890:'leaf valve' in the opening of the sphere. LHM has to squeeze back and forth through this valve which causes resistance and controls the suspension movements. It is the simplest damper and one of the most efficient. Ride height correction (self leveling) is achieved by height corrector valves connected to the anti-roll bar, front and rear. When the car is too low, the height corrector valve opens to allow more fluid into the suspension cylinder (e.g., the car is loaded). When the car is too high (e.g. after unloading) fluid is returned to the system reservoir via low-pressure return lines. Height correctors act with some delay in order not to correct regular suspension movements. The rear brakes are powered from the rear suspension circuit. Because the pressure there is proportional to the load, so is the braking power.
912:), which they used from 1954 to 1967. The chief problem with LHS was that it absorbed moisture and dust from the air, which caused corrosion in the system. Most hydraulic brake systems are sealed from the outside air by a rubber diaphragm in the reservoir filler cap, but the Citroën system had to be vented to allow the fluid level in the reservoir to rise and fall, thus it was not hermetically sealed. Consequently, each time the suspension would rise, the fluid level in the reservoir dropped, drawing in fresh moisture-laden air. The large surface of the fluid in the reservoir readily absorbed moisture. Since the system recirculates fluid continually through the reservoir, all the fluid was repeatedly exposed to the air and its moisture content.
1055:, suspension strut or steering ram, are sealed by contact seals between the cylinder and piston for tightness under pressure. The other plastic/rubber parts are return tubes from valves such as the brake control or height corrector valves, also catching seeping fluid around the suspension push-rods. Height corrector, brake master valve and steering valve spools, and hydraulic pump pistons have extremely small clearances (1–3 micrometres) within their cylinders, permitting only a very low leakage rate. The metal and alloy parts of the system rarely fail, even after excessively high mileages, but the elastomer components (especially those exposed to the air) can harden and leak, typical failure points for the system.
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sphere membrane has an indefinite life unless run at low pressure, which leads to rupture. Timely recharging, approximately every 3 years, is thus vital. A ruptured membrane means suspension loss at the attached wheel; however, ride height is unaffected. With no springing other than the (slight) flexibility of tyres, hitting a pothole with a flat sphere can bend the suspension parts or dent a wheel rim. In the case of main accumulator sphere failure, the high pressure pump is the only source of braking pressure for the front wheels. Some older cars had a separate front brake accumulator on power steering models.
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most dust and wear particles from the system, ensuring the longevity of the system. Failure to keep the oil clean is the main cause of problems. It is also imperative to always use the correct fluid for the system; the two types of fluids and their associated system components are not interchangeable. If the wrong type of fluid is used, the system must be drained and rinsed with
Hydraflush (Total's Hydraurincage), before draining again and filling with the correct fluid. These procedures are clearly described in DIY manuals obtainable from automotive retailers.
36:
1117:
suspension, throttle pedal and gearbox feed information on the car's speed, acceleration, and road conditions to an on-board computer, which in turn activates or deactivates an extra pair of suspension spheres on the circuit, to enable either a more smooth supple ride or tighter handling in corners. On the Activa and Activa 2, the car leaned inwards by one degree in turns – Citroën acknowledged that this was somewhat of a marketing gimmick, and that a lean of zero degrees was optimal.
50:
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81:
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379:
591:, and hydraulically actuated directional high beams. The beams of all six headlights are maintained parallel to the road surface by a hydraulic system separate from the directional long range high beams. The headlights' steering and leveling systems are totally separate from the central system that powers the suspension, steering and brakes and use a different fluid, a glycerine type.
865:
281:, to provide extra clearance in rough terrain. Hydropneumatic suspension has a number of natural advantages over steel springs, generally recognized in the auto industry. In a hydropneumatic system, gas absorbs excessive force, whereas liquid in hydraulics directly transfers force, which combines the advantages of two
2011:
Magès was the man behind the hydropneumatic suspension of the DS. His ideas were discovered by Pierre
Boulanger by accident, and Boulanger was fascinated by them, even though the Citroën technicians considered them hopeless. Boulanger employed Magès in the development department. A decision, he never
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LHM, being a mineral oil, absorbs only an infinitesimal proportion of moisture, plus it contains corrosion inhibitors. The dust inhalation problem continued, so a filter assembly was fitted into the hydraulic reservoir. Cleaning the filters and changing the fluid at the recommended intervals removes
453:
in 1955. This type of suspension for automobiles was inspired by the pneumatic suspension used for aircraft landing gear, which was also partly filled with oil for lubrication and to prevent gas leakage, as patented in 1933 by the same company. Other modifications followed, with design changes such
1204:
has continued development of
Hydractive suspension with Hydractive 3. Compared to earlier cars, the C5 stays at normal ride height even when the engine is turned off for an extended period, through the use of electronics. The C5 also uses orange synthetic hydraulic fluid named LDS fluid in place of
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An additional, perhaps unexpected, benefit of active suspension is that fuel consumption and tire wear is lowered overall. The negative camber designed into most suspensions in order to maximize the size of the contact patch when turning leads to tire scrub, which wears out tires and increases fuel
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Classic (non-saucer) green- (and grey-) coloured suspension spheres typically last between 60,000 and 100,000 km. Spheres originally had a threaded plug on top for recharging. Newer ('saucer') spheres do not have this plug, but it can be retrofitted, enabling them to be recharged with gas. The
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Spheres are not subject to mechanical wear, but suffer pressure loss, due to the pressurised nitrogen diffusing through the membrane. They can, however, be recharged, which is cheaper than replacing them. When Citroën designed their
Hydractive 3 suspension they redesigned the spheres with new nylon
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At the heart of the system, acting as pressure sink as well as suspension elements, are the so-called spheres, five or six in all; one per wheel and one main accumulator as well as a dedicated brake accumulator on some models. On later cars fitted with
Hydractive or Activa suspension, there may be
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Pressure flows from the hydraulic circuit to the suspension cylinders, pressurizing the bottom part of the spheres and suspension cylinders. Suspension works by means of a piston forcing LHM into the sphere, compressing the nitrogen in the upper part of the sphere; damping is provided by a two-way
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Starting with Xantia model year 1994 and XM model year 1995, all models featured an additional sphere and valve that together functioned as a pressure reservoir for rear brakes because of new hydraulic locks, letting the car retain normal ride height for several weeks without running the engine.
