379:Coupling
3301:Electric
3215:Category
2910:C-Cactus
2816:Acadiane
2765:Type B12
2760:Type B10
2740:Synergie
2705:LN / LNA
2700:GS / GSA
2675:E-Méhari
2477:Berlingo
2415:C-Elysée
1656:cite web
1387:Hydragas
1367:See also
1339:engines.
1319:engines.
1317:DW12TED4
1300:engines.
1084:military
1069:aircraft
864:nitrogen
842:Yangwang
838:BYD Auto
407:Nitrogen
320:Hydragas
245:military
210:II) and
204:Maserati
153:aircraft
113:military
3699:Citroën
3225:Commons
3091:DS3 WRC
3040:Survolt
3032:REVOLTe
3017:Pluriel
2997:Lacoste
2906:C-Buggy
2891:Ami One
2881:2CV Pop
2755:Type B2
2725:Rosalie
2685:Evasion
2650:DS / ID
2610:C4 / C6
2369:Citroën
2207:AFP.com
1857:12 June
1778:nbc.com
1473:Le blog
1432:braking
1333:DV6TED4
1253:dynamic
1249:Comfort
1119:Citroën
1099:Citroën
944:Peugeot
936:Citroën
695:BMW E34
683:BMW E30
650:of the
585:BMW E12
549:Heuliez
487:issues
450:During
418:History
334:Citroën
324:Lincoln
322:), and
251:Effects
216:Berliet
212:Peugeot
183:Citroën
105:Citroën
59:Citroën
3648:Portal
3608:Hybrid
3572:Radial
3550:Hubcap
3364:Clutch
3311:Hybrid
3280:series
3111:C3 WRC
3086:DS3 R5
3081:C4 WRC
3060:Zabrus
2987:Hypnos
2944:Cactus
2924:C3 Air
2886:Activa
2780:Xantia
2770:Type C
2750:Type A
2715:Méhari
2695:Fukang
2680:Elysée
2645:C-Zero
2494:Jumper
1710:"Data"
1584:
1539:
1430:, and
1313:ES9J4S
1305:EW10J4
1298:DW10TD
1167:Normal
1159:Normal
1131:Activa
1127:Xantia
1063:Legacy
958:, and
952:Jaguar
946:, and
735:Activa
726:force.
578:DIRAVI
543:and a
493:for a
393:clutch
381:brakes
3592:Spare
3535:Wheel
3439:Giubo
3101:C3 R5
3055:Tulip
3050:Tubik
3036:Skate
2992:Karin
2972:G Van
2876:19_19
2841:H Van
2790:Xsara
2670:Dyane
2605:C3-XR
2555:Bijou
2275:(PDF)
2264:(PDF)
2017:(PDF)
1887:(PDF)
1876:(PDF)
1724:(PDF)
1713:(PDF)
1631:(PDF)
1412:brand
1329:EW10A
1309:EW10D
1294:EW7J4
1211:Sport
1171:Sport
1163:Sport
1155:Sport
1143:Sport
1135:Sport
1080:tanks
836:2023
829:on a
821:2019
814:2008
807:2007
800:2005
793:2001
778:1999
771:1995
729:1993
721:1991
714:1990
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3557:Tire
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2166:2021
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