Pelvis - Knowledge

732: 738: 1484: 2399: 1993:, reflects the style of locomotion and body mass of an animal. In bipedal mammals, the iliac crests are parallel to the vertically oriented sacroiliac joints, where in quadrupedal mammals they are parallel to the horizontally oriented sacroiliac joints. In heavy mammals, especially in quadrupeds, the pelvis tend to be more vertically oriented because this allows the pelvis to support greater weight without dislocating the sacroiliac joints or adding torsion to the vertebral column. 383: 1500: 1648: 1491: 1657: 1124:

the transverse process of the fifth vertebra to the ala of the sacrum. The movements possible in the lumbosacral joint are flexion and extension, a small amount of lateral flexion (from 7 degrees in childhood to 1 degree in adults), but no axial rotation. Between ages 2–13 the joint is responsible for as much as 75% (about 18 degrees) of flexion and extension in the lumbar spine. From age 35 the ligaments considerably limit the range of motions.

154: 1966: 2093: 2108: 1007: 2120: 1313: 40: 1168: 598: 578: 1324:, one of the muscles of the upper limb, arises from the posterior third of the iliac crest. Its action on the shoulder joint are internal rotation, adduction, and retroversion. It also contributes to respiration (i.e. coughing). When the arm is adducted, latissimus dorsi can pull it backward and medially until the back of the hand covers the buttocks. 587: 52: 1461:). However, psoas passes through the pelvis and because it acts on two joints, it is topographically classified as a posterior abdominal muscle but functionally as a hip muscle. Iliopsoas flexes and externally rotates the hip joints, while unilateral contraction bends the trunk laterally and bilateral contraction raises the trunk from the 285:. It includes several structures: the bony pelvis, the pelvic cavity, the pelvic floor, and the perineum. The bony pelvis (pelvic skeleton) is the part of the skeleton embedded in the pelvic region of the trunk. It is subdivided into the pelvic girdle and the pelvic spine. The pelvic girdle is composed of the 2122: 2126: 2125: 2121: 966:"In terms of comparative anatomy the human scapula represents two bones that have become fused together; the (dorsal) scapula proper and the (ventral) coracoid. The epiphyseal line across the glenoid cavity is the line of fusion. They are the counterparts of the ilium and ischium of the pelvic girdle." 2076:

The present-day morphology of the pelvis is inherited from the pelvis of our quadrupedal ancestors. The most striking feature of evolution of the pelvis in primates is the widening and the shortening of the blade called the ilium. Because of the stresses involved in bipedal locomotion, the muscles of

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In ambulatory mammals, the acetabula are shallow and open to allow a wider range of hip movements, including significant abduction, than in cursorial mammals. The lengths of the ilium and ischium and their angles relative to the acetabulum are functionally important as they determine the moment arms

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However, Caldwell and Moloy then complicated this simple fourfold scheme by dividing the pelvic inlet into posterior and anterior segments. They named a pelvis according to the anterior segment and affixed another type according to the character of the posterior segment (i.e. anthropoid-android) and

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is the so-called normal female pelvis. Its inlet is either slightly oval, with a greater transverse diameter, or round. The interior walls are straight, the subpubic arch wide, the sacrum shows an average to backward inclination, and the greater sciatic notch is well rounded. Because this type is

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and lateral lumbosacral ligaments. The iliolumbar ligament passes between the tip of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra and the posterior part of the iliac crest. The lateral lumbosacral ligament, partly continuous with the iliolumbar ligament, passes down from the lower border of

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Its primary functions are to bear the weight of the upper body when sitting and standing, transferring that weight from the axial skeleton to the lower appendicular skeleton when standing and walking, and providing attachments for and withstanding the forces of the powerful muscles of locomotion and

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The drying of the environment of East Africa in the period since the creation of the Red Sea and the African Rift Valley saw open woodlands replace the previous closed canopy forest. The apes in this environment were compelled to travel from one clump of trees to another across open country. This

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according to their types of pelves: the gynaecoid type has small shoulders, a small waist and wide hips; the android type looks square-shaped from behind; and the anthropoid type has wide shoulders and narrow hips. Lastly, in their article they described all non-gynaecoid or "mixed" types of pelves

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is characterized by an oval shape with a greater anteroposterior diameter. It has straight walls, a small subpubic arch, and large sacrosciatic notches. The sciatic spines are placed widely apart and the sacrum is usually straight resulting in deep non-obstructed pelvis. Caldwell found this type

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Flexing the trunk (bending forward) is essentially a movement of the rectus muscles, while lateral flexion (bending sideways) is achieved by contracting the obliques together with the quadratus lumborum and intrinsic back muscles. Lateral rotation (rotating either the trunk or the pelvis sideways)

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The classification of Caldwell and Moloy was influenced by earlier classifications attempting to define the ideal female pelvis, treating any deviations from this ideal as dysfunctions and the cause of obstructed labour. In the 19th century anthropologists and others saw an evolutionary scheme in

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is a female pelvis with masculine features, including a wedge or heart shaped inlet caused by a prominent sacrum and a triangular anterior segment. The reduced pelvis outlet often causes problems during child birth. In 1939 Caldwell found this type in one-third of white women and in one-sixth of

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are wider apart in females than in males. In males, the acetabulum faces more laterally, while it faces more anteriorly in females. Consequently, when males walk the leg can move forwards and backwards in a single plane. In females, the leg must swing forward and inward, from where the pivoting

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studied collections of skeletal pelves and thousands of stereoscopic radiograms and finally recognized three types of female pelves plus the masculine type. In 1933 and 1934 they published their typology, including the Greek names since then frequently quoted in various handbooks: Gynaecoid

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on the posterior side of the femoral shaft. It is primarily an extensor and lateral rotator of the hip joint, but, because of its bipartite insertion, it can both adduct and abduct the hip. Medius and minimus arise on the external surface of the ilium and are both inserted into the greater

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The pelvic inclination angle is the single most important element of the human body posture and is adjusted at the hips. It is also one of the rare things that can be measured at the assessment of the posture. A simple method of measurement was described by the British orthopedist

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The distance between the ischia bones is small in males, making the outlet narrow, but large in females, who have a relatively large outlet. The ischial spines and tuberosities are heavier and project farther into the pelvic cavity in males. The greater sciatic notch is wider in

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pelvis where the softened bones widen laterally because of the weight from the upper body resulting in a reduced anteroposterior diameter. Giving birth with this type of pelvis is associated with problems, such as transverse arrest. Less than 3 per cent of women have this pelvis

2124: 1360:) component, both of which stretch between vertebral processes; the former acts similar to the muscles of the lateral tract, while the latter function unilaterally as spine extensors and bilaterally as spine rotators. In the medial tract, the multifidi originates on the 1147:. When sitting, with the hip joint flexed, these ligaments become lax permitting a high degree of mobility in the joint. When standing, with the hip joint extended, the ligaments get twisted around the femoral neck, pushing the head of the femur firmly into the 997:

Its secondary functions are to contain and protect the pelvic and abdominopelvic viscera (inferior parts of the urinary tracts, internal reproductive organs), providing attachment for external reproductive organs and associated muscles and membranes.

