Hurricane Hugo - Knowledge

1111:, issued a voluntary evacuation order before the coast was placed under a hurricane warning, with the initial directive intended for barrier islands, beaches, and peninsulas outside Charleston. This was later supplanted by a mandatory evacuation order. Governor Campbell ordered eight coastal counties to open shelters; of these shelters, 20 were opened in Charleston County. Four hundred troops from the National Guard were activated to assist in evacuations along the coast. A total of 264,000 people were evacuated in South Carolina; most took shelter in the homes of friends or relatives, and relatively few sought refuge in public shelters. A fifth of evacuees took refuge within 30 minutes of their homes. An estimated 96 percent of people on the high-risk barrier islands and beaches evacuated, while 75–80 percent of people in moderate-risk areas evacuated. Most did not evacuate until after the hurricane warning and mandatory evacuation order were issued. Accurate forecasts from the NHC and the resulting narrow scope of evacuations allowed the evacuations to " as smoothly as could be expected", and 1345:, and collectively suffered over $ 1 billion in damage and recorded 21 fatalities. Though less severe, widespread damage was also inflicted by Hugo across the remainder of the Leeward and Windward Islands. Extensive flooding occurred on Antigua, and power outages befell the island after utility poles were uprooted by the storm. The damage was heaviest towards the southern portions of the island as the center of Hugo passed 50 mi (80 km) south. There were 2 deaths and 181 injuries. Another 509 people were left homeless following damage wrought to 15 percent of homes. Partial damage was documented on 1,500 homes and total loss was documented on 106. Thirty percent of fishing vessels were also damaged by the hurricane, equating to thousands of boats. The total cost of damage reached nearly 2717:, 560 troops from the 503rd Military Police Battalion, and three helicopters and medical support. Dubbed Operation Hawkeye, the operation involved elements of the Army, Navy and the Coast Guard, along with a contingent from the U.S. Marshals Service and the FBI, forming Joint Task Force (JTF) 40 for Operation Hawkeye. It also resulted in the first operational deployment of the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), when the New Mexico-1 Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) was deployed to assist in medical care needs of the stricken island. The first contingent arrived in Saint Croix on the morning of September 21 to secure an airfield and devise the command structure for the other arriving troops. 1517:

inflicting $ 260 million in damage. Entire villages were destroyed by the storm and vegetation was stripped bare. Most houses on the island were razed or seriously damaged, displacing 11,000 of Montserrat's 12,000 residents. At least minor damage was dealt to nearly every building on the island, with severe damage inflicted on half of all buildings. Approximately ninety percent of homes suffered either major to total roof loss, with the most severe damage occurring in the Kinsale and St. Patrick's areas. Impacts on upscale hotels contributed to the overall loss of 88 percent of hotel rooms on the island. Structural and water damage was sustained by hotels.

1624: 2579: 2809: 3091: 1365: 9379: 1948: 1497: 2009: 1817: 1739: 244: 1668: 2920: 2077: 2201: 36: 1488:, that been damaged at nearly 80 percent. The entirety of Guadeloupe's banana crop and most of its coconut palms and sugar cane crops were ruined by Hugo. The storm also wiped out most of the island's fishing fleet, and many ships were grounded by 24-foot (7.3 m) waves. Debris blocked 70 percent of roads. There were 11 fatalities attributed to Hugo in Guadeloupe. Another 107 people were injured and 35,000 were rendered homeless. The damage toll in Guadeloupe amounted to $ 880 million. 2364: 947: 2853:

lacked such capabilities. Temporary housing assistance was extended to 30,000 storm victims in the state by the FEMA at a cost of $ 31 million. In addition to those offered housing grants, 243 families were moved to FEMA mobile homes beginning a week after Hugo until April 1990. State and local governments together contributed $ 8.25 million to public assistance projects. After the storm, Governor Campbell said that the storm destroyed enough timber in

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was restored in most of Saint Croix and Saint Thomas within three months. The islands' telephone systems were badly crippled by the storm, and only limited service was restored to businesses in December 1989. Some private residences in Saint Croix remained without telephone service until March 1990. Between 300–500 prisoners were freed from prison in Saint Croix after the storm, either by escaping or by release due to food and water shortages in the prison. The

1911:). The storm's maximum sustained winds were estimated by the NHC to have reached 140 mph (230 km/h) during landfall, making Hugo a Category 4 hurricane. This estimate was derived from an aircraft reconnaissance flight into the storm shortly before landfall; no weather stations were positioned along Bulls Bay, where Hugo's strongest winds likely occurred. This intensity made Hugo the strongest hurricane to strike the United States in 20 years. The ship 1768:, estimated that damage reached $ 1 billion; property damage accounted for $ 900 million while crop damage accounted for $ 100 million. The outer rainbands of Hugo began moving across Puerto Rico at 5:00 p.m. AST (21:00 UTC) on September 17. Hugo made two landfalls in the Puerto Rico territory on September 18—on Vieques and Fajardo—as a high-end Category 3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds estimated at 125 mph (201 km/h). An 1033: 592: 9576: 9312: 8873: 425: 494: 9322: 8885: 1846:

losses while marinas sustained $ 25 million in damage. An aerial survey from the U.S. Coast Guard found that winds unroofed 80 percent of homes between San Juan and Fajardo. Roosevelt Roads Naval Station took heavy damage and lost power and water service. Practically every building was damaged, though only minor injuries occurred. High waves along the coast of the San Juan metropolitan area destroyed walls and sidewalks.

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Another 420 people were injured throughout the state. The Red Cross documented the destruction of 3,307 single-family homes and "major damage" to another 18,171. Across eight counties, manufacturers incurred $ 158 million in damage to factories and $ 750 million in inventory and income losses. Much of the South Carolina coast was subject to the ferocity of the hurricane's forces. Hugo's storm surge wrecked the

2887:, the next catastrophic hurricane to strike the United States. The economy of South Carolina continued to grow after Hugo, though some sectors did not benefit from recovery efforts. There was a 14 percent increase in traffic accidents in Charleston in the wake of the hurricane. Delays in traffic in the city led to an estimated 35 percent increase in vehicular operating costs in the months following the hurricane. 1896: 504: 1854:, one of the few in Puerto Rico, was wiped out by the storm surge and strong winds. The winds overturned cars and toppled trees and streetlights around the city. Buildings in downtown San Juan suffered partial wall and window failures, though overall damage to buildings in the city was light. Fifty airplanes were destroyed at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport; repairs to the airport would cost $ 20 million. 8198: 767:, prompting its shutdown that caused the plane to quickly lose altitude as it entered the eye. The pilots regained control when the plane reached an altitude of 790 ft (240 m) at 17:28 UTC. To avoid overworking the three remaining engines, the pilots orbited the center of Hugo for an hour within the 9-mile-wide (14 km) eye while bringing the plane to a gradual ascent. Fuel was also 514: 1784:, which reported a peak sustained wind of 104 mph (167 km/h) punctuated by a 120 mph (190 km/h) wind gust. At Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, sustained winds reached 77 mph (124 km/h), gusting to 92 mph (148 km/h). The heaviest rain from Hugo in Puerto Rico occurred in the northeastern part of the island due to the hurricane's trajectory and 5692: 1586:, with another $ 1.881 billion in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Although the most heavily impacted areas had relatively low population, Hugo moved over heavily forested areas; this was unusual for a hurricane striking the United States, and led to significant secondary damage from falling trees. Hugo was also the most powerful storm to strike the country since 2188:, 200 homes were destroyed and 1,000 sustained heavy damage; the property damage toll for Sumter County was $ 237 million. The effects of Hugo in the Carolinas were most fatal in Berkeley County, where eight people were killed. Over a thousand homes and apartments were destroyed and 70–80 percent of the county's trees were blown down. Up to a quarter of 2126:

in addition to numerous unroofed homes and cotton crops injured by the winds and rain. Over one-third of all timber in the state was damaged, with the damage most extensive near the coast and locations that were northeast of Hugo's eye as it moved across the state. This quantity of timber was enough to build 660,000 homes. The total stock of growing

1084:, called Hugo "an extraordinarily dangerous event, the likes of which few people who have lived all their lives in Charleston have experienced." Twenty U.S. Navy ships and submarines were moved out of Charleston to weather the storm at sea. The New Georgia Railroad between Atlanta and Savannah, Georgia, halted operations, affecting 400 passengers. 2221:, incurred a total of $ 55 million in damage; with at least 25 beachfront homes battered by the storm; another 100 structures were threatened by coastal erosion. Along parts of the coast, 50 ft (15 m) of beach eroded, including sand dunes that once stood 7–8 ft (2.1–2.4 m) tall. Sixty percent of the sand dunes in 1792:. A peak rainfall total of 17.60 in (447 mm) was recorded along the lower Río Blanco. Flooding was mostly limited to the northeastern corner of Puerto Rico and in San Juan where rainfall was heaviest. In these areas, over 10 in (250 mm) of rain fell in 48 hours. The heavy rainfall drained into the 2531:, rainfall reached only 0.43 in (11 mm), while precipitation amounts in the province peaked at 3.73 in (95 mm). In addition to light rain, high winds were reported in the province. Winds in Montreal gusted up to 59 mph (95 km/h), leaving 13,400 homes without electricity. 7,400 residence in 7365:

Virtually everything worth stealing was gone within a day. With one exception, all of St. Croix's major grocery stores were sacked. The surviving store's stock remained intact only because 10 armed members of the owner's family kept a vigil on the roof. A senior Virgin Islands police official said he

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The death and damage tolls are aggregated from different sources focusing on individual areas. Some sources provide disparate fatality figures; the National Hurricane Center preliminary report on Hugo reported 49 deaths. At least another 31 people were killed before or after the storm's passage.

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airlifter with government relief workers and communications equipment to Saint Croix. The demographics of the Virgin Islands a year after Hugo reflected the hurricane's impact: roughly 10% of Saint Croix's populace did not return to the island within a year of Hugo. A smaller exodus occurred at Saint

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maintained a satellite communications link and provided support for 21 national and international organizations in recovery efforts. Rationing on petroleum was enforced, with a limit of four gallons (15 liters) per person. Waterborne illnesses in Hugo's aftermath proved fatal in Montserrat.

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Hugo's acceleration at landfall allowed strong winds to penetrate well inland, causing widespread wind damage across the eastern two-thirds of the state. The NOAA classified wind damage as "extensive" in 15 counties. Devastated groves of pine trees were characteristic of the hurricane's impacts,

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were crumpled into a heap on the mainland shore. Beach homes on Isle of Palms were moved 150 ft (46 m) off their foundations by an 11-foot (3.4 m) storm surge; in total, 60 homes were destroyed on the island. The damage in Sullivan's Island and Isle of Palms combined was estimated

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lost much of their vegetation. Many homes, piers, and public buildings suffered severe damage on the two islands. Eleven people were killed in the Netherlands Antilles and caused $ 50 million in damage there. The damage toll in the British Virgin Islands exceeded $ 50 million, with the loss

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and Puerto Rico, causing over $ 1 billion in damage. Wind gusts up to 168 mph (270 km/h) were measured in Saint Croix, where property damage exceeded $ 500 million with over 90 percent of buildings damaged; three people were killed on the island. Widespread damage occurred in

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experienced a 97% decrease in population density but recovered to pre-storm levels in three months. At least 25 coastal species of birds were displaced as far as 200 mi (320 km) inland by the storm. Across the Carolinas, Hugo's winds increased the quantity of downed brush, timber, and

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was hindered by the damage inflicted on the schools themselves, their use as shelters, and the loss of water and power service. Due to a lack of planning for housing shelter residents, 500 schools remained closed weeks after the storm, affecting at least 150,000 students. The loss of water

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allocated $ 500,000 in aid to Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Police were dispatched to retail areas, offices of political parties, and the main San Juan post office to avert looting. An emergency clinic served in place of the destroyed hospital in Culebra. Governor Colón estimated that the

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President Bush declared the U.S. Virgin Islands a disaster area. A temporary air traffic control tower was erected at Alexander Hamilton Airport in Saint Croix six days after the storm. Cyril E. King Airport in Saint Thomas, having suffered less damage, resumed operations within 24 hours. Power

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antenna collapsed onto the television station below. Numerous trees in Charlotte were also blown down atop homes and power lines, triggering long-lasting power outages that affected 85 percent of Charlotte homes and businesses. A six-month-old boy was killed after a tree toppled onto his mobile

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and overtook the first floors of homes in downtown Charleston. Eighty percent of roofs in the city were damaged, with many already susceptible to strong winds due to poor maintenance and weak structural integrity. At least 3,200 historic structures in Charleston were damaged and 95 percent

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Culebra and Vieques, two small islands east of Puerto Rico, experienced harsher impacts than the main island; between the two, Culebra experienced stronger winds and heavier damage. The devastation in both islands was nonetheless thorough and widespread. Hurricane reconnaissance observations and the

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The eye of Hugo passed over Saint Croix at 06:00 UTC on September 18 (02:00 a.m. AST). Hurricane-force winds lasted for an unusually long time, battering the island from the late evening of September 17 to the morning of September 18. Peak sustained winds in Hugo at the time were estimated

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by Hugo in South Carolina and west-central North Carolina, though it was difficult to differentiate tornadic damage from the broader-swaths of wind damage caused by the hurricane. There were 26 fatalities in the United States attributed directly to the weather conditions produced by Hugo; among

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At least 30,000 people evacuated in Puerto Rico, making it one of the largest evacuations in the territory's history; government and media representatives described the evacuation as "the best coordinated weather event they could recall." Three thousand people evacuated from southeastern Puerto

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in Saint Thomas were suspended on the afternoon of September 17. Banks, courts, government offices, and schools were also closed throughout the region. Evacuations in Puerto Rico began at dawn on September 17 and were completed in eight hours. Most of the 166 shelters opened in Puerto Rico were

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Between 15–20 thousand people were left homeless in Charleston County. Homes were primarily rebuilt and repaired by non-profit and ad-hoc groups. Churches and other private non-profit groups managed replacement housing for Hugo victims in at least four South Carolina counties whose governments

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poles and wires amounted to $ 50 million; some repair efforts may have been undermined by the looting of copper wire in Hugo's aftermath. At least six workers were killed while repairing power lines. Equipment from the continental U.S. for the restoration of Puerto Rican water supplies arrived

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A plane bearing 60 rescue workers and emergency supplies was sent to Guadeloupe from Paris on September 19, with two more relief aircraft held on standby. The crews were tasked with sheltering the homeless, restoring electricity service, and clearing roads. Doctors were also sent to Guadeloupe

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publication, there were 35 deaths associated with Hugo in South Carolina. The hurricane's forces killed 13 people while another 22 fatalities were considered "indirectly-related". Among the indirect fatalities were two people killed by house fires started by candles during the storm.

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accelerated winds near the surface by as much as 20 percent, enhancing the damage wrought. Stores were damaged in Christiansted. Power and water distillation facilities operated by the Virgin Islands Water & Power Authority west of the city were disabled by the storm. The rupture of a fuel

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on September 17, raking the island with sustained winds of 140 mph (230 km/h). The island may have also experienced wind gusts up to 240 mph (390 km/h). The hurricane exacted a heavy toll over the course of 14 hours. Hugo was the costliest hurricane in Montserrat's history,

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heights of around 7–8 ft (2.1–2.4 m). Water levels of 2–3 ft (0.61–0.91 m) above normal were estimated to have occurred along the northern coast of Puerto Rico. Rainfall on the Caribbean islands averaged between 5–10 in (130–250 mm). The NHC's preliminary report on the

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served as a staging area for disaster response in the Caribbean due to its strategic position in the region and distance away from Hugo's forecast impacts. Several relief agencies had convened in Barbados earlier in 1989 to coordinate hurricane response plans. These agencies were mobilized ahead of

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communities suffered increased mortality in river channels and marsh creeks near the Charleston harbor due to hypoxia and lowered salinity in the water, though their populations recovered within two months. Increased salinization of coastal soil led to increased tree mortality and discoloration or

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was buffeted with winds of 40–50 mph (64–80 km/h), blowing down some trees and branches. This led to scattered and brief power outages that affected 30,000 electricity customers. Total property and crop damage in Connecticut amounted to at least $ 50,000. Power outages also affected

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Hugo killed 3 people and left 3,500 homeless on Saint Croix. Private and government property damage exceeded $ 500 million. Electricity, power, and water services were cut by Hugo across the island. More than 90 percent of buildings were damaged and vegetation was stripped bare

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Dominica was most affected among the Windward Islands. Hugo ruined 80 percent of the island's banana crop and interrupted water supplies. Coastal roads were damaged by the hurricane's choppy seas; a washout along a primary thoroughfare isolated the village of Dubique. Bridges and storm drains

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became ill-defined in satellite imagery and its winds had diminished to around 105 mph (165 km/h) by 06:00 UTC on September 19. However, the hurricane's return to open waters provided suitable conditions for reintensification. By this juncture, the broader weather patterns that

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rescue helicopter crashed in La Désirade, killing nine people. The Guadeloupe government held a competition to design homes that would be quickly built to house the island's homeless population; five of thirty models were selected, and the first homes were built five months after Hugo. The banana

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was completely destroyed. Many boats in Culebra were damaged, including those that sought refuge in Ensenada Honda. On Vieques, a peak gust of 98 mph (158 km/h) was registered, though the damage suggested that gusts of up to 132 mph (212 km/h) may have impacted the island. The

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at its closest approach; a station there reported a maximum sustained wind 46 mph (74 km/h) and a peak gust of 78 mph (126 km/h). These winds unroofed homes and uprooted trees and power lines. Roughly 25 sailboats sustained severe damage and one boat with four people went

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in October. The presence of debris on roads hampered relief efforts and increased recovery costs. In contrast with prior trends, more people were killed after the hurricane's passage rather than due to the hurricane's direct forces. Several members of repair crews were killed or injured in South

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attributed his basketball career to Hurricane Hugo's destruction. When Tim was 13 years old, he was a competitive swimmer who was considered one of the top United States competitors for the 400-meter freestyle. However, in the aftermath of Hugo, every swimming pool on Saint Croix was destroyed,

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counties each experienced damage to more than 90 percent of timberland. A conservative estimate valued the lost timber statewide at $ 1.04 billion. Downed trees and wind-blown debris severed power lines, cutting power for most areas. Three power plants were also disabled by the storm.

