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soil also increases pathogenicity. Not only do these abiotic factors increase infectability, they also increase disease spread. High winds and heavy rain also increase disease spread as the spores of corn smut can be more easily transmitted. Other biotic factors largely have to do with the extent by which humans interact with the corn and corn smut. If corn debris is not cleared at the end of the season, the spores can overwinter in the corn fragments and live to infect another generation. Finally, humans wounding the corn (with shears or other tools) present the opportunity for corn smut to easily enter the plant.
49:
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902:, enhancing infection. Additionally, clearing the planting area of debris can help control corn smut, as the teliospores from corn smut overwinter in debris. This is not the best practice, though, because corn smut can also overwinter in the soil; crop rotation is recommended. Lastly, as excess nitrogen in the soil augments infection rate, using fertilizer with low nitrogen levels, or just limiting the amount of nitrogen in the soil proves to be another way to control corn smut.
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is mostly consumed fresh and can be purchased at restaurants or street or farmer's markets throughout the country and, to a much lesser extent, can also be purchased as a canned good in some markets and via the internet. Farmers in the countryside spread the spores around intentionally to create more
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are known, there are certain environments where corn smut seems to thrive, depending on both abiotic and biotic factors. Hot and dry weather during pollination followed by a heavy rainy season appear to improve the pathogenicity of corn smut. Furthermore, excess manure (and therefore nitrogen) in the
882:
Losses from corn smut can vary greatly; however, annual yield losses rarely exceed 2% when resistant cultivars are planted. This disease can have a large economic impact on sweet corn, specifically when smut galls replace the kernels. There are many ways to control and manage corn smut; however, corn
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has a well-established recombinational DNA repair system. This repair system involves a homolog of Rad51 that has a very similar sequence and size to its mammalian counterparts. This system also involves a protein, Rec2 that is more distantly related to Rad51, and Brh2 protein that is a streamlined
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McTaggart, Alistair R.; Shivas, Roger G.; Boekhout, Teun; Oberwinkler, Franz; Vánky, Kálmán; Pennycook, Shaun R.; Begerow, Dominik (December 2016). "Mycosarcoma (Ustilaginaceae), a resurrected generic name for corn smut (Ustilago maydis) and its close relatives with hypertrophied, tubular sori".
1018:. Most observers consider the program to have had little impact, although the initiative is still in progress. The cursory show of interest is significant because the USDA has spent a considerable amount of time and money trying to eradicate corn smut in the United States. Moreover, in 1989, the
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are harvested while still immature — fully mature galls are dry and almost entirely spore-filled. The immature galls, gathered two to three weeks after an ear of corn is infected, still retain moisture and, when cooked, have a flavor described as mushroom-like, sweet, savory, woody, and earthy.
521:"to sleep"), thus giving a combined mismeaning of "sleeping/hibernating excrement", but actually meaning "sleeping excrescence", referring to the fact that the fungus grows between the kernels and impedes them from developing, thus they remain "sleeping".
1001:
The fungus has had difficulty entering into the
American and European diets as most farmers see it as blight, despite attempts by government and high-profile chefs to introduce it. In the mid-1990s, due to demand created by high-end restaurants,
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to DNA damaging agents is increased. Also mitotic recombination becomes deficient, mutation frequency increases and meiosis fails to complete. These observations suggest that recombinational repair during mitosis and meiosis in
1030:, chef at Rosa Mexicano restaurant. This dinner tried to get Americans to eat more of it by renaming it the "Mexican truffle" and it is often compared to truffles in food articles describing its taste and texture.
729:. These cells multiply by budding off daughter cells. When two compatible sporidia meet on the surface of the plant, however, they switch to a different mode of growth. First, they produce one or another
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When corn smut grows on a corn cob, it changes the nutritional worth of the corn it affects. Corn smut contains more proteins than the uninfected grains normally do. The amino acid
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Page 109 By
Nicholas P. Money Professor of Botany, Miami University, Ohio; Published by Oxford University Press, Aug 4, 2006. Accessed online vis Google Books October 24, 2013.
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is the best known and studied of the
Ustilaginomycetes, a sub class of basidiomycota, and so is often used as the exemplar species when talking about its entire class.
1033:
Native
American tribes in North America ate corn smut as well. The Hidatsa tribe of North Dakota's practice of preparing and eating corn smut is described vividly in
1545:
1319:
1652:
Li, Liande; Wright, Sara J.; Krystofova, Svetlana; Park, Gyungsoon; Borkovich, Katherine A. (2007). "Heterotrimeric G Protein
Signaling in Filamentous Fungi".
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may assist the pathogen in surviving DNA damage arising from the host's oxidative defensive response to infection, as well as from other DNA damaging agents.
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must include a slow simmer of the fungus until it becomes black, which also removes most of the starch of the corn, and what is left is a black oily paste.
