613:
mothers. Studies on post-partum depression demonstrate that breastfeeding may protect mothers from this disorder, and researchers have strived to explain the biological processes that explain this protection. For example, lactation attenuates neuro-endocrine responses to stress, and this may be related to fewer post-partum depressive symptoms. Moreover, early breastfeeding cessation was linked to higher risk of post-partum depression. It is the psychological pressure to exclusively breastfeed that contributes to postpartum depression symptoms in mothers unable to achieve their breastfeeding intentions. In a prospective follow-up for eight weeks postpartum, mothers with breastfeeding problems (including mastitis, nipple pain, need for frequent expressing of milk, or over-supply or under-supply of milk) showed poor mental health.
103:
20:
602:
diseases. However, it is hard to determine the exact factor affecting weight change after birth due to various confounding factors such as pre-pregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, and social support. A recent meta-analysis of 13 cohort studies have found that breast feeding has been shown to decrease inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, which are associated with insulin resistance and T2DM.
264:. The human milk microbiome likely varies by population and between individual women, however, a study based on a group of U.S. women observed the same nine bacterial taxa in all samples from all of their participants, suggesting a common "core" of the milk microbiome, at least in that population. Bacterial communities of human
3601:
Tahir, M. J., Haapala, J. L., Foster, L. P., Duncan, K. M., Teague, A. M., Kharbanda, E. O., McGovern, P. M., Whitaker, K. M., Rasmussen, K. M., Fields, D. A., Harnack, L. J., Jacobs, D. R., & Demerath, E. W. (2019). Association of full breastfeeding duration with postpartum weight retention in a
210:
through breastfeeding, thus accounting for the close relationship of bacterial composition of the gut microbiota of breastfed infants with that found in the breast milk of their respective mothers. Research has also found that there are similarities between human milk and infant gut microbial flora,
195:
Breast milk was considered to be free of bacteria until about the early 2000s, when lactic acid bacteria were first described in human milk hygienically collected from healthy women. Several studies have shown that there is a mother-to-infant transfer of bacterial strains belonging, at least, to the
612:
It is also suggested that in addition to physical benefits, breastfeeding can reduce the risk of postpartum depression. Breastfeeding mothers report less anxiety, less negative mood, and less stress, as well as increased sleep duration and reduced sleep disturbances when compared to formula-feeding
750:
in the infant gut. Milk microbiota are thought to play an essential role in programming the infant immune system, and tend to reduce the risk of adverse infant health outcomes. Differences in milk oligosaccharides between humans and non-human primates could be indicative of variation in pathogen
596:
load which is believed to be the causal agent and risk factor of mastitis. Additionally, notable benefits of breastfeeding have been theoretically sustained to be able to reduce metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The lactation process requires a substantial amount of
751:
exposure associated with increased sociality and group sizes. Together, these observations may indicate that milk microbial communities have coevolved with their human host, supported by the expectation that microbes which promote host health facilitate their own transmission and proliferation.
601:
has been shown to facilitate weight loss and reduce fat mass, as well as improve insulin sensitivity, thereby helping to prevent diabetes and obesity. Moreover, hormonal changes during lactation can further improve metabolism and glucose homeostasis, suggesting reduction in potential metabolic
745:
between HMOs and certain bacteria common in both the milk and infant gastrointestinal microbiomes. Furthermore, relative to other mammalian milks such as primate milk, human milk appears to be unique with respect to the complexity and diversity of its oligosaccharide repertoire. Human milk is
1170:
Food and
Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization Expert Consultation. (2001). Evaluation of health and nutritional properties of powder milk and live lactic acid bacteria (Report). CĂłrdoba, Argentina: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health
621:
Breastfed children have a lower incidence of infections than formula-fed children, which could be mediated in part through modulation of the intestinal microflora by breast milk components. Indeed, breast-fed infants seem to develop a gut microflora richer in
566:
taxa than the gut microbiome of formula-fed infants. Human milk bacteria may reduce risk of infection in breastfed infants by competitively excluding harmful bacteria, and producing antimicrobial compounds which eliminate pathogenic strains. Certain
453:
Both the taxonomic composition and diversity of bacteria present in human milk likely vary by maternal geographic location, however studies with more geographically diverse participants are needed to better understand variation between populations.
713:
There is some indication of relationships between milk microbiota and other human milk components, including HMOs, maternal cells, and nutrient profiles. Specific bacterial genera have been shown to be associated with variation in levels of milk
1690:
Gil-Campos M, LĂłpez MĂ, Rodriguez-BenĂtez MV, Romero J, Roncero I, Linares MD, et al. (February 2012). "Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716 is safe and well tolerated in infants of 1-6 months of age: a randomized controlled trial".
510:
The human milk microbiome varies across lactation stage, with higher microbial diversity observed in colostrum than in mature milk. Taxonomic composition of human milk also varies across the lactation period, initially dominated by
634:
demonstrated a reduction in gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, thus the administration of such formula may be useful for the prevention of community-acquired gastrointestinal and upper respiratory infections in infants.
3650:
Cooklin, A.R.; Amir, L.H.; Nguyen, C.D.; Buck, M.L.; Cullinane, M.; Fisher, J.R.W.; Donath, S.M.; CASTLE Study Team. Physical Health, Breastfeeding
Problems and Maternal Mood in the Early Postpartum: A Prospective Cohort Study.
3309:
MartĂn R, JimĂ©nez E, Olivares M, MarĂn ML, FernĂĄndez L, Xaus J, RodrĂguez JM (October 2006). "Lactobacillus salivarius CECT 5713, a potential probiotic strain isolated from infant feces and breast milk of a mother-child pair".
322:. Retrograde backflow during nursing or suckling may also lead to bacterial establishment in the mammary ducts, supported by the observation that a certain degree of flowback has been shown to occur during nursing using
583:
Breastfeeding is an essential component of maternal health, providing numerous benefits. It has been associated with a decreased risk of metabolic disease, improved immune function, and delayed menstrual cycles.