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was at the epicenter of Hugo's devastation. At McClellanville, near the point of maximum storm surge, shrimp boats were pushed as far as 0.5 mi (0.80 km) inland. Commercial and recreational craft damaged other structures as they were carried ashore. A high school used as a shelter for

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of Hugo's winds was most favorable for high storm surge. At Luquillo, the storm surge reached 8 ft (2.4 m), with waves atop the elevated waters reaching at least 10 ft (3.0 m). Two ferries were grounded at Fajardo by the storm surge; boats sustained over $ 50 million in

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Telecommunications were knocked out by the storm throughout Guadeloupe as winds brought down power and telephone lines. The island of La Désirade completely lost radio contact with the outside world. Three thousand houses, predominantly wooden shanties, were unroofed. Approximately half of

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estimates that wind gusts may have reached 200 mph (320 km/h). The effects of Hugo lasted for about 12 hours in Guadeloupe, with the strongest winds occurring within a 3-hour window. Rainfall totals ranged from 3.1 inches (79 mm) along the southern part of Guadeloupe to 13.8

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Across both Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, 217 shelters were opened; over 161,000 people sought refuge in these shelters. Although warnings from the NHC afforded ample time for preparations, shelters were required to be provisioned longer than in typical hurricanes. Some of these

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counties registered 81-mph (130 km/h) gusts; these were the fastest gusts measured in Virginia in connection with the passing storm. As was the case in North Carolina, the winds downed numerous trees, causing widespread power outages and structural damage. Their arboreal debris obstructed

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suffered heavily, with the destruction of 150 homes. Major damage was inflicted upon 350 homes and minor damage was inflicted upon another 500 homes, with their aggregate losses amounting to $ 87 million. Farms and businesses around Georgetown sustained $ 10 million in

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of mangrove forests was found to a contributing factor to Hugo's damage upon vegetation. Forests with a greater vertical extent and higher species richness were more protected from the hurricane's effects. Bat populations in Montserrat dropped 20-fold in response to extensive habitat loss and

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were inundated, disrupting water distribution; replacement of these motors cost $ 200,000. The lake formed by the dam had begun to rise, and floodgates were rendered inoperable by power outages. Poor maintenance had left the dam vulnerable to a larger catastrophe; however, Hugo's rainfall was

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The hurricane moved near the Virgin Islands and made two landfalls in Puerto Rico as it egressed the Caribbean, causing considerable destruction. Estimates of the damage toll in this region vary but include over $ 50 million each for the British Virgin Islands and Netherlands Antilles, $

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area, winds between 37 and 43 mph (60 and 69 km/h) were reported. Winds near 47 mph (76 km/h) were also reported in Toronto. Heavy rainfall also occurred in Ontario, with precipitation in Ontario peaking at 4.5 in (110 mm), while a maximum amount of 1.85 in

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and Myrtle Beach areas experiencing only low-end hurricane-force winds, the widespread wind damage in those areas was attributed to "widespread underdesign and marginal building practices." Lesser damage occurred along the southern South Carolina coast between Charleston, South Carolina, and

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around Dominica to clear landslide debris. A curfew in Guadeloupe mandating that streets be clear of pedestrians and vehicles came into effect at 6 p.m. AST on September 17. Leading up to the curfew, residents rushed hardware stores and supermarkets to stock up on supplies. Many on the

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and several others; the municipality had been struck by waves 35 ft (11 m) high. Damage to highways in Puerto Rico amounted to $ 40 million, though only one bridge required closure for repairs. Crops on the island including banana and coffee sustained widespread losses.

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recommended the evacuation of the low-lying Kinsale area on September 16. Twenty-four evacuation shelters were opened throughout the island. Disaster preparedness plans were set into motion by Martinique's government ministries, dispatching crews to board windows and secure buildings.

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The emergency operations center in Montserrat was formally activated on September 18 to effectively deal with the aftermath of Hugo. As more robust communication systems were destroyed by the storm, communications between the island and the outside world were primarily handled by

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on September 18. The ship also brought a helicopter and a crew of 100 sailors that aided in cleaning up roads between Plymouth and W. H. Bramble Airport. Extensive effort was required to clean up Montserrat's roads due to the prevalence of debris. Along with the crew of the

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Across North Carolina, Hugo damaged 2,638 structures and destroyed 205; the damage toll was $ 1 billion. Losses to crops and livestock amounted to nearly $ 97 million. There were seven fatalities in the state. Storm surge along the coast of North Carolina west of

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including the Olympic-size swimming pool. With no pool to practice in, Duncan turned to basketball. Tim Duncan said, "I'm very fortunate to be where I am today. Without Hugo, I might still be swimming." On April 4, 2020, it was announced that Duncan would be inducted into the

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was destroyed by Hugo's 20-foot (6.1 m) waves. Livingstone's port was destroyed. Damage to the fishing sector, including ships, buildings, and equipment, totaled US$ 5.1 million. The island's power grid was left entirely dysfunctional following the storm across both

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The South Carolina Electric and Gas Company (SCE&G) called Hugo "the single greatest natural disaster ever to strike the state", inflicting $ 5.9 billion in property damage. The hurricane's trajectory swept across three major South Carolina cities. According to the

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of 918 mbar (27.11 inHg), which turned out to be its peak intensity. Still several hundred miles east of the Leeward Islands at the time, this made Hugo the easternmost Category 5 hurricane on record in the Atlantic. Its winds tapered as it approached the

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throughout the island. Seventy percent of buildings were destroyed and as many as 75 percent of homes lost their roofs. Many neighborhoods were completely reduced to rubble. Surveys equated the severity of damage to that caused by an F1 or F2 tornado on the

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could not reach most of his officers during the 24 hours after the eye of the hurricane struck about midnight. He said he saw several of the officers, members of the National Guard and even a few current and former legislators among looters in downtown Christiansted.

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to fall 20-fold, while the populations of several endemic bird species declined or were disrupted across the eastern Caribbean. Coastal bird populations in South Carolina were forced 200 mi (320 km) inland. Additionally, forests between South Carolina and

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recorded peak gusts of 161 and 168 mph (259 and 270 km/h). Unofficial reports alleged that Saint Croix experienced gusts in excess of 200 mph (320 km/h), but these were inconsistent with the severity of damage or were otherwise unsubstantiated.

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on September 20, escalating to a hurricane warning for some coastal areas on September 21. The coverage of these watches and warnings were incrementally revised leading up to Hugo's final landfall; at their greatest extent, hurricane watches were in effect between

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rivers. Floods impacted areas near Luqillo and low-lying portions of San Juan after water pumps lost power. Two hundred landslides occurred in Puerto Rico, with the largest of these transporting 40,000 m (1,400,000 cu ft) of debris into a river.

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enumerated 70 fatalities in the Carolinas, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands both directly and indirectly caused by Hugo. The homes of more than 200,000 families nationwide were damaged or destroyed; 129,687 families were affected in the

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frequently had annular separations of the rings that made them dangerous to saw and nearly impossible to cut into plies, so they were also downgraded into pulpwood, leading to such a drop in pulpwood prices that eventually much of the salvage effort ceased.

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Saint Thomas experienced hurricane-force winds and sustained widespread damage to property and vegetation; damage was less severe than on Saint Croix due to Saint Thomas's position farther away from the core of Hugo. A field survey conducted by the

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Hugo left extensive damage in its wake, causing 67 deaths and $ 11 billion (equivalent to $ 27 billion in 2023) in damage, which at the time, made it the costliest hurricane on record. Guadeloupe bore the brunt of the storm in the

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referred to FEMA as "a bunch of bureaucratic jackasses" during a speech on the floor of the United States Senate. An investigation was launched, which led to some reforms in FEMA procedures that helped the agency do a somewhat better job during

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ultimately less than forecast. Power distribution systems in San Juan and other communities were severely crippled, leading to power outages affecting thirty-five municipalities. Many power poles in Puerto Rico held a disproportionate number of

1701:. Oil tanks at the refinery were damaged, leaving the entire facility incapacitated. The control tower, associated weather instrumentation, and aircraft at the airport were badly damaged. A loose steel fuel tank collided into and destroyed a 3294: 1927:, a sustained wind of 87 mph (140 km/h) and a gust of 108 mph (174 km/h) were reported. Hugo produced an 8-foot (2.4 m) storm surge at Charleston, indicating that water levels rose 12.9 ft (3.9 m) above 1639:. Hugo tracked through the Virgin Islands on September 18 and destroyed 30 percent of homes in the archipelago. Generally 6–9 in (150–230 mm) of rain fell across the Virgin Islands, peaking at 11.2 in (280 mm) at 8030:

Gardner, L.R.; Michener, W.K.; Williams, T.M.; Blood, E.R.; Kjerve, B.; Smock, L.A.; Lipscomb, D.J.; Gresham, C. (December 1992). "Disturbance effects of hurricane Hugo on a pristine coastal landscape: North Inlet, South Carolina, USA".

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were sent to San Juan to render aid and deliver supplies. From its supply centers in the continental U.S., the American Red Cross amassed supplies for victims in Puerto Rico and mounted its largest domestic relief effort in four years.

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evacuated 40 people and sent personnel onshore to monitor the situation. However, local law enforcement in Saint Croix was unable to stop widespread looting, with armed gangs reportedly taking root the streets of Christiansted.

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to one dominated by larger frugivores and omnivores. Extensive defoliation was documented in the forests of Dominica, Guadeloupe, Montserrat, and Puerto Rico, where vegetation was stripped bare of their flowers, fruits, and leaves.

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fell by 6 percent. Hugo was widely considered the most significant forest disaster in South Carolina history. Across 23 counties, 4.4 million acres (1.8 million hectares) experienced the loss of 6.6 million

2101:. These coastal homes were razed or washed inland, dealing damage to additional homes. M. L. Love, the administrator for Horry County, said that the city "for all practical purposes is gone." Severe beach erosion also occurred in 1411:

of at least half of the islands' agriculture. Around 30 percent of homes were unroofed. Power outages affected the British Virgin Islands. The Associated Press reported "numerous injuries" and "scores of homes destroyed" on

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Hugo was the costliest hurricane in U.S. history at the time and one of its costliest disasters overall, with a damage toll of $ 8 billion estimated by the NHC. This total was over three times higher than that inflicted by

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While power in San Juan was largely restored within 48 hours, many in Puerto Rico remained without power in the days following Hugo. On September 24, 47,500 businesses and homes in Puerto Rico were without power; the

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while still a category 1 hurricane and brought extensive damage to areas that rarely experienced impacts from tropical cyclones. Hugo produced a nearly 50-mile-wide (80 km) corridor of downed trees and power lines west of

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1,125 local residents was inundated by the ocean's advance; documentation had listed its elevation 11 ft (3.4 m) too high, leading to its mistaken selection as a shelter. The storm surge accumulated within the

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There were widespread and significant agricultural impacts from Hugo. Guadeloupe sustained damage to the entirety of its banana crop and most of its coconut palms and sugar cane crop. Habitat loss caused bat populations in

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reported that a quarter of electricity customers in Fajardo remained without electric service on October 9, three weeks after Hugo struck the island. Residents of Puerto Rico's northeastern coast were encouraged to

916:

were sent home beginning on September 15 to free space for possible hurricane victims. The government of Dominica urged its citizens to take emergency precautions. The Dominican Ministry of Public Works prepositioned

1931:

as Hugo made landfall. Elsewhere along the South Carolina coast, Hugo produced storm tides as high as 20 ft (6.1 m). The maximum recorded storm surge was 20.2 ft (6.2 m) along Seewee Bay south of

376:. The surge and strong winds wrought extensive damage to buildings and infrastructure across South Carolina, and caused 13 deaths. Flood and wind impacts followed Hugo across much of the Eastern United States into 2520:(47 mm) was reported in Toronto. As a result of the storm, blackouts and car accidents were reported in Toronto. Furthermore, heavy rains and high winds also occurred across the southern portions of Ontario. 306:

and strengthened into Tropical Storm Hugo as it tracked west across the Atlantic Ocean for several days. On September 13, Hugo became a hurricane and continued to intensify through September 15 when its

1983:

connecting the South Carolina mainland to Sullivan's Island was heavily damaged and became stuck in an open position. Rows of beachfront homes on Sullivan's Island were razed by the surge. Ships at the marina in

10162: 1119:. Parts of the Georgia and North Carolina coasts also evacuated ahead of Hugo. Georgia enacted a full evacuation, with 175,000 leaving their homes and 6,000 moving to public shelters. Civil authorities in 680:

moving across the central U.S., and this curvature and acceleration continued as Hugo moved farther inland. The intensity of the winds decreased after landfall, particularly as Hugo began interacting with the

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beginning on September 22, with the capacity to produce over 200,000 gallons (760,000 liters) of potable water daily. USAF sent power generators, plastic sheeting for repairs, and 200,000 The

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debris by up to 15 times their normal amounts, significantly increasing the risk of wildfires throughout the region. FEMA designated $ 7 million towards forest fire mitigation in Hugo's aftermath.

2487:. Fallen trees and broken limbs caused scattered property damage throughout the state. In western parts of Massachusetts, some apple orchards reported damage to as much as 30 percent of their crops. In 1721:

estimated that gusts of up to 121 mph (195 km/h) occurred on the island. Homes were unroofed and boats were heavily damaged or set adrift. The antenna, tower, and transmitter of television station

2331:, resulting in 6 in (150 mm) rainfall totals. While Hugo's rainfall was not sufficient to cause major river flooding in North Carolina, minor flooding impacted mountainous areas north and east of 2318:

While Hugo's quick traversal of the Southeastern U.S. enlarged the area of inland wind damage, it also attenuated rainfall totals; rainfall was relatively light for a storm of Hugo's size. In southwestern

2061:, where 75 percent of marketable trees were felled. Most trees were truncated 10–25 ft (3.0–7.6 m) above the ground, with others snapped or uprooted; the cost of damage was estimated by the 3359: 1338:

hurricane enumerated 28 fatalities in the eastern Caribbean while media reports tallied over 30. As many as 100,000 people may have been left homeless throughout the region as a result of Hugo.

955:

shelters took heavy damage during Hugo, and one required evacuation by civil defense authorities after its windows gave way to the wind. Shelters in Saint Croix housed 1,000 evacuees. Operations at

7342: 1659:(now known as Henry E. Rholsen International Airport); the extent of the damage suggested that the entire island was within the envelope of the hurricane's strongest winds. Anemometers on two U.S. Navy 6489: 1553:

towers atop the mountain were toppled and twisted by the hurricane. Strong winds also downed thousands of trees and utility poles. Ten people were killed in Montserrat and 89 others were injured.

668:. As the hurricane accelerated away from Puerto Rico at about 14 mph (22 km/h), it became better organized and its eye became increasingly well defined. On September 21, Hugo passed over the 1572:, a South Carolina newspaper, estimated that the U.S. incurred $ 8.671 billion in damage from Hugo, with $ 7.071 billion in the contiguous U.S. and $ 1.6 billion in Puerto Rico and the 2713:

sent 1,100 troops and federal marshals to augment the security presence as local police and the National Guard lost control of the situation. Among the deployments were 470 troops from the

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were damaged, though wind-related damage in Martinique was otherwise minimal. Moderate rains, peaking at 5.67 inches (144 mm) in La Médaille, led to some mudslides. Rough seas flooded parts of

3963: 3283: 2343:, flooding prompted the evacuation of 79 prisoners. Rainfall totals of 1–4 in (25–102 mm) occurred throughout southwestern Virginia, with a maximum of 6.5 in (170 mm) in 355:'s costliest hurricane on record and brought down the island's entire power grid. Ninety percent of homes on the island suffered significant to total roof loss after the island was struck by the 7763: 3023:

Sewage contamination and poor water quality briefly impacted shellfish populations along the coast of South Carolina. The turbulent action generated by Hugo in streams lowered concentrations of

1357:. Homes, government buildings, and trees were damaged by the storm. A fifth of the country was rendered homeless and the entire populace lost power and water. Ninety percent of the residents of 2562:. As a result of high winds, power poles were toppled and tree branches fell, which caused most of New Brunswick's 15,000 power failures. In addition, several tree and signs were blown over in 2379:, where wind gusts reached 54 mph (87 km/h). The city's weather service office recorded 6.10 in (155 mm) of rain. Winds of 45–50 mph (72–80 km/h) downed trees in 1989:

to be approximately $ 270 million. Every building on the two islands took damage from the hurricane. Storm surge tore off the pavement from coastal roads and destroyed 80 percent at

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Puerto Rico and much of the island suffered power and water service failures. Eight people were killed in Puerto Rico and nearly 28,000 people were left homeless. In the United States,

1582:, a Puerto Rican newspaper, calculated that losses in Puerto Rico amounted to $ 2 billion. Insured property damage in the contiguous U.S. reached $ 3.042 billion according to the 10037: 9800: 8208: 9735: 897: 8066: 1127:, to allocate school buses for the evacuation of barrier islands. Three shelters were opened in North Carolina, though emergency management did not anticipate ordering evacuations. 672:

and intensified markedly over a period of 30 hours, re-strengthening to a Category 4 hurricane. At 04:00 UTC on September 22, Hugo made its last landfall landfall on

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number of those displaced by Hugo in Puerto Rico exceeded 50,000. Over 25,000 people in Culebra and Vieques remained in shelters after Hugo as their homes were destroyed. The

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were inundated by storm surge, resulting in considerable damage. However, the storm's trajectory relative to Guadeloupe prevented a more damaging surge event from occurring.

