461:, including some tornadic-scale ones, were present in both the southeastern and northwestern portions of the eyewall; the wind directions were entirely opposite to the normal wind direction in some regions. Radar from the aircraft displayed that dry air was entraining into the storm, thinning the eyewall in numerous locations. The hurricane continued to intensify through September 26, with the NHC estimating that Sam's peak probably occurred between 19:00 and 22:00 UTC, likely attaining maximum sustained winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 927 mbar (27.4 inHg). During that time, the eye had shrunk to a diameter of 8 miles (13 km), and the cold convection surrounding the eye had grown in size. Likewise, a microwave pass showed a compact, strong eyewall surrounding the small eye. Sam became only the second Category 4 or 5 hurricane on record so far east or south in the Atlantic so late in the year; the first being
482:
eyewall was irregular and had degraded across Sam's eastern side. Soon after, Sam's eye disappeared entirely from infrared and visible satellite imagery as a result of the replacement cycle and mid-level dry air intrusions from the west. The cyclone weakened to
Category 3 status around 15:00 UTC, and bottomed out at 120 mph (190 km/h) around 21:00 UTC. By that time, a new eye had emerged on satellite imagery, surrounded by a ring of −85 °F (−65 °C) cloud tops. A reconnaissance aircraft found that the cyclone's wind field had increased following the eyewall replacement cycle, with the radius of hurricane-force winds expanding to 40 miles (64 km) and the radius of tropical-storm-force winds increasing to 125 miles (201 km).
622:
546:. For the next few days, Sam executed a short counterclockwise loop, before continuing its northeastward motion, while gradually weakening. Early on October 7, the post-tropical cyclone merged with another extratropical low over the north Atlantic. Afterward, this new low made a large counterclockwise loop between Iceland and Greenland, before being absorbed by a stronger low on October 9, to the southwest of Iceland. This low then accelerated eastward while rapidly weakening, passing just south of Iceland, before being absorbed by another extratropical cyclone over
4013:
288:
437:; the latter showed a banding feature wrapping around 75 percent of the center. The combination of a favorable environment, Sam's structural improvement, and the alignment of the cyclone's low- and mid-level centers signaled that rapid intensification was imminent. The storm rapidly intensified shortly after, with an eyewall forming on microwave imagery, as well as, banding features that wrapped around most of its center. Sam became a Category 1 hurricane around 09:00 UTC on September 24.
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534:−65 °C) on October 3. Sam bottomed out as a low-end Category 2 hurricane later that day. The cyclone began another eyewall replacement late on October 3, as it crossed into sub-79 °F (26 °C) sea surface temperatures. Sam's wind field continued to grow, with tropical-storm-force winds extending up to 230 mi (370 km) out from the center on all four sides.
495:
Sam's eye becoming cloud-filled and the circulation slanting along the southwest-to-northeast. However, the convection surrounding the eye had cooled. Later that day, Sam's overall cloud pattern had improved, however, a
Hurricane Hunters reconnaissance aircraft reported that another eyewall replacement cycle was underway.
537:
Sam strengthened slightly as it moved across a warm eddy early on
October 4. The storm's inner eyewall became more intense and its eye cleared. The cyclone moved across colder sea surface temperatures shortly after and resumed weakening. The inner eyewall quickly decayed on the northwestern side. Sam
511:
and within a region of low wind shear. The cyclone exhibited a warm 50–68 °F (10–20 °C), 29-mi (46-km) wide eye surrounded by cold, −76 to −94 °F (−60 to −70 °C) cloud tops from
September 30–October 1. Early on October 1, Sam turned towards the north-northwest as it began to round
250:
A tropical storm watch was issued for
Bermuda on September 30, due to the potential for tropical storm conditions. The watch was upgraded to a tropical storm warning later that day. Sam began to strengthen again on September 30, as the eyewall replacement cycle concluded. Sam reached a secondary peak
494:
were radiating outward from the western side of the storm. Sam strengthened to 140 mph (230 km/h) early on
September 29, while its eye warmed and convection in its eyewall cooled. Shortly after, the cyclone experienced slight weakening as a result of moderate southwesterly wind shear, with
449:
satellite imagery early on
September 25, surrounded by a symmetric ring of cold, −94 °F (−70 °C) cloud tops. Sam was upgraded to a Category 3 major hurricane at 15:00 UTC on September 25, after its eye became mostly cloud-free. The cyclone further strengthened to Category 4 status by 21:00
404:
was somewhat organized, the system lacked a closed surface circulation. Upper-level winds hindered the development of the system over the next day, causing fluctuations in organization. Thunderstorms became increasingly organized, and an elongated low-level surface circulation developed on
September
541:
At 09:00 UTC on
October 5, Sam became fully extratropical as it traversed 57 °F (14 °C) waters, and the NHC issued its final advisory on the storm. Sam's low-level circulation center was exposed on the southern edge of a −58 °F (−50 °C) cloud band. The cyclone had developed
528:
The cyclone maintained its intensity for about 12 hours as it tracked northward. The storm maintained a symmetric, well-defined eye, and multiple mesovorticies were apparent in satellite images. Sam began to weaken on
October 2, with its eye becoming cloud-filled. During the next several hours, the
485:
Sam restrengthened into a Category 4 hurricane around 09:00 UTC on September 28, after a ring of colder clouds formed around its eye. The concentric eyewalls that were priorly apparent had fused together in a single eyewall. Later that day, the storm's structure degraded, with its eye becoming less
533:
