17:
45:, a general and war strategist, on the basis of rumours. Although often depicted as the chief who initiated an armed resistance in the North in 1898, late 20th-century sources suggest he was unfairly identified by the colonial government as a primary instigator, with the government's hostile actions provoking the war. Later that year, resistance arose in the south by the leading
93:) sufficient time to harvest their crops. In response to the tax, 24 chiefs signed a petition addressed to Cardew, explaining the negative effects it was having on their societies and requesting that he rescind the tax; as noted by historian Arthur Abraham, many chiefs perceived the tax as an attack on their sovereignty.
84:
The tax immediately proved unpopular in Sierra Leone, as it was beyond the financial means of many of the colony's inhabitants. Another factor which provoked anti-colonial anger was the government's decision to tax unoccupied dwellings. Cardew also demanded that all chiefs in Sierra Leone implement a
258:
and an unknown number of casualties among the levies (which were not recorded). The defeat in the Hut Tax War ended large-scale organised armed opposition to colonialism in Sierra Leone. But resistance and opposition took other forms, particularly intermittent, wide-scale rioting and chaotic labour
36:
of 1884–1885. The tax constituted a major burden on residents of the
Protectorate; 24 indigenous chiefs had signed a petition against it, explaining its adverse effects on their societies, to no avail. The immediate catalyst for hostilities was an attempt by British colonial officials to arrest the
168:
policy in response, which stipulated that villages and farmlands in rebel-controlled territory would be burnt. This new policy severely impacted Bureh's war effort, sharply reducing the amount of provisions available to feed his rebels. Eventually, Cardew's scorched earth policy led to Bureh
157:. During the initial stages of the rebellion, Bureh's rebels were able to fight the British colonial forces to a standstill, with high casualties on both sides. The rebels also engaged in attacks on anyone suspected of collaborating with the British, murdering several including Creole trader
121:
issued by the colonial government, which was intended to serve as a show of force to preemptively discourage any potential rebellion. In
February 1898, Bureh initiated the revolt, launching attacks on British colonial officials and
221:
J. W. A. Marshall's command to attack the rebels, which managed to defeat most of them after numerous small-scale skirmishes. Most of the ninety-six rebels executed by hanging for murder nine months after the rebellion were Mende.
217:) who also opposed the hut tax. The rebels attacked colonial officials and Creole merchants, killing between 300 and 500 over the course of the rebellion. Cardew responded to the rebellion by dispatching a military force under
197:. In 1905, Bureh was allowed by the British to return to Sierra Leone, where he reassumed his chieftaincy at the settlement of Kasseh. Bureh later gave an oral account of his experiences during the rebellion to
164:
Cardew responded to the rebellion by dispatching all the forces available to him to attack the rebels. However, after several months, the rebels still had not been defeated, which led him to order a
489:
254:, the Sierra Leone Frontier Police and local African levies. These forces combined suffered 67 killed and 184 wounded during the rebellion, in addition to the deaths of 90 African
32:
to a new tax imposed by the colonial governor. The
British had established the Protectorate to demonstrate their dominion over the territory to other European powers following the
101:
In the same year as the tax was introduced by Cardew, two rebellions against
British colonial rule broke out in the hinterlands of Sierra Leone. One was led by 61-year old
126:
merchants with his rebels. Despite the ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to the
British in April and June of that year, aided by the mediation of
169:
abandoning the rebellion, surrendering to the
British colonial government on 11 November 1898; the rebellion had lasted for approximately nine months. Despite
692:
340:
131:
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81:; the owner of a four-roomed hut was to be taxed ten shillings annually, while those with smaller huts would pay five shillings instead.
114:
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189:. Nine months after the rebellion, the colonial government convicted and executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of
178:
77:
on 1 January 1898, which stipulated that all residents of the colony would pay a tax to the government based on the size of their
499:
Despatches of
Frederic Cardew, Governor; and Colonel Edward Woodgate, commanding troops, on the 1898 operations in Sierra Leone.
697:
687:
1140:
932:
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rebels in open revolt in the northeast of the colony. The other rebellion was in the southeast, and was led by Mende chief
70:
29:
1099:
559:
218:
150:
922:
377:
in
Protest and Power in Black Africa, ed. Robert I. Rotberg and Ali A. Mazrui (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970)
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477:
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251:
722:
667:
170:
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and Suluku, both of whom dispatched warriors and weaponry to Bureh's rebels, who were engaged in fighting against
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274:
871:
492:
Civil War and
Democracy in West Africa: Conflict Resolution, Elections and Justice in Sierra Leone and Liberia
277:
Civil War and
Democracy in West Africa: Conflict Resolution, Elections and Justice in Sierra Leone and Liberia
1273:
642:
451:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1966, p. 60. Also pp. 106, 107, 110, 111, 186–88 on other riots and strikes.