2538:
Nishimura RY, Barbieiri P, Castro GS, JordĂŁo AA, PerdonĂĄ G, Sartorelli DS (June 2014). "Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during late pregnancy affects fatty acid composition of mature breast milk".
609:, a hormone produced during lactation, suppresses ovulation, preventing the mother from menstruating. This suppression can continue for up to 6 months postpartum, serving as a natural form of birth control.
313:
While the origins of the human milk microbiome are not exactly known, several hypotheses for its establishment have been proposed. Bacteria present in human milk may be derived from the surrounding breast
3626:
Rassie, K., Mousa, A., Joham, A., & Teede, H. J. (2021). Metabolic conditions including obesity, diabetes, and polycystic ovary syndrome: Implications for breastfeeding and breastmilk composition.
4455:
Zhang R, Huo W, Zhu W, Mao S (March 2015). "Characterization of bacterial community of raw milk from dairy cows during subacute ruminal acidosis challenge by high-throughput sequencing".
450:, which in turn could affect its microbial composition. Variation in the fat and carbohydrate content of the maternal diet may influence the taxonomic composition of the milk microbiome.
2574:
Peng Y, Zhou T, Wang Q, Liu P, Zhang T, Zetterström R, Strandvik B (2009). "Fatty acid composition of diet, cord blood and breast milk in
Chinese mothers with different dietary habits".
2280:
Olivares M, Albrecht S, De Palma G, Ferrer MD, Castillejo G, Schols HA, Sanz Y (February 2015). "Human milk composition differs in healthy mothers and mothers with celiac disease".
1346:
MartĂn V, Maldonado-BarragĂĄn A, Moles L, Rodriguez-Baños M, Campo RD, FernĂĄndez L, et al. (February 2012). "Sharing of bacterial strains between breast milk and infant feces".
1445:
JimĂ©nez E, de AndrĂ©s J, Manrique M, Pareja-Tobes P, Tobes R, MartĂnez-Blanch JF, et al. (August 2015). "Metagenomic
Analysis of Milk of Healthy and Mastitis-Suffering Women".
3089:
Bezirtzoglou E, Tsiotsias A, Welling GW (December 2011). "Microbiota profile in feces of breast- and formula-fed newborns by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)".
446:
Few studies have been conducted examining the influence of maternal diet on the milk microbiome, but diet is known to influence other aspects of milk composition, such as the
1030:"Isolation of bifidobacteria from breast milk and assessment of the bifidobacterial population by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real-time PCR"
988:
FernĂĄndez L, Langa S, MartĂn V, Maldonado A, JimĂ©nez E, MartĂn R, RodrĂguez JM (March 2013). "The human milk microbiota: origin and potential roles in health and disease".
2495:
Khodayar-Pardo P, Mira-Pascual L, Collado MC, MartĂnez-Costa C (August 2014). "Impact of lactation stage, gestational age and mode of delivery on breast milk microbiota".
388:
Maternal health status is associated with changes in the bacterial composition of milk. Higher maternal BMI and obesity are associated with changes in the levels of
2840:
Hoashi M, Meche L, Mahal LK, Bakacs E, Nardella D, Naftolin F, et al. (July 2016). "Human Milk
Bacterial and Glycosylation Patterns Differ by Delivery Mode".
331:
630:
with reduced pathogenic bacteria compared with formula-fed infants. Research, by
Maldonado et al, found that infants receiving a follow-on formula enriched with
1185:
MartĂn R, Langa S, Reviriego C, JimĂnez E, MarĂn ML, Xaus J, et al. (December 2003). "Human milk is a source of lactic acid bacteria for the infant gut".
3266:
MartĂn R, Olivares M, MarĂn ML, FernĂĄndez L, Xaus J, RodrĂguez JM (February 2005). "Probiotic potential of 3 Lactobacilli strains isolated from breast milk".
932:
Gomez-Gallego C, Garcia-Mantrana I, Salminen S, Collado MC (December 2016). "The human milk microbiome and factors influencing its composition and activity".
171:) were present in every sample from every woman, but an individual's milk bacterial community was generally stable over time. Human milk is a source of live
4498:
Addis MF, Tanca A, Uzzau S, Oikonomou G, Bicalho RC, Moroni P (July 2016). "The bovine milk microbiota: insights and perspectives from -omics studies".
2797:
Cabrera-Rubio R, Mira-Pascual L, Mira A, Collado MC (February 2016). "Impact of mode of delivery on the milk microbiota composition of healthy women".
3672:
Wold AE, Adlerberth I (2000). "Breast
Feeding and the Intestinal Microflora of the Infant â Implications for Protection Against Infectious Diseases".
1820:"Comparative analysis of salivary bacterial microbiome diversity in edentulous infants and their mothers or primary care givers using pyrosequencing"
211:
suggesting that dietary exposure, such as human milk probiotics, may have a contribution in supporting infant gut microbiota and immune development.
1643:"Human milk probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 reduces the incidence of gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract infections in infants"
697:
in infants with colic symptoms compared with children not suffering from colic. On the other hand, probiotics have been shown to influence
605:
On the other hand, breastfeeding can also delay menstrual cycles, reducing the risk of iron-deficiency anemia and related health issues.
3979:"The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis reveals adaptations for milk utilization within the infant microbiome"
3546:"Treatment of infectious mastitis during lactation: antibiotics versus oral administration of Lactobacilli isolated from breast milk"
2611:"20: Maternal diet structures the breast milk microbiome in association with human milk oligosaccharides and gut-associated bacteria"
1975:
Ramsay DT, Kent JC, Owens RA, Hartmann PE (February 2004). "Ultrasound imaging of milk ejection in the breast of lactating women".
