Huey Long - Knowledge

1344:. Although his Senate term began on March 4, 1931, Long completed most of his four-year term as governor, which did not end until May 1932. He declared that leaving the seat vacant would not hurt Louisiana: "ith Ransdell as Senator, the seat was vacant anyway." By occupying the governorship until January 25, 1932, Long prevented Lieutenant Governor Cyr, who threatened to undo Long's reforms, from succeeding to the office. In October 1931, Cyr learned Long was in Mississippi and declared himself the state's legitimate governor. In response, Long ordered National Guard troops to surround the Capitol to block Cyr's "coup d'état" and petitioned the Louisiana Supreme Court. Long successfully argued that Cyr had vacated the office of lieutenant-governor when trying to assume the governorship and had the court eject Cyr. 1191: 2263: 871: 1112: 1388:, supported. In 1931, Long convened the New Orleans Cotton Conference, attended by delegates from every major cotton-producing state. The delegates agreed to codify Long's proposal into law on the caveat that it would not come into effect until states producing three-quarters of U.S. cotton passed such laws. As the proposer, Louisiana unanimously passed the legislation. When conservative politicians in Texas—the largest cotton producer in the U.S.—rejected the measure, the holiday movement collapsed. Although traditional politicians would have been ruined by such a defeat, Long became a national figure and cemented his image as a champion of the poor. Senator 2047: 1512: 1405: 890:... would be repeated until the end of his days: he was a young warrior of and for the plain people, battling the evil giants of Wall Street and their corporations; too much of America's wealth was concentrated in too few hands, and this unfairness was perpetuated by an educational system so stacked against the poor that (according to his statistics) only fourteen out of every thousand children obtained a college education. The way to begin rectifying these wrongs was to turn out of office the corrupt local flunkies of big business ... and elect instead true men of the people, such as . 2114: 1032:, but Evangeline is not the only one who has waited here in disappointment. Where are the schools that you have waited for your children to have, that have never come? Where are the roads and the highways that you sent your money to build, that are no nearer now than ever before? Where are the institutions to care for the sick and disabled? Evangeline wept bitter tears in her disappointment, but it lasted only through one lifetime. Your tears in this country, around this oak, have lasted for generations. Give me the chance to dry the eyes of those who still weep here. 9816: 958: 1965: 471: 1732: 1883: 2463:, instilling Union sympathies in his son, Huey P. Long Sr. Also a populist, Long's father said in an interview at the age of 83, "There wants to be a revolution, I tell you. I seen the domination of capital, seen it for seventy years. What do these rich folks care for the poor man? They care nothing—not for his pain, nor his sickness, nor his death ... Maybe you're surprised to hear talk like that. Well, it was just such talk that my boy was raised under, and that I was raised under." 311: 44: 1753: 332: 9319: 1863:, formed the controversial Win or Lose Oil Company. The firm was established to obtain leases on state-owned lands so that its directors might collect bonuses and sublease the mineral rights to the major oil companies. Although ruled legal, these activities were done in secret, and the stockholders were unknown to the public. Long made a profit on the bonuses and the resale of those state leases and used the funds primarily for political purposes. 476: 1844:. With the support of Long's voter base, Allen won easily, permitting Long to resign as governor and take his seat in the U.S. Senate in January 1932. Allen, widely viewed as a puppet, dutifully enacted Long's policies. When Long visited Louisiana, Allen would relinquish his office for the Senator, working instead at his receptionist's desk. Though he had no constitutional authority, Long continued to draft and press bills through the 750:

warned him to obey the school's rules. Long continued to rebel, writing and distributing a flyer that criticized his teachers and the necessity of a recently state-mandated fourth year of secondary education, for which he was expelled in 1910. Although Long successfully petitioned to fire the principal, he never returned to high school. As a student, Long proved a capable debater. At a state debate competition in

2070:. He was rushed to the operating room where surgery closed perforations in his intestines but failed to stop internal bleeding. Long died at 4:10 a.m. on September 10, 31 hours after being shot. According to different sources, his last words were either, "I wonder what will happen to my poor university boys", or "God, don't let me die. I have so much to do." 1641:, "was one of the two most dangerous men in America". In June 1933, in an effort to undermine Long's political dominance, Roosevelt cut him out of consultations on the distribution of federal funds and patronage in Louisiana and placed Long's opponents in charge of federal programs in the state. Roosevelt supported a Senate inquiry into the election of Long ally 1956:". Many, including Hair, Roosevelt, and Williams speculated that Long expected to lose in 1936, allowing the Republicans to take the White House. They believed the Republicans would worsen the Great Depression, deepening Long's appeal. According to Roosevelt, "That would bring the country to such a state by 1940 that Long thinks he would be made dictator." 1066:, Long was "the first Southern mass leader to leave aside race baiting and appeals to the Southern tradition and the Southern past and address himself to the social and economic problems of the present". The campaign sometimes descended into brutality. When the 60-year-old incumbent governor called Long a liar during a chance encounter in the lobby of the 8501: 1373:. Maestri would deliberately neglect the regulation of energy companies in exchange for industry donations to Long's campaign fund, while Allen took direction from Earl on which construction and supply companies to contract for road work. Concerned by these tactics, Long's opponents charged he had become the virtual dictator of the state. 2523:, illegally paying his cousin W. O. Long $ 728.25 from the governor's office expense fund, using $ 1,112.40 from the office expense fund to purchase personal law books, forcing the Highway Commission to accede to a contractor's demand for $ 4,000 in payment for their installation of defective curbs, and incompetency. 2012:

authority to approve loans to local governments, a new state printing board which could withhold "official printer" status from uncooperative newspapers, a new board of election supervisors which would appoint all poll watchers, and a State Board of Censors. They stripped away the remaining powers of the

2074:

of conspiracy. Long's death brought relief to the Roosevelt Administration, which would win in a landslide in the 1936 election. Farley publicly admitted his apprehension of campaigning against Long: "I always laughed Huey off, but I did not feel that way about him." Roosevelt's close economic advisor

2214:

My guess is that he was a remarkable set of contradictions, still baffling to biographers. But I had a great interest in what Huey did in his world, and a greater interest in Huey as a focus of myth. Without this gift for attracting myth he would not have been the power he was, for good and evil. And

1327:

calling it "as amusing as it was depressing". Long critic Sam Irby, set to testify on Long's corruption to state authorities, was abducted by Long's bodyguards shortly before the election. Irby emerged after the election; he had been missing for four days. Surrounded by Long's guards, he gave a radio