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The fungus infects all parts of the host plant by invading the ovaries of its host. The infection causes the corn kernels to swell up into tumor-like
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2152:
Battillo, J. (2018). "The role of corn fungus in
Basketmaker II diet: A paleonutrition perspective on early corn farming adaptations".
810:
Plants have evolved efficient defense systems against pathogenic microbes. A rapid plant defense reaction after pathogen attack is the
1258:. This allows researchers to study the interaction between the fungus and its host with relative ease. The availability of the entire
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Mohan, S. K., Hamm, P.B., Clough, G.H., and du Toit, L.J. 2013. "Corn Smuts" Oregon State
University, A Pacific Northwest Extension.
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1947:
960:, and sold for a significantly higher price than uninfected corn. The consumption of corn smut in Mexico originated directly from
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is now known. The fungus is mostly studied as model organism for host pathogen interaction and delivery of effectors protein.
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752:. If this signalling is successful they then send out conjugation tubes to find each other, after which they fuse and make a
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by GREEN DEANE, December 2012. Archive of food Blog: Eat the weeds and other things too... - Accessed online March 17, 2014
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2256:"Recombinational repair of gaps in DNA is asymmetric in Ustilago maydis and can be explained by a migrating D-loop model"
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to omelettes. Its earthy flavors bond with the fats that cook the eggs to mellow the flavors into a truffle-like taste.
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1918:
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898:, and avoiding mechanical injury to the plant. A mechanical injury can cause the corn to become easily accessible to
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By FLORENCE FABRICANT Published: August 30, 2000 New York Times. Accessed via NYTIMES online archives March 17, 2014
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version of the mammalian Breast Cancer 2 (BRCA2) protein. When any of these proteins is inactivated, sensitivity of
524:
A second group of sources deem the word to mean "raven's excrement". These sources appear to be combining the word
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814:, which involves the production of reactive oxygen species at the site of the attempted invasion. As a pathogen,
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Vegetables, Revised: The Most
Authoritative Guide to Buying, Preparing, and Cooking, with More than 300 Recipes
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2356:"Prospecting the biodiversity of the fungal family Ustilaginaceae for the production of value-added chemicals"
2315:"BRCA2 Homolog Required for Proficiency in DNA Repair, Recombination, and Genome Stability in Ustilago maydis"
1930:
2020. "Corn Smut" University of
Massachusetts Amherst: The Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment.
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760:; they possess two haploid nuclei per hyphal compartment. In contrast to sporidia, the dikaryotic phase of
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is not only used to study plant disease, but it also is used to study plant genetics. In 1996, a study on
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for research, although its relevance in nature is unknown. The fungus is exceptionally well-suited for
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blend nicely with the fats of the chorizo and bond to mellow out the heat from the peppers and salsa.
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only occurs during successful infection of a maize plant, and cannot be maintained in the laboratory.
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779:. These teliospores help to overwinter the pathogen into the next season. They survive in the soil.
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1762:
Banuett, F. (1995). "Genetics of
Ustilago Maydis, A Fungal Pathogen that Induces Tumors in Maize".
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Mature tumors release spores that are dispersed by rain and wind. Under appropriate conditions, a
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Huitlacoche is also popular in quesadillas with Mexican cheese, sautéed onions, and tomatoes.
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The blueish color transforms into the recognizable black color only with heat. Any dish with
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30:"Cuitlacoche" redirects here. For the genus of birds otherwise known as "Cuitlacoche", see
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can respond to such an oxidative burst by an oxidative stress response, regulated by gene
8:
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1046:, have used corn smut in an attempt to induce labor. It has similar medicinal effects to
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948:. Smut-infected crops are often destroyed, although some farmers use them to prepare
540:, meaning "excrement", actually meaning "excrescence". However, the avian meaning of
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111:
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1919:
https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw647.pdf
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2018:
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genetics led to the discovery of synthesis-dependent strand annealing, a method of
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496:
476:
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2197:"Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydis"
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Christensen, J.J. (1963). "Corn smut caused by Ustilago maydis. Monograph no. 2".
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from the host attack, and is necessary for the pathogen's virulence. Furthermore,
568:. This root then clashes with this reconstruction's second claim that the segment
501:
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Geiser, Elena; Wiebach, Vincent; Wierckx, Nick; Blank, Lars M. (1 January 2014).
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formation, reduced growth, and the appearance of tumors harboring the developing
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cells of the infected plant, along with resulting fungal threads, and blue-black
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1611:. Conabio-ine-semarnap, Instituto Nacional de Ecología, México. pp. 66–70.
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1322:. This ability is gaining corn smut more relevance to industrial applications.