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documented 3.66 inches (93 mm) of rain in one hour. Along Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin, storm surge from Hugo elevated the seas from 8 to 10 ft (2.4 to 3.0 m) above

10030: 2845:. SCE&G fully restored power to its customers in 18 days after deploying 4,703 personnel. The company also offered free bus service for a week and distributed 2621:. Urgent requests for aid were forwarded by ham radio operators to all embassies and foreign missions in Barbados. The island's reduced radio capabilities were augmented by 7046: 9827: 9698: 5456: 2952:

A survey of bird populations in Saint Croix observed that Hugo's aftermath may have stressed birds more than the hurricane's immediate meteorological forces. Frugivorous,

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agents, U.S. marshals, and local police initially maintained a patrol of Frederiksted and Christiansted while the U.S. Coast Guard evacuated tourists from the island; the

2828:. Federal resources for the aftermath in South Carolina were strained by earlier relief efforts for Hugo's impact in the Caribbean; they would be strained further by the 1825:

resulting damage in Culebra suggested that the island was struck by 150-mph (240 km/h) wind gusts. Southeasterly winds were accelerated by the hills on the sides of

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All government buildings and schools in Montserrat were impacted. The headquarters of the Montserrat government lost much of its roof. Air traffic control facilities at

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and the local topography may have amplified the winds, producing more extreme damage. The heaviest damage on Saint Croix was inflicted upon its northern coast from the

1431:) as a Category 4 hurricane with sustained winds at 140 mph (230 km/h). This made Hugo the strongest hurricane to strike Guadeloupe since a hurricane each in 1016:

on September 18. Four international airports were closed that day and businesses began to fortify against Hugo's effects. Civil defense officials aided preparations in

9793: 5648: 2682:

asked President Bush for federal assistance in restoring order to the island. On the island of Saint Croix, looting and lawlessness reigned in the aftermath of Hugo.

1123:, urged the 15,000 residents along barrier islands to begin evacuating on the morning of September 21 ahead of hurricane warnings. Public schools were closed in 556:

developed from this disturbance roughly 125 mi (200 km) south of Cape Verde the following day. The nascent cyclone intensified as it tracked west along the

9629: 4530: 5906: 3625: 3436: 926:

played a significant role in keeping residents of Martinique updated on the hurricane's approach. Though no formal evacuation order was enacted for Martinique, the

8923: 2384: 2596:. Military aircraft delivered 50 tons (45 tonnes) of supplies and over 500 emergency workers to Guadeloupe, along with Minister of Overseas France 2139:(15,600 m) of timber, equivalent to three to four times the annual timber harvest; this was a greater loss of timber than observed in Hurricane Camille, the 10364: 9993: 3352: 1456:

inches (350 mm) in more mountainous areas. Hourly rainfall rates averaged roughly 2 inches (51 mm) per hour in the core of the hurricane. A station in

795:

In the northeastern Caribbean, warnings issued by the NHC were disseminated by the six meteorological offices of the Caribbean Meteorological Council. The first

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rivers, forcing them over their banks and submerging low-lying areas 10 mi (16 km) upstream. One person was killed by the rise of the Cooper River at

1504:

Although Montserrat was struck by many significant storms in the 18th and 19th centuries, the last major hurricane to strike the island before Hugo occurred in

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on September 15; this was superseded by a hurricane warning the following day that in turn was lifted on September 19. As Hugo tracked northwest across the

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Puerto Rican Governor Hernandez Colón solicited a disaster declaration for Puerto Rico from President Bush after surveying the damage wrought by Hugo. The

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Guimaraes, Paulo, Frank L. Hefner, and Douglas P. Woodward. "Wealth and income effects of natural disasters: An econometric analysis of Hurricane Hugo."

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helicopter and two heavy trucks belonging to the National Guard were destroyed by debris. Less severe damage occurred in southwestern Saint Croix near

881: 717:(NOAA) penetrated the eye of Hugo 76 times, documenting the location of the storm's center roughly once every two hours. Among these planes was a 7384: 980:

terminated all scheduled flights at 6 p.m. AST on September 17. All international airlines evacuated their aircraft from Puerto Rico, though one

964:

were mobilized in Puerto Rico; in San Juan, National Guardsmen and volunteers drove around the city issuing emergency instructions over loudspeakers.

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lower fuselage. The plane climbed to an altitude of 7,200 ft (2,200 m) before departing the eye via the northeast eyewall and returning to

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home; another 15 people were injured, primarily by falling trees. The winds piled boats together and destroyed or damaged thousands of them in

1750:

Two people drowned in Puerto Rico during Hugo's passage according to reports from the National Research Council and NHC. Another six were killed in

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clocked a 99 mph (159 km/h) gust, forcing personnel in the airport's control tower to evacuate. Windows were blown out of skyscrapers in

6548: 3996: 676:, with sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h). Hugo's forward motion was beginning to accelerate northward at the time in response to an 10449: 9344: 7963: 1957: 7182: 3842: 10434: 9880: 9786: 5832: 1765: 1693:

oil tank on the facility grounds caused an oil spill in the Christiansted harbor. Severe damage occurred in south-central Saint Croix near the

5404:"The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequency Requested Hurricane Facts)" 4387: 10309: 10111: 9622: 7862: 5716:

Imbert, Daniel; Labbe, Patrick; Rousteau, Alain (September 1996). "Hurricane Damage and Forest Structure in Guadeloupe, French West Indies".

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to the island's eastern end. These coastal extents were directly exposed to intense rainbands associated with Hugo. The sloping terrain near

1318: 823:. These initial alerts were discontinued following the storm's passage by September 18. A hurricane watch was issued for Puerto Rico and the 9537: 1857:

Power outages affected 80 percent of Puerto Rico. Power and water supplies in San Juan were cut for more than a week in some areas. At

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was largely destroyed, with nearly half of houses remaining. Several tourist hotels there sustained heavy damage. Two people were killed in

10354: 10314: 9728: 9670: 9656: 9647: 8916: 2714: 1451:. A ship in the wharf at Pointe-à-Pitre estimated a gust of 184 mph (296 km/h). Though unmeasured, French meteorological service 3379: 10227: 10134: 1870:, resulting in greater power loss than would otherwise be expected for the conditions experienced. A destroyed communications antenna in 977: 9489: 5619: 10344: 10324: 9770: 9453: 9393: 6341: 4199:. Caribbean Disaster News. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator. September 1989 1804:

rates; three other rivers reached discharge rates within 10–15 percent of their highest on record. Flash floods occurred near the

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at 140 mph (230 km/h), making it a Category 4 hurricane. The winds unroofed homes and knocked out power in Saint Croix and

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With the aid of Hugo's rapid forward motion, the swath of damaging winds produced by Hugo in interior South Carolina penetrated into

2225:

were eliminated by the hurricane, further exposing areas inland to the storm's fury. Several piers were wrecked by Hugo: the pier at

1353:

amounted to $ 46 million, largely sustained by shoreline structures and crops. This equated to 32 percent of the country's

9561: 9417: 7992:

Wauer, Roland H.; Wunderle, Joseph M. (1992). "The Effect of Hurricane Hugo on Bird Populations on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands".

7319: 7246: 4211: 4189: 2964:) was driven out of its traditional habitats on Saint Croix. Declines in the populations of certain bird species were also noted in 10414: 10394: 10183: 9763: 9615: 9597: 9525: 8292: 2896: 5280: 2431:, 4.3 in (110 mm) of rain fell in two hours. Floodwaters inundated urban areas and basements. In the eastern suburbs of 2109:. Piers along the coast of Horry County were heavily damaged by storm surge. The pier at Sunset Beach was reduced to its pilings. 10304: 10289: 10241: 10234: 9979: 9809: 9579: 9315: 8909: 2246: 2093:. Debris from destroyed homes piled atop streets along the island's south end. Hugo caused about $ 944 million in damage in 1373:

also took heavy damage. Landslides isolated towns for many days. The damage toll in Dominica totaled $ 20 million. Winds in

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2 billion for Puerto Rico, and $ 500 million for Saint Croix. Hugo's center was 85 mi (137 km) southwest of

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stated that if Hugo were to reach the United States, it could move ashore "anywhere from the Florida Keys to North Carolina."

10379: 10374: 10359: 8241: 8105: 7878:

The original title of this article is "Changes in the Coastal Fish Communities Following Hurricane Hugo in Guadelope Island"

7736: 7015: 5227: 3272: 3130: – wrought devastation across parts of the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico, leading to a significant humanitarian crisis 1826: 1727: 885: 865: 7457: 2775:

to curtail the spread of food- and waterborne diseases, though power outages prevented most from doing so. Repair costs for

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convened on September 18 to discuss emergency preparedness plans, and some residents began to gather supplies. NHC director

1048:, and classes were cancelled at The College of The Bahamas on September 18. After Hugo departed the Caribbean, officials in 10384: 10299: 10169: 8877: 8269: 5641: 4522: 2776: 2070: 1730:

were destroyed; the station would not return to the air because of the damage and the owner's inability to afford repairs.

779: 710: 673: 2697:

reported that some members of the local police and National Guard also took part in looting. For the first time since the

2073:. However, the lack of infrastructure near the refuge significantly reduced the damage wrought by Hugo's strongest winds. 1095:, officials began recommending evacuations on the evening of September 20; this was later changed to an evacuation order. 988:

was left behind for emergency use. Tourists left en masse on departing flights before the airport terminated operations.

10102: 9954: 9714: 9707: 8981: 7654: 5902: 3648: 3459: 2664: 2508: 2348: 2294:

were also impacted by the core of strong winds associated with Hugo, which passed through the state as a tropical storm.

1923:, clocked a 120-mile-per-hour (193 km/h) sustained wind using an anemometer mounted on the ship's mast. In downtown 909: 409: 351:. Three thousand houses were unroofed, contributing to the displacement of 35,000 people from their homes. Hugo was 7680: 5410: 1476:

at Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport was wrecked and the airport's radio antenna was knocked down. Lower sections of

10369: 10088: 10058: 5040: 3568: 3154: 2825: 2566:

and Moncton. The storm also significantly affected the apple crop in New Brunswick. Strong winds were also reported in

2263: 2250: 2106: 1994: 1689: 7643: 3323:(National Disaster Survey Report). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 1990. 2701:, American troops were deployed in response to a domestic civil disturbance; with the authorization of U.S. President 2049:

sustained $ 95–$ 100 million in damage. Two people were killed in Charleston by the collapse of their homes. The

1830: 10349: 10329: 9663: 5545: 3343: 2900: 2842: 2140: 2046: 2016: 1710: 1648: 1092: 5130: 2600:; 3,000 soldiers also accompanied the transport. The total cost of repairs on the island was estimated at over 2535:

and West Island also lost electricity when tree fell on power lines; it was restored about 12 hours later. While in

1606:

the country's states and territories, South Carolina had the highest death toll with 13 direct fatalities. The

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before they deteriorated to the point where they could not be used. Still standing timber that appeared usable for

2796: 2693: 2218: 2152: 1017: 940: 889: 7679:(Report to the Honorable Ernest F. Hollings, U.S. Senate). Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office. May 1991. 5338: 10454: 10389: 10339: 9849: 9842: 9835: 9638: 8202: 3167:

The National Weather Service in Wilmington, North Carolina, reports 86 total deaths in connection with Hugo.

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that killed many fish in Guadeloupe's mangrove habitats; fish populations would recover by January 1990. The low

2753: 2720: 2173: 2156: 2148: 1096: 1004:, after being electrocuted by a power line while preparing for the storm. On September 18, Puerto Rican Governor 969: 840: 624:

with sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h). The next day, the hurricane made three landfalls, first on

213: 3893: 3868: 2558:, though little rainfall occurred in the province. Winds gusting to 77 mph (124 km/h) was reported in 1447:, with a 97-mile-per-hour (156 km/h) wind gust documented in the last weather observation transmitted from 10424: 10294: 10065: 9368: 8246: 6819: 6725: 2908: 2499:, freeing some boats from their moorings. Trees and power lines were also brought down by the winds statewide. 2388: 2172:

SCE&G reported that 300,000 of its electricity customers lost power, with a complete loss of power east of

2058: 2033: 1933: 1636: 1591: 1583: 1505: 1314: 968:

Rico and five thousand evacuated from San Juan neighborhoods. However, many were initially reluctant to leave.

373: 291: 254: 3223: 2956:, and seminivorous bird populations declined most among avian diet groups as a result of vegetation loss. The 1643:

in northwestern Saint Croix. However, most rain gauges in the Virgin Islands were destroyed by the hurricane.

10007: 9405: 9016: 7540:"Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2020 Announcement presented by Fifty-Five South Ventures" 3386: 2399:, forcing the evacuation of people from affected areas; some of the evacuees had fled South Carolina for the 2164: 2025: 2021: 1985: 1781: 1702: 1481: 10444: 9910: 8124:"Le passage dévastateur d'un ouragan: conséquences socio-économiques. Le cas du cyclone Hugo en Guadeloupe" 8069:[These songs that make the news after the cyclone] (in French). France TV Info. September 9, 2017. 7038: 5054:– via Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida Scholar Commons. 2781: 2651: 2380: 2307:. The damage toll in Virginia was approximately $ 60 million, with over $ 40 million incurred in 2230: 2226: 2102: 2094: 1976: 1879: 1718: 1077: 961: 808: 9336: 7927: 5789: 5538:

The Political Ecology of Bananas: Contract Farming, Peasants, and Agrarian Change in the Eastern Caribbean

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downed trees in four counties, damaging homes and power lines. About 50–75 trees were toppled around

1837:

The worst damage on the principal island of Puerto Rico occurred along its northeast coast at Fajardo and

1834:

roof of a baseball stadium was pried off by the winds. A thousand families in Vieques were left homeless.

740:. While penetrating the storm at an altitude of 1,500 ft (460 m), the plane encountered extreme 661: 10439: 10257: 10095: 8565: 2993: 2829: 2282:

described Hugo's winds as a "unique event in weather history for this portion of inland North Carolina."

2189: 2110: 2098: 1990: 1652: 1538: 1005: 737: 7890:"Notes on Bats from Montserrat (Lesser Antilles) with Comments Concerning the Effects of Hurricane Hugo" 3988: 2605: 2592:

from La Meynard Hospital in Martinique. Emergency supplies from Paris were gathered by Catholic Air and

1427:

from Hugo. The hurricane made landfall on the island at 05:00 UTC on September 17 (01:00 a.m.

950:

Satellite image of the Western Hemisphere on September 19 showing Hugo northeast of the Turks and Caicos

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were heavily damaged; in South Carolina alone the loss of timber was estimated at $ 1.04 billion.

10266: 9931: 9501: 8999: 8453: 6540: 2646: 2340: 2279: 2267: 2222: 2160: 2085: 1924: 1920: 1432: 1108: 665: 600: 275: 6541:"Seeds of a Storm: A Puerto Rican Tropical Rain Forest Sprouts New Life in the Wake of Hurricane Hugo" 3257:

Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989

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466 million to recover, while the island's hotel industry suffered FF152 million in losses.

1064:

rocket with Hugo looming. Boats were moved from coastal marinas to more protected harbors inland near

588:, causing Hugo to then gradually turn towards the west-northwest with its forward speed decelerating. 10190: 10023: 9924: 9721: 8952: 8504: 8438: 7174: 5677: 3835: 3385:. Boulder, Colorado: The Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center. Archived from 2563: 2416: 2332: 2242: 2144: 1998: 1871: 1436: 972:

was evacuated for the first time in living memory. Hundreds of evacuees were brought to a stadium in

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steered Hugo had changed: the Azores High became a dominant influence north of the hurricane and an

10079: 10000: 9429: 9325: 9267: 8993: 8889: 7461: 4379: 3683: 3177: 3118: – made landfall on the south end of Edisto Island in South Carolina as a Category 4 hurricane 3096: 2758: 2706: 2544: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2312: 2308: 2275: 2271: 2041: 1944:. Totals between 4–6 in (100–150 mm) were commonplace along the coast of South Carolina. 1698: 1656: 1631:

Hugo was the first significant hurricane to strike the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico region since

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was issued by the NHC at 09:00 UTC on September 15, covering much of the Lesser Antilles from

690: 545: 438: 312: 112: 108: 7843: 3956:"Hurricane Lorenzo Became the Strongest on Record in the Eastern Atlantic, Then Struck the Azores" 10127: 6818:

Elgison, Holly; Elgison, Howard (1989). "Devastation of a Forest". In Macchio, William J. (ed.).

6028:(1991). "Hurricane Hugo and Implications for Design Professionals and Code-Writing Authorities". 3231: 2984:). The populations or habitats of three endangered Puerto Rican birds were affected by Hugo: the 2245:, and hurricane-force wind gusts extended 200 mi (320 km) inland. The control tower at 2054: 2002: 1936:. This rise in water induced by Hugo resulted in the highest storm tides ever recorded along the 1875: 1829:. The homes of 80 percent of Culebra residents were wrecked. A housing development near the 1809: 1789: 1598: 1477: 1124: 1104: 701:, eventually moving into the far northern Atlantic where it was last noted on September 25. 343:

on September 23 before it was last noted in the far northern Atlantic on September 25.

283: 6305: 3450:(9). Asheville, North Carolina: National Centers for Environmental Information. September 1989. 2057:

was destroyed by a 19.4 ft (5.9 m) storm tide. Extensive losses to timber occurred at

749: 335:, with major hurricane strength winds. The storm weakened inland and accelerated north over the 239: 10176: 10072: 9894: 9549: 9190: 9097: 9033: 8987: 8969: 8616: 8530: 7964:"Some Initial Effects of Hurricane Hugo on Endangered and Endemic Species of West Indian Birds" 6632: 6310:. Vol. 13. Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. 1998. pp. 13648–13649 2698: 2638: 2299: 2237: 2192:'s cotton crop was lost, with additional losses suffered by peach, sorghum, and soybean crops. 2185: 1632: 1550: 1428: 1354: 1167: 845: 812: 804: 714: 308: 9607: 4090:"The National Hurricane Research Project: 50 Years of Research, Rough Rides, and Name Changes" 2816:

An overnight curfew was enacted by Charleston Mayor Joseph P. Riley Jr. on September 22 while

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rivers; flooding along the South Fork of the Roanoke forced about 60 people to evacuate.