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thoracis originates on the back of the sacrum and the posterior part of the iliac crest. Contracting these muscles bilaterally extends the spine and unilaterally contraction bends the spine to the same side. The medial tract has a "straight"

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is achieved by contracting the internal oblique on one side and the external oblique on the other. The transversus' main function is to produce abdominal pressure in order to constrict the abdominal cavity and pull the diaphragm upward.

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In addition to this, the relatively wide shape (front to back) of the pelvis provides greater leverage for the gluteus medius and minimus. These muscles are responsible for hip abduction which plays an integral role in upright balance.

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ended up with no less than 14 morphologies. Notwithstanding the popularity of this simple classification, the pelvis is much more complicated than this as the pelvis can have different dimensions at various levels of the birth canal.

879:, has evolved to its maximum width for childbirth—a wider pelvis would make women unable to walk. In contrast, human male pelvises are not constrained by the need to give birth and therefore are more optimized for bipedal locomotion. 1614:

are lateral rotators of the hip. Together they are stronger than the medial rotators and therefore the feet point outward in the normal position to achieve a better support. The obturators have their origins on either sides of the

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arises from the posterior part of the iliac crest and extends to the rib XII and lumbar vertebrae I–IV. It unilaterally bends the trunk to the side and bilaterally pulls the 12th rib down and assists in expiration. The

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has a transversally wide, flattened shape, is wide anteriorly, greater sciatic notches of male type, and has a short sacrum that curves inwards reducing the diameters of the lower pelvis. This is similar to the

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can be subdivided into adductors (medial group), extensors (anterior group), and flexors (posterior group). The extensors and flexors act on the knee joint, while the adductors mainly act on the hip joint.

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is a strong ligament which connects the tip of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra to the posterior part of the inner lip of the iliac crest. It can be thought of as the lower border of the

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As a mechanical structure the pelvis may be thought of as four roughly triangular and twisted rings. Each superior ring is formed by the iliac bone; the anterior side stretches from the acetabulum up to the

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measurements were made on pregnant women to determine whether a natural birth would be possible, a practice today limited to cases where a specific problem is suspected or following a caesarean delivery.

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has its origin on the ventral side of the sacrum and is inserted on the greater trochanter. It abducts and laterally rotates the hip in the upright posture and assists in extension of the thigh. The

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The male sacrum is long, narrow, more straight, and has a pronounced sacral promontory. The female sacrum is shorter, wider, more curved posteriorly, and has a less pronounced promontory.

1574:. Maximus has a wide origin stretching from the posterior part of the iliac crest and along the sacrum and coccyx, and has two separate insertions: a proximal which radiates into the 1639:, arising from the ischial spine and ischial tuberosity respectively, can be thought of as marginal heads of the obturator internus, and their main function is to assist this muscle. 1063:

as an infinite element. Such a system is able to withstand omnidirectional forces—ranging from weight-bearing to childbearing—and, as a low energy requiring system, is favoured by

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organs that pierce the pelvic floor and make it weaker. To achieve both these tasks, the pelvic floor is composed of several overlapping sheets of muscles and connective tissues.

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has two inherently conflicting functions: One is to close the pelvic and abdominal cavities and bear the load of the visceral organs; the other is to control the openings of the

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The two hip bones connect the spine with the lower limbs. They are attached to the sacrum posteriorly, connected to each other anteriorly, and joined with the two femurs at the

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spacious and well proportioned there is little or no difficulty in the birth process. Caldwell and his co-workers found gynaecoid pelves in about 50 per cent of specimens.

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The female pelvis is larger and broader than the male pelvis which is taller, narrower, and more compact. The female pelvis is lighter and thinner than the male pelvis.

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or SPD). As the end of pregnancy approaches, the ligaments of the sacroiliac joint loosen, letting the pelvis outlet widen somewhat; this is easily noticeable in the

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head of the femur moves the leg back in another plane. This change in the angle of the femoral head gives the female gait its characteristic (i.e. swinging of hips).

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The superficial group is subdivided into a lateral and a medial group. In the medial superficial group, on both sides of the centre of the abdominal wall (the

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Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (2013).

950:. At birth the whole of the hip joint (the acetabulum area and the top of the femur) is still made of cartilage (but there may be a small piece of bone in the 1867: 1026:

to form the pelvic ring. The ring is very stable and allows very little mobility, a prerequisite for transmitting loads from the trunk to the lower limbs.

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which meet in the mid-line ventrally and are fixed to the sacrum dorsally and the coccyx. Each hip bone consists of three components, the ilium, the

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The skeleton of the pelvis is a basin-shaped ring of bones connecting the vertebral column to the femora. It is then connected to two hip bones.

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which stabilize the hip bone on the sacrum and prevent the promonotory from tilting forward. Additionally, these two ligaments transform the

250:. The gap enclosed by the bony pelvis, called the pelvic cavity, is the section of the body underneath the abdomen and mainly consists of the 787: 117: 2347: 2226: 2021:, and the pubis, and at the time of sexual maturity these bones become fused together, though there is never any movement between them. In 3225: 1119:, and synovial joints between the articular processes of the two bones. In addition to these ligaments the joint is strengthened by the 2986:"Anatomical Variations in the Female Pelvis: Their Classification and Obstetrical Significance: (Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology)" 1583:

trochanter. Their anterior fibers are medial rotators and flexors while the posterior fibers are lateral rotators and extensors. The

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below; alternatively, the pelvic cavity is sometimes also defined as the whole space enclosed by the pelvic skeleton, subdivided into:

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as "abnormal", a word which has stuck in the medical world even though at least 50 per cent of women have these "abnormal" pelves.

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and is occasionally accompanied by a smaller ligamentous band passing between the fourth lumbar vertebra and the iliac crest. The

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assists in maintaining the contact in the joint by acting like a buttonhole on the femoral head. The intracapsular ligament, the

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The iliac crests are higher and more pronounced in males, making the male false pelvis deeper and more narrow than in females.

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has been confronted by two conflicting demands: a wide birth canal and locomotion efficiency, a conflict referred to as the "

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The sides of the male pelvis converge from the inlet to the outlet, whereas the sides of the female pelvis are wider apart.