1011:

voters, which limited his chances in the south of the state. In majority Catholic New Orleans, he polled just 12,000 votes (17%). Long blamed heavy rain on election day for suppressing voter turnout among his base in the north, where voters could not reach the polls over dirt roads that had turned to

898:

election was held, for which Long campaigned tirelessly across northern Louisiana. The race was close: Long defeated Burk by just 636 votes. Although the returns revealed wide support for Long in rural areas, he performed poorly in urban areas. On the Commission, Long forced utilities to lower rates,

2073:

Over 200,000 people traveled to Baton Rouge to attend Long's September 12 funeral. His remains were buried on the grounds of the Capitol; a statue depicting Long was constructed on his grave. Although Long's allies alleged he was assassinated by political opponents, a federal probe found no evidence

2011:

In summer 1935, Long called two special legislative sessions in Louisiana; bills were passed in rapid-fire succession without being read or discussed. The new laws further centralized Long's control over the state by creating new Long-appointed state agencies: a state bond and tax board holding sole

1565:

of Arkansas, a widow and the underdog candidate in a crowded field and conducted a whirlwind, seven-day tour of that state. During the campaign, Long gave 39 speeches, traveled 2,100 miles (3,400 km), and spoke to over 200,000 people. In an upset win, Caraway became the first woman elected to a

1276:

Following the failed impeachment attempt, Long treated his opponents ruthlessly. He fired their relatives from state jobs and supported their challengers in elections. Long concluded that extra-legal means would be needed to accomplish his goals: "I used to try to get things done by saying 'please.'

1150:

One program Long approved was a free textbook program for schoolchildren. Long's free school books angered Catholics, who usually sent their children to private schools. Long assured them that the books would be granted directly to all children, regardless of whether they attended public school. Yet

1073:

In the Democratic primary election, Long polled 126,842 votes: a plurality of 43.9 percent. His margin was the largest in state history, and no opponent chose to face him in a runoff. After earning the Democratic nomination, he easily defeated the Republican nominee in the general election with 96.1

749:

seventh grade. At Winnfield High School, he and his friends formed a secret society, advertising their exclusivity by wearing a red ribbon. According to Long, his club's mission was "to run things, laying down certain rules the students would have to follow". The faculty learned of Long's antics and

2247:

expressed admiration for Long, even naming him as his favorite contemporary U.S. politician. Long biographer Thomas O. Harris espoused a more nuanced view of Long: "neither saint nor devil, he was a complex and heterogenous mixture of good and bad, genius and craft, hypocrisy and candor, buffoonery

1993:. Standard Oil threatened to leave the state when Long finally passed the five-cent-per-barrel oil tax for which he had been impeached in 1929. Concerned Standard Oil employees formed a Square Deal association in Baton Rouge, organizing themselves in militia companies and demanding "direct action". 1234:

called for a vote to adjourn. Despite most representatives opposing adjournment, the electronic voting board tallied 68 ayes and 13 nays. This sparked confusion; anti-Long representatives began chanting that the voting machine had been rigged. Some ran for the speaker's chair to call for a new vote

999:

Despite an enthusiastic campaign, Long came third in the primary and was eliminated. Although polls projected only a few thousand votes, he attracted almost 72,000, around 31% of the electorate, and carried 28 parishes—more than either opponent. Limited to sectional appeal, he performed best in the

2567:

According to Brinkley, "Long's reasons for this decision were not entirely clear." Long noted that he felt a chivalric impulse to help this "brave little woman" and that Caraway was one of the few senators to vote for his wealth-limiting proposals. Long appreciated that she often voted against her

2133:

encountered rural children who not only insisted Long was alive, but that he was president. Although no longer governing, Long's policies continued to be enacted in Louisiana by his political machine, which supported Roosevelt's re-election to prevent further investigation into their finances. The

1264:

Long was frightened by the prospect of conviction, for it would force him from the governorship and permanently disqualify him from holding public office in Louisiana. He took his case to the people with a mass meeting in Baton Rouge, where he alleged that impeachment was a ploy by Standard Oil to

2630:

In 1946, Russell—yet to be a Senator—convinced Senator Overton to submit a motion titled "In Defense of My Father". Beginning with the sentence, "I venture the assertion that no man of our times has been more abused, vilified, and misrepresented by the American press to its reading public than my

2498:

Cyr's public turn against Long was largely motivated by Cyr's opposition to the executions of alleged murderers Thomas Dreher and Ada LeBoeuf, the first white woman executed in Louisiana's history. Cyr was a personal friend of Dreher and sat on the Board of Pardons, which had reversed their death

1787:

With the Senate unwilling to support his proposals, in February 1934 Long formed the Share Our Wealth Society, a national network of local clubs that operated in opposition to the Democratic Party and Roosevelt. By 1935, the society had over 7.5 million members in 27,000 clubs. Long's Senate

1771:

plan. The legislation would use the wealth from the Long plan to guarantee every family a basic household grant of $ 5,000 and a minimum annual income of one-third of the average family homestead value and income. Long supplemented his plan with proposals for free college and vocational training,

1606:

was tepid. Aware that Roosevelt had no intention of radically redistributing the country's wealth, Long became one of the few national politicians to oppose Roosevelt's New Deal policies from the left. He considered them inadequate in the face of the escalating economic crisis but still supported

1352:

Now governor and senator-elect, Long returned to completing his legislative agenda with renewed strength. He continued his intimidating practice of presiding over the legislature, shouting "Shut up!" or "Sit down!" when legislators voiced their concerns. In a single night, Long passed 44 bills in

1166:

to raid these establishments with orders to "shoot without hesitation". Gambling equipment was burned, prostitutes were arrested, and over $ 25,000 (equivalent to $ 376,793 in 2020) was confiscated for government funds. Local newspapers ran photos of National Guardsmen forcibly searching nude

790:

for a semester in 1912. To earn money while studying law part-time, he continued to work as a salesman. Of the four classes Long took, he received one incomplete and three C's. He later confessed he learned little because there was "too much excitement, all those gambling houses and everything".