1928: 10051: 9441: 9378: 8382: 5611: 5533: 5075:. No. 196. Greenwood, South Carolina. Associated Press. September 21, 1989. pp. 1–2 3017: 2875: 2687: 2642: 2567: 2436: 2423:

following heavy rainfall from the remnants of Hugo on the afternoon of September 22. In both

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Coastal impacts in South Carolina were extensive beyond Charleston County. The waterfront in

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strength on September 13, while located about 1,265 mi (2,035 km) east of the

517: 340: 336: 72: 6333: 2837:. There were 24 deaths in the aftermath of Hugo in South Carolina. Five people died of 2450:

The juxtaposition of Hugo's extratropical remnants (a low-pressure system) over the eastern

1851: 1377:

reached 60 mph (97 km/h) on the Caravelle peninsula. Some banana plantations near

685:; by dawn on September 22, Hugo was downgraded to a tropical storm when it was just west of 10204: 10155: 9290: 8767: 8213: 8162: 8040: 4935:. No. 196. Greenwood, South Carolina. Associated Press. September 21, 1989. p. 11 4101: 4040: 3880: 3133: 2977: 2969: 2732: 2629: 2548: 2372: 2344: 2214: 1867: 1777: 1751: 1743: 1533: 1407: 1364: 1223: 718: 657: 637: 529: 166: 7494:. No. 196. Greenwood, South Carolina. Associated Press. September 21, 1989. p. 1 4909:. No. 195. Greenwood, South Carolina. Associated Press. September 20, 1989. p. 2 4027:

Marks, Frank D.; Black, Peter G.; Montgomery, Michael T.; Burpee, Robert W. (April 2008).

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defoliation of trees. These surge-battered forests were devoid of insects and terrestrial

744:

and sustained winds of 190 mph (310 km/h), indicating a storm more intense than

8: 10220: 9856: 8975: 8946: 7347: 7315: 6167:. No. 310. Kilgore, Texas. United Press International. September 18, 1989. p. 1 5046:(Report). Boulder, Colorado: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center 3284:"Hurricane Hugo: South Carolina Forest Land Research and Management Related to the Storm" 3112: – quickly moved ashore the Carolinas, causing widespread damage into eastern Canada 2985: 2784:

distributed over 2 million gallons (7.6 million liters) of water using 33

2772: 2622: 2459: 2444: 2440: 2181: 2168: 2062: 1883: 1573: 1287: 1253: 1152: 1081: 1065: 1001: 824: 629: 612: 557: 553: 507: 303: 243: 8166: 8044: 7567:"Kobe Bryant, Tim Duncan, Kevin Garnett lead star-studded Basketball Hall of Fame class" 4105: 4044: 3884: 2808: 2229:

was destroyed while a fourth of the pier at Long Beach was lost; the end of the pier at

904:

to survey the damage and prioritize aid in Hugo's aftermath. Civil defense officials in

9945: 8807: 8626: 8575: 8463: 8178: 8009: 7844:"Changes in the Coastal Fish Communities Following Hurricane Hugo in Guadeloupe Island" 7178: 6041: 5741: 5733: 5286: 4058: 3934: 3495:"A3) What is a super-typhoon? What is a major hurricane? What is an intense hurricane?" 3189:

This tabulation only includes direct fatalities associated with the hurricane's forces.

2957: 2834: 2679: 2578: 2451: 2291: 2066: 1847: 1785: 1623: 1607: 1563: 1546: 1457: 1100: 1013: 1009: 832: 694: 208: 6032:(8). Coral Gables, Florida: Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc.: 25–32. 2968:. The destruction of habitats forced the relocation of some avian species such as the 2367:

Rainfall from Hugo spread across the northeastern United States along its track inland

831:

between September 19–20, tropical storm warnings were issued for coastal areas of the

10014: 9321: 9255: 9237: 9196: 9132: 9080: 8884: 8812: 8777: 8772: 8681: 8661: 8656: 8631: 8580: 8560: 8550: 8499: 8407: 8101: 8052: 8001: 7714: 7513: 6033: 5935:. Vol. 106, no. 56. St. Petersburg, Florida. September 18, 1989. p. 1A 5541: 5223: 3926: 3640: 3451: 3268: 3121: 3009: 2736: 2702: 2471: 2455: 2376: 2119: 1980: 1587: 1578: 1452: 985: 880:

Hugo's arrival in the Lesser Antilles. They were joined by additional teams from the

604: 577: 561: 549: 405: 5745: 4062: 3639:(9). Asheville, North Carolina: National Centers for Environmental Information: 18. 2076: 1947: 1500:

Hugo traversing the northeastern Caribbean on September 17 as a Category 4 hurricane

1448: 9938: 9261: 9178: 9155: 9074: 9062: 9056: 8817: 8787: 8762: 8726: 8716: 8676: 8671: 8646: 8641: 8540: 8494: 8484: 8443: 8433: 8402: 8367: 8341: 8321: 8261: 8253: 8234: 8170: 8135: 8048: 7854: 5804: 5725: 5540:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 63. 4109: 4048: 3888: 3567:. Wilmington, North Carolina: National Weather Service Wilmington, North Carolina. 3498: 3406: 3260: 3115: 3040:

for six months, though their populations were well-below pre-storm levels. Benthic

3024: 2940: 2903:

from the rotating lists of Atlantic hurricane names. It was replaced with the name

2884: 2789: 2478:

reported high winds in connection with Hugo, with some sustaining damage to trees.

1850:

suffered widespread damage and debris bestrewed its streets. A mobile home park in

1640: 1615:

and 87,700 families were affected in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

1525: 1439:. A minimum air pressure of 941.1 mbar (hPa; 27.79 inHg) was recorded at 923: 913: 745: 611:

with maximum sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) and a minimum central

497: 428:

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

401: 279: 267: 7023: 5041:

Evacuation decision making and public response in Hurricane Hugo in South Carolina

2435:, flooding overtook cars and buses. High water and washouts forced the closure of 1820:

Electric motors at Carraízo Dam were flooded, disrupting water service to San Juan

1325:

from Hugo led to coastal water levels 3–4 ft (0.91–1.22 m) above normal

736:

alongside another WP-3D Orion as part of a research experiment coordinated by the

9296: 9249: 9220: 9208: 9161: 9126: 9109: 9103: 9039: 8901: 8853: 8833: 8797: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8706: 8696: 8611: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8525: 8489: 8479: 8458: 8448: 8428: 8423: 8392: 8387: 8372: 8362: 8357: 8336: 8326: 8316: 8306: 7748: 7743: 7465: 5217: 3224:"Montserrat: Emergency Planning, Response and Recovery Related to Hurricane Hugo" 3127: 3109: 2597: 2540: 2432: 2328: 2274:

of North Carolina; some areas endured the resulting power outages for weeks. The

1972: 1937: 1862: 1842: 1816: 1667: 1424: 1342: 1310: 1045: 796: 653: 573: 397: 348: 287: 223: 185: 141: 41: 7962:

Haney, J. Christopher; Wunderle, Joseph M. Jr.; Arendt, Wayne J. (Summer 1991).

5314: 2523:

The remnants of Hugo tracked northeastward and entered the Canadian province of

2217:

reached 9 ft (2.7 m) above mean sea level. Three beach communities in

1858: 1713:. Rough surf damaged the city pier, tearing away parts of its concrete decking. 311:

peaked at 160 mph (255 km/h), making it a Category 5 hurricane on the

9243: 9214: 9202: 9184: 9068: 8843: 8802: 8792: 8782: 8742: 8711: 8701: 8691: 8686: 8666: 8651: 8636: 8621: 8570: 8555: 8545: 8397: 8377: 8331: 8311: 7566: 6025: 2932: 2879: 2854: 2532: 2496: 2392: 2090: 1968: 1904: 1805: 1469: 1461: 1399: 1382: 1069: 1037: 861: 849: 698: 565: 377: 360: 332: 197: 8219: 7858: 5729: 3124: – impacted much of the Lesser and Greater Antilles at a similar strength 2266:

amounted to over $ 500 million. Millions of trees were felled across the

1440: 10283: 9592: 9284: 8858: 8848: 8838: 8721: 8535: 8005: 7710: 6037: 5696: 5491:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Associated Press. September 19, 1989. p. 3 5403: 4452:. Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Associated Press. September 18, 1989. p. 10A 3930: 3644: 3494: 3455: 3075: 3062: 3058: 2936: 2861:." An immense salvage effort was undertaken to harvest downed pine trees for 2858: 2728: 2618: 2555: 2516: 2492: 2484: 2424: 2352: 2304: 2177: 2050: 1941: 1882:. Fallen power lines and damage to over 120 homes marooned the mayor of 1797: 1793: 1780:. The strongest wind recorded on Puerto Rico's main island was documented at 1473: 1403: 1386: 1270: 1116: 1088: 1061: 1049: 946: 908:

and Guadeloupe prepared shelters to house evacuees. Non-critical patients at

648: 537: 295: 217: 137: 7816: 7790: 7673: 7618: 7591: 7487: 7443: 7438: 7419: 7293:. West Palm Beach, Florida. Associated Press. September 20, 1989. p. 9A 7286: 6517:. Sacramento, California. Bee News Services. September 20, 1989. p. A23 6511: 6455: 6393: 6388: 6369: 6291: 6286: 6267: 6160: 5928: 5888: 5883: 5864: 5580: 5484: 5185: 5092: 5087: 5068: 5000: 4986: 4981: 4962: 4928: 4902: 4888: 4883: 4864: 4842: 4815: 4800: 4795: 4776: 4759: 4754: 4735: 4709: 4704: 4685: 4641: 4595: 4568: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4445: 4265: 4144: 4114: 4089: 3741: 3736: 3717: 3564: 3328: 3313: 2454:

and a strong high-pressure system off the U.S. East Coast generated a sharp

2113:

sustained $ 2 million in damage from buildings and equipment. With the

2036:. Seven to eight hundred boats were left in derelict condition, and many in 1738: 1660: 396:

Hugo was the strongest hurricane to strike the northeastern Caribbean since

9887: 9366: 8134:(7). Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe: University of the French West Indies: 25. 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 5808: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4425: 3071: 3041: 3001: 2838: 2710: 2610: 2507:

After becoming extratropical, the remnants of Hugo entered Canada into the

2475: 2428: 2114: 2029: 2008: 1916: 1874:

cut off communication to Vieques and Culebra. Debris in the forest blocked

1677: 1542: 1394: 989: 857: 828: 768: 533: 7598:. White Plains, New York. Associated Press. September 19, 1989. p. A1 7343:"St. Croix's Climate Proved Explosive After Hurricane Hugo Hit The Island" 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4334: 4053: 4028: 3334:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency. June 1992 2200: 1309:

Hugo was the strongest storm to traverse the northeastern Caribbean since

9742: 8140: 8123: 6724:

Allen, Claudia (1989). "Hugo At A Glance". In Macchio, William J. (ed.).

6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 5129:. St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda: National Office of Disaster Services. 5126: 4596:"Some Puerto Ricans slow to prepare for hurricane's possible destruction" 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 3724:. Atlanta, Georgia. Associated Press. September 18, 1989. pp. A1, A5 2953: 2817: 2479: 2467: 2463: 2259: 1776:

registered a wind gust of 170 mph (270 km/h) while harbored at

1361:

lost their homes. One person was killed after a wall collapsed upon him.

1334: 1330: 1322: 1238: 981: 836: 800: 669: 644:, with sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) in each instance. 641: 625: 585: 581: 369: 328: 324: 203: 6482:"Hugo's winds virtually exploded the Caribe Hilton's boarded-up windows" 6424: 6045: 4464: 4039:(4). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 1237–1259. 3938: 3879:(5). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 1186–1193. 1907:

at Sullivan's Island at 04:00 UTC on September 22 (12:00 a.m.

1496: 1032: 997: 973: 647:

Hugo's encounter with Puerto Rico weakened the storm substantially, its

595:

Hurricane Hugo approaching Category 5 strength on September 15

591: 540:

first observed moving off the coast of Africa on September 9, near

35: 8182: 8013: 5737: 4402: 3153:

A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the

3037: 2785: 2724: 2136: 2037: 1962: 1769: 1760: 1681: 1513: 1374: 1208: 1193: 1053: 1021: 1008:

ordered a shutdown of the island's electric grid to mitigate damage. A

936: 932: 898:

United Nations Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator

741: 621: 541: 385: 352: 320: 299: 193: 189: 180: 133: 8100:(in French). Centre d'édition et de diffusion international du livre. 6196: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5402:

Blake, Eric S.; Landsea, Christopher; Gibney, Ethan J. (August 2011).

4311: 3917:

Brennan, James W. (1991). "Meteorological Summary of Hurricane Hugo".

2474:, after a falling tree struck the car he was in. Fifteen counties in 1115:

traffic patterns were not required for those departing Charleston via

6672: 6670: 6668: 6601: 5839:. Miami, Florida: United Press International, Inc. September 17, 1989 5373: 3199: 2945: 2919: 2396: 2363: 2303:

hundreds of roads. Sporadic damage from Hugo occurred as far east as

1758:

estimated losses in the territory amounted to $ 2 billion while

1612: 1286: 617: 569: 271: 229: 8174: 8150: 7934:. Portland, Oregon: Sustainable Ecosystems Institute. Archived from 7888:

Pedersen, Scott C.; Genoways, Hugh H.; Freeman, Patricia W. (1996).

7842:

Bouchon, Claude; Bouchon-Navaro, Yolande; Louis, Max (August 1994).

7068: 7066: 7064: 7045:. Vol. 60, no. 3. Wilmington, North Carolina. p. 1A. 6998: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 4684:

Borenstein, Seth; Lunan, Charles; Melvin, Don (September 19, 1989).

4100:(10). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 1582. 4069: 3078:(national tribute to Guadeloupe after the passage of Hurricane Hugo) 1861:, San Juan's primary supplier of water, five electric motors in the 664:

within which Hugo was contained, shaping its trajectory towards the

632:, with sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h), followed by 9917: 6916: 6914: 6412: 6219: 5755: 2928: 2862: 2536: 2528: 2320: 2205: 2131: 2127: 1597:

In addition to the rain, surge, and wind associated with Hugo, the

1485: 1180: 905: 876: 820: 733: 726: 390: 316: 7385:"Motors, power generators and other equipment arrived from the..." 6363: 6361: 6359: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3282:

Haymond, Jacqueline L.; Hook, Donal D.; Harms, William R. (eds.).

3264: 2762:

caused two hospitals to refuse patient admission on September 20.

2547:. In addition, high winds and heavy rainfall also occurred in the 2180:

were crippled for 99 percent of the utility's customers. At

748:

suggested. Flight data showed that the plane likely encountered a

8223: 7767: 7266: 7264: 7150: 7138: 7126: 7114: 7102: 7090: 7061: 6979: 6938: 6899: 6733:. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: BD Publishing. pp. 38–41. 6645: 6578: 5695:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 3995:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 12, 2017. 3841:(Preliminary Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. 2870: 2846: 2812:

Governor Carroll Campbell touring Hugo's damage in South Carolina

2559: 2512: 2488: 2419:

counties. Numerous creeks overflowed their banks in northeastern

2254: 1723: 1694: 1412: 1378: 901: 764: 753: 633: 424: 356: 9987:

Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992

7928:"Blown in, Blown off, and Blown up: the Bats of Montserrat, BWI" 6950: 6926: 6911: 5219:

Macroeconomic Implications of Natural Disasters in the Caribbean

2122:, with winds there remaining below 65 mph (105 km/h). 1027: 9637: 8220:

Helicopter footage of damage in Pawleys' Island, South Carolina

8197: 7935: 6356: 5895: 4921: 3583: 3032: 3028: 2944:

community composition transitioned from one dominated by small

2866: 2524: 2089:

damage. Only a few beachfront homes withstood the hurricane in

2065:

at between $ 95–115 million. Animals, including some from

7261: 4660: 3993:

NOAA Celebrates 200 Years of Science, Service, and Stewardship

3925:(2). Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc.: 1–12. 270:

that inflicted widespread destruction across the northeastern

7853:(422). Washington, D.C.: National Museum of Natural History. 6827:. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: BD Publishing. p. 34. 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5647:. 1Meteorological Department Curaçao. June 2018. p. 19. 5510: 5216:

Rasmussen, Tobias N. (December 2004). "Summary of Findings".

4245: 4127: 4125: 3407:"Hurricane Hugo: Effects on South Carolina's Forest Resource" 3136:– also achieved Category 5 status at a very easterly position 2792: 2668: 1651:. No official wind measurements were taken on Saint Croix as 1529: 1358: 922:

Atlantic-facing side of Guadeloupe evacuated farther inland.

839:. The NHC first issued hurricane watches for portions of the 8029: 7823:. Phoenix, Arizona. Scripps Howard. May 26, 1990. p. A3 7797:. Bridgewater, New Jersey. Gannett News Service. p. A-6 7674:

Supplemental Information on Hurricane Hugo in South Carolina

5332: 5330: 5328: 3329:

Learning from Hurricane Hugo: Implications for Public Policy

2654:

following the destruction of a recently completed hospital.

2645:

also assisted in road cleanup operations in Montserrat. The

2130:

was cut by 21 percent while the total stock of growing

1899:

Hugo making landfall on South Carolina early on September 22

620:; at 05:00 UTC on September 17, Hugo's eye passed over 607:

mission to probe Hugo reported that it had intensified to a

8209:

Photo gallery of Hurricane Hugo's impacts in South Carolina

7584: 4849:. Orlando, Florida. p. A-4 – via Newspapers.com. 4029:"Structure of the Eye and Eyewall of Hurricane Hugo (1989)" 3894:

10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1186:ENPHSO>2.0.CO;2

3358:(Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2601: 2420: 1895: 1706: 1326: 1080:, to expedite cleanup operations. The mayor of Charleston, 1057: 452:

Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)

447:

Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)

7841: 6694: 6682: 6079: 6067: 5959: 5863:

Harrison, Carlos; Markowitz, Arnold (September 18, 1989).