1288:
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1199:
751:
519:
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186:
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disturbances. Riots in 1955 and 1956 involved "many tens of thousands" of natives in the protectorate.
209:
Occurring concurrently with the rebellion in the north, another uprising broke out, led by disaffected
123:
89:
to maintain the colony's infrastructure, which did not give most of the colonial population (who were
876:
824:
154:
1293:
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1227:
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1130:
887:
677:
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201:
Allen Elba, who sent an account to Cardew, although historians have often ignored this material.
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927:
565:
239:
449:
Political Change in a West African State: A Study of the Modernization Process in Sierra Leone
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90:
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134:. Cardew rejected both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally.
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998:
942:
473:
33:
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chiefs and warriors from the Sierra Leonean hinterland (joined by a small number of
1094:
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904:
772:
601:
314:
255:
230:
For the British, the rebellion had been one of their larger colonial campaigns in
881:
758:
672:
358:
Educating Africans for Inferiority under British Rule: Bo School in Sierra Leone.
66:
137:
Bureh quickly gained the support of several prominent African chiefs, including
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recommending leniency to Bureh, Cardew had him (along with fellow rebels
110:
1089:
637:
360:
Comparative Education Review, vol. 34, no. 3, 1990, pp. 314–49. JSTOR,
305:
Abraham, Arthur (1974). "Bai Bureh, The British, and the Hut Tax War".
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361:
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1008:
717:
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42:
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866:
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16:
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74:
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20:
Bai Bureh, leader of the Temne rebellion, under arrest in 1898.
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who had previously been engaged in enforcing the tax with the
727:
182:
403:(Freetown: Sierra Leone University Press, 1978), pp. 114-69.
246:, British colonial forces consisted of detachments from the
412:
78:
313:(1). Boston University African Studies Center: 99–106.
307:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
375:
Bai Bureh and the Sierra Leone Hut Tax War of 1898,
693:National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee
401:Mende Government and Politics under Colonial Rule
1260:
520:
501:London Gazette, 29 December 1899, pp 8650–54.
417:. p. 170. Published Spink, London. 1988.
341:"In Foreign Lands: The Sierra Leone Massacre"
550:Conscientious objection to military taxation
161:, who was hacked to death by rebel forces.
766:The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest
527:
513:
555:List of historical acts of tax resistance
300:
298:
296:
294:
292:
290:
288:
286:
427:
15:
464:BBC News: The Story of Africa: Tax Wars
304:
268:
1261:
698:Northern California War Tax Resistance
688:National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund
283:
28:was a resistance in the newly annexed
1141:Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes
933:Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)
508:
406:
117:. Bureh was provoked to revolt by an
109:, who led a mixed force of Tenme and
96:
938:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
658:Association of Real Estate Taxpayers
648:All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation
560:Tax resistance in the United States
362:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1187988
57:The rebellion was sparked by a new
13:
923:No taxation without representation
534:
483:
373:LaRay Denzer and Michael Crowder,
73:'s expenses, Cardew implemented a
14:
1305:
1279:African resistance to colonialism
1121:Anti-austerity movement in Greece
437:. 29 December 1899. p. 8653.
1131:Edward and Elaine Brown standoff
1100:Women's poll tax repeal movement
668:Committee for Non-Violent Action
413:Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin.
441:
204:
1181:Potentially dangerous taxpayer
421:
393:
380:
367:
350:
333:
1:
723:Women's Tax Resistance League
457:
52:
1232:history in the United States
225:
171:British government officials
155:Sierra Leone Frontier Police
30:Protectorate of Sierra Leone
7:
872:Revolt of the papier timbré
71:British colonial government
10:
1310:
683:Irish National Land League
643:Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera
415:British Battles and Medals
280:, I.B. Tauris, 2012, p. 40
1168:
1113:
1022:
956:
897:
877:Revolt of the va-nu-pieds
859:
833:
825:Cornish Rebellion of 1497
817:
791:
782:
736:
630:
574:
542:
470:A History of Sierra Leone
472:(1962), Gregg Revivals,
364:. Accessed 10 Jul. 2022.