1483:

Long's night schools taught 100,000 adults to read. His provision of free textbooks contributed to a 20-percent increase in school enrollment. He modernized public health facilities and ensured adequate conditions for the mentally ill. He established Louisiana's first rehabilitation program for

1424:

Long created a public works program that was unprecedented in the South, constructing roads, bridges, hospitals, schools, and state buildings. During his four years as governor, Long increased paved highways in Louisiana from 331 to 2,301 miles (533 to 3,703 km) and constructed 2,816 miles

2572:

contemporarily suggested that he was plotting to "yield him control of the minority—or perhaps the majority". Brinkley claims that it was Long's first effort to propel himself to national leadership, which required him to appeal directly to the people rather than through political channels in

2138:, Long set in motion two durable factions—"pro-Long" and "anti-Long"—which diverged meaningfully in terms of policies and voter support. For decades after his death, Long's political style inspired imitation among Louisiana politicians who borrowed his rhetoric and promises of social programs. 1202:

In 1929, Long called a special legislative session to enact a five-cent per barrel tax on refined oil production to fund his social programs. The state's oil interests opposed the bill. Long declared in a radio address that any legislator who refused to support the tax had been "bought" by oil

2518:

The charges were: attempted bribery of state legislators, demanding and receiving undated letters of resignation from appointees, intimidating publisher Charles P. Manship by threatening to disclose his brother's poor mental condition, misappropriating portions of a $ 6,000 fund allocated for

1320:

since Long was aged six. Aligned with the establishment, Ransdell had the support of all 18 of the state's daily newspapers. To combat this, Long purchased two new $ 30,000 sound trucks and distributed over two million circulars. Although promising not to make personal attacks, Long seized on

2508:

Fournet later apologized for the confusion caused by the inaccurate tally but denied rigging the outcome. According to Hair, "there is no evidence that he did; electrical contrivances of that sort were primitive, and apparently the machine simply repeated the roll call vote of a few minutes

1416:

Long was unusual among southern populists in that he achieved tangible progress. Williams concluded "the secret of Long's power, in the final analysis, was not in his machine or his political dealings but in his record—he delivered something". Referencing Long's contributions to Louisiana,

1692:

orchestrated American foreign policy in Latin America. For his speech, Long received praise in Paraguay: after capturing a Bolivian fort in July 1934, they renamed it Fort Long. Long's allegations were widely publicized in Latin American newspapers. This drew the concern of the

1361:: "a one-man" operation, according to Williams. He placed his brother Earl in charge of allotting patronage appointments to local politicians and signing state contracts with businessmen in exchange for loyalty. Long appointed allies to key government positions, such as giving 1042:

Long spent the intervening four years building his reputation and political organization, particularly in the heavily Catholic urban south. Despite disagreeing with their politics, Long campaigned for Catholic U.S. Senators in 1924 and 1926. Government mismanagement during the

1739:

In March 1933, Long revealed a series of bills collectively known as "the Long plan" to redistribute wealth. Together, they would cap fortunes at $ 100 million, limit annual income to $ 1 million, and cap individual inheritances at $ 5 million.

1697:, who believed that Long was damaging the reputation of the United States. Throughout the summer of 1934, they waged a sustained public relations campaign against Long throughout Latin America. This speech and others established Long as one of the most ardent 862:

the state senator who had loaned him the money to complete his legal studies, and later claimed he did not serve because, "I was not mad at anybody over there." In 1918, Long invested $ 1,050 (equivalent to $ 18,066 in 2020) in a well that struck oil. The

1122:

Once in office on May 21, 1928, Long moved quickly to consolidate power, firing hundreds of opponents in the state bureaucracy at all ranks from cabinet-level heads of departments to state road workers. Like previous governors, he filled the vacancies with

782:. Living with his brother George, Long attended for only one semester, rarely appearing at lectures. After deciding he was unsuited to preaching, Long focused on law. Borrowing one hundred dollars from his brother (which he later lost playing roulette in 1425:(4,532 km) of gravel roads. By 1936, the infrastructure program begun by Long had completed some 9,700 miles (15,600 km) of new roads, doubling Louisiana's road system. He built 111 bridges and started construction on the first bridge over the 925:

By 1922, Long had become chairman of the commission, now called the "Public Service Commission". That year, Long prosecuted the Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Company for unfair rate increases; he successfully argued the case on appeal before the

4183: 1089:

that was called New Orleans". While previous elections were normally divided culturally and religiously, Long highlighted the sharp economic divide in the state and built a new coalition based on class. Long's strength, said the contemporary novelist

4677: 1331:

Ultimately, on September 9, 1930, Long defeated Ransdell by 149,640 (57.3 percent) to 111,451 (42.7 percent). There were accusations of voter fraud against Long; voting records showed people voting in alphabetical order, among them celebrities like

1645:

to the Senate in 1932. The Long machine was accused of election fraud and voter intimidation, but the inquiry came up empty, and Overton was seated. To discredit Long and damage his support base, Roosevelt had Long's finances investigated by the

1788:

office received an average of 60,000 letters a week, resulting in Long's hiring 48 stenographers to type responses. Of the two trucks that delivered mail to the Senate, one was devoted solely to mail for Long. Long's newspaper, now renamed

2093:

Evidence later surfaced that suggests Long was accidentally shot by his bodyguards. Proponents of this theory assert Long was caught in the crossfire as his bodyguards shot Weiss, and a bullet that ricocheted off the marble walls hit him.

4816: 1939:

commissioned a secret poll in early 1935. Farley's poll revealed that if Long ran on a third-party ticket, he would win about four million votes, 10% of the electorate. In a memo to Roosevelt, Farley expressed his concern that Long could

1437:, which at 450 feet (140 m) tall remains the tallest capitol, state or federal, in the United States. Long's infrastructure spending increased the state government's debt from $ 11 million in 1928 to $ 150 million in 1935. 758:(LSU). Because the scholarship did not cover textbooks or living expenses, his family could not afford for him to attend. Long was also unable to attend because he did not graduate from high school. Instead, he entered the workforce as a 1896:

Popular support for Long's Share Our Wealth program raised the possibility of a 1936 presidential bid against incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt. When questioned by the press, Long gave conflicting answers on his plans for 1936. Long's son

1554:, Long kept the delegations of several wavering Southern states in the Roosevelt camp. Due to this, Long expected to be featured prominently in Roosevelt's campaign but was disappointed with a peripheral speaking tour limited to four 6244: 1167:

women. City authorities had not requested military force, and martial law had not been declared. The Louisiana attorney general denounced Long's actions as illegal but Long rebuked him, saying: "Nobody asked him for his opinion."