588:, a type of probiotic bacteria, has been identified as a means of reducing the risk of breast cancer. Research studies showed that
94:(WHO) defines probiotics as "living organisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host."
67:. These communities are distinct in composition from other microbial populations found within the human body which constitute the
2936:"The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota"
1726:
West PA, Hewitt JH, Murphy OM (April 1979). "Influence of methods of collection and storage on the bacteriology of human milk".
741:
are uniquely equipped to metabolize HMOs, which are otherwise indigestible by enzymes of the infant gut, some have suggested a
662:
by colonization of a child's intestine and competing for nutrients, thus preventing their adhesion. Intestinal colonization by
575:, the growth of which is stimulated by HMOs, contribute to healthy metabolic and immune-related functioning in the infant gut.
4061:
3912:
767:
bacteria, but differ in their respective relative abundances of these taxa. Bacteria observed to be most common in healthy
4149:"Chemical characterization of oligosaccharides in chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, orangutan, and siamang milk or colostrum"
1299:"Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in human breast milk: influence of antibiotherapy and other host and clinical factors"
3689:
1928:"The origin of human milk bacteria: is there a bacterial entero-mammary pathway during late pregnancy and lactation?"
689:
symptoms possibly have an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota â analyses of faecal samples found higher counts of
1169:
3674:
Breast feeding and the intestinal microflora of the infant--implications for protection against infectious diseases
102:
4339:"Bacterial community profiling of milk samples as a means to understand culture-negative bovine clinical mastitis"
4290:"Species diversity and relative abundance of lactic acid bacteria in the milk of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)"
3895:
Clancy KB, Hinde K, Rutherford JN (2013). "Infant Gut
Microbiota: Developmental Influences and Health Outcomes".
2241:"Maternal weight and excessive weight gain during pregnancy modify the immunomodulatory potential of breast milk"
126:(CFU) per milliliter. The milk's bacterial communities were generally complex. Among the hundreds of operational
2200:"Relationships Among Microbial Communities, Maternal Cells, Oligosaccharides, and Macronutrients in Human Milk"
678:
response of neonatal immune system, which in turn reducing the incidence of the inflammatory processes such as
435:
show differences in their milk microbiome composition, with mothers of term-births showing lower abundances of
3042:"The Influence of Early Infant-Feeding Practices on the Intestinal Microbiome and Body Composition in Infants"
2010:
Jeurink PV, van
Bergenhenegouwen J, Jiménez E, Knippels LM, Fernåndez L, Garssen J, et al. (March 2013).
4038:"Human milk oligosaccharides: evolution, structures and bioselectivity as substrates for intestinal bacteria"
2644:"A case control study of bacterial species and colony count in milk of breastfeeding women with chronic pain"
2441:"PCR-DGGE assessment of the bacterial diversity of breast milk in women with lactational infectious mastitis"
2156:"Impact of human milk bacteria and oligosaccharides on neonatal gut microbiota establishment and gut health"
350:(BMI), infant sex, birth modality, and mode of breastfeeding. A study done by Soto et al also revealed that
592:
could improve mastitis, a common inflammatory disease associated with lactation, by reducing the number of
305:
is claimed to be safe and well tolerated for infants one to six months of age, and safe for long term use.
56:
746:
typified by greater overall HMO diversity and predominance of oligosaccharides known to promote growth of
1493:"Distinct Patterns in Human Milk Microbiota and Fatty Acid Profiles Across Specific Geographic Locations"
1085:
DĂaz-Ropero MP, MartĂn R, Sierra S, Lara-Villoslada F, RodrĂguez JM, Xaus J, Olivares M (February 2007).
502:, however no relationship between delivery mode and the maternal milk microbiome has also been observed.
3846:"Relationship between Milk Microbiota, Bacterial Load, Macronutrients, and Human Cells during Lactation"
1555:"The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and is shaped by maternal weight and mode of delivery"
896:
474:
was found to be associated with increased bacterial diversity in the milk microbiome of mothers in the
365:
3584:
Janney CA, Zhang D, Sowers M. Lactation and weight retention. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Nov;66(5):1116-24.
19:
1131:"Assessment of the bacterial diversity of breast milk of healthy women by quantitative real-time PCR"
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91:
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Asakuma S, Hatakeyama E, Urashima T, Yoshida E, Katayama T, Yamamoto K, et al. (October 2011).
2983:
Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, et al. (May 2012).
2323:
GonzĂĄlez R, Maldonado A, MartĂn V, Mandomando I, FumadĂł V, Metzner KJ, et al. (November 2013).
4548:
4398:"Microbiota of cow's milk; distinguishing healthy, sub-clinically and clinically diseased quarters"
2325:"Breast milk and gut microbiota in African mothers and infants from an area of high HIV prevalence"
554:
establishment. The gut microbiome of breastfed infants is less diverse, contains higher amounts of
475:
260:
3451:"Physiology of consumption of human milk oligosaccharides by infant gut-associated bifidobacteria"
1028:
MartĂn R, JimĂ©nez E, Heilig H, FernĂĄndez L, MarĂn ML, Zoetendal EG, RodrĂguez JM (February 2009).
3503:
Donnet-Hughes A, Perez PF, Doré J, Leclerc M, Levenez F, Benyacoub J, et al. (August 2010).
1231:"Characterization of the diversity and temporal stability of bacterial communities in human milk"
658:
1087:"Two Lactobacillus strains, isolated from breast milk, differently modulate the immune response"
3759:"Probiotics in human milk and probiotic supplementation in infant nutrition: a workshop report"
2748:
Meehan CL, Lackey KA, Hagen EH, Williams JE, Roulette J, Helfrecht C, et al. (July 2018).
1641:
Maldonado J, Cañabate F, Sempere L, Vela F, Sånchez AR, Narbona E, et al. (January 2012).