and a deep-layer ridge located to the east and northeast of Sam. Moderate southerly deep-layer shear continued to weaken the system, with Sam falling to Category 3 intensity by 21:00 UTC. The hurricane's eye disappeared from satellite imagery and its cloud tops warmed to −76 to −85 °F (−60 to
506:
for Bermuda at 09:00 UTC on September 30 due to the potential for the cyclone to bring tropical storm conditions to the island. The watch was increased to a tropical storm warning at 21:00 UTC. Early on September 30, Sam began another strengthening trend as the eyewall replacement cycle concluded,
481:
A subtropical ridge located to the north and northeast of Sam caused it to begin tracking northwestward early on September 27. At the same time, a second eyewall replacement cycle was causing the cyclone to weaken. The storm's eye had doubled in size and was cloud-filled while convection in the
594:
were raised on September 30 and remained in effect until October 2. Although the core of Sam remained east of the territory, its broadening wind field brought tropical storm-force winds to the area. Sustained winds of 25–44 mph (40–71 km/h) were measured, with the strongest
440:
Sam's strengthening then halted for a brief period as dry air degraded the western portion of its core. The cyclone began to intensify again late on September 24 as the dry air's influence lessened, however, microwave imagery displayed concentric eyewalls, indicating that Sam was undergoing an
538:
weakened to a Category 1 hurricane around 21:00 UTC as its cloud tops warmed and its eye vanished from satellite imagery. Sam began to transition to extratropical cyclone shortly after, with its cloud pattern broadening on the northwestern side and convection decreasing.
218:
that departed from the western coast of Africa on September 19. The system developed into a tropical depression on September 22, as upper-level winds gradually became more favorable. Intensification was initially slow, with the depression strengthening into
413:
located to the north and west was steering the system westward. The nascent depression was located in a favorable environment both below and aloft, with sea surface temperatures of 82–84 °F (28–29 °C) and low vertical wind shear.
251:
on October 1, with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a pressure of 934 mbar (27.6 inHg). Around that time, the storm began a northward track. The hurricane began to weaken on October 2, as a result of increasing
512:
the western edge of the subtropical ridge. Sam reached its secondary peak around 09:00 UTC, with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 934 mbar (27.6 inHg).
441:
eyewall replacement cycle. The storm continued to track west-northwest, however, its forward speed began to decrease as a result of the mid-level ridge moving to the northwest of Sam. A small, 12-mi (19-km) wide
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intensity later that day, as its structure decayed. Sam regained Category 4 status early on September 28. Another eyewall replacement cycle on September 29 disrupted the storm once more.
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578:
through late-September. Although Sam remained more than 900 mi (1,400 km) from the mainland United States, its circulation produced dangerous swells across the
2887:
259:. Sam finally dropped below major hurricane status on October 3, after nearly eight days. It had remained a major hurricane longer than any Atlantic system since
263:
in 2004. The storm moved east-northeastward to northeastward, and then northward, with increasing forward speed while gradually losing strength, weakening to
3972:
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542:
the appearance of an occluded extratropical system. Although its core remained warm in the middle and upper levels, the lower level consisted of cold
465:
in 2019. Despite Sam's intensity, it remained a small storm, with tropical storm-force winds reaching out 80 miles (130 km) from its center.
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566:, produced locally heavy rainfall on the island on September 28–29. Some street flooding occurred along roads with poor drainage and several
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Hurricane Sam originated from a westward tracking tropical wave that departed from the western coast of Africa on September 19. The
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Sam remained a major hurricane for 7.75 days, which was longer than any other Atlantic system this season, and the longest since
239:
of 927 mbar (27.4 inHg). The storm turned towards the northwest early on September 27, as it began to weaken due to an
207:, since reliable records began in 1966. Sam was the eighteenth named storm, seventh hurricane, and fourth major hurricane of the
203:, lasting from September 22 through October 7, 2021. It was the fifth longest-lasting intense Atlantic hurricane, as measured by
529:
cyclone turned towards the northeast under the influence of a steering flow between a sizeable low-pressure system located over
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across its northern and western sides, dry air was entraining across its eastern flank. The depression was upgraded to
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Intensification was initially slow; the cyclone's center was still attached to the northern edge of a low-pressure
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2690:"Major Hurricane Sam Bringing 'Life-Threatening' Swells To East Coast—Even Though Storm Is 900 Miles Away"
4063:
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3169:
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2240:
2213:
2186:
2159:
2132:
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2078:
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1997:
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1280:
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240:
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85:
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of 53.8 was the highest for any Atlantic named storm in 2021, and 5th highest overall since 1966.