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The whole high pressure part of the system is manufactured from steel tubing of small diameter, connected to valve control units by
Lockheed type pipe unions with special seals made from Desmopan, a type of polyurethane thermoplastic compatible with the LHM fluid. The moving parts of the system,
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concept. It describes a development of the 1954 hydropneumatic suspension design using additional electronic sensors and driver control of suspension performance. The driver can make the suspension stiffen (sport mode) or ride in outstanding comfort (soft mode). Sensors in the steering, brakes,
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and springing technology is not generally well understood by consumers, leading to a public perception that hydropneumatics are merely "good for comfort". They also have advantages related to handling and control efficiency, solving a number of problems inherent in steel springs that suspension
161:
This type of suspension for automobiles was inspired by the pneumatic suspension used for aircraft landing gear, which was also partly filled with oil for lubrication and to prevent gas leakage, as patented in 1933 by the same company. The principles illustrated by the successful use of
1451: – a type of vehicle suspension powered by an electric or engine-driven air pump or compressor. This compressor pumps the air into a flexible bellows, usually made from textile-reinforced rubber. The air pressure inflates the bellows, and raises the chassis from the axle.
347:'s application of the system had the disadvantage that only garages equipped with special tools and knowledge were qualified to work on the cars, making them radically different from ordinary cars with common mechanicals. France was noted for the poor quality of its roads after
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designers have previously struggled to eliminate. Although auto manufacturers understood the inherent advantages over steel springs, there were two problems. First, it was patented by the inventor, and second it had a perceived element of complexity, so automakers like
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and speed-adjustable DIRAVI power steering (first introduced on the Citroën SM). The suspension was attached to sub frames that were fitted to the body through flexible mountings, to improve even more the ride quality and to reduce road noise. The
British magazine
700:/estate) begins production in July, offering the same self-leveling hydropneumatic rear suspension as previous BMW, with the difference that the pump is a parallel circuit on the belt-driven steering assist pump, and shares its fluid. Starting in September, the
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maintains a reserve of hydraulic power. This part of the circuit is at between 150 and 180 bars. It powers the front brakes first, prioritised via a security valve, and depending on type of vehicle, can power the steering, clutch, gear selector, etc.
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with hydropneumatic suspension, with the pump driven by the engine's timing chain instead of an external belt. This adaptation was used only for the suspension. Power steering and brakes were conventional hydraulic- and vacuum-powered,
491:: Suspension, power steering, brakes and gearbox/clutch assembly powered by high pressure hydraulic assistance. A belt driven 7-piston pump, similar in size to a power steering pump, generates this pressure when the engine is running.
424:
inside a suspension cylinder. By adjusting the filled fluid volume within the cylinder, a leveling functionality is implemented. The nitrogen gas within the suspension sphere is separated from the hydraulic oil by a rubber membrane.
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setting, the suspension was switched from soft to firm mode temporarily when a speed-dependent threshold in accelerator pedal movement, brake pressure, steering wheel angle, or body movement was detected by one of several sensors.
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Whenever the
Hydractive 1 or 2 computers received abnormal sensor information, often caused by malfunctioning electrical contacts, the car's suspension system would be forced into its firm setting for the remainder of the ride.
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5-series released with optional hydropneumatic rear suspension. Coil springs are retained, though softer than conventional coils for the same car. This system was offered in most BMW 5-, 6-, and 7-series models, as well as the
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used hydraulic struts controlled by an array of sensors with yaw velocity sensors, vertical G sensors, height sensors, wheel speed sensors, longitudinal and lateral G sensors) that detected cornering, acceleration and braking
808:: Hydractive 3 removes the need for central hydraulic pressure generation; combined pump/sphere unit for the suspension only and with electric height adjustment sensors. Hydractive 3+ was available on some models
2192:"The 2019 Mercedes-Benz GLE 450 Has an Incredible Adaptive Suspension System – The new Mercedes SUV can lean into corners and adjust each wheel's suspension tuning individually and on the fly"
873:
as many as ten spheres. Spheres consist of a hollow metal ball, open to the bottom, with a flexible
Desmopan rubber membrane, fixed at the 'equator' inside, separating top and bottom. The top is filled with
941:. Mineral oil is hydrophobic, unlike standard brake fluid; therefore, water-vapour bubbles do not form in the system, as would be the case with standard brake fluid, creating a "spongy" brake feel. Use of
815:: An improved version of the C5 system known as Hydractive 3+ (also fitted to some C5 models), C6 with a V6 engine was fitted with AMVAR version of Hydractive 3+ (sometimes called Hydractive 4)
1638:
469:, an employee of Citroën, with no formal training in engineering, secretly develops the concept of an oil and air suspension to combine a new level of softness with vehicle control and
881:, the bottom connects to the car's hydraulic fluid circuit. The high pressure pump, powered by the engine, pressurizes the hydraulic fluid (LHM – liquide hydraulique minéral) and an
647:
II: was on an extended Citroën SM chassis, available since Citroën had purchased the
Italian company and was the only Maserati Quattroporte to feature hydropneumatic suspension and
607:/estate), into the 1990s when it was replaced with an air suspension. Until late 1987, the hydraulic circuit was separate from the power steering, and the pump electrically powered.