2145:

emerged: his brother Earl was elected lieutenant-governor in 1936 and governor in 1948 and 1956. Long's widow, Rose Long, replaced him in the Senate, and his son, Russell, was a U.S. senator from 1948 to 1987. As chairman of the

2066:" or "skullcrushers", then fired at Weiss with their pistols, killing him. An autopsy found Weiss had been shot at least 60 times. Long ran down a flight of stairs and across the capitol grounds, hailing a car to take him to 2024:". A September 7 special session passed 42 bills. The most extreme, likely aimed at Roosevelt and his federal agents, authorized Louisiana to fine and imprison anyone who infringed on the powers reserved to the state in the 3386: 1243:, and Long's brother Earl bit a legislator's neck. Following the fight, the legislature voted to remain in session and proceed with impeachment. Proceedings in the house took place with dozens of witnesses, including a 2004:, declared martial law, banned public gatherings of two or more persons, and forbade the publication of criticism of state officials. The Square Dealers left the courthouse, but there was a brief armed skirmish at the 1583:

called for his resignation. Long's behavior and radical rhetoric did little to endear him to his fellow senators. None of his proposed bills, resolutions, or motions were passed during his three years in the Senate.

1051:, whose land had been affected. He formally launched his second campaign for governor in 1927, using the slogan, "Every man a king, but no one wears a crown", a phrase adopted from Democratic presidential candidate 1839:

Long continued to maintain effective control of Louisiana while he was a senator, blurring the boundary between federal and state politics. Long chose his childhood friend, Oscar K. Allen, to succeed King in the

1007:'s prominence in Louisiana was the campaign's primary issue. While the two other candidates either strongly opposed or supported the Klan, Long remained neutral, alienating both sides. He also failed to attract 1980:

staged an uprising against Louisiana's Reconstruction-era government. In January 1935, an anti-Long paramilitary organization called the Square Deal Association was formed. Its members included former governors

1134:

to fulfill campaign promises. His bills met opposition from legislators, wealthy citizens, and the media, but Long used aggressive tactics to ensure passage. He would appear unannounced on the floor of both the

2242:

One of the few biographers to praise Long was T. Harry Williams, who classified Long's ideas as neo-populist. He labeled Long a democratic "mass leader", rather than a demagogue. Besides Williams, intellectual

2008:. Tear gas and live ammunition were fired; one person was wounded, but there were no fatalities. At a legal hearing, an alleged spy within the Square Dealers testified they were conspiring to assassinate Long. 5362: 841:

for permission to take the test before its scheduled June 1915 date. He was examined in May, passed, and received his license to practice. According to Long: "I came out of that courtroom running for office."

4859: 4667: 636:

orchestrated American foreign policy. He was instrumental in securing Roosevelt's 1932 nomination but split with him in 1933, becoming a prominent critic of his New Deal. As an alternative, he proposed the

2062:, approached Long, and, according to the generally accepted version of events, fired a single shot with a handgun from four feet (1.2 m) away, striking Long in the torso. Long's bodyguards, nicknamed the " 7365: 1444:(LSU). Having been unable to attend, Long now regarded it as "his" university. He increased LSU's funding and intervened in the university's affairs, expelling seven students who criticized him in the 1357:." Long endorsed pro-Long candidates and wooed others with favors; he often joked his legislature was the "finest collection of lawmakers money can buy". He organized and concentrated his power into a 4826: 4776: 745:

One of nine children, Long was home schooled until age eleven. In the public system, he earned a reputation as an excellent student with a remarkable memory and convinced his teachers to let him

5962: 1772:

veterans' benefits, federal assistance to farmers, public works projects, greater federal economic regulation, a $ 30 monthly elderly pension, a month's vacation for every worker, a thirty-hour

11717: 1607:

some of Roosevelt's programs in the Senate, explaining: "Whenever this administration has gone to the left I have voted with it, and whenever it has gone to the right I have voted against it."

5561: 3418: 7262: 2348: 2058:

the district of an opponent, Judge Benjamin Pavy, who had held his position for 28 years. At 9:20 p.m., just after passage of the bill effectively removing Pavy, the judge's son-in-law,

6465: 6234: 1127:

from his network of political supporters. Every state employee who depended on Long for a job was expected to pay a portion of their salary at election time directly into his campaign fund.

657:

inside the Louisiana State Capitol in 1935. His assassin was immediately shot and killed by Long's bodyguards. Although Long's movement faded, Roosevelt adopted many of his proposals in the

10355: 7695: 5805: 11533: 11396: 11147: 7215: 556:, he commanded wide networks of supporters and often took forceful action. A controversial figure, Long is celebrated as a populist champion of the poor or, conversely, denounced as a 2425: 2090:, et al., were after all pygmies compared with Huey. He had been a major phenomenon." Tugwell also said that Roosevelt regarded Long's assassination as a "providential occurrence". 969:

throughout the state, personally distributing circulars and posters. He denounced Governor Parker as a corporate stooge, vilified Standard Oil, and assailed local political bosses.

1622:, calling it inadequate and expressing his concerns that states would administer it in a way discriminatory to African Americans. In 1933, he was a leader of a three-week Senate 11702: 9652: 3376: 2489:, the son of a former governor, and "leave him in the ditch where nobody will know how or when he got there". Long allegedly promised him "a full pardon and many gold dollars". 1143:

or in House committees, corralling reluctant representatives and state senators and bullying opponents. When an opposing legislator once suggested Long was unfamiliar with the

5269: 5176: 2328:

Long has been the subject of dozens of biographies and academic texts. In fact, more has been written about Long than any other Louisianan. Most notable is the 1969 biography

1247:

dancer who claimed that Long had been "frisky" with her. Impeached on eight of the 19 charges, Long was the third Louisiana governor charged in the state's history, following

984:, they had controlled most of the state through alliances with local officials. With negligible support for Republicans, Louisiana was essentially a one party state under the 4431: 706:

to an impoverished family, they lived in a "comfortable" farmhouse and were well-off compared to others in Winnfield. Winn Parish was impoverished, and its residents, mostly

1655: 1914:

In spring 1935, Long undertook a national speaking tour and regular radio appearances, attracting large crowds and increasing his stature. At a well-attended Long rally in

617:. His opponents argued his policies and methods were unconstitutional and authoritarian. At its climax, Long's political opposition organized a minor insurrection in 1935. 6825: 6711: 5443: 11737: 5864: 1328:

address in which he "confessed" that he had actually asked Long for protection. The New Orleans mayor labelled it "the most heinous public crime in Louisiana history".