490:
was reduced in Sam's southwestern region as a result of impinging mid-level dry air, and multiple
421:
and the former's surface circulation was only narrowly closed. Although the depression had curved
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3559:
3535:
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3181:
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231:
status late on September 25. Sam peaked on September 26 as a high-end Category 4 hurricane, with
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3541:
3423:
3388:
3282:
3152:
3029:
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232:
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occurring at higher elevations. A peak gust of 53 mph (85 km/h) was measured at the
3832:
3778:
3755:
3719:
3648:
3512:
3453:
3382:
3346:
3128:
487:
380:
268:
224:
52:
400:(NHC) had first forecast the possibility of tropical development earlier that day. Although
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8:
4012:
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3075:
719:"Hurricane Sam Didn't Strike Land, But Tenaciously Hung Onto Its Major Intensity (RECAP)"
543:
410:
370:
4183:
3838:
3689:
3618:
3518:
645:
2663:"El huracán Sam podría generar corrientes de resaca en la costa Este el fin de semana"
3942:
3814:
3808:
3713:
3707:
3624:
2763:
454:
434:
468:
3909:
3826:
3749:
3731:
3725:
3701:
3553:
3494:
3400:
3376:
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655:
457:
reconnaissance aircraft surveying the storm later that day indicated that multiple
360:
291:
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
2860:
271:
on October 5, after which its remnants meandered over the northern Atlantic, near
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at 15:00 UTC on September 23, after its structure improved significantly on both
150:
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3879:
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3334:
670:(2021) - Another major hurricane that took a similar track a few weeks earlier.
603:
260:
223:
a day later. Soon afterward, the structure of the cyclone quickly improved and
4300:
4123:
3885:
3873:
3737:
571:
563:
442:
215:
110:
3987:
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154:
146:
687:
A major hurricane is one that ranks at Category 3 or higher on the
658:(1957) – Another powerful Atlantic hurricane that did not make landfall.
930:
Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic [800 AM EDT Wed Sep 22 2021]
903:
Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic [200 PM EDT Tue Sep 21 2021]
876:
Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic [800 AM EDT Tue Sep 21 2021]
849:
Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic [800 PM EDT Tue Sep 21 2021]
822:
Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic [800 PM EDT Mon Sep 20 2021]
795:
Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic [800 AM EDT Sun Sep 19 2021]
768:
Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic [800 PM EDT Sun Sep 19 2021]
520:
473:
458:
106:
26:
279:, before being absorbed by another extratropical system on October 7.
227:
began. Sam strengthened into a hurricane on September 24, and reached
567:
276:
166:
932:(Report). NHC Graphical Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center.
905:(Report). NHC Graphical Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center.
878:(Report). NHC Graphical Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center.
851:(Report). NHC Graphical Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center.
824:(Report). NHC Graphical Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center.
797:(Report). NHC Graphical Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center.
770:(Report). NHC Graphical Outlook Archive. National Hurricane Center.
405:
22. This led to the formation of a tropical depression around 21:00
446:
422:
2820:
664:(2020) - Another Cape Verde hurricane which took a similar track.
469:
Eyewall replacement cycles, threat to Bermuda, and secondary peak
272:
200:
162:
158:
287:
267:
status the following day. Sam completed its transition into an
2717:(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2021
2622:(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2021
2579:(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2021
2536:(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2021
590:. However, there were no injuries or fatalities. In Bermuda,
2769:(Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center
1337:"Earth from Orbit: Hurricane Sam Powers Across the Atlantic"
451:
391:
315:
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
310:
Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
383:, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
335:
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
330:
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
325:
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
320:
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
599:. Rainfall during the storm's passage was negligible.
2378:
2376:
1912:
Cangialosi, John; Nepaul, Heather (1 October 2021).
1882:
Cangialosi, John; Nepaul, Heather (1 October 2021).
617:
340:
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
1417:Hagen, Andrew; Pasch, Richard (27 September 2021).
574:produced by the hurricane affected portions of the
2895:
2715:[North Carolina Event Report: Rip Current]
2373:
793:Hagen, Andrew; Latto, Andrew (19 September 2021).
2762:Pasch, Richard; Roberts, David (March 18, 2022).
31:Hurricane Sam near peak intensity on September 26
4298:
1911:
1881:
1011:Tropical Depression Eighteen Discussion Number 3
984:Tropical Depression Eighteen Discussion Number 2
957:Tropical Depression Eighteen Discussion Number 1
477:Hurricane Sam at its secondary peak on October 1
2620:[Puerto Rico Event Report: Debris Flow]
2577:[Puerto Rico Event Report: Debris Flow]
2295:Post-Tropical Cyclone Sam Discussion Number 51
3973:
2881:
2813:"Recap of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season"
486:pronounced in satellite imagery. Upper-level
2761:
1304:
1302:
570:were reported in western communities. Large
524:Sam as an extratropical cyclone on October 6
713:
711:
709:
707:
3980:
3966:
2888:
2874:
1937:
1935:
1907:
1905:
1823:
1821:
1469:
1467:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1197:
1089:
1008:
792:
25:
4242:
4237:
2534:[Puerto Rico Event Report: Flood]
1299:
282:
1554:
1386:
704:
519:
472:
392:Origins, development, and peak intensity
286:
2810:
2688:Reimann, Nicholas (December 11, 2021).