652:
639:
327:
184:
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Urbaniak C, Cummins J, Brackstone M, Macklaim JM, Gloor GB, Baban CK, et al. (May 2014).
2051:
Munblit D, Peroni DG, Boix-AmorĂłs A, Hsu PS, Van't Land B, Gay MC, et al. (August 2017).
63:
and culture-independent methods have confirmed that human milk harbors diverse communities of
3930:"Nursing our microbiota: molecular linkages between bifidobacteria and milk oligosaccharides"
3899:. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. New York: Springer. pp. 233â256.
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369:
2885:"Human milk microbiota profiles in relation to birthing method, gestation and infant gender"
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2704:
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of âbeneficialâ bacteria and support the infantâs immature immune system. It is known that
323:
111:
2384:"Culture independent assessment of human milk microbial community in lactational mastitis"
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Williams JE, Price WJ, Shafii B, Yahvah KM, Bode L, McGuire MA, McGuire MK (August 2017).
1553:
Cabrera-Rubio R, Collado MC, Laitinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E, Mira A (September 2012).
8:
3977:
Sela DA, Chapman J, Adeuya A, Kim JH, Chen F, Whitehead TR, et al. (December 2008).
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Maternal and early life factors influencing the human milk microbiota in the child cohort
705:
as well as contractile activity of the intestine and to exert anti-inflammatory effects.
698:
346:
Several factors may influence the composition of human milk probiotics, such as maternal
123:
79:
4468:
4413:
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Oikonomou G, Bicalho ML, Meira E, Rossi RE, Foditsch C, Machado VS, et al. (2014).
4354:
3994:
3505:"Potential role of the intestinal microbiota of the mother in neonatal immune education"
3407:
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3000:
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Moossavi S, Khafipour E, Sepehri S, Robertson B, Bode L, Becker AB, et al. (2017).
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127:
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Lara-Villoslada F, Olivares M, Sierra S, RodrĂguez JM, Boza J, Xaus J (October 2007).
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4219:
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Cephas KD, Kim J, Mathai RA, Barry KA, Dowd SE, Meline BS, Swanson KS (August 2011).
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Kumar H, du Toit E, Kulkarni A, Aakko J, Linderborg KM, Zhang Y, et al. (2016).
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Kuehn JS, Gorden PJ, Munro D, Rong R, Dong Q, Plummer PJ, et al. (April 2013).
3827:
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2826:
2783:
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326:. Alternatively, bacteria may be translocated to the mammary duct from the maternal
122:
food. The normal concentration of bacteria in milk from healthy women was about 103
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4368:
4358:
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4301:
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Urashima T, Odaka G, Asakuma S, Uemura Y, Goto K, Senda A, et al. (May 2009).
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Arroyo R, MartĂn V, Maldonado A, JimĂ©nez E, FernĂĄndez L, RodrĂguez JM (June 2010).
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Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S, Deming CB, Davis J, Young AC, et al. (May 2009).
1735:
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68:
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Maternal perinatal antibiotic use is associated with changes in the prevalence of
4422:
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3904:
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3129:"Antimicrobial potential of four Lactobacillus strains isolated from breast milk"
2349:
1844:
1659:
1642:
1314:
1255:
823:
397:
347:
215:
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3676:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 478. pp. 77â93.
3396:"Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota"
2587:
2382:
Patel SH, Vaidya YH, Patel RJ, Pandit RJ, Joshi CG, Kunjadiya AP (August 2017).
1229:
Hunt KM, Foster JA, Forney LJ, SchĂŒtte UM, Beck DL, Abdo Z, et al. (2011).
1198:
730:. HMOs selectively facilitate growth of particular beneficial bacteria, notably
4190:"Evolutionary glycomics: characterization of milk oligosaccharides in primates"
3983:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3400:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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48:
44:
4100:"Milk bioactives may manipulate microbes to mediate parent-offspring conflict"
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3521:
3504:
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1615:
1598:
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3170:"Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by the commensal bacteria of human milk"
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2216:
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1509:
1458:
1407:
1359:
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Soto A, MartĂn V, JimĂ©nez E, Mader I, RodrĂguez JM, FernĂĄndez L (July 2014).
869:
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198:
132:
115:
4165:
4148:
4003:
3681:
3467:
3416:
3362:
2172:
2155:
1786:
1571:
1554:
1345:
4529:
4484:
4441:
4382:
4323:
4274:
4223:
4174:
4133:
4081:
4022:
3963:
3881:
3819:
3784:
3740:
3699:
3639:
3571:
3530:
3486:
3435:
3380:
3331:
3287:
3252:
3195:
3154:
3110:
3075:
3026:
2969:
2920:
2861:
2818:
2775:
2734:
2677:
2595:
2560:
2516:
2476:
2457:
2425:
2368:
2301:
2266:
2225:
2181:
2140:
2088:
2037:
1996:
1988:
1961:
1912:
1863:
1804:
1712:
1668:
1624:
1580:
1528:
1466:
1426:
1367:
1332:
1274:
1206:
1156:
1112:
1071:
1009:
963:
931:
847:
833:
638:
Human milk probiotics could also act as pioneering species to increase the
409:
358:
are more commonly found in the human milk of women who did not receive any
277:
251:
243:
202:
160:
75:
4115:
2951:
2659:
2009:
1943:
1894:
268:
have been reported as being more diverse than those found in mature milk.
2716:
2609:
Meyer KM, Mohammad M, Bode L, Chu DM, Ma J, Haymond M, Aagaard K (2017).
1747:
1053:
891:
768:
742:
667:
530:
524:
517:
486:
Mode of delivery may influence composition of the human milk microbiome.
463:
247:
239:
235:
231:
144:
52:
4188:
Tao N, Wu S, Kim J, An HJ, Hinde K, Power ML, et al. (April 2011).