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Proliferation of the fungus inside the plant leads to disease symptoms such as
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994:, which the body requires but cannot manufacture. It also contains levels of
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2007:"Nutritional value of huitlacoche, maize mushroom caused by Ustilago maydis"
2006:
1867:"Rec2 interplay with both Brh2 and Rad51 balances recombinational repair in
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infects individual corn kernels instead of infecting the entire cob, like
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similar to, and protein content equal or superior to, most edible fungi.
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Some beneficial ways to contain corn smut include resistant corn plants,
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Some sources wrongly give the etymology as coming from the Nahuatl words
252:(Mexico), blister smut of maize, boil smut of maize, common smut of maize
141:
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2231:
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2196:
689:. These dark-colored spores give the cob a burned, scorched appearance.
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The galls grow to 4 to 5 inches in diameter. These galls are made up of
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2416:(revised ed.). Scribner. p. 349 "Huitlacoche, or Corn Smut".
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1280:. Other studies in the fungus have also investigated the role of the
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of the fungus. In some parts of the country, they call the fungus "
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smut cannot be controlled by any common fungicide at this time, as
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952:. However, the immature infected galls are still edible, and in
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1943:
Hansen, M.A. 2009. "Corn Smut" Virginia Cooperative Extension.
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gene involved in H2O2 detoxification is required for virulence"
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is able to produce a broad range of valuable chemicals such as
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2133:
Laferrière, Joseph E. (1991). "Mountain Pima ethnomycology".
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See entries for "huitlacoche" and "cuicacoche o cuiltacoche".
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1171:
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718:
686:
328:
270:
2195:
Kämper J, Kahmann R, Bölker M, et al. (November 2006).
1333:
1228:, of which corn contains very little, abounds in corn smut.
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One source derives the meaning as "corn excrescence", using
389:
Insertion of "excrescence" correction done very incorrectly.
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2312:
1963:
Petruzzello, M. 2017. "Corn Smut" Encyclopedia Britannica.
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324:
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Native Americans of the American Southwest, including the
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to enter the maize plant. Hyphae growing in the plant are
2353:
2313:
Kojic, M; Kostrub, CF; Buchman, AR; Holloman, WK (2002).
1983:
1262:
is another advantage of this fungus as a model organism.
607:
601:
600:. This requires the linguistically unlikely evolution of
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569:
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541:
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2005:
Aydoğdu, Mehmet; Gölükçü, Muharrem (21 September 2017).
802:
to become the sporidia, thus completing the life cycle.
677:, whose tissues, texture, and developmental pattern are
459:
is derived are debated. In modern Nahuatl, the word for
1588:"Professor introduces unusual edible fungus to Madison"
1372:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
956:
they are highly esteemed as a delicacy. It is known as
2104:
1864:
1651:
355:
and other tortilla-based dishes, as well as in soups.
1370: – Fungi that can be used to develop medications
910:
Although not all the conditions that favor growth of
2041:
Newhall, Edith (25 September 1989). "Fungus Feast".
1945:
https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450-706/450-706.html
1932:
https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/corn-smut
1329:
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in polarized growth. It is largely due to work with
2194:
1865:Kojic, M; Zhou, Q; Lisby, M; Holloman, WK (2006).
1631:
1050:, but weaker, due to the presence of the chemical
748:, as determined by alleles at two unlinked mating
327:on all above-ground parts of corn species such as
1796:
1533:(in Spanish). Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
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1647:
1645:
1643:
1937:
1790:
944:Smut feeds on the corn plant and decreases the
733:, and begin producing one or the other type of
2004:
1604:
1528:
500:("excrement" or "rear-end", actually meaning "
319:. One of several cereal crop pathogens called
2463:
2036:
2034:
1811:
1706:. Vol. 7, no. 2. pp. 309–315.
1640:
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234:
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1965:https://www.britannica.com/science/corn-smut
1546:"Producción de caviar azteca en invernadero"
449:). This word entered Spanish in Mexico from
2443:MUMDB giving easy access to U. maydis genes
1761:
1755:
1552:(in Spanish). 1 August 2006. Archived from
1298:
1096:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2456:
2154:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
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2056:TEMPTATION; Mexico's Answer To the Truffle
2031:
1979:"In Mexico, Tar-Like Fungus Is A Delicacy"
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27:Fungal plant disease on maize and teosinte
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1632:Vasconcelos Dueñas, Irene (August 2007).
1188:, as it is often served in central Mexico
1116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1014:(USDA) to intentionally infect corn with
805:
412:Learn how and when to remove this message
2745:International corn production statistics
1485:
1465:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
1180:
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936:for sale in the produce department of a
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870:
701:
665:This ear of corn has been infected with
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2438:U. maydis Genome at the Broad Institute
2040:
1566:
1517:
1288:that the function of the breast-cancer
1012:United States Department of Agriculture
14:
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1977:Uribe, Monica Ortiz (20 August 2009).