2687:
2504:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2021-10-12"
2474:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2021-10-11"
2444:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2021-10-10"
2414:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2021-10-09"
2384:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2021-10-08"
2351:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2021-10-07"
2321:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2021-10-06"
2292:
2184:
2076:
1932:
1902:
1818:
1464:
1407:
1308:
1278:
515:
4299:
4050:
4045:
2757:
2755:
2753:
1725:from the original on 30 September 2021
1536:from the original on 28 September 2021
1317:from the original on 27 September 2021
1260:from the original on 25 September 2021
1233:from the original on 27 September 2021
1198:Cangialosi, John (25 September 2021).
1179:from the original on 25 September 2021
1125:from the original on 24 September 2021
1098:from the original on 25 September 2021
1090:Cangialosi, John (24 September 2021).
1071:from the original on 24 September 2021
1065:Tropical Storm Sam Discussion Number 6
1044:from the original on 24 September 2021
1038:Tropical Storm Sam Discussion Number 4
1017:from the original on 23 September 2021
1009:Cangialosi, John (23 September 2021).
963:from the original on 24 September 2021
721:. The Weather Channel. October 6, 2021
651:List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
235:of 155 mph (249 km/h) and a
3961:
3304:
2907:
2869:
2788:Pasch, Richard (September 30, 2021).
2787:
2669:(in Spanish). EFE. September 29, 2021
2297:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
2270:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
2265:
2243:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
2238:
2216:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
2211:
2189:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
2162:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
2157:
2135:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
2130:
2108:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
2103:
2081:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
2054:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
2049:
2027:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
2022:
2000:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1973:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1968:
1946:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1941:
1916:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1886:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1859:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1832:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1827:
1802:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1797:
1775:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1770:
1748:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1743:
1721:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1716:
1694:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1689:
1667:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1662:
1640:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1635:
1613:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1608:
1586:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1581:
1559:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1532:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1527:
1505:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1500:
1478:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1473:
1448:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1443:
1421:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1391:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1364:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1359:
1313:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1283:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1256:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1251:
1229:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1224:
1202:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1175:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1148:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1144:Papin, Philippe (24 September 2021).
1143:
1121:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1117:Papin, Philippe (24 September 2018).
1116:
1094:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1067:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1040:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
1036:Papin, Philippe (23 September 2021).
1035:
1013:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
986:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
959:(Report). National Hurricane Center.
955:Papin, Philippe (22 September 2021).
954:
928:Papin, Philippe (22 September 2021).
927:
901:Papin, Philippe (21 September 2021).
900:
874:Papin, Philippe (21 September 2021).
873:
846:
819:
765:
741:"Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale"
582:. Thirty people required rescue from
553:
16:Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2021
4182:
4177:
2514:from the original on 20 October 2021
2484:from the original on 20 October 2021
2454:from the original on 20 October 2021
2424:from the original on 20 October 2021
2361:from the original on 20 October 2021
2331:from the original on 20 October 2021
2301:from the original on 20 October 2021
2193:from the original on 26 October 2021
1995:
1854:
1798:Pasch, Richard (30 September 2021).
1744:Pasch, Richard (30 September 2021).
1690:Pasch, Richard (29 September 2021).
1663:Pasch, Richard (29 September 2021).
1582:Pasch, Richard (28 September 2021).
1555:Reinhart, Brad (28 September 2021).
1387:Reinhart, Brad (27 September 2021).
1309:Stewart, Stacy (27 September 2021).
1279:Stewart, Stacy (26 September 2021).
1170:
1062:
981:
409:that day. At that time, a mid-level
4254:
4249:
4194:
4189:
4146:
4141:
2811:Mulcahy, Chris (December 1, 2021).
2792:(Report). National Hurricane Center
2750:
2394:from the original on 8 October 2021
2274:from the original on 5 October 2021
2247:from the original on 4 October 2021
2220:from the original on 5 October 2021
2166:from the original on 4 October 2021
2139:from the original on 5 October 2021
2112:from the original on 5 October 2021
2085:from the original on 5 October 2021
2058:from the original on 5 October 2021
2031:from the original on 5 October 2021
2004:from the original on 6 October 2021
1977:from the original on 5 October 2021
1950:from the original on 3 October 2021
1920:from the original on 5 October 2021
1890:from the original on 6 October 2021
1863:from the original on 1 October 2021
1836:from the original on 5 October 2021
1806:from the original on 1 October 2021
1779:from the original on 1 October 2021
1752:from the original on 6 October 2021
1717:Brown, Daniel (30 September 2021).
1698:from the original on 6 October 2021
1671:from the original on 6 October 2021
1644:from the original on 5 October 2021
1636:Brown, Daniel (29 September 2021).
1617:from the original on 5 October 2021
1590:from the original on 5 October 2021
1563:from the original on 1 October 2021
1509:from the original on 5 October 2021
1501:Latto, Andrew (27 September 2021).
1482:from the original on 5 October 2021
1452:from the original on 1 October 2021
1444:Latto, Andrew (27 September 2021).