3798:
Savino F, Tarasco V (December 2010). "New treatments for infant colic".
3715:"Developmental microbial ecology of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract"
3127:
Olivares M, DĂaz-Ropero MP, MartĂn R, RodrĂguez JM, Xaus J (July 2006).
3008:
2028:
2011:
954:
4520:
4511:
3615:
3057:
2766:
2749:
2508:
2257:
2240:
534:
359:
315:
283:
40:
4476:
4205:
4053:
2750:"Social networks, cooperative breeding, and the human milk microbiome"
2069:
1689:
1596:
1084:
4239:"Mom knows best: the universality of maternal microbial transmission"
3211:"Nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis strains isolated from human milk"
863:
807:
513:
265:
152:
119:
83:
2796:
1599:"Beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria isolated from breast milk"
1552:
1444:
3562:
3545:
2106:. Poster Session: Canadian Society of Microbiololists. Waterloo ON.
1763:"Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome"
597:
energy expenditure, which can mitigate the risk of these diseases.
563:
490:
is associated with high taxonomic diversity and high prevalence of
417:
275:
with probiotic properties that were isolated from breast milk were
140:
64:
3757:
Bergmann H, RodrĂguez JM, Salminen S, Szajewska H (October 2014).
3756:
3126:
2642:
Witt A, Mason MJ, Burgess K, Flocke S, Zyzanski S (January 2014).
396:
species and overall lower bacterial diversity. Milk of women with
2690:
2322:
2101:
723:
719:
3448:
1128:
297:
being one of the most abundant strains. Early administration of
106:
Graphic of bacterial phyla and 10 commonest genera in human milk
2238:
738:
421:
55:. Contrary to the traditional belief that human breast milk is
2537:
2279:
1877:
Nasidze I, Li J, Quinque D, Tang K, Stoneking M (April 2009).
537:, Leptotrichia, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Bifidobacterium,
3502:
3039:
1129:
Collado MC, Delgado S, Maldonado A, RodrĂguez JM (May 2009).
987:
727:
686:
650:
can suppress the growth of pathogenic microorganisms such as
550:
Breastfeeding is thought to be an important driver of infant
443:
species in their milk compared to mothers of preterm births.
424:
level, lower microbial diversity, and decreased abundance of
74:
The microbiota in human milk serves as a potential source of
3543:
3394:
Zivkovic AM, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA (March 2011).
3347:"Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama"
3265:
3088:
2438:
2239:
Collado MC, Laitinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E (July 2012).
1640:
1027:
412:
show higher bacterial diversity and increased abundances of
3393:
2933:
2153:
2050:
1184:
420:
has been linked to changes in human milk microbiota at the
4395:
4146:
4035:
3308:
2439:
Delgado S, Arroyo R, MartĂn R, RodrĂguez JM (April 2008).
1388:
2982:
2883:
Urbaniak C, Angelini M, Gloor GB, Reid G (January 2016).
2882:
2747:
2197:
1490:
759:
Both human and macaque milks contains high abundances of
214:
Bacteria commonly isolated in human milk samples include
4497:
4044:. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series: Pediatric Program.
2576:
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids
2154:
Jost T, Lacroix C, Braegger C, Chassard C (July 2015).
1974:
1592:
1590:
1391:"Human milk metagenome: a functional capacity analysis"
1228:
4097:
4042:
Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme
3843:
2985:"Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography"
2839:
2799:
Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
2641:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2381:
2053:"Human Milk and Allergic Diseases: An Unsolved Puzzle"
1389:
Ward TL, Hosid S, Ioshikhes I, Altosaar I (May 2013).
1296:
372:
which have been shown to promote growth of beneficial
130:
units detected in the milk of every woman, only nine (
4236:
4093:
4091:
4036:
German JB, Freeman SL, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA (2008).
3894:
3498:
3496:
1760:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
4336:
3976:
2608:
2119:"Human milk oligosaccharides: prebiotics and beyond"
1876:
1817:
1587:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
578:
3839:
3837:
2483:
2012:"Human milk: a source of more life than we imagine"
1879:"Global diversity in the human salivary microbiome"
1647:
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
1303:
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
23:
A microscopy image of a sample of human breast milk
4088:
3712:
3493:
1535:
4098:Allen-Blevins CR, Sela DA, Hinde K (April 2015).
1636:
1634:
908:
754:
4540:
3834:
3752:
3750:
3122:
3120:
2193:
2191:
1725:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
498:and the opposite trend being seen with birth by
2573:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1078:
670:of immune system. These bacteria stimulate the
459:Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Staphylococcus,
368:(HMOs), a primary component of human milk, are
254:analyses of human milk find it is dominated by
4457:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
4454:
3671:
1631:
1124:
1122:
416:in their milk than do non-HIV-positive women.
3797:
3747:
3602:cohort of predominantly breastfeeding women.
3167:
3117:
3040:O'Sullivan A, Farver M, Smilowitz JT (2015).
2615:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
2188:
1486:
1484:
1180:
1178:
1023:
1021:
1019:
970:
3791:
3706:
3665:
3537:
3208:
2044:
1683:
1433:
1339:
708:
674:response and counteract the trend towards a
4287:
3713:Mackie RI, Sghir A, Gaskins HR (May 1999).
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1119:
4187:
3844:Boix-AmorĂłs A, Collado MC, Mira A (2016).