198:
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is used as the trapped gas to be compressed, since it is unlikely to cause corrosion. The actuation of the nitrogen spring reservoir is performed through an incompressible
1920:
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on estate (wagon) models on rear suspension used hydraulic suspension with spheres height adjustable suspension and self-levelling suspension mixed with coil springs.
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selected models of E class had this technology (rear only hydraulic suspension) height adjustable suspension and self-levelling suspension mixed with coil springs.
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We designed a bolt-on kit for aftermarket installation of hydropneumatic suspension into current ambulances using our 2004 Ford F-350 ambulance as a template.
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setting would no longer keep the suspension system in firm mode, but instead lowered the thresholds significantly for any of the sensor readings also used in
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Correctly called the SC/MAC sphere, it often became known as the 'anti-sink' sphere, because of its ability to better maintain rear suspension height.
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U8 SUV and U9 sportscar. The suspension features the ability to drive with only three wheels fitted, and jump in the air while parked remaining level.
2012:
would regret. Paul Magès was a curious man, and he consumed all literature concerning wheel suspension, suspension in general and braking systems.
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611:
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118:, and fitted to Citroën cars, as well as being used under licence by other car manufacturers. Similar systems are also widely used on modern
2045:
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Hydropneumatic suspension offers no natural roll stiffness. There have been many improvements to the system over the years, including steel
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systems so that gas absorbs excessive force and liquid in hydraulics directly transfers force. The suspension system usually features both
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The principles illustrated by the successful use of hydropneumatic suspension are now used in a broad range of applications, such as
495:
1991:
1921:"TRACTION AVANT 15cv, 6 cylindres, suspension hydraulique ! LA REINE DE LA ROUTE – LES RENDEZ VOUS DE LA REINE"
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mode, allowing for a similar level of body firmness during cornering and acceleration, without the sacrifice in ride quality the
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described the sensation of driving a CX as hovering over road irregularities, much like a ship traversing above the ocean floor.
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was able to reach more than 1g lateral acceleration, and still holds the record speed (85 km/h (53 mph)) through the
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715:: Hydractive Suspension, electronic regulation of the hydropneumatic system; sensors measure acceleration and other factors
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using concepts very similar to those developed earlier by Paul Magès – Patent forms the basis for aircraft
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in an easy way, independent of the distance between the input and output, without the need for mechanical gears or levers.
1479:
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1412: – suspension for most large aircraft, using the same physical properties of air and hydraulic fluid.
1089:, first patented in the U.S. in 1934 by Cleveland Pneumatic Tool Co. Similar systems are also widely used on modern
244:
UZZ32 "Limited" was fitted with a fully integrated four-wheel steering and a complex, computer-controlled hydraulic
3394:
3186:
246:
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1400: – is an improved form of Hydrolastic, using nitrogen-pressurised gas springs, rather than rubber.
2168:
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The BHI of the 3+ Hydractive suspension calculates the optimum vehicle height, using the following information:
266:
The purpose of this system is to provide a sensitive, dynamic and high-capacity suspension that offers superior
135:
The purpose of this system is to provide a sensitive, dynamic and high-capacity suspension that offers superior
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3086:
1238:
The BHI of the Hydractive 3 suspension calculates the optimum vehicle height, using the following information:
1019:
675:
500SEL used hydropneumatic suspension as optional, later this system was available on 420SEL and 560SEL models.
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hydraulic fluid. This lasts longer and requires less frequent attention. It conforms to DIN 51524-3 for HVLP.
3419:
790:
2645:
2420:
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compatible with green LHM. The orange LDS fluid in Hydractive cars is also incompatible with other fluids.
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II: Hydractive 3+ as optional on Exclusive models. other versions of the car have normal spring suspension.
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615:
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as the 1960 "Double stage oleo-pneumatic shock absorber" patented by Peter Fullam John and Stephan Gyurik.
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The old LHS and LHS2 (coloured red) cars used a different elastomer in the diaphragms and seals that is
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629:: The car was one of the most modern of its time, combining Citroën's unique hydro-pneumatic integral
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membranes, which greatly slow the rate of deflation. These are recognisable by their grey colouring.
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7-series (in production since June '86) switches to this pump from the previous electric pump. The
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2329:(in Swedish). Vol. 43, no. 2. Stockholm, Sweden: Specialtidningsförlaget AB. p. 44.
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high speed 7000 series agricultural tractors now use this system for front and rear suspension.
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Hydractive (and later Hydractive 2) suspension was available on several models, including the
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1999:
1220:. Hydractive 3+ systems contain additional spheres that can be engaged and disengaged via a
1144:. The first Hydractive suspension systems (now known as Hydractive 1) had two user presets,
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3464:
3399:
2323:
Collin, Robert (1991-02-07). "Citroën fjädrar sig igen" [Citroën springs back up].
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Poor road surface position (raising by 13 mm of the vehicle height below 70 km/h)
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Poor road surface position (raising by 13 mm of the vehicle height below 70 km/h)
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1803:"The All-New Range Rover | Unmatched Capability " Land Rover " www.landrovermena.com"
1535:
Fahrwerkhandbuch: Grundlagen, Fahrdynamik, Komponenten, Systeme, Mechatronik, Perspektiven
8:
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was not ideally suited to high pressure hydraulics, and developed a special red-coloured
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This system uses a belt- or camshaft-driven pump from the engine to pressurise a special
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2214:"BYD Reveals DiSus Intelligent Body Control System, Exclusively for New Energy Vehicles"
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686:
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93:, uses hydropneumatic suspension for better crew comfort and increased firing accuracy.
