309:
315:
153:
In the closing years of the 16th century, Hūlun tribes started recognizing
Nurhaci's supremacy although, in some cases, the Nurhaci-appointed chief of a tribe would then try to assert his independence, and a new war would result, as it was the case with Bujantai, the leader of the Ula. Eventually,
170:
Jurchen and Mongol chieftains of the time were often polygamous, thus it would be common for each of them to be a son-in-law, and later in life father-in-law, of many other chiefs; see many allusions to such relations elsewhere in
Crossley
51:
The Hūlun alliance was formed by Wan (d. 1582), the leader of the Hada tribal federation, which had drawn its importance from the control of commerce between the late-
112:
Wan aspired to paramount leadership in the region, establishing a network of political and business relations with
Jurchen and Mongol leaders, as well as with the
85:
While the Hūlun people were mostly of
Jurchen origin, they had been heavily influenced by the Mongol language and culture, and intermarried with the neighboring
59:
355:
79:
290:
264:
238:
212:
384:
31:
348:
154:
all four tribes were fully incorporated into
Nurhaci's empire (Hada 1601, Hoifa 1607, Ula 1613, Yehe 1619).
135:
70:
Province). Besides the Hada themselves, the Hūlun included three other tribal federations, known as
374:
341:
379:
308:
131:
329:
8:
16:
This article is about the Manchu alliance of tribes. For the lake in northern China, see
150:
historians referred to Wan as one of the first great leaders of the "Manchu nations".
286:
260:
234:
208:
94:
63:
280:
254:
228:
202:
21:
259:, Peoples of Asia, vol. 14 (3 ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 62, 64,
36:
325:
41:
233:, Studies on China, vol. 28, University of California Press, p. 65,
368:
230:
Empire at the margins: culture, ethnicity, and frontier in early modern China
143:
121:
147:
113:
109:
52:
75:
71:
139:
17:
134:'s view, viewed Wan and his Hūlun as role models for himself and his
314:
204:
A Translucent Mirror: History and
Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
130:, the chief of the Jianzhou Jurchens, was Wan's son-in-law, and, in
117:
90:
86:
67:
55:
127:
98:
227:
Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Siu, Helen F.; Sutton, Donald S. (2006),
279:
Fairbank, John K.; Twitchett, Denis
Crispin (2002), "Part 1",
93:
Mongols. Therefore, were viewed by their southern neighbors –
45:
44:
tribes in the late 16th century, based primarily in modern
285:, vol. 9, Cambridge University Press, p. 30,
138:
in northeastern China. Many years later, long after
66:, which is located near the northern tip of today's
207:, University of California Press, pp. 139–40,
324:This article related to the history of China is a
278:
226:
366:
349:
97:, which were in the late 16th century led by
356:
342:
252:
200:
367:
196:
194:
192:
190:
188:
146:, and both Wan and Nurhaci were dead,
302:
58:and Jurchen tribes to the east via
185:
13:
14:
396:
313:
307:
282:The Cambridge history of China
272:
253:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002),
246:
220:
201:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002),
164:
35:
1:
178:
40:) was a powerful alliance of
328:. You can help Knowledge by
7:
10:
401:
301:
15:
157:
142:had renamed Jurchens to
385:Chinese history stubs
20:. For the city, see
48:province of China.
337:
336:
136:Later Jin dynasty
95:Jianzhou Jurchens
392:
358:
351:
344:
319:
318:
317:
311:
303:
296:
295:
276:
270:
269:
250:
244:
243:
224:
218:
217:
198:
172:
168:
39:
400:
399:
395:
394:
393:
391:
390:
389:
375:Jurchen history
365:
364:
363:
362:
312:
306:
300:
299:
293:
277:
273:
267:
251:
247:
241:
225:
221:
215:
199:
186:
181:
176:
175:
169:
165:
160:
132:Pamela Crossley
25:
22:Hailar District
12:
11:
5:
398:
388:
387:
382:
377:
361:
360:
353:
346:
338:
335:
334:
321:
298:
297:
291:
271:
265:
245:
239:
219:
213:
183:
182:
180:
177:
174:
173:
162:
161:
159:
156:
62:Pass (east of
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
397:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
370:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
340:
339:
333:
331:
327:
322:
316:
310:
305:
304:
294:
292:0-521-24334-3
288:
284:
283:
275:
268:
266:0-631-23591-4
262:
258:
257:
249:
242:
240:0-520-23015-9
236:
232:
231:
223:
216:
214:0-520-23424-3
210:
206:
205:
197:
195:
193:
191:
189:
184:
167:
163:
155:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
123:
122:Li Chengliang
119:
115:
111:
106:
105:("Mongols").
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
49:
47:
43:
38:
33:
29:
23:
19:
380:Qing dynasty
330:expanding it
323:
320:
281:
274:
255:
248:
229:
222:
203:
166:
152:
126:
116:governor of
107:
102:
84:
50:
27:
26:
256:The Manchus
369:Categories
179:References
140:Hong Taiji
108:The Hūlun
18:Lake Hulun
60:Guangshun
118:Liaodong
91:Kharchin
87:Khorchin
68:Liaoning
56:Liaodong
171:(2006).
144:Manchus
128:Nurhaci
99:Nurhaci
64:Kaiyuan
42:Jurchen
32:Chinese
289:
263:
237:
211:
103:Monggo
78:, and
34::
158:Notes
101:– as
80:Hoifa
46:Jilin
28:Hūlun
326:stub
287:ISBN
261:ISBN
235:ISBN
209:ISBN
148:Qing
114:Ming
110:khan
89:and
76:Yehe
53:Ming
72:Ula
371::
187:^
124:.
120:,
82:.
74:,
37:扈倫
357:e
350:t
343:v
332:.
30:(
24:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.