3719:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3312:International Journal of Food Microbiology
2940:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1559:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1481:
1175:
1016:
4519:
4431:
4421:
4372:
4362:
4313:
4264:
4254:
4213:
4164:
4123:
4071:
4012:
4002:
3953:
3927:
3871:
3861:
3774:
3730:
3561:
3520:
3476:
3466:
3425:
3415:
3370:
3242:
3185:
3144:
3065:
3016:
2959:
2910:
2900:
2765:
2724:
2667:
2626:
2466:
2456:
2415:
2358:
2348:
2256:
2215:
2171:
2130:
2078:
2068:
2027:
1951:
1925:
1902:
1853:
1843:
1794:
1658:
1614:
1570:
1518:
1508:
1416:
1406:
1322:
1264:
1254:
1146:
1102:
1061:
953:
934:Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
528:species, and later composed primarily of
16:Community of microorganisms in human milk
3509:The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
1281:
1213:
470:Social network density of mother-infant
341:
101:
18:
4288:Jin L, Hinde K, Tao L (February 2011).
666:also plays a vital role in maintaining
545:
4541:
4237:Funkhouser LJ, Bordenstein SR (2013).
4104:Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health
3402:. 108 Suppl 1 (Supplement 1): 4653â8.
3215:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2697:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1034:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
616:
400:is observed to have reduced levels of
3344:
3209:Beasley SS, Saris PE (August 2004).
2116:
3455:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2693:"Microbiota of human breast tissue"
1728:The Journal of Applied Bacteriology
110:Breast milk is a natural source of
13:
1740:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1979.tb00820.x
505:
481:
383:
181:, Propionibacteria, Corynebacteria
14:
4570:
3628:Seminars in Reproductive Medicine
3324:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.011
2754:American Journal of Human Biology
2125:. 67 Suppl 2 (suppl_2): S183-91.
579:Benefits for breastfeeding mother
4306:10.1111/j.1600-0684.2010.00450.x
3763:The British Journal of Nutrition
3187:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02002.x
3146:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02981.x
3046:Nutrition and Metabolic Insights
2132:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00239.x
1603:The British Journal of Nutrition
1148:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02567.x
1104:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03102.x
520:, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
362:during pregnancy and lactation.
4491:
4448:
4389:
4330:
4281:
4230:
4181:
4140:
4029:
3970:
3928:Sela DA, Mills DA (July 2010).
3921:
3888:
3644:
3620:
3595:
3578:
3442:
3387:
3338:
3302:
3259:
3235:10.1128/aem.70.8.5051-5053.2004
3202:
3174:Journal of Applied Microbiology
3161:
3133:Journal of Applied Microbiology
3082:
3033:
2976:
2927:
2876:
2833:
2790:
2741:
2684:
2635:
2602:
2567:
2531:
2432:
2375:
2316:
2273:
2232:
2147:
2110:
2095:
2003:
1968:
1919:
1870:
1811:
1754:
1719:
1382:
1135:Letters in Applied Microbiology
1091:Journal of Applied Microbiology
4294:Journal of Medical Primatology
3168:HeikkilÀ MP, Saris PE (2003).
3103:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.009
1926:RodrĂguez JM (November 2014).
1163:
755:Comparisons with other mammals
439:species and higher amounts of
190:
1:
4048:: 205â18, discussion 218â22.
3800:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
2282:European Journal of Nutrition
902:
562:species, and fewer potential
97:
4423:10.1371/journal.pone.0085904
4364:10.1371/journal.pone.0061959
4256:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001631
4194:Journal of Proteome Research
3905:10.1007/978-1-4614-4060-4_11
3812:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833fac24
3550:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2350:10.1371/journal.pone.0080299
1845:10.1371/journal.pone.0023503
1660:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182333f18
1315:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000347
1256:10.1371/journal.pone.0021313
256:Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas,
173:Staphylococci, Streptococci,
7:
3274:(1): 8â17, quiz 18â21, 41.
2588:10.1016/j.plefa.2009.07.004
1199:10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.09.028
880:
366:Human milk oligosaccharides
10:
4575:
3268:Journal of Human Lactation
2628:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.11.911
2408:10.1038/s41598-017-08451-7
2204:Journal of Human Lactation
1705:10.1016/j.phrs.2011.11.016
1447:Journal of Human Lactation
1348:Journal of Human Lactation
1002:10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.001
946:10.1016/j.siny.2016.05.003
897:Human milk oligosaccharide
431:Women delivering term and
118:, and may be considered a
47:âpresent within the human
3946:10.1016/j.tim.2010.03.008
3850:Frontiers in Microbiology
3776:10.1017/S0007114514001949
3653:Arch. Womens Ment. Health
3522:10.1017/S0029665110001898
3345:Bode L (September 2012).
2902:10.1186/s40168-015-0145-y
2811:10.1017/S2040174415001397
2553:10.1016/j.nut.2013.11.002
2294:10.1007/s00394-014-0692-1
1616:10.1017/S0007114507832910
1497:Frontiers in Microbiology
1187:The Journal of Pediatrics
734:species. Furthermore, as
709:Evolutionary implications
680:necrotizing enterocolitis
308:
92:World Health Organization
3863:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00492
3280:10.1177/0890334404272393
2854:10.1177/1933719115623645
2217:10.1177/0890334417709433
2117:Bode L (November 2009).
1693:Pharmacological Research
1510:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01619
1459:10.1177/0890334415585078
1408:10.1186/1471-2180-13-116
1360:10.1177/0890334411424729
990:Pharmacological Research
476:Central African Republic
114:for the newborn through
86:bacteria for the infant
4004:10.1073/pnas.0809584105
3732:10.1093/ajcn/69.5.1035s
3682:10.1007/0-306-46830-1_7
3468:10.1074/jbc.M111.248138
3417:10.1073/pnas.1000083107
2497:Journal of Perinatology
2445:BMC Infectious Diseases
1787:10.1126/science.1171700
1572:10.3945/ajcn.112.037382
659:Clostridium perfringens
599:Lactobacillus fermentum
586:Lactobacillus fermentum
59:, advancements in both
3934:Trends in Microbiology
3640:10.1055/s-0041-1732365
3590:10.1093/ajcn/66.5.1116
2648:Breastfeeding Medicine
2458:10.1186/1471-2334-8-51
1989:10.1542/peds.113.2.361
653:Salmonella typhimurium
332:entero-mammary pathway
328:gastrointestinal tract
320:oral cavity microbiota
185:Gram-positive bacteria
183:, and closely related
107:
24:
4166:10.1093/glycob/cwp006
3363:10.1093/glycob/cws074
2952:10.1128/mmbr.00036-17
2842:Reproductive Sciences
2660:10.1089/bfm.2013.0012
2173:10.1093/nutrit/nuu016
1944:10.3945/an.114.007229
1932:Advances in Nutrition
1895:10.1101/gr.084616.108
342:Environmental factors
271:The three strains of
105:
33:human milk probiotics
29:human milk microbiota
22:
4500:Molecular BioSystems
2717:10.1128/aem.00242-14
1609:(Suppl 1): S96-100.
