1977:
their school, workers from their employer. Both are controlled by the government. Visa requirements for Cuban citizens are more than the administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Cuba often incorporating (in violation of human rights) these requirement of proof of authorization to travel (Schengen countries EU). Some of the requirements of third countries like financial self sufficiency and financial ties to the country (property, income) can not be met by Cubans due to the site economic situation. Few Cubans have the (proven ) income to show they can pay for travel and stay. Most need a sponsor. In 2014, Cuban citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 61 countries and territories, ranking the Cuban passport 69th in the world. Persons holding dual
Spanish and Cuban citizenships are now allowed to travel freely, using their Spanish passport in lieu of a visa for countries normally requiring a visa for the Cuban passport. Moreover, ever since that date, the Cuban government extended the allowable time abroad from 11 to 24 months, allowing Cubans who return within the 24-month time frame to retain their status and benefits of "Cuban Resident of the Interior". Should the citizen remain out of Cuba for more than 24 months, then his status would change to "Cuban Resident of the Exterior" and he would lose his privileges within. By this change, there is no longer such a thing as "illegal" or "unauthorized" travel, and therefore persons who leave Cuba via unconventional means (boats etc.) are no longer violating Cuban law, and therefore not subject to detention or imprisonment.
2405:
social security, and education. The proportion of high school graduates was actually higher among blacks than among whites in Cuba, whereas the opposite was true in both Brazil and the United States. In the area of life expectancy, The life expectancy of nonwhite Cubans was only one year lower than that of whites; life expectancy was basically identical for all racial groups. A powerful indicator of social wellbeing, linked to access to health services (as reflected, particularly, in infant mortality), nutrition and education, the Cuban race gap in life expectancy was significantly lower than those found in more affluent multiracial societies such as Brazil (about 6.7 years) and the United States (about 6.3 years) during the same period. Because of these social reforms the Afro Cuban population is the healthiest longest living black population in the world. In the area of national leadership the vestiges of the pre revolutionary era are still visible when it comes to the question of colour, with Afro Cubans having yet to achieve parity when it comes to representation. Nevertheless, reforms have been introduced since in the 1970s when Castro "worked to increase the number of Afro-Cuban political representatives, with the percentage of Black members on the
Council of State expanding from 12.9% in 1976 to 25.8% by 2003".
1583:
conditions. In addition, international human rights groups such as Human Rights Watch and
Amnesty International are barred from sending fact-finding missions to Cuba. It remains one of the few countries in the world to deny the International Committee of the Red Cross access to its prisons." Yet, activists' networks like Eye on Cuba and Cubalog.eu have continued working with the intention to raise awareness about the true situation concerning human and civil rights on the "island of freedom" and appeal to Europe Union and its members to apply responsible approach to Cuba in their foreign policy. Financial support and legal representation is provided by foreign NGOs as part of the EU Cuba Network.
1981:
prosecution. It was common, in those days, that certain citizens who were authorized travel (primarily medical personnel and other professionals deemed essential to the country) were not permitted to take their children with them overseas. In the event that Cuban doctors defect to the United States when they are sent to a "mission" out of Cuba to any foreign country, any children left behind would not be allowed to join their defector parent for a minimum of ten years, even if they had received a foreign visa, and regardless of their age. Castro opposition leader
1440:
Protection (Sistema Unico de
Vigilancia y ProtecciĂłn, SUVP). Rapid Action Brigades (Brigadas de AcciĂłn Rapida, also referred to as Rapid Response Brigades, or Brigadas de Respuesta RĂĄpida) observe and control dissidents. The government also "maintains academic and labor files (expedientes escolares y laborales) for each citizen, in which officials record actions or statements that may bear on the person's loyalty to the revolution. Before advancing to a new school or position, the individual's record must first be deemed acceptable".
2067:
trafficking, former drug traffickers, based in southern
Florida which now find contraband of humans more lucrative than drugs. These criminals charge 8 to 12 thousand dollars per person, overcrowding the small vessels. The majority of those that attempt to emigrate are individuals that have relatives in the United States, others who do not qualify to be considered as legal immigrants in the US, or those who do not want to wait their turn in the annual quota, assigned under the migratory treaties for legal immigrants
1677:
Assembly's organization, communicating among groups to promote the civil society, using all available means to combat poverty and seeking the betterment of the community's life conditions, developing a true knowledge of Cuba's history, in all its dimensions: economic, social and political, undertaking activities and projects aimed at the protection and conservation of natural resources and the ecosystem, and promoting a true culture on labor rights. The
Assembly had its first meeting in May 2005.
3365:"... Los coroneles soviĂ©ticos de la KGB Vadim Kochergin y Victor Simonov (ascendido a general en 1970) fueron entrenadores en "Punto Cero" desde finales de los años 60 del siglo pasado. Uno de los" graduados" por Simonov en este campo de entrenamiento es Ilich RamĂrez SĂĄnchez, mĂĄs conocido como "Carlos El Chacal". Otro "alumno" de esta instalaciĂłn del terror es el mexicano Rafael SebastiĂĄn GuillĂ©n, alias "subcomandante Marcos", quien se "graduĂł" en "Punto Cero" a principio de los años 80."
1425:
1174:âdestroying every individual liberty. Yet our aid to his regime, and the ineptness of our policies, enabled Batista to invoke the name of the United States in support of his reign of terror. Administration spokesmen publicly praised Batistaâhailed him as a staunch ally and a good friendâat a time when Batista was murdering thousands, destroying the last vestiges of freedom, and stealing hundreds of millions of dollars from the Cuban people, and we failed to press for free elections.
2694:
the U.S. have succeeded by narrow voting margins. In the
Americas, some governments back the criticism, others oppose it, seeing it as a cynical manipulation of a serious human rights issue in order to promote the isolation of the island and to justify the decades-old embargo. European Union nations have universally voted against Cuba since 1990, though requests that the resolution should contain references to the negative effects of the economic embargo have been made.
1365:. The reported application of ECT in the forensic wards seems, at least in many of the cited cases, not to be an adequate clinical treatment for the diagnosed state of the prisonerâin some cases the prisoners do not seem to have been diagnosed at all. Conditions in the forensic wards have been described in repulsive terms and they are apparently in striking contrast to the conditions in the other parts of the mental hospitals that are said to be well-kept and modern.
387:
6987:
65:
6997:
1736:
126:
2743:
1032:
7007:
24:
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mentioned that a
Russian workers' delegation had been invited to participate in the May Day celebrations here, but had been delayed. The interpreter with the party, which arrived later and stayed in Cuba a few days, was called Vadim Kotchergin although he was at the time using what he subsequently claimed was his mother's name of Liston (?). He remained in the background, and did not attract any attention.."
2087:
understanding, the public perception in Cuba and among the Cuban community in Miami, is not the same. And since that is not the perception, more and more people continue to illegally leave the island by sea causing fatal consequences. According to studies carried out by Cuban experts on the island, it is estimated that at least 15 percent of those that attempt to cross the sea die before reaching the US.
1353:. In 1977, a report on the alleged abuse of psychiatry in Cuba was published in the United States and it presented cases of ill-treatment in Cuban mental hospitals which dated back to the early 1970s. It presents grave allegations which claim that prisoners who end up in the forensic wards of mental hospitals in Santiago de Cuba and Havana are subjected to methods of ill-treatment which include
2674:
Consultative Status which significantly expanded their resources and exposure there. A significant turning point in these efforts came in 1984 when Permuy's Miami-based Center for Human Rights successfully lobbied to have Cuba's diplomatic representative, Luis Sola Vila, removed from a key subcommittee of the United
Nations Human Rights Commission and replaced with a representative from
2588:, Fidel Castro, called the persecution of homosexuals whilst he was in power "a great injustice, great injustice!" Taking responsibility for the persecution, he said, "If anyone is responsible, it's me ... We had so many and such terrible problems, problems of life or death. In those moments I was not able to deal with that matter . I found myself immersed, principally, in the
2388:, who has authored extensively on the issue, says that "There is an unstated threat, blacks in Cuba know that whenever you raise race in Cuba, you go to jail. Therefore, the struggle in Cuba is different. There cannot be a civil rights movement. You will have instantly 10,000 black people dead". He says that a new generation of black Cubans are looking at politics in another way.
2533:". Military commanders brutalized the inmates. Carlos Alberto Montaner says "Camps of forced labour were instituted with all speed to "correct" such deviations ... Verbal and physical mistreatment, shaved heads, work from dawn to dusk, hammocks, dirt floors, scarce food ... The camps became increasingly crowded as the methods of arrest became more expedient".
2686:, former Cuban political prisoner of 22 years, as the US Ambassador to the commission. By 1992, there had been a substantial change in Geneva as the UNHRC representatives had shifted from initial rejection, then indifference and towards embrace of the anti-Castro Cuban human rights movement's diplomatic efforts.
3147:
Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. (1990). Exploring
Revolution: Essays on Latin American Insurgency and Revolutionary Theory. Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe. P. 63 "Estimates of hundreds or perhaps about a thousand deaths due to Batista's terror are also supported by comments made by Fidel Castro and other
2125:
The Cuban government operates on national health system and assumes full fiscal and administrative responsibility for the health care of its citizens. The government prohibits any private alternatives to the national health system. In 1976, Cuba's healthcare program was enshrined in Article 50 of the
2082:
The 1994 and 1995 migratory accords signed between Havana and Washington, and which emerged due to the crisis in August 1994, are still in effect. These accords force the US to return all those intercepted at sea by US authorities to Cuba, except the cases in which political persecution can be proven
1320:
existed in Cuba's prisons and "hard labor camps". The torture consisted of beatings, biological experiments which included dietary restrictions, violent interrogations and extremely unsanitary living conditions. The jury concurred with allegations of arbitrary arrest; sentencing by court martial with
1275:
The vast majority of those executed directly following the 1959 revolution were policemen, politicians and informers for the Batista regime who were accused of crimes such as torture and murder, and their public trials and executions enjoyed widespread popular support among the Cuban population. Most
1182:
magazine wrote: "Cuba's fanatic, poorly armed rebels last week tried to smash President Fulgencio Batista with the ultimate weapon of civilian revolutions: the general strike. ... Fulgencio Batista got ready for the strike by offering immunity to anyone who killed a striker and by threatening to
2273:
in defense of Cuba, claiming that "the government of the US has no moral authority to elect itself as the judge over human rights in Cuba, where there has not been a single case of disappearance, torture or extrajudicial execution since 1959, and where despite the economic blockade, there are levels
2095:
published an article on illegal immigrants in the US, quoting official sources, pointing out that during the first semester of 2005, 27,396 Brazilians were stopped from illegally crossing US borders, an average of 4,556 per month and 152 a day. In 2004, a total of 1,160,000 foreigners, were stopped
2090:
However, figures of those fleeing other Latin American or Caribbean countries of origin compare similarly with those of Cuba. During the 2005 fiscal year, 3,612 Dominicans were picked up at high seas attempting to illegally reach the US (900 more than Cubans intercepted) and in 2004, 3,229 Haitians
3332:
British Foreign Office. Chancery American Department, Foreign Office, London September 2, 1959 (2181/59) to British Embassy Havana classified as restricted Released 2000 by among British Foreign Office papers FOREIGN OFFICES FILES FOR CUBA Part 1: Revolution in Cuba "in our letter 1011/59 May 6 we
2693:
criticizing Cuba's human rights record. The proposals and subsequent diplomatic disagreements have been described as a "nearly annual ritual". Long-term consensus between Latin American nations has not emerged. The resolutions were passed 1990â1997, but were rejected in 1998. Subsequent efforts by
2086:
The accords were designed to discourage those who would consider emigrating illegally by sea but the Bush administration has not complied with Washington's part of the agreements. Although the Coast Guard says that only 2.5 percent of the Cubans intercepted are granted political asylum, the public
2078:
At the end of the 2005 fiscal year which ended September 30, the US Coast Guard Service reported having intercepted 2,712 Cubans at sea, more than double the 1,225 reported in 2004 The figure for 2005 is the third highest of Cubans intercepted in the Florida straights during the last 12 years. The
1621:
stated that "All human rights, civil and professional associations and unions that exist today in Cuba outside the officialdom of the state apparatus and mass organizations controlled by the government are barred from having legal status. This often puts at risk the individuals who belong to these
1582:
states: "Refusing to recognize human rights monitoring as a legitimate activity, the government denies legal status to local human rights groups. Individuals who belong to these groups face systematic harassment, with the government putting up obstacles to impede them from documenting human rights
1094:
military intervention and a determination "to put a stop to these abuses". Since Cuba achieved independence in 1902, successive Cuban governments have been criticised and condemned by various groups, both within Cuba and internationally, for human rights violations on the island. During the latter
2462:
During the trial, evidence was presented that the defendants had received funds from the U.S. Interests Section. Cuban officials claim that the goal of this funding was to undermine the Cuban state, disrupt internal order, and damage the Cuban economy. For his part, Cason denies offering funds to
2404:
Despite these barriers however, Cuba has oftentimes been praised for advances of the Cuban Revolution in the areas of racial equality. During his leadership, Castro abolished segregation in businesses and public spaces while also ushering in egalitarian reforms in areas such as employment, wages,
1976:
As of January 14, 2013, all Cuban government-imposed travel restrictions and controls have been abolished. Since that date, any Cuban citizen, with a valid passport, can leave the country subject to administrative restrictions imposed by the government. Students need the permission to travel from
1695:
in 1999. However, an exception was made when, in 2003, three members of a gang of ten were executed for a ferry hijacking. The hijackers were attempting to reach Florida, but ran out of fuel only halfway to their destination. After a two-day stand-off, the ferry was escorted by coast guard patrol
1572:
assess that: "It is evident that the exercise of the right to freedom of expression under this article of the Constitution is governed by two fundamental determinants: on the one hand, the preservation and strengthening of the communist State; on the other, the need to muzzle any criticism of the
1215:
between the Cuban government and armed opposition were ongoing, but had declined by the early 1970s. The group asserts that by the time international human rights movements flourished in the 1970s, the most severe period of repression was over, making non-partisan retrospective assessments of the
1842:
in order to protest against prison abuses; he claims the guards denied him water until he became delirious, and they proceeded to urinate in his mouth and on his face. Furthermore, he claimed to require the use of a wheelchair following his longest hunger strike. The Cuban government denied both
328:, an independent human rights group that lacks official authorization and is therefore considered illegal by the government, received more than 7,900 reports of arbitrary detentions from January through August 2016. This represents the highest monthly average of detentions in the past six years.