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1613:"Porsche? Releases Cayenne? Four-Wheel Drive Technical Specifications and New Photos"
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1429:, that allows control of the vehicle body motions and therefore virtually eliminates
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Motorway position (lowering by 15 mm of the vehicle height above 110 km/h)
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Motorway position (lowering by 15 mm of the vehicle height above 110 km/h)
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Gardiner, Nick; Griesbach, Doug; McCann, Connor; McDonald, Nick (April 26, 2012).
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Blue: Nitrogen gas; Gold: Hydraulic fluid under pressure from engine-driven pump
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hydropneumatic suspension are now used in a broad range of applications, such as
2785:
2740:
2471:
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A further improved Hydractive 3+ variation was for cars with top engines on the
980:
The latest Citroën cars with Hydractive 3 suspension have a new orange coloured
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2046:"Project Car Hell, Roller On a Budget Edition: Silver Cloud or Silver Shadow?"
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Diagram of the Hydractive system, showing centre spheres and stiffness valves
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on a variety of surfaces. A hydropneumatic system combines the advantages of
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To overcome these shortcomings of LHS, Citroën developed a new green fluid,
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Citroën first introduced this system in 1954 on the rear suspension of the
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The system was also used under licence by other car manufacturers, notably
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1956:
1457:(EAS) is the air suspension system installed on the second version of the
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1938:
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setting the car's suspension was always kept in its firmest mode. In the
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high speed agricultural tractor uses this system for its rear suspension.
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1022: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1386: – a type of automotive suspension system used in many
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on a variety of surfaces. The suspension system usually features both
193:
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801: – an electronically controlled hydropneumatic system
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in early literature, pointing to oil and air as its main components.
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in early literature, pointing to oil and air as its main components.
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851:
introduces advanced active hydropneumatic suspension systems on the
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775:, as a test of avoiding a moose in the road. The second place car,
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Mi16x4: first Peugeot equipped with rear hydropneumatic suspension
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and later cars reportedly ensured a smooth and stable ride there.
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844:, discarding mechanical roll bars, notably enhancing performance.
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Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3+: Depends on country and trim.
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5-series begins production in November, also with this new pump.
196:, and fitted to Citroën cars. The suspension was referred to as
80:
3560:
3374:
1636:
1480:"La suspension hydropneumatique du début à la fin chez Citroën"
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403:
1249:
The 3+ Hydractive hydraulic suspension has 3 automatic modes:
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is compressible, so equipment is less subject to shock damage.
63:
3545:
3449:
3246:
1692:"Suspension Basics 9 – Hydropneumatic Springs"
1422:
1227:
The Hydractive 3 hydraulic suspension has 2 automatic modes:
919:
LHM reservoir and green suspension sphere in a Citroën Xantia
543:
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378:
1639:"Project report: Ambulance Universal Chassis and Suspension"
864:
576:: Adaptation of the hydropneumatic suspension to a small car
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Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3+: Standard on all models.
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licenses Citroën technology for the suspension of the new
449:. The first four-wheel implementation was in the advanced
3288:
970:
306:
1876:
1406: – uses the same principal for artillery.
402:. It can also power any number of features such as the
250:
in 1991. Similar systems are also widely used on modern
1461:. Five suspension heights are offered by this system.
779:
GT3 RS was able to manage 82 km/h (51 mph).
457:
Major milestones of the hydropneumatics design were:
351:, but the hydropneumatic suspension as fitted to the
337:
sought to create simpler variants using a compressed
2238:Jackson, Tony; Bardenwerper, Mark L. (March 2016).
2237:
1140:, which had a more advanced sub-model known as the
1756:"Suspension Basics 8 – Air Springs"
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1507:"Suspension oléopneumatique à amortissement total"
1164:In Hydractive 2, the preset names were changed to
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2119:. G/O Media Inc. 24 January 2015. Archived from
1671:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1650:. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015
1124:
569:legalizes LHM mineral fluid in the United States
1567:
1504:
158:, to provide extra clearance in rough terrain.
2135:
1679:
1505:Richard, Denis; Perineau, Jean (4 June 1986).
1112:in 1990. The prototype debuted in 1988 on the
612:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
567:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
3262:
2364:
2240:"Revised Summary of Citroën Hydraulic Fluids"
2189:
1939:"1955 Citroën DS 19 – Citroën"
1919:REINE, Les RENDEZ-VOUS de La (October 2010).
1357:and DW12TED4 engines (prior to RPO No 10645).
1266:suspension (variation of suspension firmness)
1209:used in millions of hydropneumatic vehicles.
752:) system, eliminating body roll by acting on
2318:
2316:
2307:"Hydropneumatic shock absorber US 1967641 A"
2161:
1974:"Double stage oleo-pneumatic shock absorber"
1968:
1966:
1531:
928:
907:
585:Variable speed auto-returning power steering
126:vehicles. The suspension was referred to as
1532:Heißing, Bernd; Ersoy, Metin, eds. (2008).
1425:name used to describe hydropneumatic fully
3269:
3255:
2371:
2357:
1338:Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3: EW7J4,
1108:is an automotive technology introduced by
506:Double stage oleo-pneumatic shock absorber
373:
2313:
2169:"Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220: 1998-2005)"
1963:
1184:mode in Hydractive 1 systems had caused.
1038:Learn how and when to remove this message
768:. This test is conducted by the magazine
496:United States Patent and Trademark Office
1992:"Citroën Faces – The men behind Citroën"
1582:
914:
863:
558:suspension. The bodies were produced by
432:
377:
2231:
898:Citroën quickly realized that standard
181:Hydropneumatic suspension is a type of
14:
3682:
2266:
2264:
2183:
1630:
744:used hydropneumatic, on 1995 Optional
3250:
2352:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
1957:"Shock absorbing device US 1918697 A"
1918:
1861:. Bonnier Corporation. 1991. p.