1672:10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093432
1592:University of Wisconsin - Madison News
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563:
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453:, though the Nahuatl words from which
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2411:
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1976:
1585:
1422:
794:nuclei migrate into elongated single
713:When grown in the lab on very simple
649:, but in 2016 it was placed in genus
546:derives from the Nahuatl word "song"
438:
3929:94d950d2-f6a1-44dd-a449-78a4cb21745b
3800:85555cf1-5abb-4b44-95d0-be46d241006c
2107:The History of Medications for Women
1586:Wolff, Barbara (19 September 2006).
1436:. American Phytopathological Society
1231:
1219:
1094:adding citations to reliable sources
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1057:
362:
3957:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
2254:Ferguson, DO; Holloman, HK (1996).
1970:
1776:10.1146/annurev.ge.29.120195.001143
1448:
1147:, onions, garlic, serrano peppers,
24:
3329:
2477:
1634:"Los hongos medicinales en México"
1567:Vincent, David (8 November 2008).
1403:
1155:. The mild, earthy flavors of the
656:
335:. The infected corn is edible; in
25:
3983:
2431:
1531:Diccionario breve de mexicanismos
1486:Peterson, James (27 March 2012).
1384:
1364: – Edible fungi fruit bodies
1241:
557:, itself from the verb "to sing"
2360:Fungal Biology and Biotechnology
1608:Guía de aves canoras y de ornato
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645:Formerly it was placed in genus
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1812:Molina, L; Kahmann, R (2007).
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1529:Gómez de Silva, Guido (2001).
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798:. These cells detach from the
351:, often eaten as a filling in
294:Worldwide, where corn is grown
13:
1:
3141:List of tortilla-based dishes
2332:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00632-9
2081:"Buffalo Bird Woman's Garden"
1887:10.1128/MCB.26.2.678-688.2006
1655:Annual Review of Microbiology
1605:Marcó del Pont, Raúl (1997).
1492:. Random House. p. 184.
1377:
1162:Another Maya favorite on the
866:
697:
2174:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.07.003
1967:(accessed October 13, 2020).
1954:(accessed October 13, 2020).
1921:(accessed October 12, 2020).
358:
7:
2789:National Cornbread Festival
2755:Three Sisters (agriculture)
2105:O'Dowd, Michael J. (2001).
2068:Corn Smut, Mexican Truffles
2011:Food Science and Technology
1934:(accessed October 12, 2020)
1325:
1036:Buffalo Bird Woman's Garden
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634:
387:. The specific problem is:
10:
3988:
1010:farms were allowed by the
922:
875:Ear of corn infected with
717:, it behaves like baker's
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486:to be the classical form.
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2672:
2636:
2610:
2485:
2373:10.1186/s40694-014-0002-y
2085:digital.library.upenn.edu
1764:Annual Review of Genetics
1246:The yeast-like growth of
1186:Quesadilla de huitlacoche
969:Flavor compounds include
851:is known to produce four
822:. This response protects
480:), and some sources deem
477:[kʷit͡ɬɑˈkot͡ʃin]
290:
280:
266:
256:
243:
227:
222:
199:
192:
170:
163:
65:Scientific classification
63:
55:
46:
41:
2122:p. 410, via Google Books
2109:. Taylor & Francis.
1799:Amer. Phytopath. Society
1299:Industrial biotechnology
1274:homologous recombination
1216:", i.e. "maize fungus".
964:. For culinary use, the
440:[(ɡ)witlaˈkotʃe]
428:, corn smut is known as
2281:10.1073/pnas.93.11.5419
2135:Journal of Ethnobiology
2024:10.1590/1678-457X.19416
1139:A simple Mexican-style
977:, as well as the sugar
608:
602:
591:
585:
576:
570:
559:
548:
542:
536:
526:
517:
506:
491:
482:
467:
2750:List of popcorn brands
2412:McGee, Harold (2004).
1834:10.1105/tpc.107.052332
1250:makes it an appealing
1189:
1136:
1020:James Beard Foundation
941:
879:
806:Host/pathogen conflict
710:
670:
627:
621:
473:Nahuatl pronunciation:
461:
455:
445:
436:Spanish pronunciation:
430:
346:
248:
235:
2555:Quality Protein Maize
1430:"Common smut of corn"
1320:hydroxyparaconic acid
1184:
1131:
932:
874:
705:
664:
497:[ˈkʷit͡ɬɑt͡ɬ]
339:, it is considered a
2528:Genetically modified
1256:genetic modification
1090:improve this section
1026:dinner, prepared by
1022:held a high-profile
989:essential amino acid
597:[t͡ɬɑˈoːlːi]
554:[ˈkʷiːkɑt͡ɬ]
512:[ˈkot͡ʃt͡ɬi]
443:, sometimes spelled
394:improve this section
383:to meet Knowledge's
59:diploid teleospores
2794:Sweet Corn Festival
2414:On Food and Cooking
2272:1996PNAS...93.5419F
2222:10.1038/nature05248
2213:2006Natur.444...97K
2166:2018JArSR..21...64B
987:is a source of the
786:is formed in which
323:, the fungus forms
3972:Ustilaginomycotina
3610:Mycosarcoma maydis
3500:Mycosarcoma maydis
2989:Mămăligă în pături
2697:Maize streak virus
1950:2020-01-21 at the
1556:on 28 August 2010.