2074:
provides automatic permanent residency for almost all Cubans arriving legally or illegally after one year and one day in the US. No immigrant from any other nation has this privilege. Controversy over this policy centers around the loss of Cuba's scientists, professionals, technicians and other
1676:
Another important project is the establishment of the Assembly to Promote Civil Society. The Assembly to Promote Civil Society in Cuba is a coalition of 365 independent civil society groups with the stated aims of "forming a democratic culture", "developing a social movement", strengthening the
1439:
A 1999 Human Rights Watch report notes that the Interior Ministry's principal responsibility is to monitor the Cuban population for signs of dissent. In 1991 two new mechanisms for internal surveillance and control emerged. Communist Party leaders organized the Singular Systems of Vigilance and
1210:
The "Cuban National Reconciliation movement", a U.S.-based organisation that claims to act as a forum for discussing Cuban society, has detailed what it believes are complex variables when analysing human rights immediately after the revolution. In the 1960s, violent confrontations known as the
2656:
movements, parties, and organizations) and education (e.g. the International Association of Educators for World Peace), that coalesced around the issue of human rights. An influential force credited with crafting and spearheading the international Cuban human rights effort, particularly in the
1392:
concluded that "RaĂșl Castro has kept Cuba's repressive machinery firmly in place...since being handed power by his brother Fidel Castro." The report found that "cores of political prisoners arrested under Fidel continue to languish in prison, and RaĂșl has used draconian laws and sham trials to
2673:
governments to withhold international support until governmental changes were made to address human rights abuses. Though the coalition's NGO-driven human rights effort for Cuba initially struggled to gain traction in the UNHRC, their influence gradually grew, especially as key groups secured
2564:
issued a report on the status of gay people in Cuba which claimed that the Cuban government no longer imposes any legal punishments on its gay citizens, that there is a greater level of tolerance among Cubans for gay, bisexual, and transgender people, and that the Cuban government was open to
2145:
After spending nine months in Cuban clinics, anthropologist Katherine Hirschfeld wrote "My increased awareness of Cuba's criminalization of dissent raised a very provocative question: to what extent is the favorable international image of the Cuban health care system maintained by the state's
1943:
was reported to have been released from prison in April 2007 after serving his full sentence of 17 years and 34 days for having, at the age of 25, shouted slogans against Fidel Castro. GarcĂa AntĂșnez was convicted of sabotage after authorities accused him of setting fire to sugar cane fields,
1255:
Various estimates have been made in order to ascertain the number of political executions which have been carried out on behalf of the Cuban government since the revolution. During the first two months of 1959, Castro's government executed more than 300 Batista officials, with Latin American
1368:
In August 1981, the Marxist historian Ariel Hidalgo was apprehended and accused of "incitement against the social order, international solidarity and the Socialist State" and sentenced to eight years' imprisonment. In September 1981, he was transported from State Security Headquarters to the
2066:
The US Coast Guard reported that the interceptions in high seas have been characterized as violent confrontations with authorities and by the deaths of immigrants. According to the same authorities, the Cubans are taken to the US on speed boats by a network of criminals specialized in human
1837:
was convicted on a charge of placing bombs in public places and was sentenced to thirty years in prison. He and his supporters contend that he was never part of the Batista police as alleged by Castro supporters, and that his imprisonment was the result of his vocal opposition to the Castro
1190:
magazine, "The strike was short-lived: "With the upper hand, Batista drove boldly around the city while his cops proceeded to make their supremacy complete. When a patrol car radioed that it had clashed with rebels and had 'a dead man and a prisoner', the dispatcher ordered: 'Shoot him.' At
1980:
Prior to January 13, 2013, Cuban citizens could not travel abroad, leave or return to Cuba without first obtaining official permission along with applying for a government issued passport and travel visa, which was often denied. Unauthorized travel abroad had sometimes resulted in criminal
1870:. He escaped from prison and tried to leave Cuba by launching himself from the shore on a tire inner tube. The attempt failed and he was re-arrested near Lenin Park and imprisoned at the notorious El Morro Castle alongside murderers and rapists. After finally escaping from Cuba in the 1980
1933:, calls for the "Cuban authorities to release all prisoners of conscience immediately and unconditionally" and to "revoke all legislation that restricts freedom of expression, assembly and association, and to put a halt to all actions to harass and intimidate dissidents, journalists, and
311:
until 1992, now "permits greater opportunities for religious expression than it did in past years, and has allowed several religious-run humanitarian groups to operate, the government still maintains tight control on religious institutions, affiliated groups, and individual believers".
1696:
boats back to a Cuban port, ostensibly to refuel; when hostages began jumping over the sides of the ship, however, the authorities subdued the hijackers and regained control. Four other men were given life sentences, and the remaining three women involved received 1â5 years in prison.
2063:. In an attempt by the Cuban Navy to stop the tugboat, patrol boats were sent out to intercept the tug. Crewmen and survivors reported that the Cuban interception vessels rammed the tugboat and sprayed its passengers with high-pressure fire hoses, sweeping many overboard.
1996:
From 1959 through 1993, some 1.2 million Cubans (about 10% of the current population) left the island for the United States, often by sea in small boats and fragile rafts. In the early years, a number of those who could claim dual Spanish-Cuban citizenship left for
1586:
A formal structure and system of reporting news not approved by the government was first attempted in 1993. The effort for an independent, uncensored news agency was spearheaded by Cuban human rights activist and then-President of Christian Democratic Movement
2400:
states "The authorities in my country have never tolerated that a black person oppose the revolution. During the trial, the color of my skin aggravated the situation. Later when I was mistreated in prison by guards, they always referred to me as being black".
2540:
Castro is reported to once have asserted that, "in the country, there are no homosexuals", before claiming in 1992 that homosexuality is a "natural human tendency that must simply be respected". Another source reports Castro as having denounced "maricones"
1908:
which he alleged had caused several deaths. Dr. Mendoza had previously been fired from his job in a Cuban hospital three years earlier for establishing an independent medical association. He was later released due to ill-health, subject to his leaving the
2512:
The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people in Cuba have evolved significantly over time, from widespread discrimination in most of the 20th century to what are now considered some of the most progressive LGBT policies in Latin America.
1629:(CTC). The government explicitly prohibits independent trade unions, there is systematic harassment and detention of labor activists, and the leaders of attempted independent unions have been imprisoned. The right to strike is not recognized in law.
1220:
who were often the first to denounce the Cuban government, largely shared an anti-Communist ideology and overlooked violations committed by other regimes, whilst many left leaning observers did not give the claims of Cuban victims due consideration.
2536:
In the late 1960s, because of "revolutionary social hygiene", the Castro government claimed to cleanse the arts of "fraudulent sodomitic" writers and "sick effeminate" dancers. Additionally, men with long hair were locked up and their hair was cut.
2458:
denied these accusations and responded: "Cuba has the right to defend itself and apply punishment just like other nations do, like the United States punishes those who cooperate with a foreign power to inflict damage on their people and territory."
1591:. It formally began in May of that year as Members of Civic Democratic Action, an umbrella group of nearly twenty Castro opposition organizations, formed an alliance with the Independent Cuban Journalists Association. The effort ultimately failed.
1577:
assert that the universal state ownership of the media means that freedom of expression is restricted. Thus the exercise of the right to freedom of expression is restricted by the lack of means of mass communication falling outside state control.
2041:
of 1980, when Castro opened the docks to anyone who wanted to leave. The result of the negotiations was an agreement under which the United States was required to issue 20,000 visas annually to Cuban emigrants. This quota is rarely filled; the
537:
1125:
led an uprising called the Revolt of the Sergeants, as part of a coup which deposed Machado in 1933. Batista then became the strongman behind a succession of puppet presidents until he was himself elected president in 1940. According to
2009:
after quiet negotiations; the majority of the 10,000 or so Jews who were in Cuba in 1959 have left. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, many Cubans now reside in a diverse number of countries, some ending up in countries of the
1536:, free speech was allowed "in keeping with the objectives of socialist society" and that artistic creation was allowed "as long as its content is not contrary to the Revolution". The 2019 Cuban constitution removed the language.
1400:
classifies Cuba as being "Not Free", and notes that "Cuba is the only country in the Americas that consistently makes Freedom House's list of the Worst of the Worst: the World's Most Repressive Societies for widespread abuses of
749:
551:
2025:
At times the exodus was tolerated by the Cuban government as a "release valve"; at other times the government has impeded it. Some Cubans left for economic reasons and some for political ones. Others emigrated by way of the
737:
2133:
However, there is no right to privacy, or a patient's informed consent, or the right to protest or sue a doctor or clinic for malpractice. Moreover, the patient does not have right to refuse treatment (for example, a
648:
5974:
5944:
1202:
and his forces succeeded in displacing Batista from power. At that time there were fundamental changes in the judicial and political process. During this transitional period there were some concerns voiced about
3157:
Guerra, Lillian (2012). Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959â1971. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 42 "The likely total was probably closer to three to four
2250:
Women head almost 50% of households in Cuba. Sixty percent of Cuban professionals are women. Cuban women also have high representation in the country, with women holding 48.9% of the parliamentary seats in the
708:
2612:
The passage of the 2022 Family Code referendum legalized same-sex marriage and adoption by same-sex parents. Cuba now has one of the most progressive stances on LGBT rights of among Latin American countries.
5969:
2354:
427:
1966:
and independent journalist, Roberto Quiñones Haces. Following the trial in August 2019 and he was sentenced to one-year imprisonment for resistance and disobedience concerning his work as an independent
515:
2110:
Education in Cuba is free at all levels and led by the Ministry for Education. In 1961 the government nationalized all private educational institutions and introduced a state-directed education system.