4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4233: 4122: 4026: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3380:"Disaster Recovery After Hurricane Hugo in South Carolina" 2347:. Some low-lying areas and streams flooded, including the 1671:

Rainfall totals in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands

520:, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression 472:

Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)

467:

Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)

7378: 7376: 7374: 6106: 6055: 5947: 5790:"Genèse et dynamique de l'ouragan Hugo sur la Guadeloupe" 5606: 5604: 5602: 5325: 5063: 5061: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 3405:

Sheffield, Raymond M.; Thompson, Michael T. (June 1992).

2683: 709:

Between September 15 and September 22, aircraft from the

462:

Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)

408:

in 1969. The scale of the hurricane's impacts led to the

7209:"Il y a 29 ans, le cyclone Hugo ravageait la Guadeloupe" 5833:"Hugo lashes Leeward Islands, bears down on Puerto Rico" 4993: 4783:. Orlando, Florida. September 19, 1989. p. A-1, A-4 2582:

Relief crews attending a beached sailboat in Saint Croix

2570:, with gusts recorded up to 43 mph (69 km/h). 2466:. Nearly 85,000 homes and businesses lost power on 1878:

and strong winds unroofed the local headquarters of the

1627:

Ninety percent of buildings in Saint Croix were damaged.

1472:, Guadeloupe's largest city, was destroyed. Part of the 457:

Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)

7903:(2). Mayaguez, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico. 7887: 7202: 7200: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6255: 5642:"Hurricanes and Tropical Storms in the Dutch Caribbean" 5440: 5317: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 3666: 2650:

A temporary hospital was established at the Montserrat

1103:

on September 20 and implemented voluntary evacuations.

811:

three hours later. Concurrent watches and warnings for

10045:

Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990

9590: 7835: 7371: 7039:"Estimated damage at Holden Beach: about $ 30 million" 6504: 6450: 6448: 6446: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5599: 5315:

Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters.

5058: 4947: 4807: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4344: 2407:. Floods there swamped homes and the downtown area of 1528:

was seriously damaged. The 180-foot (55 m) stone

1293: 1276: 1268: 1258: 1243: 1228: 1213: 1198: 1157: 1024:

charter evacuated 135 vacationers from the city.

943:

closed and the island's electric grid was turned off.

660:. These two features generated a strong southeasterly 10405:

Natural disasters in the United States Virgin Islands

7231: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6437: 6418: 6225: 6213: 5787: 5766: 4929:"Historic Charleston ready for 'September gale' Hugo" 4895: 4736:"Hurricane heads towards Bahamas, Turks & Caicos" 4683: 4501: 4429: 4338: 4075: 3983: 3981: 3254: 2895:

The devastation caused by Hugo led to the name being

2788:, with the costs subsidized by the U.S. government. 1341:

Guadeloupe and Montserrat were hardest-hit among the

1333:

and the eastern end of Puerto Rico. These equated to

1068:. The American Red Cross readied 58 shelters in 960:

public schools. More than 2,000 troops from the

868:

were discontinued by 16:00 UTC on September 22.

302:

on September 10, 1989. This cluster coalesced into a

9973:

Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992

8291: 7197: 7022:. NOAA Coastal Services Center. 1999. Archived from 6765: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6252: 5634: 5449:"Hurricane Routs Thousands in Path Across Caribbean" 5104: 5102: 4834: 4814:

Kleinberg, Eliot; Woody, Todd (September 20, 1989).

4771: 4769: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4507: 3505:

Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory

3086: 2923:

Runoff along Cape Hatteras due to rainfall from Hugo

2604:

610 million. Two days after Hugo's passage, an

1423:

Guadeloupe sustained the heaviest impacts among the

477:

Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)

8151:"Physical Aspects of Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico" 7961: 7245:(in French). Le97.fr. June 24, 2010. Archived from 6865: 6863: 6861: 6462:. Atlanta, Georgia. September 20, 1989. p. A10 6443: 6143: 6141: 5772: 5715: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 4716: 3962:. TWC Product and Technology LLC. October 4, 2019. 2543:, power was lost to 5,000 homes and 1,000 homes in 2204:The damaged transmitter towers of AM radio station 2080:

Wrecked mobile homes along the South Carolina coast

1971:, thoroughly razing many structures. Many homes on 400:in 1979, and the strongest to make landfall on the 315:. Between September 17 and 21, Hugo made 8931: 8121: 7707:"Hugo, 20 years ago, was disaster relief catalyst" 7480: 7156: 7144: 7132: 7120: 7108: 7096: 7072: 7002: 6962: 6956: 6944: 6932: 6920: 6905: 6875: 6811: 6676: 6605: 6153: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 5674:"Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" 5401: 5316: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5007:. Atlanta, Georgia. September 21, 1989. p. A6 5001:"Train Jaunt to Savannah Stuck at Atlanta Station" 4841:Bell, Maya; Glisch, John J. (September 19, 1989). 4633: 3978: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3606: 3435: 3404: 2857:to "frame a home for every family in the state of 2335:and highways in seven counties. A nursing home in 2323:and western North Carolina, the topography of the 1000:were rerouted elsewhere. One person was killed in 882:United States Agency for International Development 852:, while hurricane warnings were in effect between 10119:Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act 7957: 7955: 7953: 7737:Daley 'shocked' at federal snub of offers to help 6887: 6787: 6775: 6752: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6534: 6532: 6474: 6186: 6184: 6182: 5862: 5099: 4766: 4614: 4289: 4287: 2358: 1091:was issued 30 hours before Hugo's landfall. 372:heights, reaching 20.2 ft (6.2 m) near 10281: 10142:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act 6858: 6799: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6096: 6094: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5827: 5825: 5192:. Miami, Florida. September 23, 1989. p. 9A 5121: 5119: 5117: 4858: 4856: 4843:"Don't jump gun but stay tuned, Floridians told" 3869:"Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1989" 8122:Koussoula-Bonneton, Athanasia (February 2014). 8067:"Ces chansons qui font l'actu après le cyclone" 7881: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7488:"U.S. troops deploy to stem St. Croix violence" 7078: 6566: 6400: 6118: 5339:"Deadly Hugo Slams Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands" 5145: 4560: 4523:"Hurricane Pummels Resort Islands of Caribbean" 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4094:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 3705: 1958:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1385:and damaged piers along the Alfassa Boulevard. 888:(OFDA). Additional relief teams from the OFDA, 763:four engines overheated within the hurricane's 715:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 10365:Hurricanes in the United States Virgin Islands 8023: 7950: 7753:September 2, 2005. Retrieved on July 15, 2006. 7610: 7281: 7279: 7030: 6846: 6817: 6611: 6529: 6179: 5903:"Les RECORDS en matière de CYCLONES TROPICAUX" 5479: 5477: 4813: 4386:. Columbia, South Carolina. Associated Press. 4299: 4284: 3378:Rubin, Claire B.; Popkin, Roy (January 1990). 1766:National Centers for Environmental Information 704: 416:from the Atlantic tropical cyclone name list. 10112:Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 9623: 9352: 8917: 8277: 8148: 8000:(4). Wilson Ornithological Society: 656–673. 7991: 7817:"Gilbert, Hugo cut from names for hurricanes" 7809: 7782: 7729: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7405: 6231: 6091: 5980: 5822: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5428: 5409:. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. 5368: 5366: 5364: 5114: 4853: 4587: 4548: 4197:Centro de Información Sobre Desastres Y Salud 3718:"Hugo Kills 9 As It Closes In On Puerto Rico" 3281: 3105:List of North Carolina hurricanes (1980–1999) 2262:, located north of Charlotte. Wind damage in 1951:Damaged beachfront property in South Carolina 1319:Sea, Lake, and Overland Surge from Hurricanes 1028:The Bahamas and the Continental United States 359:. The hurricane's impacts continued into the 7764:"Remembering Hurricane Hugo: 30 years later" 7661: 7270: 6700: 6688: 6367: 6112: 6085: 6073: 6061: 5974: 5953: 5921: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5211: 5209: 5207: 4440: 4438: 4251: 4239: 4163: 4137: 4131: 3377: 3353:Hurricane Hugo: Learning from South Carolina 3221: 2803: 2677:Governor of the United States Virgin Islands 2339:, was evacuated following a flash flood. In 2315:counties; six people were killed statewide. 544:. (part of that same wave would later spawn 10430:1989 natural disasters in the United States 10135:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 7788: 7310: 7308: 7276: 6631:Ehinger, Louis H. "Hurricane Hugo Damage". 6376:. West Palm Beach, Florida. pp. 1A, 9A 6368:O'Connor, Anne-Marie (September 20, 1989). 5503: 5474: 5279:"Day 9: Hurricane Hugo Strikes Guadalupe". 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5222:. International Monetary Fund. p. 19. 4692:. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. pp. 1A, 4A 4686:"Hugo's raging winds devastate Puerto Rico" 4567:Prendergast, Mark J. (September 18, 1989). 4566: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 2907:when the 1989 naming list was used next in 9630: 9616: 9536: 9531: 9359: 9345: 8924: 8910: 8284: 8270: 7876:– via Smithsonian DSpace Repository. 7791:"Waiting in the wings: Hurricane Humberto" 7402: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6370:"'Destruction, desolation' in Puerto Rico" 5858: 5856: 5854: 5724:(5). Cambridge University Press: 663–680. 5561: 5447:McFadden, Robert D. (September 19, 1989). 5361: 5285:. Weather Underground, Inc. Archived from 4903:"Coastal residents keep weary eye on Hugo" 4840: 4257: 3950: 3948: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3492: 2403:. Three hundred people were driven out of 1601:received unconfirmed reports of tornadoes 1539:high and low voltage distribution networks 1349:$ 200 million. Hugo's damage toll in 242: 34: 10198:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 8139: 6636: 6538: 6327: 6325: 6298: 6020: 6018: 5929:"Hugo kills 9, surges toward Puerto Rico" 5788:Pagney Bénito-Espinal, Françoise (1991). 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5376:. The University of the West Indies. 2018 5215: 5204: 4733: 4435: 4266:"Hugo batters islands with 140-mph winds" 4113: 4052: 3892: 3690:. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Associated Press 3562: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3277:– via The National Academies Press. 2833:Carolina and Puerto Rico from ungrounded 2742:Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 1076:. Equipment was prepositioned throughout 1040:as a Category 4 hurricane on September 21 419: 10420:1989 in the United States Virgin Islands 10410:Hurricanes in the British Virgin Islands 10320:Natural disasters in the Leeward Islands 10184:North American Wetlands Conservation Act 9601:) is being considered for deletion. See 7919: 7564: 7305: 7239:"Cyclone Hugo: la reconstruction éclair" 6334:"Hurricane Hugo - September 17-24, 1989" 6265: 5531: 5525: 5446: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5243: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 4734:Markowitz, Arnold (September 19, 1989). 4642:"Hurricane kills 6, unsettles thousands" 4639: 4593: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3866: 3834:Lawrence, Miles B. (November 15, 1989). 3833: 3314:"Hurricane Hugo / September 10–22, 1989" 3160: 2918: 2807: 2577: 2383:. Flooding forced the evacuation of the 2362: 2199: 2075: 2007: 1946: 1894: 1815: 1737: 1699:Alexander Hamilton International Airport 1666: 1657:Alexander Hamilton International Airport 1622: 1495: 1389:also occurred along Martinique beaches. 1363: 1031: 945: 590: 423: 10242:Water Resources Development Act of 1992 10235:Water Resources Development Act of 1990 10163:Matsunaga Hydrogen RD&D Act of 1990 9980:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 9819: 8242:Costliest Atlantic hurricanes on record 7637: 7322:from the original on September 11, 2005 6834:from the original on September 17, 2018 6740:from the original on September 17, 2018 6706: 6266:Harrison, Carlos (September 20, 1989). 5851: 5534:"Environmental, Capital, and the State" 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5318:"EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database" 4594:Harrison, Carlos (September 18, 1989). 4521:Schmalz, Jeffrey (September 18, 1989). 4520: 4390:from the original on September 23, 2019 4264:Doig, Stephen K. (September 17, 1989). 3945: 3916: 3901: 3848:from the original on September 11, 2018 3748: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3414:United States Department of Agriculture 3365:from the original on September 17, 2018 3300:from the original on September 11, 2018 2914: 2411:. Bridges and roads were washed out in 2247:Charlotte Douglas International Airport 2178:South Carolina Public Service Authority 2012:Charleston was heavily impacted by Hugo 790: 19:For other storms of the same name, see 10450:September 1989 events in North America 10282: 9488: 9483: 8095: 7985: 7616: 7458:"Disaster deployments by the NM1-DMAT" 7417: 7287:"Huge effort to aid islands organized" 7185:from the original on September 7, 2012 7169: 7167: 7165: 7008: 6456:"Islands Fight Looting During Cleanup" 6322: 6024: 6015: 6003:from the original on September 6, 2017 5702: 5666: 5654:from the original on November 14, 2019 5581:"Isle by isle, furious Hugo took toll" 5578: 5513:. Nevis Disaster Management Department 4648:. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. p. 4A 4533:from the original on December 19, 2017 4145:"Powerful Hugo closes in on Caribbean" 3999:from the original on December 11, 2016 3860: 3623: 3523: 3222:Berke, Philip; Wenger, Dennis (1991). 3027:and increased concentrations of toxic 2820:was declared for Sullivan's Island. A 2483:thousands of electricity customers in 1800:, causing them to set new records for 1618: 1599:National Severe Storms Forecast Center 1060:delayed the September 22 launch of an 978:Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport 10435:History of Charleston, South Carolina 9611: 9500: 9495: 9452: 9447: 9392: 9387: 9340: 8905: 8265: 8073:from the original on January 12, 2018 7520:from the original on January 15, 2012 7420:"Bush Order U.S. Troops To St. Croix" 7382: 7355:from the original on October 13, 2017 7207:Yacou, Yasmina (September 16, 2018). 7206: 6723: 5622:from the original on October 20, 2019 5579:Merzer, Martin (September 19, 1989). 5301: 5133:from the original on October 22, 2019 5038: 5019: 4963:"Hurricane Could Strike Land Tonight" 4960: 4862: 4377: 4087: 4081: 4011: 3856:– via National Weather Service. 3681: 3563:Armstrong, Tim (September 21, 2014). 3242:from the original on February 7, 2020 3048: 886:Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance 866:tropical cyclone watches and warnings 16:Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 1989 10310:History of Charlotte, North Carolina 10170:National Environmental Education Act 9404: 9399: 8149:Scatena, F.N.; Larsen, M.C. (1991). 7925: 7704: 7418:Malone, Julia (September 21, 1989). 7340: 7036: 6821:Hurricane Hugo: Storm of the Century 6727:Hurricane Hugo: Storm of the Century 6332:Roth, David M. (February 21, 2018). 6331: 5388: 5337:York, Michael (September 19, 1989). 5336: 4961:Davis, Jingle (September 21, 1989). 4871:. Atlanta, Georgia. pp. A1, A11 4863:Davis, Jingle (September 20, 1989). 4640:Lassiter, Tom (September 18, 1989). 4569:"Hurricane kills six & roars on" 4380:"Caribbean islands cautious of Hugo" 4378:Glass, Robert (September 18, 1989). 4263: 3684:"Caribbean islands cautious of Hugo" 3682:Glass, Robert (September 17, 1989). 3612: 3486: 2841:while surveying Hugo's aftermath in 2777:Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority 2675:Three days after the storm hit, the 2458:. This led to strong winds over the 2071:Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge 2040:capsized. Hugo's surge spilled over 1566:, the previous costliest hurricane. 1036:Satellite image of Hugo approaching 780:Grantley Adams International Airport 756:spanning a kilometer across. One of 10355:Hurricanes in Saint Kitts and Nevis 10315:History of Columbia, South Carolina 10103:U.S. Global Change Research Program 9428: 9423: 8033:Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 7915:– via University of Nebraska. 7789:Goldschmidt, Keith (June 3, 1990). 7686:from the original on April 19, 2019 7655:Mayor of Charleston, South Carolina 7383:Perez, Vilma (September 22, 1989). 7219:from the original on April 25, 2019 7162: 7049:from the original on March 23, 2019 6630: 6539:Hillinger, Charles (May 20, 1990). 6512:"Hugo may strike southeastern U.S." 5416:from the original on April 17, 2020 5321:. Université catholique de Louvain. 4969:. Atlanta, Georgia. pp. A1, A7 3966:from the original on March 24, 2020 2665:Federal Emergency Management Agency 1136:Direct impact by country or region 721:serviced by the NOAA and nicknamed 568:strength on September 11, and 40:Hugo at peak intensity east of the 13: 10089:Global Change Research Act of 1990 10059:Integrated Farm Management Program 9560: 9555: 9416: 9411: 8089: 7868:from the original on July 23, 2018 7617:Burson, Pat (September 20, 1989). 7037:Rose, Tracy (September 24, 1989). 6893: 6805: 6781: 6551:from the original on March 3, 2020 6274:. Miami, Florida. pp. 1A, 13A 6268:"Looters hit devastated St. Croix" 5997:"Montserrat Hurricane – Sept 1989" 5909:from the original on March 5, 2016 4777:"Hugo gives Puerto Rico a beating" 4742:. Miami, Florida. pp. 1A, 14A 3624:Purvis, John C. (September 1989). 3511:from the original on June 15, 2006 3350: 3020:after losing much of its habitat. 2586: 1979:were crushed by fallen trees. The 157:67 direct, 40 indirect (107 total) 14: 10466: 10345:Hurricanes in Antigua and Barbuda 10325:Hurricanes in the Leeward Islands 9605:to help reach a consensus. › 9548: 9543: 9524: 9519: 9476: 9471: 8190: 7907:from the original on July 5, 2017 7592:"Thousands homeless in Caribbean" 7341:York, Michael (October 1, 1989). 6492:from the original on June 5, 2019 6344:from the original on May 28, 2019 6161:"Hurricane Hugo hits Puerto Rico" 5459:from the original on June 5, 2019 5349:from the original on May 25, 2010 5069:"Thousands flee from Hugo's path" 3571:from the original on May 26, 2020 3493:Goldenburg, Stan (June 1, 2018). 3351:Miller, H. Crane (October 1990). 3344:Homeland Security Digital Library 3321:Homeland Security Digital Library 3198:This figure does not account for 2901:World Meteorological Organization 2657: 2554:Similar effects were reported in 2253:. The 400-foot (120 m) tall 2195: 2141:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 1890: 1764:, a monthly publication from the 1093:Charleston County, South Carolina 693:into an extratropical storm near 674:Sullivan's Island, South Carolina 532:that developed from a cluster of 10400:Natural disasters in Puerto Rico 10214:Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 10008:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 9575: 9574: 9512: 9507: 9464: 9459: 9440: 9435: 9377: 9320: 9311: 9310: 8883: 8872: 8871: 8293:Retired Atlantic hurricane names 8196: 8059: 7756: 7705:Noah, Mickey (August 26, 2009). 7698: 7558: 7532: 7506: 7450: 7334: 7084: 6973: 6881: 6869: 6852: 6793: 6769: 6572: 6406: 6246: 6190: 6147: 6100: 5803:(558). Meudon, France: 152–165. 5690: 5434: 5108: 4627: 4554: 4305: 4293: 4151:. September 16, 1989. p. 6A 3423:from the original on May 8, 2017 3327: 3312: 3293:. United States Forest Service. 3089: 2747: 2609:industry in Guadeloupe required 2219:Brunswick County, North Carolina 2047:Naval Weapons Station Charleston 1919:5 mi (8.0 km) west of 1556: 941:V. C. Bird International Airport 890:Pan American Health Organization 512: 502: 492: 278:in September 1989. The eleventh 10415:Presidency of George H. W. Bush 10395:Natural disasters in Montserrat 9639:Presidency of George H. W. Bush 9598:Presidency of George H. W. Bush 8098:Hugo, ou, L'hiver en Guadeloupe 7625:. Atlanta, Georgia. p. A10 7565:Bontemps, Tim (April 4, 2020). 5345:. Washington, D.C. p. A1. 4865:"Hugo Targets U.S., but Where?" 4575:. New York, New York. p. 3 4088:Dorst, Neal M. (October 2007). 3867:Lawrence, Miles B. (May 1990). 3192: 3183: 3170: 2754:U.S. Department of the Interior 2721:National Basketball Association 2053:bridge across Awendaw Creek in 1831:Benjamín Rivera Noriega Airport 1097:Beaufort County, South Carolina 1020:and evacuated a beach there. A 841:East Coast of the United States 807:. The watch was escalated to a 785: 294:, Hugo arose from a cluster of 214:East Coast of the United States 10335:Hurricanes in Îles des Saintes 10305:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes 10290:1989 Atlantic hurricane season 10066:Stewardship Incentives Program 9369:1989 Atlantic hurricane season 8933:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes 7973:. American Birding Association 6338:Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data 5999:. International Rescue Corps. 5865:"Hugo bores in on Puerto Rico" 5532:Grossman, Lawrence S. (1998). 3155:Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale 3147: 2389:Harrison County, West Virginia 2359:Elsewhere in the United States 2208:near Charlotte, North Carolina 2059:Francis Marion National Forest 2005:sustained significant damage. 1733: 1584:American Insurance Association 1304: 292:1989 Atlantic hurricane season 286:, sixth hurricane, and second 255:1989 Atlantic hurricane season 1: 7766:. Charlotte, North Carolina: 6340:. Weather Prediction Center. 4602:. Miami, Florida. p. 12A 4272:. Miami, Florida. p. 20A 3416:. Asheville, North Carolina. 3259:. National Research Council. 3209: 2935:into brackish waters created 2899:in the spring of 1990 by the 2890: 2233:also succumbed to the storm. 1903:The eye of Hugo moved ashore 1782:Roosevelt Roads Naval Station 1512:of Hugo's eyewall moved over 1491: 1418: 1321:(SLOSH) model estimated that 1044:Buildings were boarded up in 10380:Hurricanes in North Carolina 10375:Hurricanes in South Carolina 10360:Hurricanes in Sint Eustatius 8053:10.1016/0077-7579(92)90063-K 7932:The Montserrat Volcano: Bats 7897:Caribbean Journal of Science 7658:. Retrieved on May 30, 2020. 5616:Pluies extrêmes aux Antilles 5039:Baker, Earl J. (July 1990). 3176:This record was eclipsed by 2782:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2715:16th Military Police Brigade 2573: 2381:Mercer County, West Virginia 2176:. Utility services from the 1880:United States Forest Service 1719:National Academy of Sciences 1368:Hugo's path in the Caribbean 1078:Myrtle Beach, South Carolina 962:United States National Guard 871: 123:160 mph (260 km/h) 85:September 25, 1989 60:September 10, 1989 7: 10385:Hurricanes in West Virginia 10300:Retired Atlantic hurricanes 10096:National Climate Assessment 7831:– via Newspapers.com. 7805:– via Newspapers.com. 7633:– via Newspapers.com. 7606:– via Newspapers.com. 7502:– via Newspapers.com. 7434:– via Newspapers.com. 7301:– via Newspapers.com. 6525:– via Newspapers.com. 6470:– via Newspapers.com. 6384:– via Newspapers.com. 6282:– via Newspapers.com. 6175:– via Newspapers.com. 6030:Journal of Coastal Research 5943:– via Newspapers.com. 5905:(in French). Météo-France. 5879:– via Newspapers.com. 5718:Journal of Tropical Ecology 5595:– via Newspapers.com. 5499:– via Newspapers.com. 5200:– via Newspapers.com. 5083:– via Newspapers.com. 5015:– via Newspapers.com. 4977:– via Newspapers.com. 4943:– via Newspapers.com. 4917:– via Newspapers.com. 4879:– via Newspapers.com. 4830:– via Newspapers.com. 4791:– via Newspapers.com. 4750:– via Newspapers.com. 4700:– via Newspapers.com. 4656:– via Newspapers.com. 4610:– via Newspapers.com. 4583:– via Newspapers.com. 4460:– via Newspapers.com. 4280:– via Newspapers.com. 4159:– via Newspapers.com. 3919:Journal of Coastal Research 3732:– via Newspapers.com. 3082: 3055:Hugo, la chanson du cyclone 2994:Yellow-shouldered blackbird 2830:1989 Loma Prieta earthquake 2491:, the high winds generated 2470:. One person was killed in 2327:led to a localized area of 2285: 2111:Myrtle Beach Air Force Base 738:Hurricane Research Division 732:). It had been deployed to 705:Reconnaissance flight N42RF 603:on September 15, the first 10: 10471: 9801:Presidential proclamations 8116:Review of Regional Studies 7742:September 7, 2005, at the 7388:United Press International 7318:. www.globalsecurity.org. 6486:United Press International 5837:United Press International 5676:(Database). United States 5282:Remembering Hurricane Hugo 4822:. West Palm Beach, Florida 4816:"Landfall expected Friday" 4446:"Hugo huffs, puffs; 9 die" 3500:Frequently Asked Questions 3255:Chung, Riley, ed. (1994). 2826:counties in South Carolina 2759:Puerto Rican school system 2647:International Rescue Corps 2341:Burnsville, North Carolina 2045:of urban trees were lost. 1109:Governor of South Carolina 1072:, and 23 shelters in 910:Princess Margaret Hospital 666:Southeastern United States 576:. The presence of another 368:was hit by record setting 276:Southeastern United States 98:Category 5 major hurricane 18: 10370:Hurricanes in Puerto Rico 10251: 10191:Oil Pollution Act of 1990 10024:Energy Policy Act of 1992 9964: 9870: 9828:Joint session of Congress 9722:White House horseshoe pit 9646: 9570: 9384: 9375: 9367:Tropical cyclones of the 9306: 9277: 9230: 9171: 9148: 9119: 9090: 9049: 9026: 9009: 8962: 8939: 8867: 8826: 8735: 8604: 8518: 8472: 8416: 8350: 8299: 8250: 8239: 8231: 7859:10.5479/si.00775630.422.1 6438:National Research Council 6419:National Research Council 6318:– via Google Books. 6226:National Research Council 6214:National Research Council 5767:National Research Council 5730:10.1017/S026646740000986X 5678:National Hurricane Center 5557:– via Google Books. 4502:National Research Council 4430:National Research Council 4339:National Research Council 4076:National Research Council 3006:Columba inornata wetmorei 2824:was declared for 24 2804:Continental United States 2549:St. Lawrence River Valley 2502: 2145:Yellowstone fires of 1988 1872:El Yunque National Forest 1285: 1267: 1252: 1237: 1222: 1207: 1192: 1179: 1166: 1151: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1130: 854:Fernandina Beach, Florida 813:tropical storm conditions 687:Charlotte, North Carolina 609:Category 5 hurricane 250: 238: 173: 161: 153: 148: 127: 119: 103: 96: 81: 71: 56: 49: 33: 21:List of storms named Hugo 10350:Hurricanes in Montserrat 10330:Hurricanes in Guadeloupe 10267:Clinton administration → 10080:Wetlands Reserve Program 10001:Civil Rights Act of 1991 9771:Supreme Court candidates 9603:templates for discussion 9326:Tropical cyclones portal 7623:The Atlanta Constitution 7462:University of New Mexico 7424:The Atlanta Constitution 7215:(in French). France TV. 7057:– via Google News. 6460:The Atlanta Constitution 5005:The Atlanta Constitution 4967:The Atlanta Constitution 4869:The Atlanta Constitution 3989:"NOAA Aircraft: Image 4" 3722:The Atlanta Constitution 3291:National Weather Service 3232:Texas A&M University 3140: 3122:Hurricane Georges (1998) 3097:Tropical cyclones portal 3016:) was driven out of the 3000:), and the Puerto Rican 2931:and the introduction of 2707:Insurrection Act of 1807 2694:The Atlanta Constitution 2606:Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma 2395:occurred across eastern 2313:Grayson County, Virginia 2276:National Weather Service 1742:Damage was extensive in 1655:evacuated their post at 1087:The hurricane watch for 1074:Fort Lauderdale, Florida 339:, transitioning into an 165:$ 11 billion (1989 10258:← Reagan administration 10128:Immigration Act of 1990 9911:Chemical Weapons Accord 8019:(subscription required) 7851:Atoll Research Bulletin 7390:. San Juan, Puerto Rico 6562:(subscription required) 6051:(subscription required) 5751:(subscription required) 5489:Philadelphia Daily News 5485:"What Hugo Has Wrought" 5470:(subscription required) 4544:(subscription required) 4115:10.1175/BAMS-88-10-1566 3701:(subscription required) 3116:Hurricane Gracie (1959) 2672:Thomas and Saint John. 1876:Puerto Rico Highway 191 1686:mouth of the Salt River 1545:wrecked 21 homes. 1524:were destroyed and the 1125:Chatham County, Georgia 1105:Carroll A. Campbell Jr. 900:were pre-positioned in 697:, and continued across 605:aircraft reconnaissance 562:tropical Atlantic Ocean 10455:Hurricanes in Michigan 10390:1989 natural disasters 10340:Hurricanes in Dominica 10177:National Space Council 10073:USDA Rural Development 9925:1991 Madrid Conference 8096:Duteil, Alain (1989). 