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is partly continuous with the iliolumbar ligament. It passes between the transverse process of the fifth vertebra to the

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Each side of the pelvis is formed as cartilage, which ossifies as three main bones which stay separate through childhood:

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led to a number of complementary changes to the human pelvis. It is suggested that bipedalism was the result.

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The pelvic girdle consists of the two hip bones. The hip bones are connected to each other anteriorly at the

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the thigh move the thigh forward and backward, providing the power for bi-pedal and quadrupedal locomotion.

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in women. Additionally, the bones forming the angle/arch are more concave in females but straight in males.

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In mammals, the bony pelvis has a gap in the middle, significantly larger in females than in males. Their

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In a longitudinal osteofibrous canal on either side of the spine there is a group of muscles called the

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An alternative approach is to consider the pelvis part of an integrated mechanical system based on the

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is acute (70 degrees) in men, but obtuse (90–100 degrees) in women. Accordingly, the angle is called

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The shape of the pelvis, most notably the orientation of the iliac crests and shape and depth of the

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arises from the anterior inferior iliac spine and is thus the only of the four acting on two joints.

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arises on the anterior superior iliac spine and inserts into the iliotibial tract. It presses the

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which is subdivided into a lateral superficial and a medial deep tract. In the lateral tract, the

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are inserted on the tibia on the medial side of the knee, while biceps femoris is inserted on the

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and extends to the urogenital hiatus. The urogenital diaphragm is reinforced posteriorly by the

2494:"The sacroiliac joint: an overview of its anatomy, function and potential clinical implications" 2230: 982:

There is preliminary evidence that the pelvis continues to widen over the course of a lifetime.

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of the pelvis. In the female the pelvis can be of a much larger size than normal, known as a

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which is inserted into the lesser trochanter. The iliopsoas is the most powerful hip flexor.

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even though there are at least some genetic component to variation in pelvic morphology.

1357: 1332: 1245: 1120: 1096: 1053:, supports the acetabulum and is twisted 80–90 degrees in relation to the superior ring. 872: 717:

Alternatively, the pelvis is divided into three planes: the inlet, midplane, and outlet.

619: 251: 166: 2267:"Human variation in pelvic shape and the effects of climate and past population history" 1710:

with a common tendon. Three of the four muscles have their origins on the femur, while

231:, below the pelvic floor. The pelvic skeleton is formed in the area of the back, by the 4300: 4296: 3532: 3171: 3146: 3118: 3110: 3093:

Gregory, William K. (1935). "The pelvis from fish to man: a study in paleomorphology".

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Vleeming A, Schuenke MD, Masi AT, Carreiro JE, Danneels L, Willard FH (December 2012).

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posture. Compared to the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle is thus strong and rigid.

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these pelvic typologies, a scheme since then refuted by archaeology. Since the 1950s

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often affect the elderly and occur more often in females; this is frequently due to

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or superior pelvic aperture, which leads into the lesser pelvis, is bordered by the

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has a deep and a superficial part, the former is a flat band corresponding to the

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The ventral hip muscles are important in the control of the body's balance. The

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The principal differences between male and female true and false pelvis include:

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The pelvic skeleton is formed posteriorly (in the area of the back), by the

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is thought to be one of the chief factors affecting pelvic shape in the

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that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis and which primarily contains

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Holm, Niels J. (1980). "The Internal Stress Pattern of the os Coxae".

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for the hip extensor muscles that provide momentum during locomotion.

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muscles, originate on the rib cage and on the pelvis (iliac crest and

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and laterally and anteriorly (forward and to the sides), by a pair of

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A Different Approach to the Mechanics of the Human Pelvis: Tensegrity

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of the femur. Of these, only iliacus is attached to the pelvis (the

1039: 771: 561:. During childhood, these sections are separate bones, joined by the 262: 247: 2541:

Berger AA, May R, Renner JB, Viradia N, Dahners LE (November 2011).

1695:, gracilis reaches beyond the knee to their common insertion on the 4010: 3884: 3804: 3639: 3572: 3480:

Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System

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Nowadays obstetric suitability of the female pelvis is assessed by

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The dorsal hip muscles are either inserted into the region of the

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Ebrall, Phillip S.; Sportelli, Louis; Donato, Phillip R. (2004).

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in one-quarter of white women and almost half of non-white women.

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close the anus and the urethra. The former is surrounded by the

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The female inlet is larger and oval in shape, while the male

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and anteriorly and to the left and right sides, by a pair of

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The pelvic region of the trunk includes the bony pelvis, the

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where it intermingle with the anterior sacroiliac ligament.

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projects further (i.e. the male inlet is more heart-shaped).

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Fins into limbs: evolution, development, and transformation

2419:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 8.3 The pelvic girdle and pelvis. 3249: 1809:

can affect anybody and has a variety of causes, including

1312: 1167: 597: 586: 577: 51: 39: 3924: 3889: 3796: 3634: 3629: 3612: 2412: 2029: 1762: 1521: 1159:, transmits blood vessels that nourish the femoral head. 1128: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2174: – Congenitally large female pelvis of normal shape 273:

The pelvic region of the trunk is the lower part of the

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Palastanga, Nigel; Field, Derek; Soames, Roger (2006).

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There are two muscles in the deep or posterior group.

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Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System

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The posterior thigh muscles have their origins on the

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or inferior pelvic aperture is the region between the

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Modern humans are to a large extent characterized by

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Human Evolution: An Introduction to Mans Adaptations

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stretches from the cartilages of ribs V-VII and the

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are subdivided into a superficial and a deep group.