1183:
jail any employer who closed shop." During the strike, militants and youths stole guns, and threw bombs (one of which may have set up a gas-mains fire), after which some people were killed in clashes."
5949:
802:
1673:
was refused by the National Assembly and in response a referendum was held in support of socialism being a permanent fixture of the constitution, for which the government claimed 99% voter approval.
1321:
no public audience or defender; periods of time which prisoners spent in hard labour camps without sufficient food, clothing or medical care; and the arrest of children who were over nine years old.
1598:
report as of October 2006 finds that Internet use is very restricted and under tight surveillance. Access is only possible with government permission and equipment is rationed. E-mail is monitored.
778:
1622:
associations of facing harassment, intimidation or criminal charges for activities which constitute the legitimate exercise of the fundamental freedoms of expression, association and assembly."
5839:
2669:'s profile of the Cuban Christian Democrat Movement stated that Permuy spearheaded the international diplomatic strategy to call out the Castro regime's human rights abuses and work with other
806:
1191:
midafternoon, cops burst into a boardinghouse, grabbed three young men who were leaders of Cuba's lay Catholic Action movement, which sympathizes with Castro. Two hours later their stripped,
439:
5749:
5939:
5904:
1714:). These acts occur when large groups of citizens verbally abuse, intimidate and sometimes physically assault and throw stones and other objects at the homes of Cubans who are considered
782:
2384:, describes race as a "social bomb" and he says, "If the Cuban government were to permit black Cubans to organize and raise their problems before ... totalitarianism would fall".
2592:, in the war, in policy questions." Castro personally believed that the negative treatment of gays in Cuba arose out of the country's pre-revolutionary attitudes toward homosexuality.
343:, Amnesty International reported that advances in education were undermined by ongoing online and offline censorship. Cuba remained mostly closed to independent human rights monitors.
2435:. The accused were tried and sentenced to prison terms ranging from 15 to 28 years. In all, 75 people were given lengthy sentences averaging 17 years each. Among those sentenced were
644:
4430:
4332:
6384:
5959:
5683:
2545:") as "agents of imperialism". Castro has also reportedly asserted that "homosexuals should not be allowed in positions where they are able to exert influence upon young people".
523:
325:
1345:
published reports which alluded to cases of possible unwarranted hospitalization and ill-treatment of political prisoners. These reports concerned the Gustavo Machin hospital in
5954:
4862:
731:
691:
671:
1316:
and "The Coalition of Committees for the Rights of Man in Cuba". The testimonies which were presented at the tribunal, before an international panel, alleged that a pattern of
1166:, in the midst of his campaign for the U.S. presidency, decried Batista's relationship with the U.S. government and criticized the Eisenhower administration for supporting him:
5964:
5262:
1847:
of Valladares standing and walking. Valladares was released from prison after serving twenty-two years of his sentence, due in part to the intercession of France's President
1216:
period difficult. The reconciliation movement also cite the difficulties in assessing accounts of abuses that are commonly split upon partisan lines. According to the group,
5934:
5844:
5754:
812:
681:
587:
543:
5929:
5924:
5919:
769:
5909:
4306:
701:
5914:
2247:
Cuba is a regional front-runner in women's rights. With respect to reproductive rights, Cuban women have up to two years of maternity leave and free access to abortion.
2483:
2149:
Family doctors are expected to keep records of their patients' "political integration." Epidemiological surveillance has become juxtaposed with political surveillance.
1886:
5879:
5784:
5759:
788:
686:
597:
557:
5894:
5889:
3343:
2529:, conscientious objectors, and dissidents were forced to conduct their compulsory military service in the 1960s at UMAP camps, where they were subject to political "
5834:
5764:
2609:
which she leads. Mariela has stated her father fully supports her initiatives, saying that her father has overcome his initial homophobia to support his daughter.
2079:
highest had been reported in 1993 with 3,656 and 1994 when over 30,000 Cubans emigrated illegally due to the so-called migratory crisis between the two countries.
764:
5640:
1947:
Dr. Ariel Ruiz Urquiola, whom Amnesty International had declared "a prisoner of conscience" and demanded that he be released "immediately and without conditions".
5884:
2487:
1863:
696:
4743:
754:
568:
5386:
I've seen changes in my father since I was a child. I saw him as macho and homophobic. But as I have grown and changed as a person, so I have seen him change.
5240:
793:
759:
448:
6167:
5514:"Commission on Human Rights; Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Forty-Eighth Session, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/Misc.1"
5350:
2375:
1510:. Ferrer, who heads the Patriotic Union of Cuba (UNPACU), has been kept in detention by the Cuban government and his whereabouts have not been revealed.
1443:
The opposition movement in Cuba is a widespread collection of individuals and nongovernmental organizations, most of whom are working for the respect of
1329:
Although Cuba has been politically connected to the Soviet Union since the United States broke off relations with Cuba shortly after its prime minister
2475:
1918:
In early 2003, dozens of persons, including independent journalists, librarians and other opponents of the Castro government were jailed after summary
4212:
3995:
2471:
1930:
1922:, with some sentences in excess of 20 years, on the charge of receiving money from the United States in order to carry out anti-government activities.
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part of the Spanish colonial era in Cuba, human rights on the island became a particular international concern. After a visit to the region in 1898,
2632:
The organized and sustained international effort launched by prominent Cuban dissident groups (e.g. Miami's Center for Human Rights, UNIDAD Cubana,
1568:
Human rights groups and international organizations believe that these articles subordinate the exercise of freedom of expression to the state. The
5849:
2478:. The action followed a meeting between the Spanish ambassador and Cuba's foreign minister. In subsequent days four more dissidents were released:
444:
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5165:, Peter Tatchell (2002), published in the "Gay and Lesbian Humanist", Spring 2002. An earlier version was published in a slightly edited form as
2776:
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were severely limited and in 1961 all property held by religious organizations was confiscated without compensation. Hundreds of members of the
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492:
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refused to comply with the act, issuing only 505 visas to Cubans in the first six months of 2003. It also blocked some Cubans who have visas.
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2713:
1710:
Human rights groups including Amnesty International have long been critical of what the Cuban authorities have termed "Acts of repudiation" (
268:
6494:
4841:
3302:
1719:
908:
482:
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4284:
3210:, pg 209. "Batista engineered yet another coup, establishing a dictatorial regime, which was responsible for the death of 20,000 Cubans."
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1296:, and other criminals who had been employed by the Batista regime, the people themselves would have taken justice into their own hands.
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3395:
1069:
488:
4982:
4953:
4167:
3609:
2394:, a well-known Afro-Cuban human rights and democracy activist who was imprisoned for 17 years, in an interview with the Florida-based
2230:
In 2022, Freedom House rated Cuba's religious freedom as 3 out of 4, noting that religious freedom has improved over the past decade.
5266:
4885:
4500:
3363:(English title: The training camp "Point Zero" where the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) trained national and international terrorists)
3344:"El campo de entrenamiento "Punto Cero" donde el Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) adiestra a terroristas nacionales e internacionales"
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2432:
2199:
were issued for nineteen foreign priests taking up residence in the country. In addition, other religious groups in Cuba such as the
1569:
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3809:
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2142:
on grounds that his religion forbids it.) Many Cubans complain about politics in medical treatment and health care decision-making.
1718:. Human rights groups suspect that these acts are often carried out in collusion with the security forces and sometimes involve the
6504:
3529:
1800:
478:
190:
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3042:"Report from the British commissionary judge, Havana, to the Foreign secretary (Lord Stanley)." September 30, 1866. Thomas, Hugh.
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1772:
1103:
434:
162:
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In 1995 the US government entered into an agreement with the Cuban government to resolve the emigration crisis that created the
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1955:
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143:
37:
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which is not officially recognized by the state, recorded 5,155 arbitrary detentions in 2017, in contrast to 9,940 in 2016.
169:
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3244:
1852:
1487:
966:
868:
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is severely restricted in Cuba, and political dissidents are generally prohibited from meeting in large groups." In 2006,
1280:. The Cuban Government justified such measures on the grounds that in Cuba, the application of capital punishment against
6478:
6418:
5854:
5581:
3933:"Dissidents, Reporters Unite to Open News Agency in Cuba". The Miami Herald. The Miami Herald. May 12, 1993. pp. 8A.
3665:
3170:, by the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, 1978, p. 121. "The US-supported Batista regime killed 20,000 Cubans"
2708:
953:
949:
658:
2678:, a Christian-Democratic ally in opposition of the Castro government. Another key moment came in 1987 when US President
6127:
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5688:
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since the Cuban Revolution. It would become a recurring flashpoint in the backdrop of international dynamic during the
1256:
historian Thomas E. Skidmore says that there had been 550 executions in the first six months of 1959. In an April 1961
935:
930:
5305:
2233:
A 2023 report found that documented Freedom of Religion violations more than doubled from 272 in 2021 to 657 in 2022.
1786:
1159:
became more influential. Many people were killed, with estimates ranging from hundreds to about 20,000 people killed.
176:
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5859:
5721:
5223:
5198:
5087:
4011:
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3227:
3207:
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1819:
1507:
1130:, the post-Machado period was marked by violent reprisals, mass lynchings and a deterioration towards corruption and
873:
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and arbitrarily detained in high numbers. The Cuban Commission for Human Rights and National Reconciliation, a Cuban
227:
209:
107:
51:
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5158:
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6436:
6091:
5248:
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2507:
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1915:, a medical doctor, has been sentenced to prison for 25 years for his non-violent, but vocal opposition to Castro.
1657:. If accepted by the government and approved by public vote, the amendments would have established such things as
817:
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6892:
5471:"United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-First Session, E/CN.4/1995/MISC.2"
1768:
1626:
1244:
1010:
471:
158:
74:
5446:"United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-First Session, E/CN.4/1995/INF.1"
4675:"RaĂșl Castro Attends Dedication of Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Havana". 20 Oct. 2008. Retrieved 14 Apr. 2009.
1292:. Some Cuban scholars maintain that if the government had not imposed severe legislation against the torturers,
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6401:
6020:
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4549:
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Fulgencio Batista murdered 20,000 Cubans in seven years ... and he turned Democratic Cuba into a complete
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347:
332:
147:
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ascertained that there had been 2,113 political executions between the years 1958â67, while British historian
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5445:
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2274:
of health, education and culture that are internationally recognised." The appeal is signed, for example, by
2043:
1334:
1001:
359:
4842:"Cuban former political prisoner Jorge Luis GarcĂa Perez AntĂșnez: I felt death was very close several times"
4455:
1312:
to the international media. The gathering was sponsored by a US-funded anti-communist group which was named
6779:
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6666:
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6147:
5714:
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In March 2003, the government of Cuba arrested dozens of people (including self-identified journalists and
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1940:
1480:
1428:
4961:
4766:
4596:
4241:
2227:, and other figures. The Cuban press noted that the cathedral was the first of its kind in Latin America.
1117:
After independence, and following a sustained period of instability, the 1924â33 capitalist government of
713:
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6902:
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6882:
6695:
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story, the agency stated that about "700 have died before Castro's firing squads" between 1959 and 1961.
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939:
6857:
6717:
6581:
6456:
5774:
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scholars agree that those executed were most likely guilty as charged, but their trials did not follow
1144:
To quell the growing discontent amongst the populaceâwhich was subsequently displayed through frequent
316:
has also been at the center of complaints. According to the report of Human Rights Watch from 2017 the
3910:
1417:
are subject to smear campaigns and arbitrary arrests, as are artists and academics who demand greater
6683:
6357:
6342:
6068:
6043:
6000:
5829:
5804:
4199:
Masters of War: Latin America and U.S. Aggression from the Cuban Revolution through the Clinton Years
4092:
2031:
1896:
Desi Mendoza, a Cuban doctor, was imprisoned for making statements criticizing Cuba's response to an
1595:
1544:
1354:
1090:. The subsequent transportation of African slaves to the island, which lasted over 300 years, led to
1055:
923:
43:
6212:
1369:
CarbĂł-ServiĂĄ (forensic) ward of the Havana Psychiatric Hospital and stayed there for several weeks.