262:
63:governor of Sierra Leone
1151:Movimiento Pos Me Salto
388:History of Sierra Leone
69:. In order to fund the
1080:Poplar Rates Rebellion
928:Philadelphia Tea Party
21:
1156:Yellow vests protests
1146:Movimento Passe Livre
1126:Anti-Bin Tax Campaign
948:White Lotus Rebellion
851:Revolt of the Pitauds
622:Unreported employment
566:List of tax resisters
242:and a 280-man strong
151:district commissioner
19:
1274:1898 in Sierra Leone
1176:Income tax threshold
1055:Champaran Satyagraha
745:An Act of Conscience
678:I Don't Pay Movement
653:Anti-Poll Tax Unions
252:West Africa Regiment
248:West India Regiments
1289:Hut Tax War of 1898
1284:British West Africa
1243:Taxation as slavery
1204:Redemption movement
1200:Freeman on the land
1050:Bondelswarts affair
1014:Wallachian uprising
1004:Tancament de Caixes
979:Hut Tax War of 1898
841:Croquant rebellions
495:, I.B. Tauris, 2012
250:, the newly-formed
91:subsistence farmers
26:Hut Tax War of 1898
1186:Render unto Caesar
1040:Bardoli Satyagraha
1035:Bambatha Rebellion
752:Civil Disobedience
663:Catalunya Diu Prou
468:Christopher Fyfe,
434:The London Gazette
356:Corby, Richard A.
219:Lieutenant-Colonel
97:Bai Bureh's revolt
61:introduced by the
22:
1256:
1255:
1248:Taxation as theft
1219:Tax noncompliance
1196:Sovereign citizen
1164:
1163:
999:Saminism Movement
943:Whiskey Rebellion
910:Fries's Rebellion
34:Berlin Conference
1301:
1095:Vedaranyam March
1060:Kheda Satyagraha
974:House Tax Hartal
905:Boston Tea Party
809:Peasants' Revolt
789:
788:
773:Vyborg Manifesto
602:Self-sufficiency
529:
522:
515:
506:
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447:Martin Killson,
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399:Arthur Abraham,
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149:W. S. Sharpe, a
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882:Salt Tax Revolt
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759:Clericis laicos
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673:Fasci Siciliani
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484:Further reading
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67:Frederic Cardew
59:taxation policy
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1169:Related topics
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490:David Harris,
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347:(29 May 1898).
345:New York Times
339:Edward Breck,
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319:10.2307/216556
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275:David Harris,
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166:scorched earth
119:arrest warrant
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1224:Tax protester
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1214:Tax inversion
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994:Rebecca Riots
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984:Low Rebellion
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799:Tuchin Revolt
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703:Pagal Panthis
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612:Tax avoidance
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607:Simple living
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244:naval brigade
241:
240:support units
238:. Apart from
237:
236:Victorian era
233:
223:
220:
216:
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188:
184:
180:
176:
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159:Johnny Taylor
156:
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132:Almamy Suluku
129:
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68:
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50:
48:
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40:
35:
31:
27:
18:
1191:Irwin Schiff
1070:Mau movement
1065:Johnson cult
989:Mejba Revolt
978:
915:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
587:Gift economy
491:
469:
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205:Mende revolt
181:) sent into
163:
136:
100:
83:
56:
25:
23:
1105:Women's War
1045:Beit Sahour
969:Dog Tax War
846:Rappenkrieg
713:Peacemakers
617:Tax evasion
429:"No. 27149"
234:during the
232:West Africa
175:Kpana Lewis
1263:Categories
1090:Salt March
785:by century
638:Addiopizzo
458:References
187:Gold Coast
85:system of
65:, Colonel
53:Background
1228:arguments
1209:Tax haven
1085:Turra Coo
1009:Tithe War
890:in Moscow
888:Salt Riot
783:Campaigns
718:Planka.nu
597:Rebellion
226:Aftermath
143:Kai Londo
115:Momoh Jah
107:Bai Bureh
43:Bai Bureh
1238:Tax riot
1030:Agbekoya
884:in Spain
867:Angelets
804:Harelle
575:Methods
256:porters
215:Sherbro
195:hanging
185:in the
147:Captain
75:hut tax
918:affair
916:Gaspee
582:Barter
543:Topics
476:
386:Fyfe,
327:216556
325:
191:murder
179:Nyagua
141:chief
130:chief
124:Creole
105:chief
87:corvée
41:chief
737:Media
728:Zuism
323:JSTOR
263:Notes
211:Mende
183:exile
139:Kissi
128:Limba
103:Temne
47:Mende
39:Temne
1114:21st
1023:20th
957:19th
898:18th
860:17th
834:16th
818:15th
792:14th
474:ISBN
199:Rev.
177:and
111:Loko
79:huts
24:The
315:doi
193:by
49:.
1265::
1230:/
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1198:/
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