1433:in many driving situations including
3231:
2109:
2096:"Citroën XM technical specification"
1538:. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag.
1353:Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3+:
1314:Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3+:
1295:Movement of the accelerator throttle
1224:button, resulting in a firmer ride.
1020:adding citations to reliable sources
991:
441:15CVH – high position
366:), and active control of body roll (
3700:Armoured fighting vehicle equipment
2261:
2190:CHRIS PERKINS (23 September 2018).
1303:Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3:
1286:Vehicle's longitudinal acceleration
532:
305:systems are based on the fact that
24:
3690:Automotive suspension technologies
3385:Continuously variable transmission
2145:. 29 November 2016. Archived from
2081:
481:
25:
3726:
2337:
3705:Automotive technology tradenames
3664:
3663:
3653:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3187:Abu Dhabi Total World Rally Team
2517:
1828:"Lexus LX 470 suspension system"
1280:Rotation speed of steering wheel
1216:and in 2005 was standard on the
996:
987:
893:
247:Toyota Active Control Suspension
79:
62:
48:
34:
3177:Kronos Citroën World Rally Team
2299:
2206:
2056:
2038:
2017:
1984:
1949:
1931:
1912:
1849:
1820:
1795:
1777:
1647:Worcester Polytechnic Institute
1585:Citroen: Daring to Be Different
1283:Angle of rake of steering wheel
1195:
1007:needs additional citations for
909:Liquide Hydraulique Synthétique
3276:
3192:Citroën World Touring Car Team
2098:. Citroenet.org.uk. 2000-06-10
1748:
1713:
1605:
1525:
1486:(in French). Air-Techniques.fr
1418: – ABC, is the
1289:Vehicle's lateral acceleration
1277:Front and rear vehicle heights
1245:Front and rear vehicle heights
859:
213:), Bmw 5-Series e34 Touring,
176:
13:
1:
3420:Automated manual transmission
1465:
1125:Hydractive 1 and Hydractive 2
1100:
791:Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C215)
618:, impacting consumers in the
1394:and its successor companies.
939:automatic transmission fluid
795:Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220)
784:Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)
616:height adjustable suspension
480:15H: Rear suspension, using
229:trucks and has been used on
7:
3695:Vehicle safety technologies
3495:Semi-automatic transmission
2378:
2344:The Citroën Technical Guide
1832:activesuspensionsystems.com
1377:
930:Liquide Hydraulique Minéral
877:at high pressure, up to 75
535:mineral fluid is introduced
233:cars, where it is known as
10:
3731:
3332:Internal combustion engine
1925:lesrendezvousdelareine.com
1404:Hydraulic recoil mechanism
1292:Speed of suspension travel
1172:. In this new version the
1085:and gas filled automobile
428:
362:, variable ride firmness (
261:
199:Suspension oléopneumatique
169:and gas filled automobile
129:Suspension oléopneumatique
89:, main battle tank of the
3649:
3631:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
3618:
3533:
3520:Transmission control unit
3460:Limited-slip differential
3425:Electrorheological clutch
3350:
3297:
3284:
3216:
3200:
3159:
3130:
3079:
2879:
2819:
2533:
2526:
2515:
2480:
2434:
2403:
2396:
2386:
2322:
1544:10.1007/978-3-8348-9493-9
1455:Electronic Air Suspension
1073:
101:Hydropneumatic suspension
3410:Dual-clutch transmission
3172:Citroën World Rally Team
3151:Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën
2244:citroen.cappyfabrics.com
2032:www.mycitroen.dk/library
682:, built as a 4WD in 1990
655:Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9
631:self-leveling suspension
542:: The Citroën M35 was a
390:, which then powers the
3380:Constant-velocity joint
1583:Reynolds, John (2004).
945:has thus spread beyond
374:Basic mechanical layout
3360:Automatic transmission
2272:"LDS Fluid data sheet"
1369:C5 III X7 (2007–2017)
929:
920:
908:
869:
550:, and equipped with a
528:1967 The superior non-
442:
439:Citroën Traction Avant
383:
225:. It was also used on
2143:"The humble champion"
2117:"Moose tests, ranked"
1106:Hydractive Suspension
918:
867:
842:Sport utility vehicle
834:Mercedes-Benz 450 GLE
766:active anti-roll bars
764:maneuver, due to its
645:Maserati Quattroporte
436:
381:
297:torque multiplication
3465:Locking differential
3400:Direct-shift gearbox
2068:Motor Sport Magazine
2064:"CITROEN bx GTI 4X4"
1016:improve this article
622:. Ban repealed 1981.
501:U.S. patent 2959410A
3490:Preselector gearbox
3470:Manual transmission
3182:Citroën Junior Team
3131:Regional operations
2880:Concepts/prototypes
2500:Jumpy / SpaceTourer
2171:. 18 September 2018
2149:on 17 November 2021
2052:. 15 December 2011.
1416:Active Body Control
838:Active Body Control
799:Active Body Control
797:introduce optional
734:Toyota Soarer UZZ32
614:bans vehicles with
236:Active Body Control
3636:Electric generator
3541:Wheel hub assembly
2194:. Road & Track
1996:The Citroën Source
1791:. 12 January 2015.
1728:www.hydragas.co.uk
1334:C5 II (2004–2007)
921:
883:accumulator sphere
870:
696:3-series Touring (
687:Mercedes-Benz W124
673:Mercedes-Benz W126
657:W116 replaces the
562:from 1969 to 1971.