1392:Mycosarcoma maydis
1304:Mycosarcoma maydis
1190:
1151:, and shrimp with
1137:
942:
925:List of delicacies
912:Mycosarcoma maydis
880:
877:Mycosarcoma maydis
855:, and one each of
849:Mycosarcoma maydis
790:occurs. Resulting
737:- this depends on
735:pheromone receptor
711:
707:Mycosarcoma maydis
671:
667:Mycosarcoma maydis
640:Mycosarcoma maydis
589:again and "maize"
515:("sleeping", from
316:Mycosarcoma maydis
261:Mycosarcoma maydis
174:Mycosarcoma maydis
57:Mycosarcoma maydis
3939:
3938:
3821:Open Tree of Life
3492:Taxon identifiers
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
2644:Corn construction
2423:978-0-684-80001-1
2266:(11): 5419–5424.
2116:978-1-85070-002-9
2043:New York Magazine
1618:978-968-817-373-2
1550:Teorema Ambiental
1499:978-1-60774-205-0
1220:Nutritional value
1143:can be made from
1126:
1125:
1118:
1058:Recipes of Mexico
721:, forming single
619:, it is known as
565:[ˈkʷiːkɑ]
451:Classical Nahuatl
422:
421:
414:
385:quality standards
376:This section may
298:
297:
244:Common names
218:
217:
212:
112:Ustilaginomycetes
16:(Redirected from
3979:
3932:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3909:
3908:
3896:
3895:
3883:
3882:
3870:
3869:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3829:
3828:
3816:
3815:
3803:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3780:
3779:
3777:NHMSYS0001501246
3767:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3741:
3740:
3728:
3727:
3715:
3714:
3702:
3701:
3689:
3688:
3676:
3675:
3663:
3662:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3544:
3532:
3531:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3487:
3486:
3224:Battered sausage
3158:Pastel de choclo
3094:Breads and cakes
2877:Public relations
2817:
2816:
2785:(1994 sculpture)
2725:Cornstalk fiddle
2472:
2465:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2427:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2375:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2283:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2224:
2207:(7115): 97–101.
2192:
2186:
2185:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1828:(7): 2293–2309.
1809:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1759:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1649:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1594:(Press release).
1583:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1407:
1401:
1388:
1373:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1237:
1236:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1070:
1062:
709:haploid sporidia
630:
624:
611:
605:
599:
594:
588:
579:
573:
567:
562:
556:
551:
545:
539:
529:
520:
514:
509:
499:
494:
485:
479:
474:
470:
464:
458:
448:
442:
437:
433:
417:
410:
406:
403:
397:
371:
370:
363:
349:
251:
238:
232:
220:
219:
203:
202:Ustilago maydis
176:
73:
72:
51:
39:
38:
21:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3967:Mexican cuisine
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3927:
3925:
3917:
3912:
3904:
3899:
3891:
3886:
3878:
3873:
3865:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3832:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3808:Observation.org
3806:
3798:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3757:
3749:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3723:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3697:
3692:
3684:
3679:
3671:
3666:
3658:
3653:
3645:
3640:
3632:
3630:
3622:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3580:Ustilago maydis
3574:
3566:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3540:
3535:
3527:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3494:
3484:
3475:
3396:Bourbon whiskey
3379:
3305:Corn on the cob
3273:
3212:
3089:
3033:
2896:
2890:
2806:
2759:
2701:
2668:
2654:Nixtamalization
2632:
2606:
2481:
2476:
2434:
2424:
2408:
2407:
2352:
2348:
2311:
2307:
2252:
2248:
2193:
2189:
2150:
2146:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2039:
2032:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1952:Wayback Machine
1942:
1938:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1869:Ustilago maydis
1863:
1859:
1816:Ustilago maydis
1810:
1806:
1795:
1791:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1745:
1699:
1695:
1650:
1641:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1603:
1599:
1584:
1580:
1565:
1561:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1527:
1518:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1458:Ustilago maydis
1454:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1411:Ustilago maydis
1408:
1404:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1371:
1368:Medicinal fungi
1362:Edible mushroom
1352:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1301:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1222:
1205:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1087:
1071:
1060:
1028:Josefina Howard
940:store in Mexico
927:
921:
908:
869:
846:
812:oxidative burst
808:
700:
695:
659:
657:Characteristics
637:
580:("excrement").