3062: 3050: 3038: 2473: 2452: 2380: 2378: 2376: 1687:, inserted along the femoral shaft. Together with 1599:and flexes, medially rotates, and abducts the hip. 3438:Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function 3417:Low Back Syndromes: Integrated Clinical Management 3250:Cunningham, Daniel John; Robinson, Arthur (1818). 2361: 2025:, the ventral joint of the pubic bones is closed. 1512:Anterior view for the top-left and right diagrams. 3147:"Human evolution: the real cause for birth palsy" 1397:. At the lower end of the rectus abdominis, the 1268:, is strengthened by a series of ligaments. The 1264:The joint between the sacrum and the coccyx, the 954:of the femur); this makes it difficult to detect 4371: 2771: 2759: 2731: 2724: 2722: 2698: 2647: 2626: 2583: 2373: 1852: 2783: 2320: 2299: 1524:are divided into a dorsal and a ventral group. 1175:The two hip bones are joined anteriorly at the 2940: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2691: 2689: 2668: 2659: 2617: 1740: 1721:, with the exception of the short head of the 1679:The thigh adductors have their origins on the 1307: 358:(or pelvic diaphragm), below the pelvic cavity 3967: 3517: 2983: 2719: 2251: 2249: 2247: 1535:(posterior or outer group). Anteriorly, the 1276:(ALL) that run down the anterior side of the 1045:. The lower ring, formed by the rami of the 549:. Each hip bone consists of three sections: 223:(the space enclosed by the bony pelvis), the 3370:Mind – Primary Cause of Human Evolution 3201: 3193:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 2990:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 2595: 1244:, a pair of important pelvic openings. The 1001: 2898:. Plus-Size Pregnancy Website. April 2003. 2896:"Pelvic Pain (Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction)" 2801: 2792: 2743: 2686: 2638: 1514:Posterior view for the bottom-left diagram 1082: 3974: 3960: 3531: 3524: 3510: 2710: 2604: 2311: 2244: 265:pass through this gap when they are born. 50: 38: 3170: 3144: 3009: 2677: 2558: 2517: 2282: 2154: – Nerve plexus near the coccyx bone 1127:The three extracapsular ligaments of the 3129: 2166: – Measurement of the female pelvis 1964: 1783: 1776:) the fetus passes through the maternal 1405:. The lateral superficial muscles, the 1311: 1296:. Several other ligaments complete the 1292:(PLL) and the latter corresponds to the 1166: 1005: 762:The pelvic diaphragm is composed of the 736: 730: 381: 152: 3981: 3455: 3214:. Transaction Publishers. p. 170. 3092: 1978:The pelvic girdle was present in early 1933:Caldwell and Moloy also classified the 1623:on the femur. Quadratus arises on the 1280:. Its irregular fibers blend with the 1171:Coronal section through pubic symphysis 1010:Anatomical drawing of the female pelvis 157:The same human pelvis, front imaged by 14: 4372: 3413: 2984:Caldwell, W. E.; Moloy, H. C. (1938). 1038:; and the third side is formed by the 3955: 3505: 3392: 3363: 3350: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 2971: 2479: 2467: 2446: 2367: 2264: 2213: 2186: – Joint of the pelvis and spine 1095:, has, like all vertebral joints, an 3321: 3294: 2084: 1795:. There are also different types of 1702:The anterior thigh muscles form the 1665:Anterior and posterior thigh muscles 1578:and a distal which inserts into the 1151:, thus stabilizing the joint. The 782:which spans between the tip of the 778:and converge on the coccyx and the 227:, below the pelvic cavity, and the 178: 24: 1969:The pelvic girdle of the dinosaur 1091:, between the sacrum and the last 629:A distinction is made between the 596: 585: 576: 386:The skeleton of the human pelvis: 25: 4396: 3497: 3253:Cunningham's text-book of anatomy 2928:from the original on 4 March 2016 2876:from the original on 26 July 2009 2846:. Baby Care Guide. Archived from 2113:Right hip bone. External surface. 1562:The posterior group includes the 1531:(anterior or inner group) or the 1286:posterior sacrococcygeal ligament 3228:from the original on 11 May 2016 2902:from the original on 25 May 2017 2824:from the original on 6 June 2009 2510:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01564.x 2402: This article incorporates 2397: 2118: 2106: 2091: 1960: 1681:inferior ramus of the pubic bone 1655: 1646: 1498: 1489: 1482: 1468: 1270:anterior sacrococcygeal ligament 568: 3355:. Biotensegrity. Archived from 3301:. University of Chicago Press. 3208:Bernard Grant Campbell (1998). 3145:Sreekanth, R (September 2015). 3138: 3086: 2977: 2954:from the original on 2016-08-22 2914: 2888: 2862: 2836: 2810: 2547:Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2534: 2485: 2350:from the original on 2016-08-21 1683:and are, with the exception of 1290:posterior longitudinal ligament 808:superficial transverse perineal 720: 2844:"Pelvic Pain during Pregnancy" 2332: 2258: 2219: 1879:, human being), platypelloid ( 1737:, on the knee's lateral side. 1274:anterior longitudinal ligament 933: 371: 13: 1: 3243: 2922:"Part 2 – Labor and Delivery" 2265:Betti, Lia (March 17, 2017). 1853:Caldwell–Moloy classification 1075:and is performed by using an 1032:anterior superior iliac spine 829:in females and surrounds the 27:Lower torso of the human body 3441:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 3274:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2674:Palastanga (2006), pp. 332–3 2665:Palastanga (2006), pp. 326–7 2623:Palastanga (2006), pp. 331–2 2071: 1857:Throughout the 20th century 1255:lateral lumbosacral ligament 1162: 985: 848: 669:, and the upper part of the 268: 165:(middle), and 3-dimensional 7: 3396:Clinically oriented anatomy 3151:West Indian Medical Journal 2138: 2004: 1759:symphysis pubis dysfunction 1741:In pregnancy and childbirth 1308:Shoulder and intrinsic back 1218:dorsal sacroiliac ligaments 1195:, reinforce the symphysis. 770:. These arise between the 77:superior hypogastric plexus 10: 4401: 3399:. Williams & Wilkins. 3351:Levin, Stephen M. (2007). 3295:Hall, Brian Keith (2007). 3256:. William Wood and company 3002:10.1177/003591573803200101 2872:. Pain relief medication. 2716:Platzer (2004), pp. 72, 74 2160: – Bone of the pelvis 2142: 2055:Australopithecus afarensis 1847: 1619:and are inserted into the 1608:external obturator muscles 1472: 1367: 956:congenital hip dislocation 875:". The female pelvis, or 852: 724: 607: 375: 189:) is the lower part of an 163:magnetic resonance imaging 4277: 4229: 4209: 4201:tuberosity of the ischium 4193: 4172: 4163: 4120: 4085: 4055: 4046: 4028: 4019: 3993: 3875: 3795: 3786: 3691: 3663: 3553: 3539: 3414:Morris, Craig E. (2005). 