11567: 7140: 1203:

companies. Instead of persuading the legislature, the accusation infuriated many of its members. The "dynamite squad", a caucus of opponents led by freshman lawmakers

1077:

Some fifteen thousand Louisianians traveled to Baton Rouge for Long's inauguration. He set up large tents, free drinks, and jazz bands on the capitol grounds, evoking

5352: 4109: 10348: 6530: 4849: 3705: 2612:. Despite some common political goals, the two men were of vastly different backgrounds and personalities, expressed contempt for one another, and had only met once. 1269:

statement signed by fifteen senators pledging to vote "not guilty" regardless of the evidence. The impeachment process, now futile, was suspended without holding an

899:

ordered railroads to extend service to small towns, and demanded that Standard Oil cease the importation of Mexican crude oil and use more oil from Louisiana wells.

8446: 914:. After Parker was elected, the two became bitter rivals. Their break was largely caused by Long's demand and Parker's refusal to declare the state's oil pipelines 7769:

Amenta, Edwin; Dunleavy, Kathleen; Bernstein, Mary (October 1994). "Stolen Thunder? Huey Long's 'Share Our Wealth,' Political Mediation, and the Second New Deal".

2519:

receiving other governors, forcing a state board to dismiss its secretary to open up a position for a political ally and paying the incumbent secretary $ 5,400 in

6636: 6328: 6280: 11216: 8952: 1599: 867:

refused to accept any of the oil in its pipelines, costing Long his investment. This episode served as the catalyst for Long's lifelong hatred of Standard Oil.

11042: 8957: 2215:

this gift was fused, indissolubly, with his dramatic sense, with his varying roles and perhaps, ultimately, with the atmosphere of violence which he generated.

8486: 7354: 2595:

The investigation into Long's finances was initiated in 1932 by Hoover but had been temporarily halted by the incoming Roosevelt to amend relations with Long.

11037: 7327: 7105: 6891: 6179: 4766: 1476:, he arranged for lowered train fares, so students could travel to away games. Long's contributions resulted in LSU gaining a class A accreditation from the 6745: 5410: 11499: 10787: 10341: 5220: 7558: 7294: 11494: 11442: 10945: 9645: 7434: 7401: 3026: 1156: 922:

laws. Long denounced Parker as corporate "chattel". The feud climaxed in 1921, when Parker tried unsuccessfully to have Long ousted from the commission.

3556: 11559: 11469: 11221: 10721: 5973: 2568:

senior colleague from Arkansas, Robinson. Many observers speculate that Long's true intent was to further establish a national reputation for himself.

1972:

By 1935, Long's consolidation of power led to talk of armed opposition from his enemies in Louisiana. Opponents increasingly invoked the memory of the

1569:

Returning to Washington, Long gave theatrical speeches which drew wide attention. Public viewing areas were crowded with onlookers, among them a young

1384:", which would ban cotton production for the entire year. He further proposed that the holiday be imposed internationally, which some nations, such as 6397: 11657: 11489: 11474: 11432: 11386: 11096: 11006: 10935: 10863: 10853: 7023: 5549: 4014: 3409: 7251: 4051: 1273:. It has been alleged that both sides used bribes to buy votes and that Long later rewarded the round robin signers with positions or other favors. 11777: 11707: 11588: 11345: 11206: 10955: 10762: 10636: 10487: 9200: 6454: 2609: 1615: 1614:, claiming it favored industrialists. In an attempt to prevent its passage, Long held a lone filibuster, speaking for 15 hours and 30 minutes, the 1709:

had been deadly mistakes conducted on behalf of Wall Street. Consequently, Long demanded the immediate independence of the Philippines, which the

1527:. He criticized the leaders of both parties for failing to address the crisis adequately, notably attacking conservative Senate Democratic Leader 11528: 11417: 11296: 11101: 10492: 7685: 5794: 1265:

thwart his programs. The House referred the charges to the Louisiana Senate, in which conviction required a two-thirds majority. Long produced a

1028:

And it is here, under this oak, where Evangeline waited in vain for her lover, Gabriel, who never came. This oak is an immortal spot, made so by

858:

by obtaining a draft deferment on the grounds that he was married and had a dependent child. He successfully defended from prosecution under the

621: 566:

Long was born in the impoverished north of Louisiana in 1893. After working as a traveling salesman and briefly attending three colleges, he was

8620:

Seidemann, Ryan M. "Did the State Win or Lose in its Mineral Dealings with Huey Long, Oscar Allen, James Noe, and the Win or Lose Oil Company?"

7519: 1488:

for half the state's homeowners. Some historians have criticized other policies, like high consumer taxes on gasoline and cigarettes, a reduced

11772: 11712: 10919: 9638: 7593: 2888: 1461: 7195: 4719: 1433:. These projects provided thousands of jobs during the depression: Louisiana employed more highway workers than any other state. Long built a 11201: 10802: 10767: 9661: 6668: 2335: 2184:

Academics and historians have found difficulty categorizing Long and his ideology. His platform has been compared to ideologies ranging from

1650:

in 1934. Although they failed to link Long to any illegality, some of his lieutenants were charged with income tax evasion. Roosevelt's son,

413: 11757: 11276: 10646: 6601: 6430: 2067: 3353: 11742: 11598: 11427: 10364: 7615:

Berman, Milton (Winter 1983). "Reviewed Work: Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression by Alan Brinkley".

6323: 6275: 3551: 3482:

Haas, Edward F. (Winter 1998). "Political Continuity in the Crescent City: Toward an Interpretation of New Orleans Politics, 1874–1986".

3021: 7469: 4173: 11687: 11652: 11437: 10408: 2231:

described him as "the first true dictator out of the soil of America" and his movement the "success of fascism in one American state".

1710: 500: 2129:

Long's assassination may have contributed to his reputation as a legendary figure in parts of Louisiana. In 1938, Swedish sociologist

1784:. These reforms, Long claimed, would end the Great Depression. The plans were widely criticized and labeled impossible by economists. 1309:. If he won, he presumed the public supported his programs over the opposition of the legislature. If he lost, he promised to resign. 1235:

but met resistance from their pro-Long colleagues, sparking a brawl later known as "Bloody Monday". In the scuffle, legislators threw

11747: 1667: 567: 5249: 5156: 2219:

A majority of academics, biographers, and writers who have examined Long view him negatively, typically as a demagogue or dictator.