472:
435:
418:
407:
401:
398:
391:
372:
368:
361:
239:
188:
178:
172:
159:
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3962:Maize diseases
3959:
3954:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3910:
3897:
3884:
3871:
3858:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3817:
3804:
3794:
3781:
3768:
3755:
3742:
3729:
3716:
3703:
3690:
3677:
3664:
3651:
3638:
3628:
3615:
3600:
3584:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3559:
3546:
3533:
3520:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3416:Chicha de jora
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Maíz con hielo
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:Corn schnitzel
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:Sopa paraguaya
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:Ginataang mais
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2929:Corn crab soup
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:Binte biluhuta
2906:
2900:
2898:
2895:Soups, stews,
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2479:Maize and corn
2475:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2432:External links
2430:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2406:
2405:
2346:
2325:(3): 683–691.
2319:Molecular Cell
2305:
2246:
2187:
2144:
2125:
2115:
2097:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2030:
2017:(4): 531–535.
1997:
1969:
1956:
1936:
1923:
1910:
1881:(2): 678–688.
1857:
1804:
1789:
1770:(1): 179–208.
1754:
1743:
1693:
1664:Annual Reviews
1639:
1624:
1617:
1597:
1578:
1571:. City Guide.
1559:
1537:
1516:
1498:
1478:
1447:
1421:
1417:Index Fungorum
1402:
1398:Index Fungorum
1382:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1343:
1327:
1324:
1308:ustilagic acid
1300:
1297:
1252:model organism
1243:
1242:Model organism
1240:
1238:
1230:
1221:
1218:
1204:
1201:
1124:
1123:
1074:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1056:
920:
917:
907:
904:
868:
865:
845:
842:
807:
804:
699:
696:
694:
691:
679:mushroom-like.
658:
655:
636:
633:
420:
419:
375:
373:
366:
360:
357:
307:caused by the
296:
295:
292:
288:
287:
284:
278:
277:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
245:
241:
240:
233:
225:
224:
216:
215:
214:
213:
197:
196:
190:
189:
179:
168:
167:
161:
160:
156:M. maydis
153:
151:
147:
146:
139:
135:
134:
132:Ustilaginaceae
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
60:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3984:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3930:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:Colada morada
3424:
3422:
3421:Chicha morada
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Makki di roti
3151:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:Corn tortilla
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Hasty pudding
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2872:High-fructose
2870:
2868:
2867:Glucose syrup
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:Field of Corn
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:United States
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2664:Popcorn maker
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Maize milling
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:Mol Cell Biol
1872:
1870:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1636:(in Spanish).
1635:
1628:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1569:"Mexico City"
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:itaconic acid
1309:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1232:Non-culinary
1229:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1214:hongo de maiz
1210:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:salsa taquera
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1109:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1075:This section
1073:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
990:
986:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
963:
962:Aztec cuisine
959:
955:
951:
947:
939:
935:
931:
926:
916:
913:
903:
901:
897:
896:crop rotation
892:
890:
886:
878:
873:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
841:
839:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
708:
704:
690:
688:
684:
683:hypertrophied
680:
676:
668:
663:
654:
652:
648:
643:
641:
632:
629:
623:
618:
613:
610:
606:"maize" into
604:
598:
593:
587:
581:
578:
572:
566:
561:
555:
550:
544:
538:
533:
528:
522:
519:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
487:
484:
478:
469:
463:
457:
452:
447:
441:
432:
427:
416:
413:
405:
395:
390:
386:
382:
381:
374:
365:
364:
356:
354:
350:
348:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:
313:
310:
306:
305:plant disease
302:
293:
289:
285:
283:
279:
276:
272:
269:
265:
262:
259:
257:Causal agents
255:
250:
246:
242:
237:
231:
226:
221:
211:
207:
201:
200:
198:
195:
191:
187:
183:
177:
175:
169:
166:
165:Binomial name
162:
158:
157:
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:Ustilaginales
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:Basidiomycota
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3952:Edible fungi
3838:Uredo maydis
3837:
3579:
3499:
3441:Corn whiskey
3239:Corn fritter
3217:Fried dishes
3019:Suam na mais
2954:Creamed corn
2934:Corn pudding
2924:Corn chowder
2897:and porridge
2884:High-maltose
2857:Steep liquor
2812:Maize dishes
2798:
2780:
2691:
2687:Corn allergy
2413:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2232:10261/339644
2204:
2200:
2190:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2141:(1): 15–160.