1425:from the original on 5 October 2021
1395:from the original on 6 October 2021
1368:from the original on 6 October 2021
1360:Latto, Andrew (26 September 2021).
1287:from the original on 6 October 2021
1225:Latto, Andrew (25 September 2021).
1206:from the original on 6 October 2021
1152:from the original on 5 October 2021
990:from the original on 6 October 2021
936:from the original on 5 October 2021
909:from the original on 5 October 2021
882:from the original on 5 October 2021
855:from the original on 5 October 2021
847:Brown, Daniel (22 September 2021).
828:from the original on 2 October 2021
820:Brown, Daniel (21 September 2021).
801:from the original on 2 October 2021
774:from the original on 5 October 2021
766:Brown, Daniel (20 September 2021).
592:tropical storm warnings and watches
13:
4266:
4261:
4206:
4201:
4170:
4165:
4062:
4057:
2846:from websites or documents of the
2790:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 32
2268:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 50
2241:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 49
2214:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 48
2187:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 47
2160:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 46
2133:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 45
2106:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 44
2079:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 43
2052:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 42
2025:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 41
1998:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 39
1971:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 40
1944:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 38
1914:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 37
1884:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 36
1857:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 35
1830:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 34
1828:Papin, Philippe (1 October 2021).
1800:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 33
1773:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 30
1692:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 29
1665:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 28
1638:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 27
1611:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 26
1584:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 25
1557:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 23
1476:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 22
1446:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 21
1419:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 20
1389:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 19
1362:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 17
1311:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 18
1281:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 14
1254:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 13
1227:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 12
1200:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 11
1173:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 10
1171:Berg, Robbie (25 September 2021).
1063:Berg, Robbie (24 September 2021).
982:Berg, Robbie (23 September 2021).
588:New Hanover County, North Carolina
14:
4333:
4218:
4213:
4158:
4153:
4134:
4129:
4110:
4105:
4098:
4093:
4086:
4081:
4038:
4033:
3194:1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane
2861:advisory archive on Hurricane Sam
2853:
2293:Stewart, Stacy (5 October 2021).
2185:Stewart, Stacy (4 October 2021).
2077:Stewart, Stacy (3 October 2021).
1771:Blake, Eric (30 September 2021).
1609:Blake, Eric (29 September 2021).
1528:Blake, Eric (28 September 2021).
1474:Blake, Eric (28 September 2021).
1252:Beven, Jack (25 September 2021).
1146:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 9
1119:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 8
1092:Hurricane Sam Discussion Number 7
747:from the original on 20 June 2020
4281:
4280:
4074:
4069:
4026:
4021:
4011:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3305:
2859:The National Hurricane Center's
2842: This article incorporates
2837:
2239:Brown, Daniel (4 October 2021).
2212:Brown, Daniel (4 October 2021).
2131:Latto, Andrew (3 October 2021).
2104:Brown, Daniel (3 October 2021).
1746:Hurricane Sam Advisory Number 33
1719:Hurricane Sam Advisory Number 31
1530:Hurricane Sam Advisory Number 22
1503:Hurricane Sam Advisory Number 21
646:Other storms named Sam or Samuel
620:
375:
365:
355:
4230:
4225:
4122:
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2655:
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2259:
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2124:
2097:
2070:
2043:
2016:
1996:Berg, Robbie (2 October 2021).
1989:
1962:
1875:
1855:Berg, Robbie (1 October 2021).
1848:
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1164:
1137:
1110:
1083:
1056:
1029:
1002:
975:
948:
921:
4312:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
4307:2021 Atlantic hurricane season
3990:2021 Atlantic hurricane season
2897:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
2266:Blake, Eric (5 October 2021).
2158:Blake, Eric (4 October 2021).
2050:Beven, Jack (3 October 2021).
2023:Blake, Eric (2 October 2021).
1969:Blake, Eric (2 October 2021).
1942:Beven, Jack (2 October 2021).
894:
867:
840:
813:
786:
759:
733:
681:
209:2021 Atlantic hurricane season
195:was a powerful and long-lived
184:2021 Atlantic hurricane season
1:
2908:
2819:. Charlotte, North Carolina:
743:. National Hurricane Center.