3336:10.3109/17453678008990818 2789:Platzer (2004), pp. 240–3 2728:Platzer (2004), pp. 84–91 1706:which is inserted on the 1627:and is inserted into the 1506: 1488: 1018:, and posteriorly to the 1002:As a mechanical structure 855:Sex differences in humans 584: 335:greater (or false) pelvis 135: 123: 111: 99: 87: 82: 66: 61: 49: 37: 32: 3456:Platzer, Werner (2004). 3393:Moore, Keith L. (2014). 3364:Merry, Clare V. (2005). 2416:Anatomy & Physiology 2190: 1815:irritable bowel syndrome 1266:sacrococcygeal symphysis 1193:inferior pubic ligaments 1083:As an anchor for muscles 837:squeezes blood into the 796:deep transverse perineal 367:, below the pelvic floor 137:Anatomical terms of bone 73:Pelvic splanchnic nerves 4328:greater sciatic foramen 3372:. Trafford Publishing. 3271:Assessment of the Spine 3165:(inactive 2024-06-10). 3095:The American Naturalist 2778:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy 2766:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy 2738:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy 2705:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy 2654:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy 2633:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy 2590:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy 2385:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy 2327:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy 2306:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy 1799:, often resulting from 1629:intertrochanteric crest 1272:is an extension of the 1226:sacrotuberous ligaments 839:corpora cavernosa penis 794:consists mainly of the 614:The pelvic cavity is a 347:, below the pelvic brim 345:lesser (or true) pelvis 204:(sometimes also called 4337:lesser sciatic foramen 3533:Human regional anatomy 3135:Hall (2007), pp. 254–5 2807:Platzer (2004), p. 250 2798:Platzer (2004), p. 248 2756:Platzer (2004), p. 234 2695:Platzer (2004), p. 140 2644:Platzer (2004), p. 198 2601:Holm (1980), pp. 425–6 2317:Platzer (2004), p. 106 2255:Platzer (2004), p. 188 2145:anatomical terminology 1975: 1883:, flat), and android ( 1875:, woman), anthropoid ( 1864:William Edgar Caldwell 1719:inferior ischial ramus 1320:The inferior parts of 1317: 1316:Intrinsic back muscles 1234:lesser sciatic notches 1172: 1117:supraspinous ligaments 1011: 980: 899:The angle between the 798:which arises from the 744: 742: 601: 590: 581: 534: 170: 4332:greater sciatic notch 3163:10.7727/wimj.2014.083 2271:The Anatomical Record 2133:Pelvic girdle anatomy 1968: 1830:anatomical variations 1819:interstitial cystitis 1784:Clinical significance 1551:to join psoas at the 1315: 1170: 1141:pubofemoral ligaments 1009: 964: 780:anococcygeal ligament 740: 734: 725:Further information: 659:arcuate line of ilium 600: 589: 580: 385: 376:Further information: 156: 4185:lesser sciatic notch 2948:"Justo major pelvis" 2870:"Female Pelvic Pain" 2683:Morris (2005), p. 59 2406:available under the 1589:tensor fasciae latae 1352:) and an "oblique" ( 1251:thoracolumbar fascia 792:urogenital diaphragm 687:ischial tuberosities 563:triradiate cartilage 1972:Falcarius utahensis 1901:platypelloid pelvis 1868:Howard Carmen Moloy 1745:In later stages of 1671:The muscles of the 1520:The muscles of the 1372:The muscles of the 1246:iliolumbar ligament 1105:posterior ligaments 1097:intervertebral disc 901:inferior pubic rami 873:obstetrical dilemma 819:urethral sphincters 667:pecten of the pubis 620:reproductive organs 252:reproductive organs 167:computed tomography 4301:iliopectineal line 4297:iliopubic eminence 4112:posterior inferior 4107:posterior superior 2614:(See conclusions.) 2498:Journal of Anatomy 2171:Pelvis justo major 2143:This article uses 1976: 1838:pelvis justo major 1625:ischial tuberosity 1621:trochanteric fossa 1610:together with the 1580:gluteal tuberosity 1553:iliopubic eminence 1547:originates on the 1539:(and occasionally 1533:greater trochanter 1508:Muscles of the hip 1475:Muscles of the hip 1445:(and occasionally 1434:Quadratus lumborum 1346:intertransversarii 1318: 1173: 1012: 861:bipedal locomotion 825:which narrows the 745: 743: 711:iliopectineal arch 699:obturator membrane 663:iliopubic eminence 602: 591: 582: 535: 478:tuberculum pubicum 171: 56:Female type pelvis 4367: 4366: 4323:obturator foramen 4311:ischiopubic ramus 4225: 4224: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4102:anterior inferior 4097:anterior superior 3949: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3489:978-1-58890-419-5 3448:978-0-7506-8814-7 3427:978-0-07-137472-9 3406:978-1-4511-1945-9 3324:Acta Orthopaedica 3308:978-0-226-31337-5 3281:978-0-443-07228-4 3221:978-0-202-02042-6 2560:10.1002/jor.21469 2426:978-1-947172-04-3 2340:"Gynecoid pelvis" 2216:, pp. 357–8. 2158:Coccyx (tailbone) 2128: 2085:Additional images 1935:physique of women 1922:anthropoid pelvis 1801:traffic accidents 1755:pelvic joint pain 1617:obturator foramen 1612:quadratus femoris 1593:head of the femur 1529:lesser trochanter 1518: 1517: 1455:lesser trochanter 1419:inguinal ligament 1302:last sacral nerve 1259:ala of the sacrum 1201:sacroiliac joints 1185:hyaline cartilage 1181:fibrous cartilage 1089:lumbosacral joint 1065:natural selection 1024:sacroiliac joints 891:sacral promontory 869:natural selection 831:corpus spongiosum 827:vaginal introitus 703:inguinal ligament 606: 605: 533: 506:Obturator foramen 151: 150: 146: 16:(Redirected from 4392: 4306:linea terminalis 4290:acetabular notch 4217:no substructures 4170: 4169: 4125: 4090: 4060: 4053: 4052: 4026: 4025: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3793: 3792: 3724:Vertebral column 3526: 3519: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3493: 3482:. Thieme. 2006. 3475: 3460:(5th ed.). 3452: 3431: 3410: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3360: 3347: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3184: 3174: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3101:(722): 193–210. 3090: 3084: 3083:, pp. 58–9. 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3035:, pp. 55–6. 3030: 3024: 3023: 3013: 2981: 2975: 2974:, pp. 52–4. 