7514:"Tim Duncan biography" 7181:. September 14, 2009. 6957:Sheffield and Thompson 6945:Sheffield and Thompson 6933:Sheffield and Thompson 6921:Sheffield and Thompson 6488:. September 19, 1989. 5809:10.3406/geo.1991.21030 4033:Monthly Weather Review 3873:Monthly Weather Review 3128:Hurricane Maria (2017) 3110:Hurricane Hazel (1954) 2982:Seiurus noveboracensis 2924: 2813: 2699:Baltimore riot of 1968 2639:Barbados Defence Force 2583: 2368: 2238:western North Carolina 2209: 2081: 2013: 1997:with the exception of 1952: 1900: 1821: 1747: 1672: 1628: 1551:microwave transmission 1501: 1369: 1355:gross domestic product 1168:British Virgin Islands 1041: 1006:Rafael Hernández Colón 951: 846:St. Augustine, Florida 805:British Virgin Islands 596: 584:produced a gap in the 525: 420:Meteorological history 366:coastal South Carolina 51:Meteorological history 10425:1989 in the Caribbean 10295:Cape Verde hurricanes 10052:Forest Legacy Program 9757:Judicial appointments 8039:. Elsevier: 249–263. 5797:Annales de Géographie 5374:"Hurricane Hugo 1989" 4054:10.1175/2007MWR2073.1 3018:South Soufriere Hills 2922: 2876:United States Senator 2822:federal disaster area 2811: 2643:Jamaica Defence Force 2581: 2495:several feet high on 2401:Great Smoky Mountains 2366: 2337:Boone, North Carolina 2325:Appalachian Mountains 2203: 2079: 2011: 1950: 1898: 1868:electrical conductors 1819: 1741: 1670: 1626: 1522:W. H. Bramble Airport 1499: 1443:and 943 mbar in 1367: 1351:Saint Kitts and Nevis 1121:Glynn County, Georgia 1035: 957:Cyril E. King Airport 949: 928:prefect of Martinique 919:earthmoving equipment 752:comparable to a weak 683:Appalachian Mountains 678:extratropical cyclone 594: 528:Hurricane Hugo was a 518:Extratropical cyclone 427: 341:extratropical cyclone 337:Eastern United States 10205:Truth in Savings Act 10156:Lead and Copper Rule 10031:FDIC Improvement Act 9881:Soviet Union summits 9729:Presidential pardons 8214:The Post and Courier 8205:at Wikimedia Commons 7821:The Arizona Republic 7770:. September 22, 2019 7649:(September 22, 1989) 7644:Exec. Order No. 89-5 5933:St. Petersburg Times 4847:The Orlando Sentinel 4781:The Orlando Sentinel 4690:Fort Lauderdale News 4450:Hattiesburg American 3134:Hurricane Lee (2023) 2978:northern waterthrush 2970:pearly-eyed thrasher 2915:Ecological aftermath 2878:from South Carolina 2667:(FEMA) dispatched a 2628:when she arrived in 2456:contrast in pressure 2345:Hillsville, Virginia 1929:mean lower low water 1510:right-front quadrant 1408:Netherlands Antilles 1224:Netherlands Antilles 1012:was declared in the 935:cancelled its three 791:Watches and warnings 578:area of low-pressure 530:Cape Verde hurricane 439:Saffir–Simpson scale 313:Saffir–Simpson scale 128:Lowest pressure 44:on September 15 10445:1989 in Puerto Rico 10228:1992 VRA Amendments 10221:Ryan White CARE Act 9736:International trips 8167:1991Biotr..23..317S 8045:1992NJSR...30..249G 7994:The Wilson Bulletin 7926:Pedersen, Scott C. 7348:The Washington Post 7316:"Operation Hawkeye" 6440:, pp. 130–154. 6374:The Palm Beach Post 6165:Kilgore News Herald 5343:The Washington Post 4820:The Palm Beach Post 4504:, pp. 115–129. 4106:2007BAMS...88.1566D 4045:2008MWRv..136.1237M 3960:The Weather Channel 3885:1990MWRv..118.1186L 3633:Climatological Data 2986:Puerto Rican amazon 2927:The defoliation of 2835:portable generators 2460:Mid-Atlantic states 2441:Ohio State Route 94 2182:Shaw Air Force Base 2063:U.S. Forest Service 1995:coastal state parks 1619:U.S. Virgin Islands 1574:U.S. Virgin Islands 1298:$ 500 million 1288:U.S. Virgin Islands 1254:St. Kitts and Nevis 1218:$ 260 million 1203:$ 880 million 1162:$ 200 million 1153:Antigua and Barbuda 1137: 1082:Joseph P. Riley Jr. 1066:St. Simons, Georgia 1002:Utuado, Puerto Rico 825:U.S. Virgin Islands 815:were in effect for 746:satellite estimates 689:. The next day, it 630:U.S. Virgin Islands 613:barometric pressure 558:12th parallel north 554:tropical depression 508:Subtropical cyclone 304:tropical depression 30: 10440:Hurricanes in Ohio 9955:NAFTA negotiations 9946:Unified Task Force 9904:Invasion of Panama 9810:Clinton transition 8982:"Cuba–Brownsville" 8141:10.4267/2042/53441 7179:Environment Canada 6515:The Sacramento Bee 6026:Saffir, Herbert S. 5871:. pp. 1A, 12A 5186:"Damage breakdown" 4527:The New York Times 4432:, pp. 82–113. 4149:The Clarion-Ledger 3049:In popular culture 2998:Agelaius xanthomus 2974:Margarops fuscatus 2962:Geotrygon mystacea 2958:bridled quail-dove 2925: 2814: 2680:Alexander Farrelly 2584: 2452:Great Lakes region 2369: 2292:Southwest Virginia 2264:Mecklenburg County 2251:Downtown Charlotte 2210: 2107:North Myrtle Beach 2082: 2067:endangered species 2014: 1953: 1915:, anchored in the 1901: 1822: 1786:orographic lifting 1748: 1673: 1629: 1608:American Red Cross 1564:Hurricane Frederic 1502: 1370: 1263:$ 46 million 1233:$ 50 million 1188:$ 20 million 1175:$ 50 million 1135: 1101:state of emergency 1042: 1014:Dominican Republic 1010:state of emergency 952: 833:Dominican Republic 695:Erie, Pennsylvania 597: 536:associated with a 526: 209:Dominican Republic 120:Highest winds 105:1-minute sustained 77:September 23, 1989 28: 10277: 10276: 10015:Acid Rain Program 9866: 9865: 9850:1992 SOTU Address 9843:1991 SOTU Address 9836:1990 SOTU Address 9787:Executive actions 9715:Broccoli comments 9708:Vomiting incident 9588: 9587: 9334: 9333: 8899: 8898: 8260: 8259: 8251:Succeeded by 8201:Media related to 8107:978-2-908324-01-3 7735:Washburn, Gary. " 7717:on March 20, 2012 7619:"Local Red Cross" 7492:The Index-Journal 7426:. pp. A1, A6 7249:on August 2, 2020 6976:, pp. 15–16. 6884:, pp. 14–17. 6545:Los Angeles Times 6216:, pp. 48–61. 5229:978-1-4527-5507-6 5111:, pp. 31–41. 5073:The Index-Journal 4933:The Index-Journal 4907:The Index-Journal 4630:, pp. 16–17. 4341:, pp. 70–80. 4190:""Horrible" Hugo" 3654:on April 20, 2020 3465:on April 21, 2020 3274:978-0-309-04475-2 3178:Hurricane Lorenzo 3010:Montserrat oriole 2937:anoxic conditions 2933:freshwater runoff 2843:Dorchester County 2737:San Antonio Spurs 2703:George H. W. Bush 2472:Norwich, New York 2329:heavier rainfalls 2120:Savannah, Georgia 2069:, were killed at 2017:Charleston County 1981:Ben Sawyer Bridge 1756:The San Juan Star 1697:oil refinery and 1680:. In some areas, 1653:weather observers 1588:Hurricane Camille 1579:The San Juan Star 1302: 1301: 1281:$ 7 billion 1248:$ 2 billion 986:American Airlines 809:hurricane warning 803:northward to the 546:Hurricane Raymond 406:Hurricane Camille 261: 260: 10462: 10270: 10261: 10244: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10216: 10207: 10200: 10193: 10186: 10179: 10172: 10165: 10158: 10151: 10144: 10137: 10130: 10121: 10114: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10054: 10047: 10040: 10033: 10026: 10017: 10010: 10003: 9996: 9989: 9982: 9975: 9957: 9948: 9941: 9939:Somali Civil War 9934: 9927: 9920: 9913: 9906: 9897: 9890: 9883: 9859: 9852: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9817: 9816: 9812: 9803: 9796: 9794:Executive orders 9789: 9780: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9743:Oval Office desk 9738: 9731: 9724: 9717: 9710: 9701: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9659: 9632: 9625: 9618: 9609: 9608: 9578: 9577: 9558: 9546: 9534: 9522: 9510: 9498: 9486: 9474: 9462: 9450: 9438: 9426: 9414: 9402: 9390: 9381: 9361: 9354: 9347: 9338: 9337: 9324: 9314: 9313: 9017:"Great Atlantic" 8926: 8919: 8912: 8903: 8902: 8887: 8875: 8874: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8263: 8262: 8232:Preceded by 8229: 8228: 8200: 8186: 8145: 8143: 8118:23.2 (1993): 97. 8111: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8017: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7968: 7959: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7938:on June 28, 1998 7923: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7894: 7885: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7867: 7848: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7795:The Courier-News 7786: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7760: 7754: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7713:. Archived from 7702: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7685: 7678: 7670: 7659: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7596:The Journal-News 7588: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7468:on July 29, 2010 7464:. Archived from 7454: 7448: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7415: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7380: 7369: 7368: 7362: 7360: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7312: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7283: 7274: 7273:, p. 23–24. 7271:Berke and Wenger 7268: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7204: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7171: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7026:on June 7, 2007. 7016:"Hurricane Hugo" 7012: 7006: 7000: 6977: 6971: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6833: 6826: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6772:, pp. 9–12. 6767: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6739: 6732: 6721: 6704: 6701:Rubin and Popkin 6698: 6692: 6689:Rubin and Popkin 6686: 6680: 6674: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6628: 6609: 6603: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6536: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6452: 6441: 6435: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6365: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6302: 6296: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6272:The Miami Herald 6263: 6250: 6244: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6194: 6188: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6116: 6113:Rubin and Popkin 6110: 6104: 6098: 6089: 6086:Rubin and Popkin 6083: 6077: 6074:Berke and Wenger 6071: 6065: 6062:Berke and Wenger 6059: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6022: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5993: 5978: 5975:Berke and Wenger 5972: 5957: 5954:Berke and Wenger 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5899: 5893: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5869:The Miami Herald 5860: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5829: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5794: 5785: 5770: 5764: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5713: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5653: 5646: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5618:. Météo-France. 5608: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5585:The Miami Herald 5576: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5399: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5370: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5334: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5312: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5276: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5213: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5190:The Miami Herald 5182: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5123: 5112: 5106: 5097: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5045: 5036: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4997: 4991: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4958: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4899: 4893: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4811: 4805: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4773: 4764: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4740:The Miami Herald 4731: 4714: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4681: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4518: 4505: 4499: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4442: 4433: 4427: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4375: 4342: 4336: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4270:The Miami Herald 4261: 4255: 4254:, p. 18–19. 4252:Berke and Wenger 4249: 4243: 4240:Berke and Wenger 4237: 4231: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4194: 4186: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4141: 4135: 4132:Berke and Wenger 4129: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4056: 4024: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3985: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3914: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3840: 3831: 3746: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3714: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3679: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3653: 3647:. Archived from 3630: 3626:"South Carolina" 3621: 3610: 3604: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3565:"Hurricane Hugo" 3560: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3490: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3458:. Archived from 3441: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3422: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3392:on June 20, 2013 3391: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3364: 3357: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3333: 3324: 3318: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3299: 3288: 3278: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3241: 3228: 3203: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3151: 3099: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3025:dissolved oxygen 2941:species richness 2885:Hurricane Andrew 2790:U.S. Coast Guard 2652:Government House 2371:Strong winds in 1728:Charlotte Amalie 1641:Hams Bluff Light 1526:airport terminal 1295: 1290: 1278: 1273: 1260: 1245: 1230: 1215: 1200: 1159: 1138: 1134: 924:Cable television 914:Roseau, Dominica 777: 762: 516: 515: 506: 505: 498:Tropical cyclone 496: 495: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 402:continental U.S. 280:tropical cyclone 268:tropical cyclone 246: 144: 99: 92: 90: 67: 65: 52: 38: 31: 27: 10470: 10469: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10460: 10459: 10280: 10279: 10278: 10273: 10264: 10255: 10247: 10240: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10212: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10182: 10175: 10168: 10161: 10154: 10149:JFK Records Act 10147: 10140: 10133: 10126: 10117: 10110: 10101: 10094: 10087: 10078: 10071: 10064: 10057: 10050: 10043: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9994:Cannabis policy 9992: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9965:Domestic policy 9960: 9953: 9944: 9937: 9932:New world order 9930: 9923: 9916: 9909: 9902: 9893: 9886: 9879: 9862: 9855: 9848: 9841: 9834: 9826: 9815: 9808: 9799: 9792: 9785: 9776: 9769: 9762: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9734: 9727: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9697: 9690: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9655: 9642: 9636: 9606: 9589: 9584: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9559: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9547: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9499: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9475: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9463: 9460: 9457: 9456: 9451: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9439: 9436: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9415: 9412: 9409: 9408: 9403: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9388: 9382: 9371: 9365: 9335: 9330: 9302: 9273: 9226: 9167: 9144: 9115: 9086: 9045: 9022: 9005: 8958: 8935: 8930: 8900: 8895: 8863: 8822: 8731: 8600: 8514: 8468: 8412: 8346: 8295: 8290: 8256: 8245: 8237: 8193: 8175:10.2307/2388247 8128:La Météorologie 8108: 8092: 8090:Further reading 8087: 8086: 8076: 8074: 8065: 8064: 8060: 8028: 8024: 8018: 7990: 7986: 7976: 7974: 7966: 7960: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7924: 7920: 7910: 7908: 7892: 7886: 7882: 7871: 7869: 7865: 7846: 7840: 7836: 7826: 7824: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7800: 7798: 7787: 7783: 7773: 7771: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7749:Chicago Tribune 7744:Wayback Machine 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7703: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7672: 7671: 7662: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7626: 7615: 7611: 7601: 7599: 7590: 7589: 7585: 7575: 7573: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7547: 7546:. April 4, 2020 7538: 7537: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7512: 7511: 7507: 7497: 7495: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7471: 7469: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7429: 7427: 7416: 7403: 7393: 7391: 7381: 7372: 7358: 7356: 7339: 7335: 7325: 7323: 7314: 7313: 7306: 7296: 7294: 7291:Palm Beach Post 7285: 7284: 7277: 7269: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7222: 7220: 7205: 7198: 7188: 7186: 7173: 7172: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7095: 7091: 7083: 7079: 7071: 7062: 7052: 7050: 7035: 7031: 7014: 7013: 7009: 7001: 6980: 6972: 6963: 6955: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6912: 6904: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6876: 6872:, pp. 5–8. 6868: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6796:, p. xiii. 6792: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6768: 6753: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6722: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6687: 6683: 6675: 6646: 6638:10.1.1.618.6666 6629: 6612: 6604: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6554: 6552: 6537: 6530: 6520: 6518: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6454: 6453: 6444: 6436: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6379: 6377: 6366: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6330: 6323: 6313: 6311: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6277: 6275: 6264: 6253: 6245: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6212: 6197: 6189: 6180: 6170: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6150:, pp. 4–7. 6146: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6023: 6016: 6006: 6004: 5995: 5994: 5981: 5973: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5910: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5874: 5872: 5861: 5852: 5842: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5792: 5786: 5773: 5765: 5756: 5750: 5714: 5703: 5691: 5683: 5681: 5680:. April 5, 2023 5672: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5610: 5609: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5577: 5562: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5469: 5462: 5460: 5445: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5400: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5335: 5326: 5313: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5289:on June 2, 2010 5278: 5277: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5214: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5115: 5107: 5100: 5078: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4972: 4970: 4959: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4874: 4872: 4861: 4854: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4812: 4808: 4786: 4784: 4775: 4774: 4767: 4745: 4743: 4732: 4717: 4695: 4693: 4682: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4615: 4605: 4603: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4536: 4534: 4529:. p. A14. 4519: 4508: 4500: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4444: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4376: 4345: 4337: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4202: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4123: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4025: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3987: 3986: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3954: 3953: 3946: 3915: 3902: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3749: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3706: 3700: 3693: 3691: 3680: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3628: 3622: 3613: 3605: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3561: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3439: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3409: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3316: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3286: 3275: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3226: 3212: 3207: 3206: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3051: 2990:Amazona vittata 2917: 2893: 2849:to the public. 2806: 2750: 2731:and a two-time 2660: 2598:Louis Le Pensec 2589: 2587:Lesser Antilles 2576: 2505: 2361: 2288: 2198: 1973:Wadmalaw Island 1969:barrier islands 1938:U.S. East Coast 1893: 1863:pumping station 1843:angle of attack 1736: 1633:Hurricane Betsy 1621: 1559: 1494: 1425:Leeward Islands 1421: 1343:Leeward Islands 1311:Hurricane David 1307: 1133: 1046:Nassau, Bahamas 1030: 874: 797:hurricane watch 793: 788: 775: 760: 707: 654:upper-level low 574:Leeward Islands 560:and across the 550:eastern Pacific 524: 523: 522: 521: 513: 510: 503: 500: 493: 490: 484: 483: 479: 478: 474: 473: 469: 468: 464: 463: 459: 458: 454: 453: 449: 448: 444: 442: 433: 429: 422: 398:Hurricane David 349:Leeward Islands 309:sustained winds 288:major hurricane 266:was a powerful 251: 234: 224:Atlantic Canada 186:Lesser Antilles 149:Overall effects 131: 97: 88: 86: 63: 61: 50: 45: 42:Lesser Antilles 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10468: 10458: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10271: 10262: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10238: 10231: 10224: 10217: 10210: 10209: 10208: 10194: 10187: 10180: 10173: 10166: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10108: 10107: 10106: 10099: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10076: 10069: 10062: 10055: 10041: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10019: 10018: 10004: 9997: 9990: 9983: 9976: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9951: 9950: 9949: 9935: 9928: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9899: 9898: 9891: 9876: 9874: 9872:Foreign policy 9868: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9860: 9853: 9846: 9839: 9832: 9823: 9821: 9814: 9813: 9806: 9805: 9804: 9797: 9783: 9782: 9781: 9774: 9767: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9718: 9711: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9695: 9688: 9681: 9667: 9660: 9652: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9635: 9634: 9627: 9620: 9612: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9582: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9554: 9542: 9530: 9518: 9506: 9494: 9482: 9470: 9458: 9446: 9434: 9422: 9410: 9398: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9364: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9341: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9318: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9294: 9288: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9271: 9265: 9259: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9194: 9188: 9182: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9159: 9152: 9150: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9136: 9130: 9123: 9121: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9043: 9037: 9030: 9028: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9013: 9011: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8973: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8956: 8950: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8936: 8929: 8928: 8921: 8914: 8906: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8881: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8830: 8828: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8739: 8737: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8476: 8474: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8296: 8289: 8288: 8281: 8274: 8266: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8249: 8238: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8217: 8206: 8203:Hurricane Hugo 8192: 8191:External links 8189: 8188: 8187: 8161:(4): 317–323. 8146: 8119: 8112: 8106: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8058: 8022: 7984: 7971:American Birds 7949: 7918: 7880: 7834: 7808: 7781: 7755: 7728: 7697: 7660: 7636: 7609: 7583: 7557: 7531: 7505: 7479: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7401: 7370: 7333: 7304: 7275: 7260: 7230: 7196: 7161: 7149: 7137: 7125: 7113: 7101: 7089: 7077: 7060: 7029: 7020:Hazard History 7007: 6978: 6961: 6949: 6937: 6925: 6910: 6898: 6886: 6874: 6857: 6845: 6810: 6798: 6786: 6774: 6751: 6705: 6693: 6681: 6644: 6610: 6577: 6565: 6528: 6503: 6473: 6442: 6423: 6411: 6409:, p. A-3. 