1054:10.1128/aem.02063-08
693:and lower counts of
546:Influences on health
324:infrared photography
187:for the infant gut.
175:lactic acid bacteria
124:colony-forming units
112:lactic acid bacteria
4469:2015JSFA...95.1072Z
4414:2014PLoSO...985904O
4355:2013PLoSO...861959K
4116:10.1093/emph/eov007
3995:2008PNAS..10518964S
3408:2011PNAS..108.4653Z
3227:2004ApEnM..70.5051B
3009:10.1038/nature11053
3001:2012Natur.486..222Y
2709:2014ApEnM..80.3007U
2400:2017NatSR...7.7804P
2341:2013PLoSO...880299G
2029:10.3920/bm2012.0040
2016:Beneficial Microbes
1836:2011PLoSO...623503C
1779:2009Sci...324.1190G
1247:2011PLoSO...621313H
1046:2009ApEnM..75..965M
699:intestinal motility
617:Benefit for infants
39:), encompasses the
4512:10.1039/c6mb00217j
3725:(5): 1035Sâ1045S.
3634:(03/04), 111â132.
3616:10.3390/nu11040938
3058:10.4137/NMI.S29530
2767:10.1002/ajhb.23131
2509:10.1038/jp.2014.47
2388:Scientific Reports
2258:10.1038/pr.2012.42
2245:Pediatric Research
664:commensal bacteria
426:obligate anaerobic
318:, or the infant's
201:, Staphylococcus,
108:
82:, and potentially
43:âthe community of
25:
4477:10.1002/jsfa.6800
4206:10.1021/pr1009367
4063:978-3-8055-8553-8
4054:10.1159/000146322
3914:978-1-4614-4059-8
2160:Nutrition Reviews
2123:Nutrition Reviews
2070:10.3390/nu9080894
829:Propionibacterium
691:coliform bacteria
500:caesarean section
334:, facilitated by
157:Propionibacterium
61:microbial culture
4566:
4534:
4533:
4523:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4376:
4366:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4317:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4258:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4217:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4168:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4127:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4016:
4006:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3875:
3865:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3669:
3663:
3648:
3642:
3624:
3618:
3599:
3593:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3524:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3470:
3461:(40): 34583â92.
3446:
3440:
3439:
3429:
3419:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3052:(Suppl 1): 1â9.
3037:
3031:
3030:
3020:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2946:(4): e00036â17.
2931:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2904:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2769:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2492:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2352:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2072:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1773:(5931): 1190â2.
1758:
1752:
1751:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1662:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1550:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1512:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1442:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1410:
1395:BMC Microbiology
1386:
1380:
1379:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1294:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1226:
1211:
1210:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1025:
1014:
1013:
985:
968:
967:
957:
929:
887:Human microbiota
818:Faecalibacterium
786:Stenotrophomonas
406:Bifidobacterium.
168:Nitrobacteraceae
69:human microbiome
31:, also known as
4574:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4549:Maternal health
4539:
4538:
4537:
4496:
4492:
4453:
4449:
4394:
4390:
4335:
4331:
4286:
4282:
4249:(8): e1001631.
4235:
4231:
4186:
4182:
4145:
4141:
4096:
4089:
4064:
4034:
4030:
3989:(48): 18964â9.
3975:
3971:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3897:Building Babies
3893:
3889:
3842:
3835:
3796:
3792:
3755:
3748:
3711:
3707:
3692:
3670:
3666:
3649:
3645:
3625:
3621:
3600:
3596:
3583:
3579:
3542:
3538:
3501:
3494:
3447:
3443:
3392:
3388:
3343:
3339:
3307:
3303:
3264:
3260:
3207:
3203:
3166:
3162:
3125:
3118:
3087:
3083:
3038:
3034:
2995:(7402): 222â7.
2981:
2977:
2932:
2928:
2881:
2877:
2838:
2834:
2795:
2791:
2746:
2742:
2703:(10): 3007â14.
2689:
2685:
2640:
2636:
2607:
2603:
2582:(5â6): 325â30.
2572:
2568:
2536:
2532:
2493:
2484:
2437:
2433:
2380:
2376:
2321:
2317:
2278:
2274:
2237:
2233:
2196:
2189:
2152:
2148:
2115:
2111:
2100:
2096:
2049:
2045:
2008:
2004:
1973:
1969:
1924:
1920:
1883:Genome Research
1875:
1871:
1816:
1812:
1759:
1755:
1724:
1720:
1688:
1684:
1639:
1632:
1595:
1588:
1551:
1536:
1489:
1482:
1443:
1434:
1387:
1383:
1344:
1340:
1295:
1282:
1227:
1214:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1127:
1120:
1083:
1079:
1026:
1017:
986:
971:
930:
909:
905:
883:
824:Lachnospiraceae
803:Corynebacterium
757:
748:Bifidobacterium
732:Bifidobacterium
711:
703:sensory neurons
619:
581:
556:Bifidobacterium
548:
508:
506:Lactation stage
492:Bifidobacterium
484:
482:Delivery method
441:Bifidobacterium
390:Bifidobacterium
386:
384:Maternal health
374:Bifidobacterium
348:body mass index
344:
336:dendritic cells
311:
293:CECT5713, with
216:Bifidobacterium
208:Bifidobacterium
193:
149:Corynebacterium
100:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4572:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4536:
4535:
4506:(8): 2359â72.