698:
243:. The hurricane weakened to
96:155 mph (250 km/h)
7:
613:
558:While passing northeast of
10:
4338:
597:National Museum of Bermuda
205:accumulated cyclone energy
71:Category 4 major hurricane
4317:Tropical cyclones in 2021
4276:
4018:
4009:
3996:
3988:Tropical cyclones of the
3927:
3848:
3765:
3664:
3581:
3528:
3481:
3410:
3315:
3311:
3300:
3233:
3162:
3115:
3068:
3045:
3010:
2975:
2958:
2941:
2918:
2914:
2903:
2508:Free University of Berlin
2478:Free University of Berlin
2448:Free University of Berlin
2418:Free University of Berlin
2388:Free University of Berlin
2355:Free University of Berlin
2325:Free University of Berlin
641:Tropical cyclones in 2021
398:National Hurricane Center
241:eyewall replacement cycle
179:
172:
142:
134:
126:
121:
100:
92:
76:
69:
61:
51:
43:
36:
24:
3947:Tropical cyclones portal
2848:National Weather Service
2764:Hurricane Sam (AL182021)
674:
628:Tropical cyclones portal
257:sea surface temperatures
237:minimum central pressure
500:Bermuda Weather Service
233:maximum sustained winds
2844:public domain material
525:
478:
388:
283:Meteorological history
214:Sam originated from a
38:Meteorological history
4322:Cape Verde hurricanes
606:in 2004. Sam's total
523:
476:
402:thunderstorm activity
381:Extratropical cyclone
290:
269:extratropical cyclone
225:rapid intensification
689:Saffir–Simpson scale
544:stratocumulus clouds
516:Weakening and demise
507:located over a warm
504:tropical storm watch
302:Saffir–Simpson scale
197:Cape Verde hurricane
101:Lowest pressure
3018:"Chenière Caminada"
2510:. 12 October 2021.
2480:. 11 October 2021.
2450:. 10 October 2021.
371:Subtropical cyclone
253:vertical wind shear
21:
3176:"British Honduras"
2738:Unknown parameter
2643:Unknown parameter
2600:Unknown parameter
2557:Unknown parameter
2420:. 9 October 2021.
2390:. 8 October 2021.
2357:. 7 October 2021.
2327:. 6 October 2021.
554:Impact and records
526:
479:
427:Tropical Storm Sam
389:
221:Tropical Storm Sam
93:Highest winds
78:1-minute sustained
47:September 22, 2021
19:
4294:
4293:
3955:
3954:
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3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
455:Hurricane Hunters
435:microwave imagery
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189:
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3934:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3200:"Treasure Coast"
3147:"Havana–Bermuda"
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731:
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728:
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692:
685:
656:Hurricane Carrie
630:
625:
624:
623:
580:Eastern seaboard
379:
378:
369:
368:
361:Tropical cyclone
359:
358:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
199:that threatened
117:
72:
39:
29:
22:
18:
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2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1994:
1990:
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1967:
1963:
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1940:
1933:
1923:
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1910:
1903:
1893:
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1128:
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705:
701:
696:
695:
686:
682:
677:
668:Hurricane Larry
662:Hurricane Teddy
636:Weather of 2021
626:
621:
619:
616:
576:Lesser Antilles
556:
550:on October 12.
531:Atlantic Canada
518:
471:
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180:
151:Lesser Antilles
122:Overall effects
104:
70:
65:October 7, 2021
57:October 5, 2021
37:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4335:
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3290:
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3274:
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3262:
3256:
3253:"Cuba–Florida"
3250:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
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3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3106:"Florida Keys"
3103:
3100:"Nueva Gerona"
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
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2949:"Great Nassau"
2945:
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2854:External links
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3206:"Outer Banks"
3204:
3201:
3198:
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3189:
3188:"San Ciprián"
3186:
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3089:
3088:"New Orleans"
3086:
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3073:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3057:
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3051:
3050:
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3036:"San Ciriaco"
3034:
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53:Extratropical
50:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
20:Hurricane Sam
4231:
3912: (2023)
3906: (2023)
3900: (2022)
3894: (2021)
3891:
3888: (2021)
3882: (2020)
3876: (2020)
3870: (2020)
3864: (2020)
3858: (2020)
3841: (2018)
3835: (2017)
3829: (2017)
3823: (2016)
3817: (2015)
3811: (2014)
3805: (2011)
3799: (2011)
3793: (2010)
3787: (2010)
3781: (2010)