6399: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6355: 6321: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6251: 6230: 6218: 6195: 6178: 6152: 6117: 6105: 6090: 6078: 6066: 6054: 6014: 5979: 5958: 5946: 5920: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5850: 5821: 5771: 5754: 5701: 5665: 5633: 5598: 5560: 5546: 5524: 5502: 5473: 5455:. p. A1. 5453:New York Times 5439: 5427: 5387: 5360: 5324: 5300: 5242: 5228: 5203: 5144: 5113: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5057: 5018: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4946: 4920: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4852: 4833: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4659: 4632: 4613: 4586: 4559: 4547: 4506: 4463: 4434: 4401: 4343: 4310: 4298: 4283: 4256: 4244: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4162: 4136: 4121: 4080: 4078:, p. 155. 4068: 4010: 3977: 3944: 3900: 3859: 3836:Hurricane Hugo 3747: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3704: 3665: 3611: 3582: 3522: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3475: 3433: 3402: 3375: 3348: 3325: 3310: 3279: 3273: 3252: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3191: 3182: 3169: 3159: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3065: 3050: 3047: 2916: 2913: 2892: 2889: 2880:Fritz Hollings 2855:South Carolina 2805: 2802: 2749: 2746: 2744:on August 29. 2659: 2658:Virgin Islands 2656: 2588: 2585: 2575: 2572: 2504: 2501: 2497:Lake Champlain 2393:flash flooding 2360: 2357: 2287: 2284: 2197: 2196:North Carolina 2194: 2091:Pawleys Island 2034:Mount Pleasant 1999:Hunting Island 1934:McClellanville 1905:South Carolina 1892: 1891:South Carolina 1889: 1827:Ensenada Honda 1810:Espíritu Santo 1735: 1732: 1620: 1617: 1558: 1555: 1493: 1490: 1482:Saint-François 1470:Pointe-a-Pitre 1462:mean sea level 1449:Pointe-à-Pitre 1420: 1417: 1400:Sint Eustatius 1383:Fort-de-France 1306: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1291: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1132: 1129: 1070:Miami, Florida 1038:South Carolina 1029: 1026: 873: 870: 862:North Carolina 850:Chesapeake Bay 792: 789: 787: 784: 711:U.S. Air Force 706: 703: 699:eastern Canada 599:At 18:00 566:tropical storm 511: 501: 491: 486: 485: 443: 436: 435: 434: 431: 430: 421: 418: 378:Eastern Canada 374:McClellanville 361:Virgin Islands 333:South Carolina 264:Hurricane Hugo 259: 258: 248: 247: 236: 235: 233: 232: 226: 221: 216:(particularly 211: 206: 201: 198:Virgin Islands 188:(particularly 183: 177: 175: 174:Areas affected 171: 170: 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 146: 145: 140:); 27.11 129: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 101: 100: 94: 93: 83: 79: 78: 75: 69: 68: 58: 54: 53: 47: 46: 39: 29:Hurricane Hugo 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10467: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10269: 10268: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10254: 10253: 10250: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10232: 10229: 10225: 10222: 10218: 10215: 10211: 10206: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10192: 10188: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10174: 10171: 10167: 10164: 10160: 10157: 10153: 10150: 10146: 10143: 10139: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10125: 10120: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10109: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10086: 10081: 10077: 10074: 10070: 10067: 10063: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10042: 10039: 10035: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10021: 10016: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10005: 10002: 9998: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9984: 9981: 9977: 9974: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9963: 9956: 9952: 9947: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9936: 9933: 9929: 9926: 9922: 9919: 9915: 9912: 9908: 9905: 9901: 9896: 9892: 9889: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9858: 9854: 9851: 9847: 9844: 9840: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9818: 9811: 9807: 9802: 9798: 9795: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9779: 9778:controversies 9775: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9733: 9730: 9726: 9723: 9719: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9700: 9696: 9693: 9689: 9686: 9682: 9679: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9668: 9665: 9661: 9658: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9645: 9640: 9633: 9628: 9626: 9621: 9619: 9614: 9613: 9610: 9604: 9600: 9599: 9594: 9581: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9563: 9551: 9539: 9527: 9515: 9503: 9491: 9479: 9467: 9455: 9443: 9431: 9419: 9407: 9395: 9380: 9374: 9370: 9362: 9357: 9355: 9350: 9348: 9343: 9342: 9339: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9317: 9309: 9308: 9305: 9298: 9295: 9292: 9289: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9276: 9269: 9266: 9263: 9260: 9257: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9242: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9229: 9222: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9210: 9207: 9204: 9201: 9198: 9195: 9192: 9189: 9186: 9183: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9140: 9137: 9134: 9131: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9118: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9102: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9089: 9082: 9079: 9076: 9073: 9070: 9067: 9064: 9061: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9048: 9041: 9038: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9025: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9008: 9001: 9000:"New England" 8998: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8961: 8954: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8927: 8922: 8920: 8915: 8913: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8892: 8891: 8886: 8882: 8880: 8879: 8870: 8869: 8866: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8734: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8517: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8287: 8282: 8280: 8275: 8273: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8255: 8248: 8244: 8243: 8236: 8230: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8199: 8195: 8194: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8133: 8130:(in French). 8129: 8125: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8099: 8094: 8093: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8026: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7988: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7922: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7822: 7818: 7812: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7769: 7765: 7759: 7752: 7750: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7711:Baptist Press 7708: 7701: 7682: 7675: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7657: 7656: 7645: 7640: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7597: 7593: 7587: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7425: 7421: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7389: 7386: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7367: 7354: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7337: 7326:September 13, 7321: 7317: 7311: 7309: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7280: 7272: 7267: 7265: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7203: 7201: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7159:, p. 39. 7158: 7153: 7147:, p. 32. 7146: 7141: 7135:, p. 45. 7134: 7129: 7123:, p. 44. 7122: 7117: 7111:, p. 50. 7110: 7105: 7099:, p. 34. 7098: 7093: 7087:, p. 43. 7086: 7081: 7075:, p. 52. 7074: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7011: 7005:, p. 43. 7004: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6975: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6958: 6953: 6947:, p. 10. 6946: 6941: 6934: 6929: 6922: 6917: 6915: 6908:, p. 15. 6907: 6902: 6896:, p. ii. 6895: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6871: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6854: 6849: 6830: 6823: 6822: 6814: 6807: 6802: 6795: 6790: 6784:, p. 33. 6783: 6778: 6771: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6736: 6729: 6728: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6702: 6697: 6690: 6685: 6679:, p. 47. 6678: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6608:, p. 46. 6607: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6575:, p. xi. 6574: 6569: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6535: 6533: 6516: 6513: 6507: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6439: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6421:, p. 35. 6420: 6415: 6408: 6403: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6328: 6326: 6309: 6308: 6301: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6273: 6269: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6248: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6228:, p. 26. 6227: 6222: 6215: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6193:, p. 40. 6192: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6097: 6095: 6088:, p. iv. 6087: 6082: 6076:, p. 22. 6075: 6070: 6063: 6058: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5977:, p. 21. 5976: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5955: 5950: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5799:(in French). 5798: 5791: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5769:, p. 25. 5768: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5698: 5697:public domain 5684:September 20, 5679: 5675: 5669: 5650: 5643: 5637: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5549: 5547:0-8078-2410-0 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5512: 5506: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5319: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5110: 5105: 5103: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5042: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4857: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4308:, p. 14. 4307: 4302: 4296:, p. 53. 4295: 4290: 4288: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4242:, p. 17. 4241: 4236: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4198: 4191: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4134:, p. 14. 4133: 4128: 4126: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3609:, p. 54. 3608: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3510: 3506: 3503:(FAQ). 4.11. 3502: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3434: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3311: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3266: 3265:10.17226/1993 3262: 3258: 3253: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3201: 3195: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3163: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3087: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3059:Thomas Fersen 3056: 3053: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3042:invertebrates 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014:Icterus oberi 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954:nectarivorous 2950: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2859:West Virginia 2856: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2839:heart attacks 2836: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2768:San Juan Star 2763: 2760: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2729:Christiansted 2726: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2655: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2620: 2619:amateur radio 2614: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2580: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2556:New Brunswick 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2517:Niagara Falls 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485:Massachusetts 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2445:Medina County 2442: 2438: 2437:U.S. Route 42 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409:Roan Mountain 2406: 2405:Carter County 2402: 2398: 2394: 2391:. Widespread 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305:Interstate 95 2301: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2202: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174:Interstate 95 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2078: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051:U.S. Route 17 2048: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1986:Isle of Palms 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1942:Edisto Island 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1897: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798:Mameyes River 1795: 1794:Fajardo River 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1740: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1690:Christiansted 1687: 1683: 1679: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1557:United States 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1498: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474:control tower 1471: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1390: 1388: 1387:Beach erosion 1384: 1380: 1376: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327:tidal heights 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1271:United States 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1139: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:Interstate 26 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099:, declared a 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089:the Carolinas 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062:Atlas-Centaur 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050:South Florida 1047: 1039: 1034: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 965: 963: 958: 948: 944: 942: 938: 934: 929: 925: 920: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 884:and the U.S. 883: 878: 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 817:Saint Vincent 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 783: 782:in Barbados. 781: 774: 770: 766: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 662:steering flow 659: 656:emerged over 655: 650: 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 610: 606: 602: 593: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 538:tropical wave 535: 534:thunderstorms 531: 519: 509: 499: 489: 441: 440: 426: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 387: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 358: 354: 350: 344: 342: 338: 334: 331:, and lastly 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 301: 297: 296:thunderstorms 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 257: 256: 249: 245: 241: 237: 231: 227: 225: 222: 219: 218:The Carolinas 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 199: 195: 191: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 95: 84: 80: 76: 74: 73:Extratropical 70: 59: 55: 48: 43: 37: 32: 26: 22: 10265: 10256: 9857:Chicken Kiev 9664:Inauguration 9596: 9513: 9299: (2024) 9293: (2023) 9287: (2022) 9270: (2019) 9264: (2019) 9258: (2018) 9252: (2017) 9246: (2017) 9240: (2016) 9223: (2007) 9217: (2007) 9211: (2005) 9205: (2005) 9199: (2005) 9193: (2005) 9187: (2004) 9181: (2003) 9164: (1998) 9158: (1992) 9141: (1989) 9138: 9135: (1988) 9129: (1980) 9112: (1979) 9106: (1977) 9100: (1971) 9083: (1969) 9077: (1967) 9071: (1966) 9065: (1961) 9059: (1961) 9042: (1955) 9036: (1953) 9019: (1944) 9002: (1938) 8996: (1935) 8990: (1933) 8978: (1932) 8972: (1932) 8955: (1928) 8953:"Okeechobee" 8949: (1924) 8888: 8876: 8509: 8240: 8212: 8158: 8154: 8131: 8127: 8115: 8097: 8075:. Retrieved 8061: 8036: 8032: 8025: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7975:. Retrieved 7970: 7940:. Retrieved 7936:the original 7931: 7921: 7909:. Retrieved 7900: 7896: 7883: 7870:. Retrieved 7850: 7837: 7825:. Retrieved 7820: 7811: 7799:. Retrieved 7794: 7784: 7772:. Retrieved 7758: 7747: 7731: 7719:. Retrieved 7715:the original 7700: 7688:. Retrieved 7653: 7639: 7627:. Retrieved 7622: 7612: 7600:. Retrieved 7595: 7586: 7574:. Retrieved 7570: 7560: 7548:. Retrieved 7544:hoophall.com 7543: 7534: 7524:December 19, 7522:. Retrieved 7516:. JockBios. 7508: 7496:. Retrieved 7491: 7482: 7472:December 19, 7470:. Retrieved 7466:the original 7452: 7428:. Retrieved 7423: 7392:. Retrieved 7387: 7364: 7357:. Retrieved 7346: 7336: 7324:. Retrieved 7295:. Retrieved 7290: 7251:. Retrieved 7247:the original 7242: 7233: 7221:. Retrieved 7212: 7187:. Retrieved 7157:"Storm Data" 7152: 7145:"Storm Data" 7140: 7133:"Storm Data" 7128: 7121:"Storm Data" 7116: 7109:"Storm Data" 7104: 7097:"Storm Data" 7092: 7080: 7073:"Storm Data" 7051:. Retrieved 7042: 7032: 7024:the original 7019: 7010: 7003:"Storm Data" 6959:, p. 1. 6952: 6940: 6935:, p. 5. 6928: 6923:, p. 4. 6906:"Storm Data" 6901: 6889: 6877: 6855:, p. 3. 6848: 6836:. Retrieved 6820: 6813: 6808:, p. 5. 6801: 6789: 6777: 6742:. Retrieved 6726: 6703:, p. 4. 6696: 6691:, p. 3. 6684: 6677:"Storm Data" 6606:"Storm Data" 6568: 6553:. Retrieved 6544: 6519:. Retrieved 6514: 6506: 6494:. Retrieved 6485: 6476: 6464:. Retrieved 6459: 6414: 6402: 6378:. Retrieved 6373: 6346:. Retrieved 6337: 6312:. Retrieved 6306: 6300: 6276:. Retrieved 6271: 6249:, p. 1. 6221: 6169:. Retrieved 6164: 6155: 6115:, p. 1. 6108: 6103:, p. 1. 6081: 6069: 6064:, p. i. 6057: 6029: 6005:. Retrieved 5956:, p. 8. 5949: 5937:. Retrieved 5932: 5923: 5911:. Retrieved 5897: 5873:. Retrieved 5868: 5841:. Retrieved 5836: 5812:. Retrieved 5800: 5796: 5721: 5717: 5682:. Retrieved 5668: 5656:. Retrieved 5636: 5624:. Retrieved 5615: 5589:. Retrieved 5584: 5551:. Retrieved 5537: 5527: 5515:. Retrieved 5505: 5493:. Retrieved 5488: 5461:. Retrieved 5452: 5442: 5437:, p. 4. 5430: 5418:. Retrieved 5378:. Retrieved 5351:. Retrieved 5342: 5291:. Retrieved 5287:the original 5281: 5233:. Retrieved 5218: 5194:. Retrieved 5189: 5135:. Retrieved 5077:. Retrieved 5072: 5048:. Retrieved 5009:. Retrieved 5004: 4995: 4971:. Retrieved 4966: 4937:. Retrieved 4932: 4923: 4911:. Retrieved 4906: 4897: 4873:. Retrieved 4868: 4846: 4836: 4824:. Retrieved 4819: 4809: 4785:. Retrieved 4780: 4744:. Retrieved 4739: 4694:. Retrieved 4689: 4650:. Retrieved 4646:Sun-Sentinel 4645: 4635: 4604:. Retrieved 4600:Miami Herald 4599: 4589: 4577:. Retrieved 4572: 4562: 4557:, p. 9. 4550: 4535:. Retrieved 4526: 4454:. Retrieved 4449: 4392:. Retrieved 4383: 4301: 4274:. Retrieved 4269: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4201:. Retrieved 4196: 4153:. Retrieved 4148: 4139: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4071: 4036: 4032: 4001:. Retrieved 3992: 3968:. Retrieved 3959: 3922: 3918: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3850:. Retrieved 3726:. Retrieved 3721: 3692:. Retrieved 3687: 3656:. Retrieved 3649:the original 3636: 3632: 3607:"Storm Data" 3573:. Retrieved 3513:. Retrieved 3499: 3488: 3467:. Retrieved 3460:the original 3447: 3443: 3437:"Storm Data" 3425:. Retrieved 3413: 3394:. Retrieved 3387:the original 3367:. Retrieved 3342:– via 3336:. Retrieved 3320: 3302:. Retrieved 3290: 3256: 3244:. Retrieved 3230: 3194: 3185: 3172: 3162: 3149: 3072:Expérience 7 3067: 3054: 3022: 3013: 3005: 3002:plain pigeon 2997: 2989: 2981: 2973: 2961: 2951: 2926: 2904: 2894: 2851: 2815: 2767: 2764: 2751: 2719: 2711:the Pentagon 2692: 2674: 2661: 2634: 2624: 2615: 2590: 2568:Newfoundland 2553: 2522: 2506: 2476:Pennsylvania 2449: 2370: 2317: 2289: 2235: 2231:Holden Beach 2227:Yaupon Beach 2211: 2169:Williamsburg 2147:, combined. 2124: 2115:Grand Strand 2103:Myrtle Beach 2095:Horry County 2083: 2015: 2003:Edisto Beach 1977:Johns Island 1961: 1954: 1917:Sampit River 1912: 1902: 1859:Carraízo Dam 1856: 1841:, where the 1836: 1823: 1773: 1772:on the ship 1759: 1755: 1749: 1715: 1711:Frederiksted 1703:U.S. Customs 1678:Fujita scale 1674: 1649:Saint Thomas 1645: 1630: 1596: 1577: 1567: 1560: 1543:Chances Peak 1519: 1503: 1466: 1453:Météo-France 1422: 1395:Sint Maarten 1391: 1371: 1340: 1308: 1086: 1043: 1018:Puerto Plata 998:port of call 990:Cruise ships 966: 953: 875: 858:Oregon Inlet 829:Sargasso Sea 794: 786:Preparations 772: 757: 729: 722: 708: 691:transitioned 646: 598: 527: 487: 437: 413: 412:of the name 395: 382: 345: 263: 262: 253: 252:Part of the 104: 25: 9641:(1989–1993) 9591:‹ The 8994:"Labor Day" 8077:January 12, 7175:"1989-Hugo" 5612:"1989 Hugo" 5587:. Miami, FL 5511:"Disasters" 5127:"Hurricane" 3038:vertebrates 2818:martial law 2786:tank trucks 2748:Puerto Rico 2545:Valleyfield 2480:Connecticut 2468:Long Island 2464:New England 2260:Lake Norman 2190:York County 2099:Garden City 2042:The Battery 1991:Folly Beach 1788:induced by 1734:Puerto Rico 1682:microbursts 1478:Sainte-Rose 1441:La Désirade 1335:storm surge 1331:Saint Croix 1323:storm surge 1269:Contiguous 1239:Puerto Rico 982:Airbus A300 837:The Bahamas 801:Saint Lucia 719:WP-3D Orion 713:(USAF) and 670:Gulf Stream 642:Puerto Rico 626:Saint Croix 586:Azores High 582:Puerto Rico 564:, reaching 370:storm surge 329:Puerto Rico 325:Saint Croix 284:named storm 204:Puerto Rico 10284:Categories 9657:Transition 8155:Biotropica 7721:August 23, 7359:October 6, 7213:FranceInfo 7189:August 16, 6307:FCC Record 4573:Daily News 3444:Storm Data 3210:References 3068:Sois belle 2966:Saint John 2946:frugivores 2891:Retirement 2773:boil water 2727:, born in 2725:Tim Duncan 2705:under the 2688:USCGC Bear 2564:Saint John 2280:Wilmington 2278:office in 2223:Long Beach 2143:, and the 2137:board feet 2086:Georgetown 2038:Shem Creek 1963:Storm Data 1925:Charleston 1921:Georgetown 1913:Snow Goose 1770:anemometer 1761:Storm Data 1514:Montserrat 1492:Montserrat 1419:Guadeloupe 1375:Martinique 1209:Montserrat 1194:Guadeloupe 1113:contraflow 1054:Bob Sheets 1022:Boeing 727 937:Martinique 933:Air France 848:, and the 750:mesovortex 742:turbulence 622:Guadeloupe 542:Cape Verde 488:Storm type 410:retirement 386:Montserrat 353:Montserrat 321:Guadeloupe 300:Cape Verde 196:, and the 194:Montserrat 190:Guadeloupe 181:Cape Verde 154:Fatalities 89:1989-09-25 82:Dissipated 64:1989-09-10 10038:FIRRE Act 9502:Gabrielle 8988:"Tampico" 8970:"Bahamas" 8006:0043-5643 7872:April 18, 7223:April 21, 7043:Star-News 6633:CiteSeerX 6348:April 20, 6038:0749-0208 5913:April 21, 5843:April 21, 5814:April 21, 5420:April 18, 5380:April 26, 5293:April 21, 5235:April 26, 5137:April 26, 4537:April 21, 4394:April 19, 4384:The State 4227:pp. 14-20 4203:April 26, 4003:April 10, 3970:April 10, 3931:0749-0208 3852:April 10, 3694:April 19, 3688:The State 3658:April 20, 3645:0364-5037 3515:August 2, 3480:Citations 3469:April 20, 3456:0039-1972 3338:April 10, 3200:inflation 2929:mangroves 2735:, of the 2623:HMS 2594:Red Cross 2574:Aftermath 2515:. In the 2433:Cleveland 2397:Tennessee 2333:Asheville 2290:Parts of 2268:Foothills 2243:Charlotte 2215:Cape Fear 2153:Clarendon 1802:discharge 1790:El Yunque 1774:Night Cap 1661:workboats 1613:Carolinas 1569:The State 1398:missing. 1305:Caribbean 996:as their 984:owned by 894:Red Cross 872:Caribbean 618:Caribbean 580:north of 570:hurricane 282:, eighth 272:Caribbean 230:Greenland 228:Southern 9918:Gulf War 9895:Helsinki 9820:Speeches 9671:Timeline 9648:Timeline 9593:template 9580:Category 9538:Thirteen 9316:Category 8878:Category 8808:Florence 8627:Michelle 8576:Hortense 8464:Frederic 8222: – 8211: – 8071:Archived 7905:Archived 7863:Archived 7774:April 5, 7740:Archived 7681:Archived 7576:June 30, 7571:ESPN.com 7550:April 4, 7518:Archived 7353:Archived 7320:Archived 7243:Le 97.fr 7217:Archived 7183:Archived 7047:Archived 6829:Archived 6735:Archived 6549:Archived 6490:Archived 6342:Archived 6046:25735405 6001:Archived 5907:Archived 5746:84420794 5649:Archived 5620:Archived 5457:Archived 5411:Archived 5347:Archived 5131:Archived 4531:Archived 4388:Archived 4222:pp. 9-13 4063:52062413 3997:Archived 3964:Archived 3939:25735403 3843:Archived 3569:Archived 3509:Archived 3418:Archived 3360:Archived 3295:Archived 3237:Archived 3180:in 2019. 3083:See also 2905:Humberto 2863:pulpwood 2795:and two 2635:Alacrity 2630:Plymouth 2625:Alacrity 2537:Brossard 2529:Montreal 2509:province 2387:area in 2377:Savannah 2321:Virginia 2286:Virginia 2272:Piedmont 2157:Florence 2149:Berkeley 2132:hardwood 2128:softwood 1839:Luquillo 1806:Pitahaya 1705:shed. 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