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529:
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6441:
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5814:
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to carry out wide-scale violence, torture and public executions. These murders mounted in 1957, as
1111:
564:
4259:
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2980:
2820:
2279:
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when attempting to illegally enter the US, 93 percent of them (close to 1,080,000) were Mexicans.
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continues to rely on arbitrary detention to harass and intimidate critics, independent activists,
183:
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6744:
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6277:
6267:
6096:
5819:
5799:
3400:
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2252:
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2184:
1912:
1746:
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and demonstrationsâBatista established tighter censorship of the media, while also utilizing his
420:
264:
259:
have drawn attention to the actions of the human rights movement and designated members of it as
136:
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6413:
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6282:
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6208:
5824:
5769:
5622:
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1963:
1658:
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1224:
After coming to power in 1959, Fidel Castro's government built a highly effective machinery of
903:
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260:
248:
78:
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4111:
3525:
3513:
2718:
2448:
2420:
2385:
2168:
2091:
were also picked up (2,000 more than the 1,225 Cubans that fiscal year). The Brazilian daily
1959:
1934:
1926:
1715:
1618:
1574:
1506:
continued detention was brought into notice in a different statement which was issued by the
1342:
280:
252:
6596:
4307:"Cuba: Government must release journalist and prisoner of conscience Roberto Quiñones Haces"
4292:
3318:
2455:
2444:
2146:
practice of suppressing dissent and covertly intimidating or imprisoning would-be critics?"
1503:
247:
government of committing systematic human rights abuses against the Cuban people, including
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6810:
6636:
6556:
6551:
6317:
6220:
6142:
6137:
6073:
5993:
4986:
4717:
4175:
3784:
3080:
2589:
2467:
2466:
On November 29, 2004, the Cuban government released three of those arrested in March 2003:
2071:
2059:
1650:
1265:
1225:
1127:
1083:
400:
5496:"Commission begins consideration of rights of indigenous peoples; Press Release HR/CN/733"
4490:
3240:
Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 6, 1960
2203:
community are now permitted to hold public services and to import religious materials and
1874:, Arenas described the horrors he endured under the Cuban government in his autobiography
619:
459:
89:
8:
6739:
6534:
6461:
6362:
6132:
6101:
5495:
4054:
3576:
3190:, pg 77. "All told, Batista's second dictatorship cost the Cuban people some 20,000 dead"
2573:
for transgender individuals are free under law, and are paid for by the government. Also
2503:
2440:
2414:
2331:
1705:
1614:
1540:
1460:
1212:
1107:
994:
971:
742:
664:
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4910:
4535:
4398:
3239:
2869:
2844:
2215:
and other religious visitors from abroad. In October 2008, Cuba marked the opening of a
6837:
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6352:
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6193:
5701:
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4148:
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2683:
2670:
2653:
2641:
2120:
2027:
1867:
1834:
1692:
1654:
1601:
Foreign journalists are systematically expelled from Cuba, e.g. notable journalists of
1579:
1533:
1519:
1389:
1309:
350:, the report added that human rights activists and political activists continued to be
313:
256:
4647:
3491:
3431:
2648:. These groups sometimes represented a spectrum of different Cuban interests, such as
2224:
6754:
6749:
6661:
6591:
6544:
6396:
6337:
6262:
6240:
6188:
6063:
6058:
5422:"Emergency intervention of world leaders urged in favor of Cuban political prisoners"
5404:
5219:
5194:
5095:
4799:
4685:
4653:
4406:
3645:
3541:
3380:
3223:
3203:
3183:
3119:
3113:
2689:
Since 1990, the United States itself has presented various resolutions to the annual
2649:
2188:
2105:
1838:
government. Valladares claims to have been tortured and humiliated while he was on a
1662:
1529:
1464:
1444:
1418:
1141:(President from 1940 to 1944) staged a coup with military backing on March 10, 1952.
1138:
1122:
1086:, the oppression of the indigenous populations was chronicled at length by clergyman
898:
836:
722:
609:
3744:
1944:
sabotage, spreading "enemy propaganda", and being in illegal possession of a weapon.
6784:
6759:
6707:
6690:
6301:
6111:
3533:
3405:
2723:
2666:
2319:
2164:
2158:
2034:, which is blocked on the Cuban (land) side by barbed-wired fences and land mines.
1905:
1893:, to three years in prison for "spreading enemy propaganda" and "rumour-mongering".
1666:
1383:
1346:
1289:
1099:
377:
5377:
5043:
5025:
5007:
4129:
2530:
2283:
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on the island. Some of the best known Cuban members of the opposition include the
85:
7000:
6887:
6877:
6852:
6656:
6612:
6586:
6522:
6152:
6086:
6053:
6028:
5678:
5644:
5162:
4773:
4155:
4099:
4080:
4061:
4042:
4035:
3999:
3952:
3878:
3860:
3639:
3306:
2946:
2728:
2369:
2311:
2299:
2196:
2179:, were permanently expelled from the nation. The Cuban leadership was officially
2127:
2038:
1990:
1871:
1859:
1602:
1547:(RWB). Cuba was named one of the ten most censored countries in the world by the
1491:
1448:
1406:
1358:
1284:
and others followed the same procedure which had previously been followed by the
1163:
1118:
1102:
estimated that up to 200,000 Cubans had died from starvation and disease within "
336:
288:
5706:
5421:
3138:
CIA (1963). Political Murders in Cuba -- Batista Era Compared with Castro Regime
2662:
2605:, has been pushing for lesbian rights with the pro-lesbian government sponsored
1982:
1588:
1472:
1456:
272:
6872:
6842:
6789:
6673:
6641:
6157:
5499:
4744:"Cuba approves law change that opens door to gay marriage, other family rights"
3840:
3060:
2658:
2595:
2566:
2542:
2343:
2287:
2192:
2011:
1986:
1642:
1625:
The Cuban authorities only recognize a single national trade union centre, the
1468:
1452:
1338:
1091:
961:
324:, and others. This report added that the Cuban Commission for Human Rights and
276:
4935:
2602:
2479:
2436:
2075:
skilled individuals, but it has also prompted concerns of a migratory crisis.
1393:
incarcerate scores more who have dared to exercise their fundamental rights."
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6651:
5673:
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2303:
2295:
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1839:
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1152:
308:
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in 1948. One of the key principles in the declaration was the insistence on
5309:
5170:
4582:"Re-examining the Cuban Health Care System: Towards a Qualitative Critique"
3517:
2553:
Cuba has made reforms in the 21st century, particularly via the successful
2380:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2269:
2220:
2050:
1901:
1844:
1499:
1424:
1330:
1236:
1235:
agent, was seen in Cuba. Jorge Luis Vasquez, a Cuban who was imprisoned in
1217:
1199:
1171:
1145:
1096:
355:
339:
with the aim of making them silent in criticism. Regarding any progress in
3537:
2219:
Cathedral in Havana in a ceremony attended by RaĂșl Castro, Vice President
6827:
6646:
6369:
5153:
2748:
2494:. Seven other prisoners had previously been released for health reasons.
2428:
2264:
2135:
1524:
Cuba officially adopted the civil and political rights enumerated in the
1362:
1277:
1204:
1036:
407:
304:
4718:"Cuba: Documented religious freedom violations more than double in 2022"
4682:"RaĂșl Castro Attends Dedication of Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Havana"
3853:
3019:
1455:
for Freedom of Thought), Human Rights Center and Cuban community leader
6769:
6561:
6172:
6162:
4652:. Internet Archive. New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Publishers.
2522:
2139:
2002:
1951:
1919:
1760: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1646:
1432:
1414:
1410:
1409:." The 2017 World Report by Human Rights Watch writes that independent
1195:
and bullet-torn bodies were turned over to relatives. Total dead: 43."
386:
351:
317:
243:
are under the scrutiny of human rights organizations, which accuse the
5566:
Ducassi, Jay (June 17, 1984). "Exile Group Fights Castro With Words".
4911:"Revolutionary Racism : AfroâCubans in an Era of Economic Change"
3641:
Medicine betrayed: the participation of doctors in human rights abuses
3396:"True Picture Of Batista Regime's Atrocities In Cuba Begins To Emerge"
3141:
6631:
5605:
Tamayo, Juan O. (March 3, 1992). "Exiles' Message Embraced at U.N.".
5400:
Cubans, an Epic Journey: The Struggle of Exiles for Truth and Freedom
4016:
U.S. Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
2644:) made their way to the UNHRC and would become a growing presence in
2621:
Cuban human rights have been repeatedly discussed and debated in the
2307:
2291:
1502:
records and its support of the Venezuelan government. In particular,
1293:
1281:
1156:
1110:. The concern was a contributory factor in garnering support for the
340:
321:
6867:
5697:
4093:
Sitio Oficial de la Asamblea para Promover la Sociedad Civil en Cuba
2995:"Cuban women cite gender challenges as they push to open businesses"
1735:
1641:
and others from the Christian Liberation Movement, operating as the
1299:
251:
and unfair trials. International human rights organizations such as
125:
4134:
3596:
Raul Gomez Treto, "Thirty Years of Cuban Revolutionary Penal Law",
3230:, pg 344. "Under Batista at least 20,000 people were put to death."
2626:
2424:
2208:
1897:
1670:
5263:"Carlos Sanchez, ILGA LAC rep tells us about his cuban experience"
3969:
3666:"New Castro, Same Cuba: Political Prisoners in the Post-Fidel Era"
3290:
The Day After â Cuba: His Brother's Keeper Foreign Policy archive.
1333:
came to power in 1959, few considerable allegations regarding the
6847:
5244:
4467:
2675:
2180:
2054:
1349:
in the southeast of the country and the major mental hospital in
1317:
1192:
5985:
4491:"Cuba: The sinking of the "13 de Marzo" Tugboat on 13 July 1994"
2187:
agreed to allow religious followers to join the party. In 1998,
331:
Amnesty International's 2017-2018 Annual Report also noted more
307:. According to Human Rights Watch, even though Cuba, officially
6822:
5692:
4381:"Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in Cuba"
4213:"MEDICAL LETTER WRITING ACTION | Dr Desi MENDOZA Rivero | CUBA"
2645:
2574:
2204:
2176:
2172:
2049:
On July 13, 1994, 72 Cubans attempted to leave the Island on a
2019:
2015:
2006:
1350:
1231:
As early as September 1959, Vadim Kotchergin (or Kochergin), a
4954:"Welcome to Amnesty International USA's Online Action Center!"
4333:"Reforma migratoria también favorece a los militantes cubanos"
3759:"US Levies New Sanctions on Cuba Over Human Rights, Venezuela"
1558:, the media in Cuba are operated under the supervision of the
335:, discriminatory layoffs by state agencies and harassments in
2212:
1998:
1605:, Anna Bikont and Seweryn Blumsztahn, were expelled in 2005.
1305:
1240:
292:
284:
4886:"Fidel Castro's Legacy On Race Relations In Cuba And Abroad"
4201:. New York, New York: Seven Stories Press. pp. 467â470.
2263:
In 2005 a group of culture personalities, including several
2191:
visited the island and was allowed to conduct large outdoor
1121:
proved to be authoritarian. Machado extended his rule until
6016:
5540:"Ros-Lehtinen, other community leaders salute JesĂșs Permuy"
5118:
4800:
Cuba Mark Q. Sawyer University of California, Los Angeles.
4242:"Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights & Law Program"
2637:
1495:
244:
4983:"Cuba Responds to Rough Lies on 75 Imprisoned Mercenaries"
4366:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 264â265.
3151:
1565:, which "develops and coordinates propaganda strategies".
3460:
2616:
2200:
1862:
was sent to prison after being charged and convicted of '
1272:
that "perhaps" 5,000 executions had taken place by 1970.
1257:
1232:
3854:
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Report on Cuba
2845:"Cuba releases dissidents Felix Navarro and Jose Ferrer"
2821:"Everything you need to know about human rights in Cuba"
1137:
From 1940, Cuba had a multiparty electoral system until
5638:
Cuba, the U.N. Human Rights Commission and the OAS Race
5088:"Cuba approves same-sex marriage in historic turnabout"
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4285:"Insufficient medical care for Jorge Luis GarcĂa PĂ©rez"
2451:
described the trials as "hasty and manifestly unfair."