1577:

and having the clerk read superfluous documents. Long's antics, one editorial claimed, had made the Senate "impotent". In May 1932,

1277:

Now... I dynamite 'em out of my path." Receiving death threats, he surrounded himself with bodyguards. Now a resolute critic of the

996:. Consequently, Louisiana was one of the least developed states: It had just 300 miles of paved roads and the lowest literacy rate. 894:

In the Democratic primary, Long polled second behind incumbent Burk Bridges. Since no candidate garnered a majority of the votes, a

11672: 8906: 5402: 4423: 3301: 1953: 1877: 1792:, averaged a circulation of 300,000, some issues reaching over 1.5 million. Long drew international attention: English writer 1714: 1543: 1501: 650: 570:

in Louisiana. Following a short career as an attorney, in which he frequently represented poor plaintiffs, Long was elected to the

419: 2786: 1130:

Once his control over the state's political apparatus was strengthened, Long pushed several bills through the 1929 session of the

11697: 10208: 10112: 8597:

Sanson, Jerry P. (Summer 2006). ""What He Did and What He Promised to Do...": Huey Long and the Horizons of Louisiana Politics".

6488: 11767: 11647: 8972: 6800: 6777: 6741: 6691: 5557: 5433: 3112: 1453: 1430: 810:. Shortly after their marriage, Long revealed to his wife his aspirations to run for a statewide office, the governorship, the 711: 8496:

Mathy, Gabriel, and Nicolas L. Ziebarth. "How much does political uncertainty matter? The case of Louisiana under Huey Long."

3929: 2752: 2150:, Russell shaped the nation's tax laws, advocating low business taxes and passing legislation beneficial to the poor like the 11752: 10117: 10107: 9935: 8787: 8757: 8730: 8563: 8544: 8440: 8382: 8341: 8116: 8093: 7939: 7920: 7870: 7843: 7820: 7759: 7209: 6705: 5853: 5263: 5170: 5103: 4533: 1841: 1377: 1021: 952: 903: 787: 594: 396: 391: 8388: 7663: 7129: 597:. Once in office, he expanded social programs, organized massive public works projects, such as a modern highway system and 11677: 10222: 10198: 9870: 9695: 9248: 9193: 7958: 4101: 1477: 1078: 6519: 3695: 11076: 9970: 9920: 8931: 8859: 7172: 1551: 1175: 1116: 879: 726:

saying: "Who wants to fight to keep the Negroes for the wealthy planters?" In the 1890s, the parish was a bastion of the

571: 2275:

In popular culture, Long has served as a template for multiple dictatorial politicians in novels. Notable works include

2227:

wrote that Long's regime in Louisiana was "the closest thing to a dictatorship that America has ever known". Journalist

11667: 11260: 10904: 10003: 9840: 9685: 6819: 6625: 6318: 6270: 4715: 3890: 2321: 1918:, a former mayor told the press, "There are 250,000 Long votes" in this city. Regarding Roosevelt, Long boasted to the 1136: 931: 927: 583: 11762: 11662: 10843: 9599: 9112: 9105: 9097: 9057: 8967: 2864: 1698: 1694: 727: 625: 7491:

Jeansonne, Glen (Autumn 1980). "Challenge to the New Deal: Huey P. Long and the Redistribution of National Wealth".

5643:

Jeansonne, Glen (Autumn 1980). "Challenge to the New Deal: Huey P. Long and the Redistribution of National Wealth".

2532:

Irby was the uncle of Alice Lee Grosjean, Long's young personal secretary, whom he had appointed to the position of

10137: 10127: 9001: 8988: 8628: 8483: 8469: 7751: 7201: 3381: 2381: 2373: 1907: 1688:

to Paraguay in 1878. He attested Standard Oil had corrupted the Bolivian government and organized the war and that

1654:, would later note that in this instance, his father "may have been the originator of the concept of employing the 1421:, a professor at LSU during Long's term as governor, stated: "Dictators, always give something for what they get." 1251: 1212: 985: 977: 710:, were often outsiders in Louisiana's political system. During the Civil War, Winn Parish had been a stronghold of 610: 537: 462: 450: 241: 7317: 7094: 6883: 6168: 10243: 10238: 10046: 9186: 6134: 5396: 2904: 2545:

Long would stand directly below the Speaker's podium while strong-arming the legislators into passing his agenda.

2533: 1848:. One of the laws passed was what Long called "a tax on lying"—a 2 percent tax on newspaper advertising revenue. 1807:

Some historians believe that pressure from Share Our Wealth contributed to Roosevelt's "turn to the left" in the

1619: 1044: 973: 9815: 5210: 2485:

One of Long's subordinates claimed in an affidavit that an intoxicated Long had told him to kill Representative

2473: 1931:

As the 1936 election approached, the Roosevelt Administration grew increasingly concerned by Long's popularity.

918:. Long was infuriated when Parker allowed oil companies, led by Standard Oil's legal team, to assist in writing 11682: 10218: 10122: 9209: 8880: 8573:

Pleasant, John R. Jr. (Autumn 1974). "Ruffin G. Pleasant and Huey P. Long on the Prisoner-Stripe Controversy".

7547: 2017: 1820: 521: 493: 385: 106: 7424: 7391: 7284: 7252:"The Screen in Review; ' A Lion Is in the Streets' Opens at Paramount, Starring James Cagney and Barbara Hale" 3606: 3016: 1287:. The paper was extremely popular, widely distributed by policemen, highway workers, and government truckers. 593:

After a failed 1924 campaign, Long appealed to the sharp economic and class divisions in Louisiana to win the

11692: 10188: 10142: 9364: 9327: 9010: 8828: 8821: 8356: 8160:

Jeansonne, Glen (1980). "Challenge to the New Deal: Huey P. Long and the Redistribution of National Wealth".

6733: 3925: 3616: 3546: 2001: 1932: 1816: 1283: 1190: 1163: 989: 715: 661:, and Louisiana politics would be organized along anti- or pro-Long factions until the 1960s. He left behind 443: 2902:

Williams, T. Harry; Price, John Milton (May 1970). "The Huey P. Long Papers at Louisiana State University".

2262: 649:. These proposals drew widespread support, with millions joining local Share Our Wealth clubs. Poised for a 11722: 10909: 10203: 10132: 8926: 8325: 7771: 6387: 5859: 3107: 2747: 2224: 1561:

Not discouraged after being snubbed, Long found other venues for his populist message. He endorsed Senator

1484:

penitentiary inmates. Through tax reform, Long made the first $ 2,000 in property assessment free, waiving

1370: 1171: 826: 802:

shortening. The two began a two-and-a-half-year courtship and married in April 1913 at the Gayoso Hotel in

363: 4004: 2554:

Although he claimed it was to educate poor doctors, it may have been based on a personal vendetta against

11237: 10807: 10152: 10147: 10077: 10072: 7013: 4041: 3292: 1902: 1845: 1651: 1573:, who later said he was "simply entranced" by Long. Long obstructed bills for weeks, launching hour-long 1195: 1131: 775: 707: 579: 310: 11732: 10193: 10172: 10102: 10097: 10087: 10082: 9353: 9288: 8921: 8309: 7835: 2286: 2135: 2041: 2029: 1860: 1676:. But instead of debating the amendment, Long declared his support for Paraguay against Bolivia in the 1441: 755: 731: 723: 529: 434: 216: 24: 850:

In 1915, Long established a private practice in Winnfield. He represented poor plaintiffs, usually in

590:

praised him as "the most brilliant lawyer who ever practiced before the United States Supreme Court".