3775: (2010)
3758: (2009)
3752: (2008)
3746: (2008)
3740: (2008)
3734: (2008)
3728: (2005)
3722: (2004)
3716: (2004)
3710: (2004)
3704: (2003)
3698: (2002)
3692: (2001)
3686: (2001)
3680: (2000)
3674: (2000)
3657: (1999)
3651: (1999)
3645: (1999)
3639: (1999)
3633: (1999)
3627: (1998)
3621: (1996)
3615: (1996)
3609: (1995)
3603: (1995)
3597: (1995)
3591: (1991)
3574: (1989)
3568: (1988)
3562: (1988)
3556: (1985)
3550: (1984)
3544: (1982)
3538: (1981)
3521: (1979)
3515: (1978)
3509: (1978)
3503: (1975)
3497: (1974)
3491: (1970)
3474: (1965)
3468: (1964)
3462: (1964)
3456: (1964)
3450: (1964)
3444: (1963)
3438: (1961)
3432: (1961)
3426: (1961)
3420: (1960)
3403: (1959)
3397: (1958)
3391: (1958)
3385: (1958)
3379: (1957)
3373: (1955)
3367: (1955)
3361: (1954)
3355: (1952)
3349: (1951)
3343: (1951)
3337: (1950)
3331: (1950)
3325: (1950)
3306:1950–present
3285: (1949)
3279: (1948)
3273: (1948)
3267: (1947)
3261: (1945)
3255: (1944)
3249: (1943)
3243: (1941)
3226: (1939)
3220: (1935)
3214: (1935)
3208: (1933)
3202: (1933)
3196: (1933)
3190: (1932)
3184: (1932)
3178: (1931)
3172: (1930)
3155: (1929)
3149: (1926)
3143: (1926)
3137: (1926)
3131: (1926)
3125: (1921)
3108: (1919)
3102: (1917)
3096: (1916)
3090: (1915)
3084: (1915)
3078: (1910)
3061: (1906)
3055: (1900)
3038: (1899)
3032: (1898)
3026: (1894)
3020: (1893)
3003: (1886)
2997: (1882)
2991: (1880)
2985: (1880)
2968: (1878)
2951: (1866)
2934: (1856)
2928: (1853)
2836:
2824:. Retrieved
2816:
2806:
2794:. Retrieved
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2719:. Retrieved
2709:
2699:December 11,
2697:. Retrieved
2693:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2666:
2657:
2624:. Retrieved
2614:
2581:. Retrieved
2571:
2538:. Retrieved
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2498:
2486:. Retrieved
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2408:
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2363:. Retrieved
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2333:. Retrieved
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
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2276:. Retrieved
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2249:. Retrieved
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2222:. Retrieved
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1922:. Retrieved
1892:. Retrieved
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1808:. Retrieved
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1781:. Retrieved
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1754:. Retrieved
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1727:. Retrieved
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
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1646:. Retrieved
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1619:. Retrieved
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1592:. Retrieved
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1565:. Retrieved
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1538:. Retrieved
1523:
1511:. Retrieved
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1454:. Retrieved
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1397:. Retrieved
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1355:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:
1331:
1321:27 September
1319:. Retrieved
1289:. Retrieved
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
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1154:. Retrieved
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1127:. Retrieved
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1100:. Retrieved
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1073:. Retrieved
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
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1019:. Retrieved
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992:. Retrieved
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965:. Retrieved
950:
938:. Retrieved
923:
911:. Retrieved
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884:. Retrieved
869:
857:. Retrieved
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830:. Retrieved
815:
803:. Retrieved
788:
776:. Retrieved
761:
749:. Retrieved
735:
723:. Retrieved
683:
601:
584:rip currents
557:
540:
536:
527:
497:
492:arcus clouds
484:
480:
459:mesovortices
439:
426:
416:
395:
350:
300:
249:
220:
213:
192:
191:
182:
181:Part of the
77:
3259:"Homestead"
3241:"Nicaragua"
3170:"San Zenón"
3123:"Tampa Bay"
3082:"Galveston"
3053:"Galveston"
3001:"Indianola"
2731:cite report
2636:cite report
2593:cite report
2550:cite report
560:Puerto Rico
548:Scandinavia
445:emerged on
255:and cooler
155:Puerto Rico
147:West Africa
4301:Categories
3182:"Freeport"
2817:Weather IQ
2667:La Opinión
2518:20 October
2488:20 October
2458:20 October
2428:20 October
2398:20 October
2365:20 October
2335:20 October
2305:20 October
2278:26 October
2251:26 October
2224:26 October
2197:26 October
2170:26 October
2143:25 October
2116:25 October
2089:25 October
2062:25 October
2035:25 October
2008:25 October
1981:25 October
1954:25 October
1924:25 October
1894:25 October
1867:11 October
1840:11 October
1810:11 October
1783:11 October