2130:
protection and care". Healthcare in Cuba is also free.
1308:
in order to present testimonies by former prisoners of
4168:"And when will Miami's terrorist nest be cleared out?"
4012:"2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Cuba"
2577:
now has a "lively and vibrant" gay and lesbian scene.
4671:
4669:
4488:
4246:
AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society
2961:
2959:
2126:
revised constitution which states, "Everyone has the
1262:
The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators
295:
was created to support the Cuban dissident movement.
5351:"Fidel Castro takes blame for 1960s gay persecution"
4606:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
2738:
365:
Cuba is a regional leader in women's rights issues.
303:
Concerns have been expressed about the operation of
5308:. Inter Press Service. June 6, 2008. Archived from
4649:
Health, politics, and revolution in Cuba since 1898
4626:
Health, politics, and revolution in Cuba since 1898
3946:"Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance"
3928:
3926:
3924:
3889:
3887:
2940:"Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance"
1413:who publish information considered critical of the
150:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5633:
5631:
5306:"HEALTH-CUBA: Free Sex Change Operations Approved"
5186:Insider: My Hidden Life as a Revolutionary in Cuba
4666:
4532:"Washington's Weapon to Create a Migratory Crisis"
4399:"Ladies in White stopped from collecting EU award"
2956:
1962:urged the Cuban government to immediately release
1855:has since called Valladares a "Human Rights Hero."
1725:
5736:
4550:"8/28/00: Fact Sheet: Cuba-U.S. Migration Accord"
3710:
3615:
2945:. Reporters Without Borders. 2006. Archived from
2921:. Reporters Without Borders. 2008. Archived from
1985:has been allowed to travel abroad to receive his
1490:announced that the United States will impose new
1300:Alleged forced labor camps and abuse of prisoners
1150:Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities
7023:
3921:
3884:
2565:endorsing a gay and lesbian rights plank at the
1324:
5628:
5182:
2910:
2908:
2777:Cuban political prisoners hunger strike of 2010
1337:in that country emerged before the late 1980s.
3903:
3200:The World Guide 1997/98: A View from the South
3132:
2586:First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba
1669:, as well as starting private businesses. The
6036:
6001:
5722:
4836:
4834:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4260:"Castro opponent free after 17 years in jail"
3872:CUBA: fundamental freedoms still under attack
3222:, by H.A. Reitsma & J.M.G. Kleinpenning,
2714:International Committee for Democracy in Cuba
2359:
1931:CUBA: fundamental freedoms still under attack
1885:On August 28, 1998, a Havana court sentenced
1063:
269:International Committee for Democracy in Cuba
6495:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
3944:Voeux, Claire; Pain, Julien (October 2006).
3785:"Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992"
3484:"Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom Hugh Thomas"
3182:, by Samuel Shapiro, Ayer Publishing, 1963,
3105:
3090:
2905:
2697:
2355:The Challenges of the Racial Problem in Cuba
1720:Committees for the Defence of the Revolution
1613:As of 2005, Human Rights Watch stated that "
1239:, states that the East German secret police
909:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
5561:
5559:
5218:(3 ed.). Westview Press. p. 124.
5134:
5132:
5130:
3951:. Reporters Without Borders. Archived from
3835:
3833:
3789:University of Minnesota Human Right Library
3688:
3686:
3600:, Vol. 18, No. 2, Spring, 1991, pp. 114â125
2580:In a 2010 interview with Mexican newspaper
1608:
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6008:
5994:
5729:
5715:
5623:U.N. panel condemns Cuba for rights abuses
5618:
5616:
5280:
5241:"Castro's niece fights for new revolution"
4933:
4831:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4645:
4579:
4566:
4423:
3168:Conflict, Order, and Peace in the Americas
2967:"World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Cuba"
2796:"World Report 2020: Rights Trends in Cuba"
2661:, was activist and Cuban community leader
2366:Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary Cuba
1304:In 1987, a "Tribunal on Cuba" was held in
1070:
1056:
88:. Please do not remove this message until
5657:U.N. rights panel votes to criticize Cuba
5147:
4375:
4373:
3943:
3393:
3173:
2932:
2893:
2891:
2704:Cuban Democratic Directorate (Directorio)
2562:International Lesbian and Gay Association
2433:United States Interests Section in Havana
2348:Esteban Morales Dominguez has pointed to
1820:Learn how and when to remove this message
1570:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
228:Learn how and when to remove this message
210:Learn how and when to remove this message
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
6505:Military Counterintelligence Directorate
5682:) is being considered for deletion. See
5556:
5537:
5391:
5213:
5127:
4908:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4074:"Violations of social and labor rights."
3830:
3683:
3658:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3377:"La Stasi entrenĂł a la Seguridad cubana"
3020:"Country Fact Sheet | UN Women Data Hub"
1971:
1539:Cuba's ranking was on the bottom of the
1435:as a capitulation to the Castro's regime
1423:
84:Relevant discussion may be found on the
5613:
5565:
4808:
4489:Amnesty International (June 30, 1997).
4478:– via Florida International Univ.
3843:. The Committee to Protect Journalists.
3456:"Seven including ex-Castroite executed"
3432:"Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls"
3387:
3374:
3233:
3148:Batista critics during the war itself."
2607:Cuban National Center for Sex Education
2548:
2083:to justify exile in the United States.
1843:claims, and provided video evidence to
1691:Cuba placed a moratorium on the use of
1563:Department of Revolutionary Orientation
1377:
1250:
7024:
6624:
5604:
5322:
5238:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
4741:
4623:
4370:
4083:Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012.
4064:Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012.
4045:Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012.
3394:Berrellez, Robert (23 February 1959).
3320:Cuban National Reconciliation movement
3213:
3193:
2969:. Human Rights Watch. 12 January 2017.
2888:
2623:United Nations Human Rights Commission
2617:United Nations Human Rights Commission
2497:
2427:due to their alleged cooperation with
1699:
5989:
5710:
5582:"Congressional Record House Articles"
5378:"Castro champions gay rights in Cuba"
5288:"Cuba approves sex change operations"
5060:
4857:
4855:
4802:Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4515:
4361:
4196:
3511:
3419:
3375:Levitin, Michael (November 4, 2007).
3309:Fidel Castro, by Robert E. Quirk 1993
3300:The End of the Rule of Law March 1959
3256:
3254:
3111:
1956:Institute for War and Peace Reporting
1866:' and for publishing abroad to evade
1680:
1526:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
5375:
4534:. AIN. February 2006. Archived from
4503:from the original on October 6, 2022
3245:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library
2267:laureates, have signed an appeal on
2152:
1758:adding citations to reliable sources
1729:
1573:group in power." Human rights group
1372:
148:adding citations to reliable sources
119:
58:
17:
6479:National Revolutionary Police Force
6437:Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)
6380:National Assembly of People's Power
5189:. New York: Bantam Books. pp.
5183:Llovio-Menéndez, José Luis (1988).
5138:
5073:
5061:Gibbs, Stephen (December 6, 2004).
5044:"Cuba frees sixth jailed dissident"
4934:San Martin, Nancy (20 March 2003).
4706:Freedom House, Retrieved 2023-04-25
4580:Hirschfeld, Katherine (July 2007).
4055:"Independent Trade Unions In Cuba."
3644:. Zed Books. 1992. pp. 74â76.
3096:
2870:"Havel hails anti-Castro activists"
2709:Foundation for Human Rights in Cuba
2014:. A large number of Cubans live in
1228:, according to Human Rights Watch.
13:
6128:United States embargo against Cuba
5476:. United Nations. 10 February 1995
4852:
4776:United Nations Development report.
4728:
4632:
4339:. January 23, 2013. Archived from
3350:. November 7, 2005. Archived from
3348:Cuban American National Foundation
3251:
2634:Christian Democratic Party of Cuba
2236:
14:
7058:
6500:DirecciĂłn General de Inteligencia
6015:
5686:to help reach a consensus. âș
5665:
5397:Sam Verdeja, Guillermo Martinez,
5119:Dilip K. Das, Michael Palmiotto.
5063:"Cuba frees dissident journalist"
5026:"Cuba releases leading dissident"
5008:"Cuba frees political dissidents"
4460:tugboat sinking arrives in exile"
4364:Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know
4149:Amnesty International report 2006
3569:"The Resurrection of Che Guevara"
2973:
2516:
2337:
1530:Freedom of expression and opinion
803:Office of the Comptroller General
33:This article has multiple issues.
7005:
6995:
6986:
6985:
5850:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5650:
5598:
5574:
5531:
5506:
5488:
5463:
5438:
5414:
5376:Voss, Michael (March 27, 2008).
5369:
5343:
5316:
5298:
5255:
5232:
5207:
5176:
5112:
5054:
5036:
5018:
4405:. Associated Press. 2005-12-14.
4112:"Cuban Dissidents Cry 'Freedom'"
4036:"Is Cuba a 'Workers Paradise'?."
3974:Committee to Protect Journalists
3268:. April 21, 1958. Archived from
3202:, by University of Texas, 1997,
2741:
2508:Military Units to Aid Production
1734:
1722:or the Rapid Response Brigades.
1556:Committee to Protect Journalists
1549:Committee to Protect Journalists
1030:
385:
348:arbitrary arrests and detentions
124:
63:
22:
6996:
5538:Hamilton, Robert (2018-10-01).
5000:
4975:
4946:
4927:
4902:
4878:
4793:
4779:
4760:
4710:
4699:
4542:
4482:
4448:
4391:
4355:
4325:
4299:
4277:
4252:
4234:
4205:
4190:
4160:
4142:
4130:"Cuba ferry hijackers executed"
4122:
4104:
4086:
4067:
4048:
4029:
4004:
3987:
3962:
3937:
3865:
3847:
3802:
3777:
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3729:
3603:
3590:
3561:
3505:
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3448:
3368:
3336:
3326:
3312:
3293:
3284:
3161:
3074:
3049:
3036:
3012:
2987:
2600:Communist Party First Secretary
2560:In 2003, Carlos Sanchez of the
2408:
1745:needs additional citations for
1726:Notable prisoners of conscience
1637:In 2001 an attempt was made by
1627:Central de Trabajadores de Cuba
135:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
5737:Human rights in North America
5647:Council on Hemispheric Affairs
5451:. United Nations. 9 March 1995
5239:Israel, Esteban (2006-07-03).
5214:Lockwood, Lee (October 1990).
5155:Gay Rights and Wrongs in Cuba,
4936:"35 Cuban dissidents arrested"
4909:Glassman, Naomi (2021-03-07).
4790:, The Guardian, March 26, 2005
4646:Hirschfeld, Katherine (2007).
4466:. May 26, 1999. Archived from
3911:"Direct aid to the persecuted"
3900:. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
3379:. Nuevo Herald. Archived from
3220:The Third World in Perspective
2862:
2837:
2813:
2788:
2629:and into the years following.
1270:Cuba or the pursuit of freedom
779:Office of the Attorney General
1:
5671:
5323:Tucker, Calvin (2007-03-28).
5173:, Friday Review, 8 June 2001.
4821:"A barrier for Cuba's blacks"
4742:Acosta, Nelson (2022-07-22).
3810:"Cuba's Constitution of 2019"
2899:"Cuba's repressive machinery"
2782:
2762:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
2636:, and others) and affiliated
2397:Directorio DemocrĂĄtico Cubano
2372:prevalent in communist Cuba.
2114:
1513:
1335:political abuse of psychiatry
1325:Political abuse of psychiatry
1243:trained the personnel of the
818:Gladys MarĂa Bejerano Portela
6148:Cuban intervention in Angola
5975:United States Virgin Islands
4863:"A Lesson From Cuba on Race"
3841:"10 most censored countries"
3118:. Harvard University Press.