4490:
4447:
4388:
4329:
4280:
4229:
4200:(4): 1548â57.
4180:
4159:(5): 499â508.
4139:
4087:
4062:
4028:
3969:
3940:(7): 298â307.
3920:
3913:
3887:
3833:
3790:
3769:(7): 1119â28.
3746:
3705:
3690:
3664:
3643:
3619:
3594:
3577:
3563:10.1086/652763
3556:(12): 1551â8.
3536:
3492:
3441:
3386:
3357:(9): 1147â62.
3337:
3301:
3258:
3201:
3160:
3116:
3081:
3032:
2975:
2926:
2875:
2832:
2789:
2740:
2683:
2634:
2601:
2566:
2530:
2503:(8): 599â605.
2482:
2431:
2374:
2335:(11): e80299.
2315:
2272:
2231:
2210:(3): 540â551.
2187:
2146:
2109:
2094:
2043:
2002:
1967:
1918:
1869:
1810:
1753:
1718:
1682:
1630:
1586:
1534:
1480:
1432:
1381:
1338:
1280:
1212:
1174:
1162:
1118:
1077:
1015:
969:
940:(6): 400â405.
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
894:
889:
882:
879:
813:Staphylococcus
798:Bradyrhizobium
756:
753:
736:Bifidobacteria
716:macronutrients
710:
707:
685:Children with
648:Bifidobacteria
628:Bifidobacteria
618:
615:
580:
577:
573:Bifidobacteria
552:gut microbiome
547:
544:
507:
504:
496:Lactobacillus,
488:Vaginal births
483:
480:
408:Women who are
398:celiac disease
394:Staphylococcus
385:
382:
356:Bifidobacteria
343:
340:
310:
307:
303:infant formula
287:CECT5714, and
224:Staphylococcus
192:
189:
179:Bifidobacteria
137:Staphylococcus
99:
96:
88:gut microbiota
49:mammary glands
45:microorganisms
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4571:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4463:(5): 1072â9.
4462:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4408:(1): e85904.
4407:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4349:(4): e61959.
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4110:(1): 106â21.
4109:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4092:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3838:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3751:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3691:0-306-46405-5
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3515:(3): 407â15.
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3221:(8): 5051â3.
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3121:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3097:(6): 478â82.
3096:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2760:(4): e23131.
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2288:(1): 119â28.
2287:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2166:(7): 426â37.
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:(6): 779â84.
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:(4): 636â43.
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:(8): e23503.
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:(2): 269â77.
1733:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1565:(3): 544â51.
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:(3): 406â15.
1452:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:(6): e21313.
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1171:Organization.
1166:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1097:(2): 337â43.
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
965:
961:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
907:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
878:
876:
872:
871:
870:Fusobacterium
866:
865:
860:
859:
858:Porphyromonas
854:
853:Lactobacillus
850:
849:
844:
843:Streptococcus
840:
836:
835:
830:
826:
825:
820:
819:
814:
810:
809:
804:
800:
799:
794:
793:
792:Psychrobacter
788:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:Lactobacillus
762:
761:Streptococcus
752:
749:
744:
740:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:
655:
654:
649:
645:
641:
636:
633:
629:
625:
614:
610:
608:
603:
600:
595:
594:Streptococcus
591:
587:
576:
574:
570:
565:
561:
560:Lactobacillus
557:
553:
543:
542:
541:Enterococcus.
538:
536:
532:
527:
526:
521:
519:
515:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
479:
477:
473:
468:
466:
465:
460:
455:
451:
449:
448:lipid profile
444:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:Lactobacillus
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:
290:L. salivarius
286:
285:
280:
279:
274:
269:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:Streptococcus
225:
221:
220:Lactobacillus
217:
212:
209:
205:
204:
200:
199:Lactobacillus
188:
186:
182:
180:
174:
170:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:Streptococcus
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:breastfeeding
113:
104:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4405:
4401:
4391:
4346:
4342:
4332:
4297:
4293:
4283:
4246:
4243:PLOS Biology
4242:
4232:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4156:
4153:Glycobiology
4152:
4142:
4107:
4103:
4045:
4041:
4031:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3896:
3890:
3853:
3849:
3806:(6): 791â7.
3803:
3799:
3793:
3766:
3762:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3673:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3646:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3592:PMID 9356528
3580:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3512:
3508:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3399:
3389:
3354:
3351:Glycobiology
3350:
3340:
3318:(1): 35â43.
3315:
3311:
3304:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3180:(3): 471â8.
3177:
3173:
3163:
3136:
3132:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3049:
3045:
3035:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2848:(7): 902â7.
2845:
2841:
2835:
2805:(1): 54â60.
2802:
2798:
2792:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2654:(1): 29â34.
2651:
2647:
2637:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2547:(6): 685â9.
2544:
2540:
2533:
2500:
2496:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2251:(1): 77â85.
2248:
2244:
2234:
2207:
2203:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2122:
2112:
2103:
2097:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2022:(1): 17â30.
2019:
2015:
2005:
1983:(2): 361â7.
1980:
1976:
1970:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1731:
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430:
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131:
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4554:Breast milk
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3139:(1): 72â9.
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839:Bacteroides
777:Pseudomonas
769:bovine milk
743:coevolution
668:homeostasis
531:Veillonella
525:Lactococcus
518:Leuconostoc
464:Eubacterium
402:Bacteroides
378:Bacteroides
360:antibiotics
252:Metagenomic
248:Escherichia
240:Micrococcus
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