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2562: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2521: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2450: 2449:, pp. 50–1. 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2387:, (2006), p. 113 2382: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2286: 2284:10.1002/ar.23542 2262: 2256: 2253: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2229:. Archived from 2227:"Gray's anatomy" 2223: 2217: 2211: 2184:Sacroiliac joint 2152:Coccygeal plexus 2130: 2129: 2110: 2095: 1917:non-white women. 1893:gynaecoid pelvis 1774:Cesarean section 1659: 1650: 1637:inferior gemelli 1576:iliotibial tract 1502: 1493: 1486: 1479: 1478: 1415:internal oblique 1387:rectus abdominis 1322:latissimus dorsi 1278:vertebral bodies 1157:ligamentum teres 1153:zona orbicularis 1036:sacroiliac joint 978: 952:great trochanter 835:Ischiocavernosus 800:inferior ischial 768:coccygeus muscle 707:lacunar ligament 637:inferior to the 573: 572: 526:Linea terminalis 387: 180: 143:edit on Wikidata 140: 54: 44:Male type pelvis 42: 30: 29: 21: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4273: 4263:inferior ramus 4257:obturator crest 4248:superior ramus 4221: 4205: 4189: 4151: 4121: 4116: 4086: 4081: 4056: 4042: 4015: 3989: 3980: 3950: 3941: 3871: 3782: 3687: 3659: 3549: 3535: 3530: 3500: 3490: 3478: 3472: 3449: 3428: 3420:. McGraw-Hill. 3407: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3259: 3257: 3246: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3222: 3206: 3202: 3186: 3185: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2768:(2006), p. 422. 2764: 2760: 2755: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2553:(11): 1719–23. 2539: 2535: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2351: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2245: 2236: 2234: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2197: 2193: 2178:Pubic symphysis 2148: 2141: 2134: 2131: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2102: 2096: 2087: 2074: 2061:Pan troglodytes 2007: 1963: 1855: 1850: 1828:There are many 1811:bowel adhesions 1797:pelvic fracture 1786: 1743: 1731:semimembranosus 1669: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1652: 1651: 1572:gluteus minimus 1564:gluteus maximus 1513: 1511: 1477: 1471: 1463:supine position 1425:of the rectus. 1370: 1310: 1294:ligamenta flava 1242:lesser foramina 1177:pubic symphysis 1165: 1109:ligamenta flava 1093:lumbar vertebra 1085: 1016:pubic symphysis 1004: 988: 979: 970: 936: 877:gynecoid pelvis 857: 851: 823:bulbospongiosus 735:Female perineum 729: 723: 671:pubic symphysis 649:above it. The 612: 571: 521: 487:Pubic symphysis 482: 434: 400: 388: 380: 374: 271: 214:pelvic skeleton 147: 57: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4398: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4325: 4317: 4308: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4267:pectineal line 4261: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4252:pubic tubercle 4246: 4245: 4244: 4235: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4210:inferior ramus 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4194:superior ramus 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3979: 3978: 3971: 3964: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3698: 3696: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3565: 3559: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3506: 3499: 3498:External links 3496: 3495: 3494: 3488: 3476: 3470: 3453: 3447: 3432: 3426: 3411: 3405: 3390: 3378: 3366:"Pelvic Shape" 3361: 3359:on 2010-06-10. 3348: 3319: 3307: 3292: 3280: 3265: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3220: 3200: 3137: 3128: 3107:10.1086/280593 3085: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 2976: 2964: 2939: 2924:. Ask Dr Amy. 2913: 2887: 2861: 2835: 2820:. BabyCentre. 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2780:(2006), p. 424 2770: 2758: 2742: 2740:(2006), p. 128 2730: 2718: 2709: 2707:(2006), p. 266 2697: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2658: 2656:(2006), p. 383 2646: 2637: 2635:(2006), p. 381 2625: 2616: 2610:Levin (2003), 2603: 2594: 2592:(2006), p. 112 2582: 2533: 2484: 2472: 2451: 2439: 2425: 2389: 2372: 2360: 2331: 2329:(2006), p. 136 2319: 2310: 2308:(2006), p. 137 2298: 2257: 2243: 2218: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2105: 2103: 2097: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2073: 2070: 2006: 2003: 1962: 1959: 1927: 1926: 1918: 1914:android pelvis 1910: 1897: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1785: 1782: 1778:pelvic opening 1742: 1739: 1727:semitendinosus 1723:biceps femoris 1712:rectus femoris 1693:semitendinosus 1664: 1663: 1654: 1653: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1568:gluteus medius 1516: 1515: 1504: 1503: 1495: 1494: 1487: 1473:Main article: 1470: 1467: 1374:abdominal wall 1369: 1366: 1329:erector spinae 1309: 1306: 1206:amphiarthroses 1164: 1161: 1084: 1081: 1003: 1000: 987: 984: 976:Last's Anatomy 968: 935: 932: 931: 930: 922: 919: 916: 912: 905:subpubic angle 897: 894: 887: 850: 847: 722: 719: 715: 714: 679:subpubic angle 608:Main article: 604: 603: 593: 592: 583: 570: 567: 469:ramus inferior 460:ramus superior 373: 370: 369: 368: 359: 350: 349: 348: 341: 326:above and the 277:, between the 270: 267: 196:, between the 149: 148: 139: 133: 132: 127: 121: 120: 115: 109: 108: 103: 97: 96: 91: 85: 84: 80: 79: 70: 64: 63: 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4397: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4358: 4357:pelvic outlet 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4180:ischial spine 4178: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4058:gluteal lines 4054: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3965: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3471:3-13-533305-1 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3391: 3381: 3379:1-4120-5457-5 3375: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3310: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3293: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3266: 3255: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3204: 3196: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3071:, p. 57. 3070: 3065: 3059:, p. 56. 3058: 3053: 3047:, p. 52. 