443:
384:
3677:
3676:
3430:Epicyclic gearing
3299:Automotive engine
3244:
3243:
3138:Citroën Argentina
2875:
2874:
2551:Ami 6 / 8 / Super
2513:
2512:
2025:"Hydraulics info"
1785:"1971 Citröen DS"
1598:978-1-85960-896-8
1589:Haynes Publishing
1553:978-3-8348-0444-0
1427:active suspension
1299:C5 I (2001–2004)
1048:
1047:
1040:
937:, quite close to
750:active suspension
649:front-wheel drive
546:derived from the
408:turning headlamps
186:suspension system
108:suspension system
72:suspension sphere
16:(Redirected from
3722:
3715:Tank suspensions
3667:
3666:
3657:
3534:Wheels and tires
3505:Torque converter
3271:
3264:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3234:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3208:List of vehicles
3142:
2531:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2401:
2400:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2281:. Archived from
2276:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2246:. Archived from
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2123:on 4 August 2020
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2092:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1998:. Archived from
1988:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1945:. 31 March 2016.
1935:
1929:
1928:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1893:. Archived from
1891:tramontana.co.hu
1888:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1834:. Archived from
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1805:. Archived from
1799:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1762:. Archived from
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1730:. Archived from
1725:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1698:. Archived from
1688:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1615:. Archived from
1609:
1603:
1602:
1580:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1476:
1093:and other large
1043:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1000:
992:
932:
911:
503:
484:hydraulic fluid.
254:and other large
122:and other large
83:
66:
52:
38:
21:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3645:
3614:
3529:
3525:Universal joint
3455:Hotchkiss drive
3346:
3293:
3280:
3275:
3245:
3240:
3212:
3196:
3155:
3140:
3126:
3075:
2871:
2815:
2731:Nemo Multispace
2527:Historic models
2522:
2518:
2509:
2476:
2435:SUVs/crossovers
2430:
2392:
2382:
2377:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2326:Teknikens Värld
2321:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2221:
2220:. 17 April 2012
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2005:
2003:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1886:
1884:"citroen guide"
1882:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1858:Popular Science
1855:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1703:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1581:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1392:British Leyland
1380:
1361:C6 (2005–2012)
1198:
1127:
1103:
1087:shock absorbers
1076:
1044:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1013:
1001:
990:
904:hydraulic fluid
896:
862:
771:Teknikens Värld
514:shock absorbers
512:and gas-filled
499:
431:
422:hydraulic fluid
388:hydraulic fluid
376:
323:British Leyland
276:driver-variable
264:
179:
171:shock absorbers
153:driver-variable
98:
97:
96:
95:
94:
84:
75:
74:
73:
67:
58:
57:
56:
53:
44:
43:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3728:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3626:Electric motor
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Friction drive
3437:
3435:Fluid coupling
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3326:Plug-in hybrid
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3201:Related topics
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:Citroën Racing
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
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2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
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2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:Traction Avant
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
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2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
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2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2528:
2524:
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2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
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2454:
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2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2397:Current models
2394:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2338:External links
2336:
2333:
2332:
2312:
2298:
2260:
2230:
2205:
2182:
2160:
2134:
2108:
2080:
2055:
2037:
2016:
1983:
1962:
1948:
1930:
1911:
1875:
1848:
1819:
1794:
1776:
1747:
1712:
1678:
1629:
1604:
1597:
1591:. p. 75.
1566:
1552:
1524:
1511:google patents
1497:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1449:Air suspension
1446:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1332:
1331:
1312:
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1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1205:the green LHM
1197:
1194:
1126:
1123:
1114:Citroën Activa
1102:
1099:
1075:
1072:
1046:
1045:
1004:
1002:
995:
989:
986:
895:
892:
861:
858:
857:
856:
845:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
787:
780:
754:anti-roll bars
742:Citroën Xantia
738:
730:
723:
716:
709:
690:
683:
676:
669:
659:air suspension
651:
641:
623:
608:
592:
577:
570:
563:
556:hydropneumatic
536:
526:
516:
492:
485:
478:Traction Avant
474:
471:self-levelling
447:Traction Avant
430:
427:
400:power steering
375:
372:
368:Citroën Activa
360:anti-roll bars
339:air suspension
311:
310:
300:
263:
260:
192:, invented by
188:, designed by
178:
175:
114:, invented by
110:, designed by
85:
78:
77:
76:
68:
61:
60:
59:
54:
47:
46:
45:
40:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3727:
3716:
3713:
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3708:
3706:
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3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3670:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
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3621:
3617:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
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3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Shift-by-wire
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
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3458:
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3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Petrol engine
3335:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Diesel engine
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3237:
3229:
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3219:
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3215:
3209:
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3199:
3193:
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3185:
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3180:
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3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Citroën Chile
3144:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:C-Elysée WTCC
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
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3026:
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3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:GT by Citroën
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:DS High Rider
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:C-SportLounge
2928:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
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2878:
2868:
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2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Xsara Picasso
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
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2779:
2777:
2774:
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2579:
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2544:
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2532:
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2503:
2501:
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2489:
2486:
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2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
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2465:
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2414:
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2355:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2302:
2288:on 2014-08-04
2284:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2250:on 2020-02-15
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2193:
2186:
2170:
2164:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2070:. 7 July 2014
2069:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2002:on 2009-08-03
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1943:SuperCars.net
1940:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1900:on 2004-02-05
1896:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1838:on 2015-01-29
1837:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1809:on 2015-01-29
1808:
1804:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1766:on 2015-01-29
1765:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1737:on 2014-05-31
1733:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1702:on 2015-01-29
1701:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1633:
1619:on 2015-02-06
1618:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:Mercedes-Benz
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1274:Vehicle speed
1273:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1242:Vehicle speed
1241:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1121:consumption.