1756:10 October
1729:10 October
1702:10 October
1675:10 October
1648:10 October
1621:10 October
1594:10 October
1567:10 October
1540:10 October
1513:10 October
1486:10 October
1456:10 October
1429:10 October
1399:10 October
1346:2022-03-08
699:References
509:ocean eddy
351:Storm type
265:Category 1
245:Category 3
229:Category 4
127:Fatalities
62:Dissipated
4052:Claudette
3589:Claudette
3572:Gabrielle
3283:"Florida"
3153:"Bahamas"
3030:"Georgia"
2909:1853–1949
2796:March 27,
2773:March 27,
2742:ignored (
2721:March 27,
2673:March 27,
2647:ignored (
2626:March 27,
2604:ignored (
2583:March 27,
2561:ignored (
2540:March 27,
1372:8 October
1291:7 October
1264:7 October
1237:6 October
1210:6 October
1183:6 October
1156:6 October
1129:6 October
1102:6 October
1075:6 October
1048:6 October
1021:5 October
994:5 October
967:5 October
940:5 October
913:5 October
886:5 October
859:5 October
832:5 October
805:5 October
778:5 October
725:March 19,
568:mudslides
502:issued a
431:satellite
423:rainbands
277:Greenland
167:Greenland
4286:Category
4184:Nicholas
4001:Timeline
3937:Category
3904:Franklin
3839:Florence
3773:Danielle
3690:Michelle
3619:Hortense
3519:Frederic
3129:"Nassau"
2826:June 11,
2512:Archived
2482:Archived
2452:Archived
2422:Archived
2392:Archived
2359:Archived
2329:Archived
2299:Archived
2272:Archived
2245:Archived
2218:Archived
2191:Archived
2164:Archived
2137:Archived
2110:Archived
2083:Archived
2056:Archived
2029:Archived
2002:Archived
1975:Archived
1948:Archived
1918:Archived
1888:Archived
1861:Archived
1834:Archived
1804:Archived
1777:Archived
1750:Archived
1723:Archived
1696:Archived
1669:Archived
1642:Archived
1615:Archived
1588:Archived
1561:Archived
1534:Archived
1507:Archived
1480:Archived
1450:Archived
1423:Archived
1393:Archived
1366:Archived
1315:Archived
1285:Archived
1258:Archived
1231:Archived
1204:Archived
1177:Archived
1150:Archived
1123:Archived
1096:Archived
1069:Archived
1042:Archived
1015:Archived
988:Archived
961:Archived
934:Archived
907:Archived
880:Archived
853:Archived
826:Archived
799:Archived
772:Archived
745:Archived
614:See also
447:infrared
345:Unknown
3815:Joaquin
3809:Gonzalo
3803:Ophelia
3714:Frances
3708:Charley
3625:Georges
3613:Edouard
3436:Frances
3341:Charlie
3141:"Miami"
3094:"Texas"
2821:WCNC-TV
751:22 June
488:outflow
463:Lorenzo
450:UTC. A
295:Map key
273:Iceland
201:Bermuda
174:IBTrACS
163:Iceland
159:Bermuda
138:Minimal
4256:Victor
4244:Teresa
4196:Odette
4148:Julian
3910:Idalia
3827:Harvey
3821:Nicole
3750:Paloma
3732:Gustav
3726:Dennis
3702:Fabian
3560:Helene
3554:Gloria
3536:Harvey
3501:Gladys
3495:Carmen
3460:Gladys
3401:Gracie
3395:Helene
3377:Carrie
3365:Connie
3265:George
3218:"Cuba"
3076:"Cuba"
2995:"Cuba"
2694:Forbes
1341:NESDIS
572:swells
419:trough
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
135:Damage
44:Formed
4268:Wanda
4208:Peter
4172:Mindy
4160:Larry
4112:Henri
4100:Grace
4064:Danny
3898:Fiona
3868:Delta
3862:Teddy
3856:Laura
3849:2020s
3797:Katia
3791:Julia
3766:2010s
3678:Keith
3672:Isaac
3665:2000s
3655:Lenny
3643:Floyd
3637:Cindy
3595:Felix
3582:1990s
3548:Diana
3542:Debby
3529:1980s
3507:Greta
3489:Celia
3482:1970s
3472:Betsy
3466:Hilda
3442:Flora
3430:Carla
3424:Betsy
3418:Donna
3411:1960s
3389:Daisy
3359:Hazel
3316:1950s
3247:Three
3234:1940s
3163:1930s
3116:1920s
3069:1910s
3046:1900s
3011:1890s
2989:Eight
2976:1880s
2966:Seven
2959:1870s
2942:1860s
2926:Three
2919:1850s
2767:(PDF)
675:Notes
411:ridge
82:SSHWS
4220:Rose
4136:Kate
4088:Fred
4076:Elsa
4040:Bill
3880:Iota
3833:Jose
3785:Igor
3779:Earl
3756:Bill
3744:Omar
3720:Karl
3696:Lili
3684:Iris
3649:Gert
3631:Bret
3607:Opal
3601:Luis
3566:Joan
3513:Ella
3454:Dora
3448:Cleo
3383:Cleo
3371:Ione
3347:Easy
3335:King
3277:Easy
3224:Five
3135:Four
3059:Four
2828:2022
2798:2022
2775:2022
2744:help
2723:2022
2701:2021
2675:2022
2649:help
2628:2022
2606:help
2585:2022
2563:help
2542:2022
2520:2021
2490:2021
2460:2021
2430:2021
2400:2021
2367:2021
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2253:2021
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2199:2021
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2064:2021
2037:2021
2010:2021
1983:2021
1956:2021
1926:2021
1896:2021
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1842:2021
1812:2021
1785:2021
1758:2021
1731:2021
1704:2021
1677:2021
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1488:2021
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1431:2021
1401:2021
1374:2021
1323:2021
1293:2021
1266:2021
1239:2021
1212:2021
1185:2021
1158:2021
1131:2021
1104:2021
1077:2021
1050:2021
1023:2021
996:2021
969:2021
942:2021
915:2021
888:2021
861:2021
834:2021
807:2021
780:2021
753:2020
727:2022
498:The
452:NOAA
433:and
275:and
130:None
115:inHg
107:mbar
105:927
4232:Sam
4124:Ida
4028:Ana
3892:Sam
3886:Ida
3874:Eta
3738:Ike
3353:Fox
3329:Fox
3323:Dog
3271:Dog
3212:Two
3024:Six
2983:Two
608:ACE
586:in
443:eye
407:UTC
111:hPa
86:NWS
4303::
4263:TS
4251:TS
4239:SS
4215:TS
4203:TS
4191:TS
4167:TS
4143:TS
4131:TS
4083:TS
4059:TS
4047:TS
4035:TS
4023:TS
2850:.
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2752:^
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4227:4
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