3046: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2850:on 2009-03-21 2849: 2845: 2839: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2734: 2725: 2723: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2692: 2690: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2641: 2634: 2629: 2620: 2613: 2607: 2598: 2591: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2504:(6): 537–67. 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2482:, p. 72. 2481: 2476: 2470:, p. 50. 2469: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2448: 2443: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2370:, p. 48. 2369: 2364: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2328: 2323: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2277:(4): 687–97. 2276: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2233:on 2013-10-24 2232: 2228: 2222: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2195: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2098:Diameters of 2094: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2078: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1961:Other animals 1958: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1823:endometriosis 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1789:Hip fractures 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1658: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1469:Hip and thigh 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342:interspinales 1338: 1335:lumborum and 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1314: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1183:covered by a 1182: 1178: 1169: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137:ischiofemoral 1134: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1073:Philip Willes 1068: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1051:ischial bones 1048: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1008: 999: 995: 991: 983: 977: 973: 967: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 927: 923: 920: 917: 913: 910: 906: 902: 898: 895: 892: 888: 885: 884: 883: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 856: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 815:external anal 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 776:ischial spine 773: 769: 765: 760: 758: 754: 750: 741:Male perineum 739: 733: 728: 718: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 695: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 675:pelvic outlet 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 639:terminal line 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 617: 611: 610:Pelvic cavity 599: 595: 594: 588: 579: 575: 574: 569:Pelvic cavity 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 531: 527: 524: 519: 515: 512: 508: 507: 503: 499: 495: 492: 488: 485: 480: 479: 475: 471: 470: 466: 462: 461: 457: 453: 452: 448: 444: 440: 437: 432: 428: 425: 421: 417: 414: 410: 406: 403: 398: 394: 391: 384: 379: 366: 365: 360: 357: 356: 351: 346: 342: 340: 336: 332: 331: 329: 325: 321: 320: 319:pelvic cavity 315: 314: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 288: 284: 280: 276: 266: 264: 259: 257: 253: 249: 244: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 221:pelvic cavity 217: 215: 211: 207: 206:pelvic region 203: 199: 195: 192: 188: 184: 176: 168: 164: 160: 155: 144: 138: 134: 131: 128: 126: 122: 119: 116: 114: 110: 107: 104: 102: 98: 95: 92: 90: 86: 81: 78: 74: 71: 69: 65: 60: 53: 48: 41: 36: 31: 19: 4347:pelvic inlet 4216: 4122: 4088:iliac spines 4087: 4057: 4038:arcuate line 3750: 3673:Adam's apple 3479: 3457: 3437: 3416: 3395: 3383:. Retrieved 3369: 3357:the original 3330:(1): 421–8. 3327: 3323: 3312:. Retrieved 3297: 3285:. Retrieved 3270: 3258:. Retrieved 3252: 3230:. Retrieved 3210: 3203: 3189:cite journal 3157:(4): 424–8. 3154: 3150: 3140: 3131: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3040: 3028: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2967: 2956:. Retrieved 2942: 2930:. Retrieved 2916: 2904:. Retrieved 2890: 2878:. Retrieved 2864: 2852:. Retrieved 2848:the original 2838: 2826:. Retrieved 2812: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2737: 2733: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2679: 2670: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2619: 2611: 2606: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2475: 2442: 2430:. Retrieved 2415: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2363: 2352:. Retrieved 2343: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2235:. Retrieved 2231:the original 2221: 2170: 2100:pelvic inlet 2079: 2075: 2059: 2053: 2043: 2033: 2027: 2008: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1977: 1970: 1952: 1944:malnutrition 1940: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1913: 1900: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1856: 1834:giant pelvis 1827: 1805: 1793:osteoporosis 1787: 1777: 1767: 1754: 1744: 1716: 1701: 1678: 1670: 1601: 1561: 1555:to form the 1526: 1519: 1507: 1441:consists of 1431: 1427: 1402: 1393:down to the 1381: 1378: 1371: 1358:semispinalis 1333:iliocostalis 1326: 1319: 1263: 1222:sacrospinous 1214:interosseous 1199: 1197: 1174: 1126: 1113:interspinous 1086: 1077:inclinometer 1069: 1055: 1028: 1013: 996: 992: 989: 981: 975: 965: 937: 881: 876: 858: 812: 761: 749:pelvic floor 746: 727:Pelvic floor 721:Pelvic floor 716: 651:pelvic inlet 647:false pelvis 628: 613: 536: 522: 517: 510: 504: 501: 490: 483: 476: 473: 467: 464: 458: 455: 449: 446: 442: 435: 430: 423: 419: 412: 408: 401: 396: 389: 362: 355:pelvic floor 353: 337:, above the 328:pelvic floor 317: 287:appendicular 272: 260: 245: 225:pelvic floor 218: 213: 209: 205: 186: 182: 174: 172: 118:A01.1.00.017 93: 18:Human pelvis 4352:pelvic brim 4242:pubic crest 2996:(1): 1–30. 2344:MedicineNet 2066:chimpanzees 1980:vertebrates 1948:Third World 1859:pelvimetric 1807:Pelvic pain 1772:(unless by 1549:iliac fossa 1541:psoas minor 1537:psoas major 1459:iliac fossa 1447:psoas minor 1443:psoas major 1407:transversus 1401:tenses the 1399:pyramidalis 1395:pubic crest 1337:longissimus 1133:iliofemoral 1061:icosahedron 1043:iliac crest 934:Development 907:in men and 833:in males. 788:anal hiatus 764:levator ani 697:Ligaments: 635:true pelvis 616:body cavity 530:pelvic brim 518:os coccygis 516:/tailbone ( 372:Pelvic bone 339:pelvic brim 324:pelvic brim 210:bony pelvis 83:Identifiers 4385:Flat bones 4374:Categories 4343:Landmarks 4315:pubic arch 4285:acetabulum 4137:tuberosity 3840:Fingernail 3385:2010-08-14 3314:2010-08-14 3287:2010-08-14 3260:2010-08-14 3244:References 3081:Merry 2005 3069:Merry 2005 3057:Merry 2005 3045:Merry 2005 3033:Merry 2005 2972:Merry 2005 2958:2016-08-07 2500:(Review). 