3085:Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom
3057:"Harvard Rhetorical Society"
3044:Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom
2099:
2005:were allowed to emigrate to
1878:(1992), English translation
1554:According to American group
1162:On October 6, 1960, Senator
7:
5625:Miami Herald April 19, 2001
5216:Castro's Cuba, Cuba's Fidel
5141:Machos, Maricones, and Gays
4767:The Human Development Index
3725:. Human Rights Watch. 1999.
3598:Latin American Perspectives
3115:Inside the Cuban Revolution
2901:. Human Rights Watch. 1999.
2734:
2555:2022 Family Code referendum
2163:In the years following the
1891:Democratic Solidarity Party
931:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
682:Jorge Luis Perdomo Di-Lella
298:
90:conditions to do so are met
10:
7063:
6457:Territorial Troops Militia
3723:"VIII. ROUTINE REPRESSION"
3520:; Gilbert, Joseph (eds.).
2916:"Press Freedom Index 2008"
2691:UN Human Rights Commission
2571:sex reassignment surgeries
2501:
2412:
2341:
2258:
2240:
2156:
2118:
2103:
1703:
1687:Capital punishment in Cuba
1684:
1632:
1517:
1381:
770:Filiberto Caballero Tamayo
472:José Ramón Machado Ventura
368:
6981:
6916:
6818:
6809:
6620:
6611:
6530:
6521:
6487:
6471:
6429:
6313:
6309:
6300:
6248:
6239:
6181:
6168:Fidel's transfer of power
6120:
6069:Cuban War of Independence
6027:
5950:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5868:
5742:
5357:. Reuters. 31 August 2010
5121:World Police Encyclopedia
4958:Amnesty International USA
3859:January 28, 2013, at the
3262:"CUBA: Strongman's Round"
2698:Cuban human rights groups
2423:), and charged them with
2070:Since November 1966, the
1596:Reporters Without Borders
1545:Reporters Without Borders
1486:On October 18, 2019, the
1355:electroconvulsive therapy
714:José Amado Ricardo Guerra
5970:Turks and Caicos Islands
5684:templates for discussion
3512:Chase, Michelle (2010).
3112:Sweig, Julia E. (2002).
2983:. Amnesty International.
2361:FundaciĂłn Fernando Ortiz
2350:institutionalized racism
2211:, as well as to receive
2167:, the activities of the
2001:. Over time a number of
1649:using provisions in the
1609:Restrictions on assembly
1532:. According to the 1992
1488:U.S. Commerce Department
1314:Resistance International
940:Bruno RodrĂguez Parrilla
892:Administrative divisions
692:InĂ©s MarĂa Chapman Waugh
687:Jorge Luis Tapia Fonseca
271:led by former statesmen
7047:Human rights by country
4624:Hirschfeld, Katherine.
3522:A Century of Revolution
3401:Spokane Daily Chronicle
3305:March 12, 2013, at the
3180:Invisible Latin America
2767:Sebastian Arcos Bergnes
2454:Cuban Foreign Minister
2392:Jorge Luis GarcĂa PĂ©rez
2253:Cuban National Assembly
1941:Jorge Luis GarcĂa PĂ©rez
1716:counter-revolutionaries
1481:Jorge Luis GarcĂa PĂ©rez
1429:Jorge Luis GarcĂa PĂ©rez
1245:Cuban Interior Ministry
1134:throughout the island.
702:Alejandro Gil FernĂĄndez
326:National Reconciliation
261:prisoners of conscience
6577:International rankings
6414:Prime Minister of Cuba
6409:Vice President of Cuba
5900:British Virgin Islands
5544:Miami's Community News
4098:June 15, 2007, at the
3383:on September 28, 2008.
3323:Task force report 2003
2484:Osvaldo Alfonso Valdés
2421:human rights activists
2360:
1964:prisoner of conscience
1950:On September 2, 2020,
1935:human rights defenders
1887:Reynaldo Alfaro GarcĂa
1851:. Conservative author
1769:"Human rights in Cuba"
1659:freedom of association
1436:
1268:, stated in his study
1176:
1088:Bartolomé de las Casas
950:Diplomatic missions of
765:Yamir Rodriguez Tamayo
728:People's Supreme Court
677:Ramiro Valdés Menendéz
588:Ana MarĂa MarĂ Machado
578:Esteban Lazo HernĂĄndez
544:Ana MarĂa MarĂ Machado
530:Esteban Lazo HernĂĄndez
249:arbitrary imprisonment
159:"Human rights in Cuba"
5840:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4915:Centre tricontinental
4787:Human rights and Cuba
4538:on February 10, 2013.
4496:Amnesty International
4362:Sweig, Julia (2016).
4311:Amnesty International
4289:Amnesty International
4217:Amnesty International
4197:Nieto, Clara (2003).
3998:May 18, 2006, at the
3817:constituteproject.org
3741:Amnesty International
3538:10.1215/9780822392859
3526:Duke University Press
2719:Cuban Liberty Council
2449:Amnesty International
2280:Adolfo PĂ©rez Esquivel
2169:Roman Catholic Church
1972:Travel and emigration
1960:Amnesty International
1927:Amnesty International
1864:ideological deviation
1645:, to have a national
1639:Oswaldo Payå Sardiñas
1575:Amnesty International
1543:2008 compiled by the
1508:U.S. State Department
1427:
1396:US government-funded
1382:Further information:
1343:Amnesty International
1168:
1002:Foreign interventions
697:Ricardo Cabrisas Ruiz
672:Deputy Prime Minister
598:Homero Acosta Ălvarez
558:Homero Acosta Ălvarez
253:Amnesty International
7032:Human rights in Cuba
6780:Association Football
6765:Scouting and Guiding
6557:Dual economy of Cuba
6328:Council of Ministers
6288:World Heritage Sites
6143:Cuban Missile Crisis
6138:Bay of Pigs Invasion
6082:SpanishâAmerican War
5689:Human rights in Cuba
5032:. November 30, 2004.
5014:. November 29, 2004.
4295:on January 12, 2007.
4172:Granma Internacional
3737:"Report 2004 | Cuba"
2876:. September 18, 2004
2772:Darsi Ferrer RamĂrez
2671:Christian-Democratic
2549:21st century reforms
2468:Oscar Espinosa Chepe
2276:Rigoberta MenchĂș Tum
2223:, Parliament leader
2183:until 1992 when the
2072:Cuban Adjustment Act
1858:In 1973, gay writer
1754:improve this article
1651:Constitution of Cuba
1504:José Daniel Ferrer's
1378:Political repression
1251:Political executions
1112:SpanishâAmerican War
1084:Spanish colonization
755:Maricela Sosa Ravelo
641:Council of Ministers
632:Salvador Valdés Mesa
333:arbitrary detentions
241:Human rights in Cuba
144:improve this article
6133:Escambray rebellion
5855:Trinidad and Tobago
5750:Antigua and Barbuda
5050:. December 2, 2004.
4595:(3). Archived from
4554:1997-2001.state.gov
4387:. 31 December 2005.
4343:on January 18, 2017
3354:on October 30, 2007
2527:Jehovah's Witnesses
2504:LGBT rights in Cuba
2498:LGBT rights in Cuba
2441:Marta Beatriz Roque
2415:Black Spring (Cuba)
2332:Danielle Mitterrand
2044:Bush administration
1876:Antes que anochezca
1849:François Mitterrand
1706:Acts of repudiation
1700:Acts of repudiation
1653:which provided for
1615:freedom of assembly
1541:Press Freedom Index
1498:following its poor
1461:Marta Beatriz Roque
1451:(recipients of the
1357:without the use of
1310:Cuba's penal system
1213:Escambray Rebellion
1108:concentration camps
813:Comptroller General
760:Farah Saucedo Perez
743:Ruben Remigio Ferro
665:Manuel Marrero Cruz
322:political opponents
267:. In addition, the
77:of this article is
6582:Telecommunications
6447:Revolutionary Navy
6442:Revolutionary Army
6323:Corruption in Cuba
6049:Colonial governors
5790:Dominican Republic
5702:Human Rights Watch
5643:2008-07-19 at the
5355:The Globe and Mail
5161:2002-08-21 at the
4772:2006-09-09 at the
4385:Human Rights Watch
4313:. 2 September 2020
4154:2008-07-18 at the
4079:2008-01-18 at the
4060:2008-01-15 at the
4041:2008-01-15 at the
3898:Human Rights Watch
3877:2008-07-18 at the
3670:Human Rights Watch
3488:longitudebooks.com
3272:on August 15, 2009
2800:Human Rights Watch
2757:Disability in Cuba
2684:Armando Valladares
2654:Christian-Democrat
2642:Human Rights Watch
2456:Felipe PĂ©rez Roque
2445:Oscar ElĂas Biscet
2121:Healthcare of Cuba
1913:Ăscar ElĂas Biscet
1889:, a member of the
1880:Before Night Falls
1868:censorship in Cuba
1835:Armando Valladares
1693:capital punishment
1681:Capital punishment
1655:citizen initiative
1580:Human Rights Watch
1534:Cuban constitution
1520:Censorship in Cuba
1477:Ăscar ElĂas Biscet
1437:
1390:Human Rights Watch
1009:Internationalism:
314:Censorship in Cuba
265:Ăscar ElĂas Biscet
257:Human Rights Watch
7019:
7018:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6805:
6804:
6607:
6606:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6397:President of Cuba
6375:Political parties
6358:Human trafficking
6343:Foreign relations
6296:
6295:
6235:
6234:
6189:History of Havana
5983:
5982:
5872:other territories
5659:Miami Herald 2000
5502:. April 12, 1996.
5143:. pp. 70â72.
4677:Cuban News Agency
4659:978-0-7658-0344-3
4470:on April 29, 2009
3765:. 18 October 2019
3125:978-0-674-01612-5
3097:Bethell, Leslie.
2650:religious liberty
2590:Crisis of October
2378:, writing in the
2376:Enrique Patterson
2189:Pope John Paul II
2153:Religious freedom
2138:cannot refuse an
2106:Education in Cuba
1830:
1829:
1822:
1804:
1663:freedom of speech
1560:Communist Party's
1465:Nobel Peace Prize
1445:individual rights
1388:A 2009 report by
1373:Contemporary Cuba
1139:Fulgencio Batista
1123:Fulgencio Batista
1080:
1079:
967:Visa requirements
924:Foreign relations
844:Recent elections
794:Yamila Peña Ojeda
620:Miguel DĂaz-Canel
606:Presidency (9th)
509:National Assembly
460:Miguel DĂaz-Canel
445:Central Committee
238:
237:
230:
220:
219:
212:
194:
118:
117:
110:
56:
7054:
7009:
7008:
6999:
6998:
6989:
6988:
6939:Baseball players
6816:
6815:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6570:Convertible peso
6565:
6528:
6527:
6333:Council of State
6311:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6246:
6245:
6225:Santiago de Cuba
6034:
6033:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5987:
5986:
5940:Saint Barthélemy
5870:Dependencies and
5743:Sovereign states
5731:
5724:
5717:
5708:
5707:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5635:
5626:
5620:
5611:
5610:
5607:The Miami Herald
5602:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5586:www.congress.gov
5578:
5572:
5571:
5568:The Miami Herald
5563:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5518:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5475:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5450:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5418:
5412:
5403:(2012). p. 241,
5395:
5389:
5388:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5265:. Archived from
5259:
5253:
5252:
5247:. Archived from
5236:
5230:
5229:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5191:156â158, 172â174
5180:
5174:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5136:
5125:
5124:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5084:
5071:
5070:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4985:. Archived from
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4960:. Archived from
4950:
4944:
4943:
4940:The Miami Herald
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4859:
4850:
4849:
4844:. Archived from
4838:
4829:
4828:
4817:
4806:
4805:
4797:
4791:
4783:
4777:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4739:
4726:
4725:
4714:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4684:. Archived from
4673:
4664:
4663:
4643:
4630:
4629:
4621:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4586:
4577:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4528:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4464:Tampa Bay Online
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4433:. Archived from
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4377:
4368:
4367:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4291:. Archived from
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:. April 24, 2007
4256:
4250:
4249:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4219:. Archived from
4209:
4203:
4202:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4174:. Archived from
4164:
4158:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4138:. 11 April 2003.