10981: 10322: 10228: 9429: 9273: 7018: 1824: 1170:

Despite wide disapproval, Long had the Governor's Mansion, built in 1887, razed by convicts from the

1144: 1111: 1067: 806:. On their wedding day, Long had no cash with him and had to borrow $ 10 from his fiancée to pay the 486: 20: 7582: 4102:"Nearly 90 years after first woman hanged in Louisiana, the case still intrigues, newspaper reports" 2499:

sentence. Long wholeheartedly supported their execution, ultimately overruling the Board's decision.

11081: 10884: 10497: 10248: 9675: 9065: 8962: 8813: 8536: 5406: 4711: 2782: 2147: 1702: 1647: 1449: 1152: 851: 6658: 4732:

The building stands 450 feet tall (34 floors,) making it the tallest capitol in the United States.

2476:, widely repeated in the decades after Long's death, has faced increased scrutiny in recent years. 818:(1918–2003), who became a U.S. senator, and Palmer Reid Long (1921–2010), who became an oilman in 11593: 11142: 10950: 10398: 10233: 10162: 10041: 9690: 9228: 9033: 8996: 8852: 8333: 7686:"Find of the Week: Huey P. Long's 'Every Man a King' was a slogan, an autobiography – and a song" 6663: 6596: 5438: 2406: 2312: 2281: 2268: 1997: 1973: 1630:

after provisions extended government deposit insurance to state banks as well as national banks.

1434: 1409: 1321:

Ransdell's age, calling him "Old Feather Duster". The campaign became increasingly vicious, with

1074:

percent of the vote. At age 35, Long was the youngest person ever elected governor of Louisiana.

838: 598: 456: 401: 231: 6420: 2000:

courthouse. Long had Governor Allen execute emergency measures in Baton Rouge: he called in the

10167: 9996: 9293: 7167: 5233:

Huey Long spoke for 15 hours and 30 minutes, the second-longest Senate filibuster to that time.

4668:"'It started here in Allen Hall': LSU boasts rich literary history, prominent literary figures" 3342: 1856: 1627: 1528: 1316:, the Catholic senator whom Long endorsed in 1924. At 72 years old, Ransdell had served in the 1266: 1052: 814:, and ultimately the presidency. The Longs had a daughter named Rose (1917–2006) and two sons: 763: 699: 614: 205: 11281: 10333: 2046: 833:

in the fall of 1914. After a year of study that concentrated on the courses necessary for the

10960: 10940: 10889: 10507: 10264: 10157: 10062: 9905: 9860: 9073: 9049: 7883:(1981). "Huey Long, the Share Our Wealth Movement, and the Limits of Depression Dissidence". 7862: 7857:

Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

7458: 4009: 3920: 2330: 2291: 1611: 1547: 911: 859: 819: 646: 545: 525: 9298: 6811: 930:, which resulted in cash refunds to thousands of overcharged customers. After the decision, 11727: 11642: 11637: 11247: 10690: 10284: 10092: 9885: 9750: 9479: 9469: 9434: 9338: 9308: 9027: 8947: 8888: 5215: 4427: 4178: 2486: 2257: 2151: 2013: 1773: 1258: 864: 811: 691: 378: 188: 58: 1094:, relied on "the terrible South ... the beaten, ignorant, Bible-ridden, white South. 972:

He campaigned in rural areas disenfranchised by the state's political establishment, the "

8: 11391: 11211: 10965: 10894: 10731: 10569: 10471: 9925: 9910: 9795: 9780: 9474: 9459: 9444: 9390: 9343: 9303: 9238: 9154: 9130: 9041: 7966: 7805: 7396: 6425: 6239: 3886: 3611: 2339: 2296: 2173: 2159: 2134:

machine remained a powerful force in state politics until the 1960 elections. Within the

2005: 1828: 1812: 1681: 1579: 1524: 1489: 1473: 1457: 1393: 1297: 965:

On August 30, 1923, Long announced his candidacy for the governorship of Louisiana. Long

935: 795: 719: 666: 587: 578:, a lifelong target of his rhetorical attacks. After Long successfully argued before the 253: 98: 9630: 7656:"A Brief Look at Over 100 Years of the LSU Tiger Band, 'The Golden Band from Tigerland'" 3283: 2078:

wrote that, "When he was gone it seemed that a beneficent peace had fallen on the land.

1081:. His victory was seen as a public backlash against the urban establishment; journalist 11632: 11401: 11322: 10741: 10574: 10533: 10031: 9940: 9845: 9770: 9715: 9710: 9700: 9489: 9439: 9424: 9379: 9243: 8845: 8695: 8671: 8647: 8606: 8582: 8516: 8406: 8289: 8257: 8233: 8209: 8201: 8169: 8085: 8058: 8034: 8002: 7978: 7892: 7855: 7788: 7731: 7624: 7588: 7524: 7500: 7360: 7322: 7257: 7135: 7100: 6525: 6460: 6174: 6163: 5967: 5800: 5652: 5255: 5162: 4854: 4821: 4771: 4672: 3491: 3297: 2921: 2882: 2774: 2460: 2220: 2207: 2021: 2016:. Long boasted he had "taken over every board and commission in New Orleans except the 1990: 1949: 1445: 1418: 1323: 1313: 1254: 1248: 1208: 1086: 981: 803: 533: 86: 9233: 8662:——— (Spring 1977). "Huey Long and the Cotton-Holiday Plan of 1931". 8017:——— (February 1994). "Huey Pierce Long and Historical Speculation". 1511: 870: 11484: 11366: 11317: 11242: 11157: 10838: 10685: 10610: 10466: 10317: 9989: 9950: 9915: 9895: 9835: 9830: 9785: 9755: 9735: 9705: 9504: 9454: 9395: 9081: 8783: 8767: 8753: 8742: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8710: 8559: 8540: 8436: 8417: 8378: 8337: 8313: 8213: 8148: 8131: 8112: 8105: 8089: 8078: 7935: 7916: 7866: 7839: 7816: 7755: 7205: 6815: 6767: 6701: 5259: 5166: 5099: 2870: 2860: 2742: 2555: 2189: 2122: 1968:

Long after giving a successful five-hour filibuster, about two weeks before his death

1797: 1638: 1570: 1426: 1358: 1270: 1159:

and sued Long. The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in Long's favor.