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1042:
1039:
1031:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1005:This section
1003:
999:
994:
993:
988:Manufacturing
985:
983:
978:
974:
972:
968:
964:
961:, to include
960:
959:Mercedes-Benz
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
926:
917:
913:
910:
905:
901:
894:Working fluid
891:
887:
884:
880:
876:
866:
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:
824:
821:
817:
814:
810:
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
781:
778:
774:
772:
767:
763:
759:
758:Xantia Activa
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:
724:
721:
717:
714:
710:
707:
703:
699:
698:station wagon
695:
691:
688:
684:
681:
677:
674:
670:
668:respectively.
666:
665:
660:
656:
652:
650:
646:
642:
639:
638:
632:
628:
624:
621:
620:United States
617:
613:
609:
606:
605:station wagon
602:
597:
593:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:
571:
568:
564:
561:
557:
553:
552:Wankel engine
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:
531:
527:
525:
524:Silver Shadow
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
502:
497:
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:
458:
455:
452:
448:
440:
435:
426:
423:
419:
415:
413:
412:power windows
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
380:
371:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
353:Citroën ID/DS
350:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:Mercedes-Benz
315:
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
291:
290:
289:
287:
284:
283:technological
280:
277:
273:
272:self-leveling
269:
259:
257:
253:
249:
248:
243:
242:Toyota Soarer
239:
237:
232:
231:Mercedes-Benz
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:Silver Shadow
208:
203:
201:
200:
195:
191:
187:
184:
183:motor vehicle
174:
172:
168:
165:
159:
157:
154:
150:
149:self-leveling
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
105:motor vehicle
103:is a type of
102:
92:
88:
82:
71:
65:
51:
41:High position
37:
19:
3578:Racing slick
3515:Transfer box
3485:Park-by-wire
3480:Parking pawl
3395:Differential
3370:Direct-drive
3352:Transmission
3342:Steam engine
3287:Part of the
3286:
2388:A marque of
2324:
2301:
2290:. Retrieved
2283:the original
2279:lubadmin.com
2278:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:the original
2243:
2233:
2222:. Retrieved
2217:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2147:the original
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2121:the original
2111:
2100:. Retrieved
2072:. Retrieved
2067:
2058:
2050:autoweek.com
2049:
2040:
2031:
2019:
2010:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:the original
1995:
1986:
1977:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1895:the original
1890:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1857:
1851:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:the original
1831:
1822:
1811:. Retrieved
1807:the original
1797:
1788:
1779:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:the original
1759:
1750:
1739:. Retrieved
1732:the original
1727:
1715:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:the original
1695:
1659:
1652:. Retrieved
1645:
1632:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1607:
1584:
1557:. Retrieved
1534:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1510:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1439:accelerating
1390:produced by
1368:
1360:
1333:
1298:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1237:
1226:
1221:
1211:
1199:
1196:Hydractive 3
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1128:
1119:
1105:
1104:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1034:
1025:
1014:Please help
1009:verification
1006:
981:
979:
975:
933:). LHM is a
924:
922:
897:
888:
871:
836:introduces e
769:
757:
745:
662:
635:
505:
463:World War II
456:
444:
416:
385:
357:
349:World War II
343:
312:
295:systems use
268:ride quality
265:
245:
234:
219:Quattroporte
204:
197:
180:
160:
143:systems and
137:ride quality
134:
127:
100:
99:
91:British army
87:Challenger 2
55:Low position
3556:Alloy wheel
3415:Drive wheel
3405:Drive shaft
3365:Chain drive
3080:Racing cars
3056:Technospace
3038:Prototype Y
3033:Prototype C
2988:GS Camargue
2979:DS Numero 9
2631:C4 Aircross
2467:C5 Aircross
2447:C3 Aircross
2442:C3 Aircross
2198:16 November
2175:16 November
2153:17 November
1760:InitialDave
1696:InitialDave
1513:(in French)
1459:Range Rover
1384:Hydrolastic
1207:mineral oil
1083:oleo struts
951:Rolls-Royce
943:mineral oil
935:mineral oil
906:named LHS (
900:brake fluid
860:Functioning
827:JCB Fastrac
777:Porsche 997
727:JCB Fastrac
720:Peugeot 405
540:Citroën M35
530:hygroscopic
520:Rolls-Royce
510:oleo struts
327:Hydrolastic
279:ride height
207:Rolls-Royce
177:Description
167:oleo struts
156:ride height
3684:Categories
3641:Alternator
3289:Automobile
3278:Powertrain
3160:Motorsport
3013:Metropolis
2966:CXperience
2945:C6 Lignage
2940:C3 Lumiere
2907:C-Airdream
2820:Commercial
2626:C4 Picasso
2606:C3 Pluriel
2601:C3 Picasso
2586:C-Triomphe
2493:ë-Berlingo
2390:Stellantis
2292:2014-10-20
2254:2020-04-29
2224:2023-04-14
2102:2018-06-29
2074:2022-11-29
2006:2014-04-01
1978:google.com
1842:2015-01-29
1813:2015-01-29
1770:2015-01-29
1741:2015-01-29
1706:2015-01-29
1654:January 3,
1623:2015-01-29
1466:References
1410:Oleo strut
1218:Citroën C6
1214:Citroën C5
1202:Citroën C5
1101:Hydractive
1097:vehicles.
820:Citroën C5
813:Citroën C6
806:Citroën C5
762:moose test
713:Citroën XM
680:Citroën BX
627:Citroën CX
581:Citroën SM
574:Citroën GS
489:Citroën DS
467:Paul Magès
396:suspension
364:Hydractive
314:Suspension
286:principles
258:vehicles.