4126:
4120:
4119:
4108:
4102:
4090:
4084:
4071:
4065:
4052:
4046:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4008:
4002:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3950:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3919:
3918:
3907:
3901:
3891:
3882:
3869:
3863:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3814:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3763:Voice of America
3755:
3749:
3748:
3747:on June 8, 2007.
3743:. Archived from
3733:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3636:
3613:
3612:Paris April 1986
3610:Tribunal on Cuba
3607:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3575:. Archived from
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3490:. Archived from
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3428:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3406:Associated Press
3391:
3385:
3384:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3316:
3310:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3258:
3249:
3237:
3231:
3217:
3211:
3197:
3191:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3059:. Archived from
3053:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3024:data.unwomen.org
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2981:"Cuba 2017/2018"
2977:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2792:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2724:Cuban dissidents
2667:The Miami Herald
2488:Edel JosĂ© GarcĂa
2476:Margarito Broche
2463:anyone in Cuba.
2363:
2320:Ernesto Cardenal
2217:Russian Orthodox
2165:Cuban Revolution
2159:Religion in Cuba
1906:Santiago de Cuba
1825:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1762:
1738:
1730:
1712:actos de repudio
1667:freedom of press
1403:political rights
1384:Cuban dissidents
1359:muscle relaxants
1347:Santiago de Cuba
1290:Nuremberg trials
1100:Redfield Proctor
1072:
1065:
1058:
1035:
1034:
1033:
789:Attorney General
565:Council of State
554:
540:
526:
467:Second Secretary
389:
378:Politics of Cuba
373:
372:
281:JosĂ© MarĂa Aznar
233:
226:
215:
208:
204:
201:
195:
193:
152:
128:
120:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
67:
66:
59:
48:
26:
25:
18:
7062:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7042:Society of Cuba
7022:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7006:
6969:
6912:
6801:
6745:Public holidays
6735:Musical theater
6603:
6563:
6540:Agrarian reform
6509:
6483:
6472:Law enforcement
6467:
6425:
6292:
6231:
6177:
6153:Mariel boatlift
6121:Post-Revolution
6116:
6087:Platt Amendment
6074:Sinking of USS
6023:
6014:
5984:
5979:
5873:
5871:
5864:
5738:
5735:
5687:
5668:
5663:
5655:
5651:
5645:Wayback Machine
5636:
5629:
5621:
5614:
5603:
5599:
5590:
5588:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5564:
5557:
5548:
5546:
5536:
5532:
5522:
5520:
5519:. 9 August 1996
5516:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5430:
5428:
5426:www.cubdest.org
5420:
5419:
5415:
5396:
5392:
5374:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5325:"Havana rights"
5321:
5317:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5294:. June 6, 2008.
5286:
5285:
5281:
5272:
5270:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5212:
5208:
5201:
5181:
5177:
5167:The Defiant One
5163:Wayback Machine
5152:
5148:
5137:
5128:
5117:
5113:
5104:
5102:
5092:Washington Post
5086:
5085:
5074:
5059:
5055:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4992:
4990:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4967:
4965:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4932:
4928:
4919:
4917:
4907:
4903:
4894:
4892:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4840:
4839:
4832:
4819:
4818:
4809:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4780:
4774:Wayback Machine
4765:
4761:
4752:
4750:
4740:
4729:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4704:
4700:
4691:
4689:
4680:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4644:
4633:
4622:
4607:
4599:
4584:
4578:
4567:
4558:
4556:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4530:
4529:
4516:
4506:
4504:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4440:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4415:
4413:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4379:
4378:
4371:
4360:
4356:
4346:
4344:
4337:El Nuevo Diario
4331:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4269:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4248:. 17 June 2013.
4240:
4239:
4235:
4226:
4224:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4156:Wayback Machine
4147:
4143:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4118:. May 20, 2005.
4110:
4109:
4105:
4100:Wayback Machine
4091:
4087:
4081:Wayback Machine
4072:
4068:
4062:Wayback Machine
4053:
4049:
4043:Wayback Machine
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4000:Wayback Machine
3992:
3988:
3979:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3922:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3892:
3885:
3879:Wayback Machine
3870:
3866:
3861:Wayback Machine
3852:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3711:
3702:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3675:
3673:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3638:
3637:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3595:
3591:
3582:
3580:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3510:
3506:
3497:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3464:. 20 April 1961
3454:
3453:
3449:
3440:
3438:
3436:users.erols.com
3430:
3429:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3392:
3388:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3355:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3313:
3307:Wayback Machine
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3238:
3234:
3218:
3214:
3198:
3194:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3110:
3106:
3095:
3091:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3041:
3037:
3028:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2825:www.amnesty.org
2819:
2818:
2814:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2729:Ladies in White
2700:
2619:
2551:
2519:
2510:
2502:Main articles:
2500:
2417:
2411:
2370:racial politics
2346:
2340:
2312:Harry Belafonte
2300:Nadine Gordimer
2261:
2245:
2239:
2237:Rights of women
2225:Ricardo AlarcĂłn
2185:Communist Party
2161:
2155:
2128:right to health
2123:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2039:Mariel Boatlift
2028:U.S. Naval Base
1991:Ladies in White
1974:
1872:Mariel Boatlift
1860:Reinaldo Arenas
1826:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1763:
1761:
1751:
1739:
1728:
1708:
1702:
1689:
1683:
1635:
1611:
1603:Gazeta Wyborcza
1522:
1516:
1449:Ladies in White
1407:civil liberties
1386:
1380:
1375:
1327:
1302:
1253:
1164:John F. Kennedy
1157:socialist ideas
1119:Gerardo Machado
1106:", essentially
1076:
1047:
1043:Other countries
1037:Cuba portal
1031:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1020:
985:
977:
976:
958:
946:
926:
916:
915:
894:
884:
883:
878:
861:
850:Parliamentary:
840:
839:and referendums
829:
828:
584:Vice President
550:
536:
522:
511:
501:
500:
455:First Secretary
423:
421:Communist Party
413:
412:
403:
380:
371:
346:With regard to
337:self-employment
301:
289:Patricio Aylwin
234:
223:
222:
221:
216:
205:
199:
196:
153:
151:
141:
129:
114:
103:
97:
94:
83:
68:
64:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
7060:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7003:
6993:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6931:
6926:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6628:
6626:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6554:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6394:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6258:Municipalities
6255:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6158:Special Period
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6102:1932 hurricane
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6059:Ten Years' War
6056:
6051:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6037:Pre-Revolution
6031:
6025:
6024:
6013:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5990:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5960:Sint Eustatius
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5905:Cayman Islands
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5695:
5667:
5666:External links
5664:
5662:
5661:
5649:
5627:
5612:
5609:. pp. 7A.
5597:
5573:
5570:. pp. 1B.
5555:
5530:
5505:
5500:United Nations
5487:
5462:
5437:
5413:
5390:
5368:
5342:
5315:
5312:on 2010-06-12.
5297:
5279:
5254:
5251:on 2006-08-22.
5231:
5224:
5206:
5199:
5175:
5146:
5139:Lumsden, Ian.
5126:
5123:. p. 217.
5111:
5072:
5053:
5035:
5017:
4999:
4974:
4945:
4926:
4901:
4877:
4851:
4848:on 2009-04-29.
4830:
4807:
4792:
4778:
4759:
4727:
4722:www.csw.org.uk
4709:
4698:
4665:
4658:
4631:
4605:
4602:on 2009-03-17.
4565:
4541:
4514:
4481:
4447:
4422:
4390:
4369:
4354:
4324:
4298:
4276:
4251:
4233:
4204:
4189:
4159:
4141:
4121:
4103:
4085:
4066:
4047:
4028:
4003:
3986:
3961:
3958:on 2009-03-03.
3936:
3920:
3915:People in Need
3902:
3883:
3864:
3846:
3829:
3801:
3776:
3750:
3728:
3709:
3682:
3657:
3650:
3614:
3602:
3589:
3573:nova.wpunj.edu
3560:
3547:978-0822347378
3546:
3524:. Durham, NC:
3504:
3475:
3447:
3418:
3386:
3367:
3335:
3325:
3311:
3292:
3283:
3250:
3232:
3212:
3192:
3172:
3160:
3150:
3140:
3131:
3124:
3104:
3089:
3073:
3048:
3035:
3011:
2986:
2972:
2955:
2952:on 2009-03-03.
2931:
2928:on 2009-03-03.
2904:
2887:
2861:
2836:
2812:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2659:United Nations
2618:
2615:
2598:, daughter of
2596:Mariela Castro
2567:United Nations
2550:
2547:
2518:
2517:Discrimination
2515:
2499:
2496:
2431:, head of the
2413:Main article:
2410:
2407:
2368:discusses the
2344:Racism in Cuba
2342:Main article:
2339:
2338:Race relations
2336:
2288:Claudio Abbado
2260:
2257:
2241:Main article:
2238:
2235:
2175:, including a
2157:Main article:
2154:
2151:
2119:Main article:
2116:
2113:
2104:Main article:
2101:
2098:
2032:Guantanamo Bay
2012:European Union
1987:Sakharov Prize
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1948:
1945:
1938:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1894:
1883:
1856:
1853:David Horowitz
1828:
1827:
1742:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1704:Main article:
1701:
1698:
1685:Main article:
1682:
1679:
1643:Varela Project
1634:
1631:
1610:
1607:
1518:Main article:
1515:
1512:
1469:Sakharov Prize
1453:Sakharov Prize
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1339:Americas Watch
1326:
1323:
1301:
1298:
1252:
1249:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1004:
999:
998:
997:
986:
984:Related topics
983:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
969:
964:
957:
956:
945:
944:
943:
942:
927:
922:
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
912:
911:
904:Municipalities
901:
895:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
880:
879:
877:
876:
871:
864:
862:
860:
859:
854:
847:
841:
835:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
825:
824:
823:
822:
821:
820:
800:
799:
798:
797:
796:
776:
775:
774:
773:
772:
767:
762:
757:
750:Vice President
747:
746:
745:
720:
719:
718:
717:
716:
706:
705:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
669:
668:
667:
655:Prime Minister
638:
637:
636:
635:
634:
627:Vice President
624:
623:
622:
604:
603:
602:
601:
600:
592:
591:
590:
582:
581:
580:
562:
561:
560:
548:
547:
546:
538:Vice President
534:
533:
532:
519:
518:
512:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
497:
496:
486:
476:
475:
474:
464:
463:
462:
442:
437:
431:
430:
424:
419:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
404:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
382:
381:
376:
370:
367:
300:
297:
277:Czech Republic
236:
235:
218:
217:
132:
130:
123:
116:
115:
71:
69:
62:
57:
31:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7059:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7012:
7004:
7002:
6994:
6992:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6917:By occupation
6915:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6463:
6462:National Army
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6200:Other cities
6199:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6011:
6006:
6004:
5999:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5867:
5861:
5860:United States
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5732:
5727:
5725:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5658:
5653:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5634:
5632:
5624:
5619:
5617:
5608:
5601:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5569:
5562:
5560:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5515:
5509:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5472:
5466:
5447:
5441:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5330:
5326:
5319:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5269:on 2006-06-28
5268:
5264:
5258:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5227:
5225:0-8133-1086-5
5221:
5217:
5210:
5202:
5200:9780553051148
5196:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5179:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5150:
5142:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5122:
5115:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5068:
5064:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5013:
5009:
5003:
4989:on 2005-01-08
4988:
4984:
4978:
4964:on 2004-04-27
4963:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4788:
4782:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4763:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4702:
4688:on 2008-10-24
4687:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4661:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4627:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4589:Cuban Affairs
4583:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4507:September 13,