2480:Merry 2005 2468:Merry 2005 2447:Merry 2005 2368:Merry 2005 2354:2016-03-22 2237:2014-12-20 2214:Moore 2014 2164:Pelvimetry 2040:orangutans 2032:, such as 1955:ultrasound 1842:childbirth 1825:in women. 1770:childbirth 1704:quadriceps 1597:acetabulum 1585:piriformis 1403:linea alba 1382:linea alba 1354:multifidus 1282:periosteum 1149:acetabulum 1121:iliolumbar 1058:tensegrity 972:R. J. Last 909:pubic arch 863:and large 853:See also: 843:clitoridis 804:pubic rami 757:urogenital 683:pubic arch 655:promontory 641:, and the 494:Acetabulum 439:Pubic bone 248:hip joints 191:anatomical 4319:Foramina 4067:posterior 3756:Genitalia 2408:CC BY 4.0 2072:Evolution 2015:hip bones 1991:acetabula 1984:chordates 1877:anthropos 1747:pregnancy 1689:sartorius 1595:into the 1557:iliopsoas 1439:iliopsoas 1236:into the 1163:Junctions 1129:hip joint 986:Functions 926:acetabula 849:Variation 772:symphysis 547:hip bones 498:hip joint 431:os ischii 409:os sacrum 290:hip bones 269:Structure 263:offspring 241:hip bones 4278:Compound 4142:tubercle 4077:inferior 4072:anterior 4011:hip bone 3885:Buttocks 3805:Shoulder 3640:Mandible 3573:Forehead 3226:Archived 3181:26624599 3123:85158234 3020:19991699 2952:Archived 2926:Archived 2900:Archived 2874:Archived 2822:Archived 2577:19401628 2569:21608025 2528:22994881 2410:license. 2348:Archived 2293:28297180 2139:See also 2050:gorillas 2011:primates 2005:Primates 1906:rachitic 1887:, man). 1685:gracilis 1633:superior 1604:internal 1411:external 1350:spinalis 1189:superior 1101:anterior 1040:palpable 969:— 960:X-raying 915:females. 786:and the 774:and the 766:and the 689:and the 622:and the 541:and the 496:(of the 443:os pubis 420:os ilium 397:os coxae 393:Hip bone 378:Hip bone 364:perineum 281:and the 254:and the 235:and the 229:perineum 200:and the 187:pelvises 169:(bottom) 4165:Ischium 3994:General 3985:of the 3930:Toenail 3820:Forearm 3766:Scrotum 3712:Midriff 3702:Abdomen 3695:(Trunk) 3645:Occiput 3588:Eyebrow 3344:7446021 3232:30 July 3172:4909080 3115:2456838 3011:1997320 2519:3512279 2432:May 14, 2045:Gorilla 2028:Larger 2019:ischium 1848:History 1768:During 1725:. The 1708:patella 1631:. The 1545:iliacus 1451:iliacus 1391:sternum 1385:), the 1368:Abdomen 1300:of the 1298:foramen 1284:. The 1238:greater 1230:greater 1210:ventral 1022:at the 944:ischium 673:. The 643:greater 555:ischium 528:of the 523:Dotted. 427:Ischium 298:ischium 279:abdomen 198:abdomen 161:(top), 106:D010388 62:Details 4380:Pelvis 4123:other: 4006:coccyx 4001:sacrum 3987:pelvis 3865:Little 3855:Middle 3835:Finger 3810:Axilla 3751:Pelvis 3744:Nipple 3739:Breast 3734:Thorax 3678:Throat 3655:Temple 3618:Tongue 3598:Eyelid 3486: 3468: 3462:Thieme 3445: 3424: 3403: 3376: 3342: 3305: 3278: 3218: 3179: 3169: 3121: 3113: 3018: 3008: 2932:1 June 2906:1 June 2880:1 June 2854:1 June 2828:1 June 2575: 2567: 2526: 2516: 2423: 2291: 2058:, and 2023:humans 1881:platys 1821:, and 1735:fibula 1570:, and 1449:) and 1423:sheath 1362:sacrum 1348:, and 1216:, and 1139:, and 1020:sacrum 865:brains 784:coccyx 753:rectum 691:coccyx 685:, the 665:, the 661:, the 657:, the 631:lesser 624:rectum 557:, and 543:coccyx 539:sacrum 514:Coccyx 451:corpus 405:Sacrum 310:coccyx 306:sacrum 300:, and 283:thighs 256:rectum 237:coccyx 233:sacrum 202:thighs 183:pelves 175:pelvis 94:pelvis 33:Pelvis 4238:body 4231:Pubis 4147:fossa 4132:crest 4021:Ilium 3983:Bones 3915:Ankle 3895:Thigh 3850:Index 3845:Thumb 3825:Wrist 3815:Elbow 3788:Limbs 3771:Vulva 3761:Penis 3717:Navel 3707:Waist 3693:Torso 3650:Scalp 3623:Tooth 3608:Mouth 3578:Cheek 3119:S2CID 3111:JSTOR 2573:S2CID 2191:Notes 2035:Pongo 1909:type. 1751:fetus 1697:tibia 1673:thigh 1198:Both 1179:by a 1145:femur 1131:—the 1047:pubic 948:pubis 940:ilium 559:pubis 551:ilium 416:Ilium 302:pubis 294:ilium 275:trunk 194:trunk 159:X-ray 141:[ 89:Latin 68:Nerve 4173:body 4048:wing 4030:body 3935:Sole 3920:Heel 3910:Foot 3905:Calf 3900:Knee 3860:Ring 3830:Hand 3778:Anus 3729:Back 3683:Nape 3665:Neck 3603:Nose 3583:Chin 3568:Face 3563:Hair 3555:Head 3547:Skin 3541:Body 3484:ISBN 3466:ISBN 3443:ISBN 3422:ISBN 3401:ISBN 3374:ISBN 3340:PMID 3303:ISBN 3276:ISBN 3234:2012 3216:ISBN 3195:link 3177:PMID 3016:PMID 2934:2009 2908:2009 2882:2009 2856:2009 2830:2009 2565:PMID 2524:PMID 2434:2023 2421:ISBN 2404:text 2289:PMID 2030:apes 1920:The 1912:The 1899:The 1891:The 1885:aner 1873:gyne 1866:and 1749:the 1729:and 1691:and 1635:and 1606:and 1413:and 1409:and 1356:and 1240:and 1232:and 1224:and 1191:and 1115:and 1103:and 1087:The 1049:and 924:The 841:and 817:and 813:The 802:and 755:and 747:The 390:2–4. 361:the 352:the 343:the 333:the 316:the 308:and 185:or 173:The 113:TA98 101:MeSH 3925:Toe 3890:Hip 3877:Leg 3797:Arm 3635:Jaw 3630:Ear 3613:Lip 3593:Eye 3332:doi 3167:PMC 3159:doi 3103:doi 3006:PMC 2998:doi 2555:doi 2514:PMC 2506:doi 2502:221 2279:doi 2275:300 2052:), 2042:), 2009:In 1836:or 1763:cow 1522:hip 958:by 681:or 645:or 633:or 500:), 474:4d. 465:4c. 456:4b. 447:4a. 445:) ( 422:), 411:), 216:). 212:or 179:pl. 130:129 125:TA2 4376:: 4330:/ 4313:/ 4299:/ 3464:. 3368:. 3338:. 3328:51 3326:. 3224:. 3191:}} 3187:{{ 3175:. 3155:64 3153:. 3149:. 3117:. 3109:. 3099:69 3097:. 3014:. 3004:. 2994:32 2992:. 2988:. 2950:. 2745:^ 2721:^ 2688:^ 2571:. 2563:. 2551:29 2549:. 2545:. 2522:. 2512:. 2496:. 2454:^ 2375:^ 2346:. 2342:. 2287:. 2273:. 2269:. 2246:^ 2198:^ 1986:. 1844:. 1817:, 1813:, 1803:. 1780:. 1765:. 1699:. 1566:, 1465:. 1364:. 1344:, 1304:. 1212:, 1135:, 1111:, 1107:, 1099:, 1079:. 1067:. 974:– 962:. 946:, 942:, 845:. 810:. 709:, 701:, 693:. 626:. 553:, 532:. 520:) 511:8. 509:, 502:7. 491:6. 489:, 484:5. 481:) 472:, 463:, 454:, 436:4. 433:) 424:3. 413:2. 402:1. 399:) 312:. 296:, 243:. 181:: 75:, 3975:e 3968:t 3961:v 3525:e 3518:t 3511:v 3492:. 3474:. 3451:. 3430:. 3409:. 3388:. 3346:. 3334:: 3317:. 3290:. 3263:. 3236:. 3197:) 3183:. 3161:: 3125:. 3105:: 3022:. 3000:: 2961:. 2936:. 2910:. 2884:. 2858:. 2832:. 2579:. 2557:: 2530:. 2508:: 2436:. 2357:. 2295:. 2281:: 2240:. 2147:. 2064:( 2048:( 2038:( 1871:( 1757:( 1510:. 1340:( 713:) 705:( 441:( 429:( 418:( 407:( 395:( 292:( 177:( 145:] 20:)

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