190:Paul Magès
112:Paul Magès
27:Pneumatics
18:Hydractive
3510:Transaxle
3475:Manumatic
3445:Gearshift
3317:Fuel cell
3141:(1959–79)
3117:C3 Rally2
3107:Xsara WRC
2975:DS Inside
2925:C-Métisse
2912:C-Airplay
2862:TUB / TUC
2832:Belphégor
2581:C-Crosser
2457:C4 Cactus
2127:27 August
1904:3 January
1559:3 January
1517:3 January
1490:3 January
1435:cornering
1431:body roll
1348:DW10BTED4
1200:The 2001
1152:. In the
1028:June 2018
653:1975 The
603:Touring (
587:, dubbed
494:1960 The
410:and even
303:Pneumatic
293:Hydraulic
145:pneumatic
141:hydraulic
3669:Category
3608:Tubeless
3593:Run-flat
3573:Off-road
3390:Coupling
3312:Electric
3226:Category
2921:C-Cactus
2827:Acadiane
2776:Type B12
2771:Type B10
2751:Synergie
2716:LN / LNA
2711:GS / GSA
2686:E-Méhari
2488:Berlingo
2426:C-Elysée
1667:cite web
1398:Hydragas
1378:See also
1350:engines.
1330:engines.
1328:DW12TED4
1311:engines.
1095:military
1080:aircraft
875:nitrogen
853:Yangwang
849:BYD Auto
418:Nitrogen
331:Hydragas
256:military
221:II) and
215:Maserati
164:aircraft
124:military
3710:Citroën
3236:Commons
3102:DS3 WRC
3051:Survolt
3043:REVOLTe
3028:Pluriel
3008:Lacoste
2917:C-Buggy
2902:Ami One
2892:2CV Pop
2766:Type B2
2736:Rosalie
2696:Evasion
2661:DS / ID
2621:C4 / C6
2380:Citroën
2218:AFP.com
1868:12 June
1789:nbc.com
1484:Le blog
1443:braking
1344:DV6TED4
1264:dynamic
1260:Comfort
1130:Citroën
1110:Citroën
955:Peugeot
947:Citroën
706:BMW E34
694:BMW E30
661:of the
596:BMW E12
560:Heuliez
498:issues
461:During
429:History
345:Citroën
335:Lincoln
333:), and
262:Effects
227:Berliet
223:Peugeot
194:Citroën
116:Citroën
70:Citroën
3659:Portal
3619:Hybrid
3583:Radial
3561:Hubcap
3375:Clutch
3322:Hybrid
3291:series
3122:C3 WRC
3097:DS3 R5
3092:C4 WRC
3071:Zabrus
2998:Hypnos
2955:Cactus
2935:C3 Air
2897:Activa
2791:Xantia
2781:Type C
2761:Type A
2726:Méhari
2706:Fukang
2691:Elysée
2656:C-Zero
2505:Jumper
1721:"Data"
1595:
1550:
1441:, and
1324:ES9J4S
1316:EW10J4
1309:DW10TD
1178:Normal
1170:Normal
1142:Activa
1138:Xantia
1074:Legacy
969:, and
963:Jaguar
957:, and
746:Activa
737:force.
589:DIRAVI
554:and a
504:for a
404:clutch
392:brakes
3603:Spare
3546:Wheel
3450:Giubo
3112:C3 R5
3066:Tulip
3061:Tubik
3047:Skate
3003:Karin
2983:G Van
2887:19_19
2852:H Van
2801:Xsara
2681:Dyane
2616:C3-XR
2566:Bijou
2286:(PDF)
2275:(PDF)
2028:(PDF)
1898:(PDF)
1887:(PDF)
1735:(PDF)
1724:(PDF)
1642:(PDF)
1423:brand
1340:EW10A
1320:EW10D
1305:EW7J4
1222:Sport
1182:Sport
1174:Sport
1166:Sport
1154:Sport
1146:Sport
1091:tanks
847:2023
840:on a
832:2019
825:2008
818:2007
811:2005
804:2001
789:1999
782:1995
740:1993
732:1991
725:1990
718:1990
711:1989
692:1987
685:1984
678:1983
671:1980
643:1974
625:1974
610:1974
594:1972
579:1970
572:1970
565:1969
548:Ami 8
544:coupé
538:1969
518:1965
487:1955
476:1954
437:1954
252:tanks
120:tanks
3598:Snow
3588:Rain
3568:Tire
3023:Osée
2857:Nemo
2786:Visa
2741:Saxo
2561:Axel
2534:Cars
2481:Vans
2472:C5 X
2462:C4 X
2404:Cars
2200:2021
2177:2021
2155:2021
2129:2020
1906:2023
1870:2018
1673:link
1656:2023
1593:ISBN
1561:2023
1548:ISBN
1519:2023
1492:2023
1388:cars
1355:ES9A
1346:and
1326:and
1307:and
1168:and
1158:Auto
1150:Auto
1148:and
1136:and
1053:e.g.
967:Audi
793:and
756:. A
398:and
274:and
240:The
151:and
3551:Rim
3018:Oli
2950:C44
2867:U23
2847:C35
2842:C25
2837:C15
2721:M35
2701:FAF
2676:DS5
2671:DS4
2666:DS3
2611:C3L
2541:2CV
2411:Ami
1540:doi
1262:or
1068:not
1018:by
982:LDS
971:BMW
925:LHM
879:bar
702:E32
664:6.3
637:Car
601:E30
533:LHM
482:LHS
370:).
307:gas
3686::
2811:ZX
2796:XM
2746:SM
2651:C8
2646:C6
2641:C6
2636:C5
2596:C2
2591:C1
2576:CX
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