4502:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4485:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4456:"Survivor of
4451:
4437:on 2009-07-09
4436:
4432:
4426:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4365:
4358:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4223:on 2006-04-15
4222:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4200:
4193:
4178:on 2012-03-04
4177:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3818:
3811:
3805:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3699:
3698:Freedom House
3695:
3689:
3687:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3653:
3651:1-85649-104-8
3647:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3593:
3579:on 2011-11-29
3578:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3518:Grandin, Greg
3515:
3508:
3494:on 2013-06-07
3493:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3329:
3322:
3321:
3315:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3287:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3228:0-8476-7450-9
3225:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3208:1-869847-43-1
3205:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3188:0-8369-2521-1
3185:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3063:on 2011-08-07
3062:
3058:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2924:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2739:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2680:Ronald Reagan
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2569:. Since 2005
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:Thousands of
2514:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2492:Jorge Olivera
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:Marcelo LĂłpez
2469:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:Harold Pinter
2301:
2297:
2296:Walter Salles
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:José Saramago
2281:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2243:Women in Cuba
2234:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1840:hunger strike
1836:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1813:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771: â
1770:
1766:
1765:Find sources:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1743:This section
1741:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1678:
1674:
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1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1606:
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1599:
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1592:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1521:
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1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1475:, as well as
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1431:assailed the
1430:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1398:Freedom House
1394:
1391:
1385:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1322:
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1307:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:war criminals
1279:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1246:
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1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
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1208:
1206:
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1196:
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1189:
1186:According to
1184:
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1175:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:secret police
1151:
1147:
1146:student riots
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Spanish forts
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
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1040:
1038:
1028:
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1017:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
992:
991:
988:
987:
981:
980:
973:
970:
968:
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929:
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925:
920:
919:
910:
907:
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875:
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866:
865:
863:
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855:
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846:
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810:
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804:
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663:
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595:
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589:
586:
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521:
520:
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510:
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161: â
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155:Find sources:
149:
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133:This article
131:
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6838:Cape Verdean
6811:Demographics
6667:Universities
6637:Architecture
6552:Central bank
6545:Cooperatives
6488:Intelligence
6348:Human rights
6347:
6318:Constitution
6107:World War II
6075:
5965:Sint Maarten
5945:Saint Martin
5779:
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5329:The Guardian
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4825:Miami Herald
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4435:the original
4431:"Arquivo.pt"
4425:
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4341:the original
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3976:. 2005-05-20
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3697:
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3672:. 2009-11-18
3669:
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3605:
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3577:the original
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3521:
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3507:
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3370:
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3352:the original
3338:
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3270:the original
3265:
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3061:the original
3051:
3043:
3038:
3027:. Retrieved
3023:
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3001:. 2022-01-06
2998:
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2975:
2947:the original
2934:
2923:the original
2878:. Retrieved
2873:
2864:
2853:. Retrieved
2851:. 2011-03-23
2848:
2839:
2828:. Retrieved
2824:
2815:
2804:. Retrieved
2802:. 2019-12-06
2799:
2790:
2688:
2663:JesĂșs Permuy
2631:
2620:
2611:
2594:
2581:
2579:
2559:
2552:
2539:
2535:
2520:
2511:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2418:
2409:Black Spring
2403:
2395:
2390:
2386:Carlos Moore
2381:Miami Herald
2379:
2374:
2365:
2353:
2352:in his book
2347:
2328:Ramsey Clark
2324:Alice Walker
2316:Danny Glover
2270:The Guardian
2268:
2262:
2249:
2246:
2232:
2229:
2221:Esteban Lazo
2162:
2148:
2144:
2132:
2124:
2109:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2051:World War II
2048:
2036:
2024:
1995:
1983:Oswaldo PayĂĄ
1979:
1975:
1902:dengue fever
1879:
1875:
1845:Regis Debray
1816:
1807:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1764:
1752:Please help
1747:verification
1744:
1711:
1709:
1690:
1675:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1593:
1589:JesĂșs Permuy
1585:
1567:
1562:
1553:
1538:
1523:
1500:human rights
1485:
1473:Oswaldo PayĂĄ
1467:nominee and
1457:JesĂșs Permuy
1442:
1438:
1395:
1387:
1367:
1331:Fidel Castro
1328:
1303:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1237:East Germany
1230:
1223:
1218:Cuban exiles
1209:
1200:Fidel Castro
1197:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1172:police state
1169:
1161:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1116:
1114:in the U.S.
1097:U.S. Senator
1081:
990:Human rights
989:
401:Constitution
364:
345:
330:
302:
273:VĂĄclav Havel
240:
239:
224:
206:
197:
187:
180:
173:
166:
154:
142:Please help
137:verification
134:
104:
95:
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
7037:Law of Cuba
6535:Agriculture
6273:Earthquakes
6203:Timelines:
6097:World War I
5935:Puerto Rico
5845:Saint Lucia
5795:El Salvador
5672:âč The
4474:October 27,
4458:13 de Marzo
4347:January 16,
4317:2 September
3528:. pp.
3081:Hugh Thomas
2749:Cuba portal
2603:RaĂșl Castro
2531:reeducation
2523:homosexuals
2480:RaĂșl Rivero
2437:RaĂșl Rivero
2429:James Cason
2265:Nobel Prize
2136:Rastafarian
2060:13 de Marzo
1967:journalist.
1920:show trials
1483:"AntĂșnez."
1411:journalists
1363:anaesthesia
1288:during the
1278:due process
1266:Hugh Thomas
1205:due process
1132:gansterismo
1128:Hugh Thomas
995:LGBT rights
972:Visa policy
489:Secretariat
356:intimidated
305:due process
98:August 2020
7026:Categories
6924:Architects
6828:Afro-Cuban
6770:Sociolismo
6718:Newspapers
6708:Literature
6696:Censorship
6679:Healthcare
6564:(currency)
6392:Propaganda
6353:Censorship
6278:Hurricanes
6213:GuantĂĄnamo
6209:Cienfuegos
6173:Cuban thaw
6163:Maleconazo
6112:Revolution
6064:Little War
5930:Montserrat
5925:Martinique
5920:Guadeloupe
5775:Costa Rica
5591:2020-10-14
5549:2020-10-14
5431:2020-10-14
5409:1935806203
5273:2006-03-27
5105:2022-10-01
4993:2004-09-21
4968:2004-05-04
4920:2021-03-07
4895:2021-03-07
4871:2021-03-07
4753:2022-12-06
4692:2009-04-14
4559:2023-10-01
4441:2013-07-19
4416:2023-10-01
4270:2007-04-24
4227:2005-09-26
4021:October 1,
3980:2021-01-20
3822:October 1,
3794:October 1,
3769:18 October
3703:2012-02-17
3676:2012-02-17
3583:2017-02-04
3498:2013-07-19
3441:2020-10-14
3358:2008-01-08
3158:thousand."
3067:2006-08-27
3029:2023-10-01
3005:2023-10-01
2880:January 5,
2855:2021-02-23
2830:2021-02-23
2806:2021-02-23
2783:References
2682:appointed
2582:La Jornada
2140:amputation
2115:Healthcare
2057:named the
2003:Cuban Jews
1952:Article 19
1810:March 2021
1780:newspapers
1647:plebiscite
1514:Censorship
1433:Cuban thaw
1415:government
1294:terrorists
1247:(MININT).
1226:repression
594:Secretary
574:President
318:government
263:, such as
170:newspapers
75:neutrality
38:improve it
6755:Rationing
6740:Festivals
6684:Hospitals
6662:Education
6592:Transport
6464:(defunct)
6452:Air Force
6385:President
6338:Elections
6263:Provinces
6241:Geography
5915:Greenland
5830:Nicaragua
5805:Guatemala
5361:31 August
5100:0190-8286
4411:0261-3077
3553:2 October
3242:from the
3046:. p.1050.
2640:(such as
2308:Tariq Ali
2292:Manu Chao
2207:food for
2100:Education
1993:was not.
1833:In 1960,
1492:sanctions
1198:In 1959,
1178:In 1958,
962:Passports
899:Provinces
837:Elections
738:President
723:Judiciary
709:Secretary
610:President
552:Secretary
524:President
479:Politburo
341:education
200:July 2021
86:talk page
44:talk page
6991:Category
6951:abstract
6946:Painters
6934:Athletes
6893:Lebanese
6878:Japanese
6853:Filipino
6833:American
6785:Baseball
6760:Religion
6703:Language
6691:Internet
6430:Military
6302:Politics
6221:Matanzas
6205:CamagĂŒey
6194:Timeline
6092:Republic
6044:Timeline
6021:articles
5880:Anguilla
5815:Honduras
5785:Dominica
5760:Barbados
5674:template
5641:Archived
5523:June 25,
5480:June 26,
5455:June 26,
5382:BBC News
5331:. London
5159:Archived
5067:BBC News
5048:BBC News
5030:BBC News
5012:BBC News
4770:Archived
4501:Archived
4182:March 4,
4152:Archived
4135:BBC News
4116:CBS News
4096:Archived
4077:Archived
4058:Archived
4039:Archived
3996:Archived
3875:Archived
3857:Archived
3468:19 March
3411:19 March
3303:Archived
2999:NBC News
2874:BBC News
2849:BBC News
2735:See also
2627:Cold War
2425:sedition
2209:Passover
1929:report,
1909:country.
1898:epidemic
1671:petition
1494:against
1419:freedoms
1193:tortured
1011:Military
936:Minister
516:9th term
435:Congress
428:8th term
352:harassed
299:Overview
79:disputed
7001:Outline
6958:Writers
6929:Artists
6903:Spanish
6898:Mexican
6873:Italian
6868:Isleños
6863:Haitian
6848:Ciboney
6843:Chinese
6652:Cuisine
6625:Society
6613:Culture
6597:airline
6587:Tourism
6523:Economy
6268:Islands
6217:HolguĂn
6054:Slavery
6029:History
5910:Curaçao
5895:Bonaire
5890:Bermuda
5820:Jamaica
5800:Grenada
5755:Bahamas
5676:below (
5292:Reuters
5245:Reuters
4890:NPR.org
4748:Reuters
4264:Reuters
3881:Amnesty
3530:163â198
3087:. p.388
2676:Ireland
2543:faggots
2259:Torture
2181:atheist
2093:O Globo
2055:tugboat
1882:(1993).
1794:scholar
1633:Society
1619:Amnesty
1471:winner
1318:torture
1092:British
1082:During
1016:Medical
954:in Cuba
369:History
309:atheist
275:of the
184:scholar
6888:Korean
6883:Jewish
6858:French
6823:Cubans
6790:Boxing
6674:Health
6647:Cigars
6642:Cinema
6283:Rivers
6253:Cities
6182:Cities
6019:
5835:Panama
5825:Mexico
5770:Canada
5765:Belize
5693:Curlie
5679:Curlie
5407:
5335:May 4,
5222:
5197:
5098:
4656:
4409:
3970:"CUBA"
3894:"Cuba"
3694:"Cuba"
3648:
3544:
3276:May 4,
3226:
3206:
3186:
3122:
2652:(e.g.
2646:Geneva
2584:, the
2575:Havana
2474:, and
2443:, and
2213:rabbis
2205:kosher
2201:Jewish
2193:masses
2177:bishop
2173:clergy
2020:Canada
2016:Mexico
2007:Israel
1989:, but
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1479:, and
1463:, and
1351:Havana
1286:Allies
186:
179:
172:
165:
157:
7011:Index
6963:women
6908:White
6797:Women
6775:Sport
6750:Radio
6730:Music
6713:Media
6657:Dance
6562:Peso
6076:Maine
5885:Aruba
5810:Haiti
5517:(PDF)
5474:(PDF)
5449:(PDF)
5169:, in
4866:(PDF)
4600:(PDF)
4585:(PDF)
3956:(PDF)
3949:(PDF)
3813:(PDF)
3516:. In
2950:(PDF)
2943:(PDF)
2926:(PDF)
2919:(PDF)
2197:visas
1999:Spain
1801:JSTOR
1787:books
1306:Paris
1241:Stasi
440:Rules
293:Chile
285:Spain
245:Cuban
191:JSTOR
177:books
6419:list
6402:list
6363:LGBT
6017:Cuba
5955:Saba
5780:Cuba
5698:Cuba
5525:2019
5482:2019
5457:2019
5405:ISBN
5363:2010
5337:2010
5220:ISBN
5195:ISBN
5096:ISSN
4654:ISBN
4509:2024
4476:2022
4407:ISSN
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