2138:
2134:
2128:
2106:
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2042:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1982:
1972:
1959:
1939:
1926:
1913:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1746:
1703:
1696:
1659:
1653:
1627:
1607:
1600:
1591:
1581:
1573:The Guardian
1572:
1562:
1554:the original
1549:
1540:
1530:
1511:Google Books
1509:– via
1503:. Retrieved
1488:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1463:
1460:(DC.) Corda"
1457:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1354:Fungi portal
1303:
1302:
1285:
1282:cytoskeleton
1269:
1265:
1264:
1247:
1245:
1223:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1203:Availability
1196:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1175:
1174:) is to add
1164:Riviera Maya
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1132:
1112:
1103:
1088:Please help
1076:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1015:
1004:Pennsylvania
1000:
996:beta-glucans
984:
983:
957:
943:
933:
919:Culinary use
911:
909:
899:
893:
884:
881:
876:
848:
847:
837:
832:
827:
823:
815:
809:
800:metabasidium
784:metabasidium
781:
766:
761:
745:
741:
712:
706:
672:
666:
650:
646:
644:
639:
638:
614:
582:
523:
488:
468:cuitlacochin
423:
408:
402:January 2024
399:
392:Please help
388:
377:
344:
315:
314:
300:
299:
291:Distribution
260:
173:
171:
155:
154:
142:
56:
36:
3759:NatureServe
3707:iNaturalist
3604:Wikispecies
3550:iNaturalist
3406:Champurrado
3355:Maque choux
3330:Huitlacoche
3310:Corn relish
3300:Corn flakes
3278:Other foods
3264:Milho frito
3131:Corn cookie
3121:Chipa guasu
2837:Mielie-meal
2820:Ingredients
2776:Corn School
2771:Corn Palace
2729:By country
2659:Wet-milling
2090:25 November
1666:: 423–452.
1340:Food portal
1209:huitlacoche
1207:In Mexico,
1197:huitlacoche
1176:huitlacoche
1157:huitlacoche
1149:huitlacoche
1133:Huitlacoche
1044:Zuni people
1024:huitlacoche
1016:huitlacoche
985:Huitlacoche
958:huitlacoche
934:Huitlacoche
906:Environment
853:Gα proteins
777:teliospores
773:anthocyanin
739:mating type
651:Mycosarcoma
574:comes from
543:cuitlacoche
527:cuitlacoche
502:excrescence
483:cuitlacochi
462:huitlacoche
456:huitlacoche
446:cuitlacoche
431:huitlacoche
396:if you can.
353:quesadillas
347:huitlacoche
249:huitlacoche
236:Huitlacoche
143:Mycosarcoma
18:Huitlacoche
3946:Categories
3515:Q108081407
3315:Corn sauce
3193:Spoonbread
3148:Johnnycake
2707:Production
2682:BBCH-scale
2637:Processing
2581:By origin
2493:Amylomaize
1822:Plant Cell
1704:IMA Fungus
1505:24 October
1434:apsnet.org
1378:References
1316:malic acid
1278:DNA repair
1106:March 2023
1052:ustilagine
923:See also:
867:Management
758:dikaryotic
698:Life cycle
309:pathogenic
98:Division:
42:Corn smut
3853:Q59591693
3764:2.1062911
3451:Pinolillo
3446:Mazamorra
3431:Corn beer
3384:Beverages
3375:Succotash
3350:Maja maíz
3259:Hushpuppy
3229:Corn chip
3126:Cornbread
3075:Nacatamal
2944:Corn stew
2939:Corn soup
2720:Corn crib
2692:Corn smut
2674:Pathology
2570:Varieties
2486:Varieties
2382:2054-3085
2160:: 64–70.
1990:20 August
1720:2210-6359
1680:0066-4227
1471:6 October
1440:6 October
1286:U. maydis
1270:U. maydis
1266:U. maydis
1248:U. maydis
1141:succotash
1135:corn taco
1077:does not
900:M. maydis
889:head smut
885:M. maydis
838:M. maydis
833:M. maydis
828:M. maydis
824:M. maydis
816:M. maydis
769:chlorosis
762:M. maydis
731:pheromone
359:Etymology
343:, called
301:Corn smut
282:EPPO Code
223:Corn smut
150:Species:
88:Kingdom:
82:Eukaryota
32:Toxostoma
3914:MycoBank
3906:10699682
3867:60032177
3862:AusFungi
3847:Wikidata
3746:MycoBank
3725:11355627
3681:Fungorum
3631:BioLib:
3624:60032176
3619:AusFungi
3595:Q1430040
3589:Wikidata
3563:MycoBank
3524:Fungorum
3509:Wikidata
3471:Tesgüino
3436:Corn tea
3285:Alivenci
3269:Sorullos
3244:Corn nut
3234:Corn dog
3085:Pasteles
3014:Sagamite
2984:Mămăligă
2919:Cocoloși
2827:Cornmeal
2738:Tanzania
2400:28955444
2341:12408834
2260:PNAS USA
2241:17080091
2182:92182019
1948:Archived
1905:16382157
1852:17616735
1738:27990337
1688:17506673
1326:See also
1276:used in
975:vanillin
844:Proteome
727:sporidia
647:Ustilago
635:Taxonomy
609:tlacoche
532:thrasher
492:cuitlatl
378:require
341:delicacy
333:teosinte
275:teosinte
194:Synonyms
128:Family:
78:Domain:
3893:2557478
3699:2557469
3660:1029614
3555:1409663
3542:8699607
3466:Tejuino
3370:Popcorn
3295:Conkies
3290:Binatog
3249:Cornick
3116:Cachapa
3080:Pamonha
3065:Hallaca
3060:Guanime
3038:Tamales
3004:Polenta
2999:Pashofa
2979:Kačamak
2949:Cou-cou
2764:Culture
2715:Biofuel
2590:Ecuador
2585:Bolivia
2560:Shoepeg
2543:MON 863
2538:MON 810
2391:5598272
2300:8643590
2268:Bibcode
2209:Bibcode
2162:Bibcode
1896:1346908
1843:1955693
1784:8825473
1729:5159601
1145:chorizo
1098:removed
1083:sources
1008:Florida
979:glucose
971:sotolon
938:Soriana
792:haploid
788:meiosis
725:called
693:Biology
603:tlaōlli
592:tlaōlli
571:cuitla-
549:cuīcatl
534:" with
507:cochtli
504:") and
380:cleanup
138:Genus:
118:Order:
108:Class:
3926:NZOR:
3919:244259
3826:285447
3797:NZOR:
3751:169566
3738:192071
3712:151802
3686:169566
3673:USTIMA
3568:503016
3529:503016
3461:Tejate
3411:Chicha
3365:Pinole
3340:Kuymak
3335:Kenkey
3325:Hominy
3203:Totopo
3178:Sloosh
3173:Pupusa
3070:Humita
3055:Binaki
3050:Tamale
3009:Pozole
2852:Starch
2803:(film)
2628:Stover
2623:Kernel
2550:Purple
2420:
2398:
2388:
2380:
2339:
2298:
2288:
2239:
2201:Nature
2180:
2113:
1903:
1893:
1850:
1840:
1782:
1736:
1726:
1718:
1686:
1678:
1615:
1496:
1318:, and
1260:genome
1226:lysine
1168:Cancun
992:lysine
954:Mexico
950:silage
687:spores
586:cuītla
577:cuitla
537:cuitla
426:Mexico
337:Mexico
312:fungus
286:USTIMA
3901:IRMNG
3880:7DRJD
3813:21482
3720:IRMNG
3647:7F4HL
3634:59841
3456:Pozol
3401:Cauim
3391:Atole
3320:Gofio
3208:Wotou
3168:Proja
3106:Bollo
3101:Arepa
3045:Acaçá
3029:Xarém
3024:Ugali
2969:Grits
2904:Banku
2862:Syrup
2611:Parts
2595:Italy
2565:Sweet
2523:Flour
2518:Flint
2513:Field
2366:: 2.
2291:39261
2178:S2CID
2045:: 44.
1662:(1).
1293:BRCA2
1172:Tulum
1048:ergot
966:galls
946:yield
796:cells
754:hypha
723:cells
719:yeast
715:media
675:galls
628:pacho
622:chumo
560:cuīca
530:for "
518:cochi
329:maize
325:galls
303:is a
271:maize
267:Hosts
210:Corda
186:Bref.
92:Fungi
3888:GBIF
3790:5270
3785:NCBI
3733:ITIS
3694:GBIF
3668:EPPO
3537:GBIF
3360:Mote
3198:Talo
3183:Sope
3163:Piki
3111:Broa
2994:Mush
2959:Fufu
2914:Bulz
2847:Samp
2832:Masa
2600:Peru
2577:Waxy
2533:List
2508:Dent
2503:Blue
2498:Baby
2418:ISBN
2396:PMID
2378:ISSN
2337:PMID
2296:PMID
2237:PMID
2111:ISBN
2092:2023
1992:2009
1901:PMID
1848:PMID
1814:"An
1780:PMID
1734:PMID
1716:ISSN
1684:PMID
1676:ISSN
1613:ISBN
1507:2013
1494:ISBN
1473:2018
1442:2018
1290:gene
1235:uses
1081:any
1079:cite
1006:and
973:and
859:and
820:YAP1
750:loci
617:Peru
331:and
321:smut
273:and
3875:CoL
3772:NBN
3655:EoL
3642:CoL
2842:Oil
2800:Zea
2618:Cob
2386:PMC
2368:doi
2327:doi
2286:PMC
2276:doi
2227:hdl
2217:doi
2205:444
2170:doi
2019:doi
1984:NPR
1891:PMC
1883:doi
1838:PMC
1830:doi
1772:doi
1724:PMC
1708:doi
1668:doi
1414:in
1395:in
1170:to
1092:by
744:or
625:or
615:In
465:is
424:In
206:DC.
182:DC.
3948::
3916::
3903::
3890::
3877::
3864::
3849::
3823::
3810::
3787::
3774::
3761::
3748::
3735::
3722::
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