1091: 1063: 148: 8638:

Snyder, Robert E. (Spring 1975). "Huey Long and the Presidential Election of 1936".

6590: 3102: 2196:. When asked about his own philosophy, Long simply replied: "Oh, hell, say that I'm 1412:, which, at 450 feet (140 m), remains the tallest capitol in the United States. 11603: 11371: 11350: 11327: 11301: 11196: 11001: 10746: 10726: 10631: 10564: 10451: 10304: 10299: 10026: 9865: 9855: 9850: 9765: 9760: 9730: 9720: 9614: 9554: 9529: 9464: 9419: 9283: 9089: 8911: 8281: 8193: 8080:

For the Survival of Democracy: Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s

8026: 7780: 7355:"Film Festival; 'Huey Long,' A Documentary on the Louisiana Populist, By Ken Burns" 6807: 6143: 6130:"How Much Does Political Uncertainty Matter? The Case of Louisiana under Huey Long" 3915: 2913: 2605: 2435: 2430: 2087: 2079: 2054:

On September 8, 1935, Long traveled to the State Capitol to pass a bill that would

1768: 1726: 1520: 1404: 1385: 1354: 1182:; he reportedly wanted to be familiar with the residence when he became president. 1140: 1095: 915: 895: 883: 638: 541: 470: 429: 9263: 4523: 1948:

warned Roosevelt, "many people believe that he can do to your administration what

11549: 11376: 11137: 11091: 11060: 10996: 10991: 10914: 10848: 10695: 10600: 10433: 10274: 10269: 10213: 9955: 9945: 9900: 9890: 9604: 9514: 9258: 9253: 9136: 8632: 8490: 8473: 8430: 8372: 8306:

Huey Long's Louisiana Hayride: the American Rehearsal for Dictatorship, 1928–1940

7655: 7289: 6392: 4817:"Reveille Rebels: Reveille Seven's clash with Huey P. Long leaves lasting legacy" 4528: 4046: 3288:] Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Louisiana Public Service Commission et al" 2583: 2118: 2075: 2025: 1986: 1945: 1898: 1888: 1808: 1706: 1673: 1642: 1523:. With this backdrop, Long made characteristically fiery speeches that denounced 1452:

that reportedly contained the longest pool in the United States. Long founded an

1333: 1231: 1008: 992:, the Old Regulars presided over a corrupt government that largely benefited the 938:

praised Long as "the most brilliant lawyer who ever practiced" before the court.

815: 670: 658: 641:

plan in 1934. To stimulate the economy, he advocated massive federal spending, a

281: 160: 9875: 9725: 8363:

Kuhn, Joseph. "Flesh and the Common Man: Robert Penn Warren's Huey Long Drama."

8224:——— (Winter 1990). "Huey P. Long: A Political Contradiction". 2631:

father, Huey P Long.", the motion was passed without objection and published in

1831:. Roosevelt reportedly admitted in private to trying to "steal Long's thunder". 1162:

Irritated by "immoral" gambling dens and brothels in New Orleans, Long sent the

11583: 11479: 11448: 11422: 10858: 10772: 10736: 10559: 10528: 10502: 10418: 10294: 9790: 9740: 9569: 9519: 9499: 9494: 9484: 9449: 9278: 9268: 9142: 8916: 8772: 7812: 7553: 7464: 6631: 3348: 2604:

There was contemporary speculation that a Long campaign would collaborate with

2276: 2236: 2228: 2169: 2155: 1982: 1964: 1941: 1672:

On May 30, 1934, Long took to the Senate floor to debate the abrogation of the

1562: 1536: 1485: 1381: 1366: 1362: 1240: 1082: 907: 746: 735: 703: 606: 602: 406: 8135: 7162: 6148: 6129: 1756: 1353:

just two hours: one every three minutes. He later explained his tactics: "The

11626: 11523: 11337: 11332: 11291: 11255: 11116: 11055: 11032: 10899: 10833: 10700: 10605: 10538: 10461: 10413: 10279: 9800: 9594: 9584: 9574: 9160: 8779: 8421: 8413: 8317: 7954: 7912: 7880: 7429: 7349: 2395: 2343: 2232: 2130: 1801: 1781: 1469: 1317: 1124: 993: 919: 783: 220: 4470: 2874: 2113: 1882: 11554: 11452: 11152: 11111: 11027: 10986: 10868: 10797: 10792: 10705: 10403: 9965: 9930: 9880: 9805: 9680: 9609: 9589: 9564: 9544: 9539: 9524: 9400: 9369: 8749: 8152: 8073: 2316: 1977: 1936: 1925: 1915: 1852: 1389: 1337: 1204: 1059: 1004: 966: 759: 629: 575: 8197: 1295:

Shortly after the impeachment, Long—now nicknamed "The Kingfish" after an

11518: 11381: 11286: 11047: 10828: 10823: 10595: 10523: 10456: 10067: 10036: 9960: 9619: 9178: 9166: 9122: 7387: 2854: 2198: 2185: 2163: 2142: 2108: 2055: 1793: 1689: 1574: 1465: 1380:

surplus, Long proposed the major cotton-producing states mandate a 1932 "

1302: 1278: 1220: 1179: 855: 830: 751: 662: 633: 291: 130: 8625: 8466: 8205: 1440:

Long was an ardent supporter of the state's flagship public university,

11086: 11011: 10641: 10626: 10579: 10393: 9745: 9579: 8699: 8675: 8651: 8610: 8586: 8520: 8261: 8237: 8173: 8038: 8006: 7982: 7909:

Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression

7896: 7792: 7735: 7628: 7504: 6455:"Researchers Exhume Doctor's Grave To Resolve Part of Huey Long Legend" 5656: 3495: 2925: 2520: 2304: 2244: 2059: 1911:, which laid out his plans for the presidency after the 1936 election. 1685: 1623: 1555: 1392:, although a fervid critic of Long, credited him with first suggesting 1306: 1062:

and radio commercials. His stance on race was unorthodox. According to

1029: 654: 642: 552:, which Long deemed insufficiently radical. As the political leader of 8715:

Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior: A–M

8688: