648:
380:. Between 20,000 and 5,000 B.C.E., the people here eventually went from hunting and gathering to sedimentary villages with farming and domesticated animals. The main crop was corn, and stone tools for the grinding of this grain become common. Later crops include beans, chili peppers and squash grown near established villages. Evidence of ceramics appears around 2,500 B.C.E. with the earliest artifacts of these appearing in Tlapacoya,
98:
816:
from colonial and Nahua sources where the Otomi are presented as indolent and lazy. Therefore, for some years now, there has been a resurgence of native names usage, especially in the
Mezquital Valley, Querétaro and northwest of the State of Mexico; territories with a high percentage of Otomi ethnic population. On the other hand, in eastern Michoacán, recovery of the native demonym has not had the same effort.
1043:
characteristic practice of the Otomi architecture. Archaeological investigations have shown that temples and rooms were roofed with a wooden beam structure, covered with a thick clay sealing layer. All buildings had stucco floors and stone furnaces, probably used for cooking, burning incense or as room heating stoves.
45:
420:
in the repertoire of words alluding to agriculture in the Oto-manguean languages. After the development of an incipient agriculture, the proto-manguean language gave rise to two distinct languages that constitute the current eastern and western groups of the Oto-manguean family background. Continuing
1126:
The
Acambay "Casa de la Cultura" holds an interesting stone, possibly was made by the Aztecs, on one of its sides has a figure representing Huitzilopochtli, on the other side has sharp and precise images that were probably made with iron tools during the colonial era. To see the stone, permission is
618:
and
William Folan in the 1970s. It consists of a small ceremonial zone with some temples, located on a ridge overlooking the Valle de los Espejos. Although the dating of Huamango is not as certain as one would like, various lines of evidence point to an Early Postclassic (Toltec period) date for the
294:
area was like 5,000 years ago. It also helped to establish the occupation chronology of the region. Some scholars attribute an age of 11 thousand years, others 8 thousand, and some have suggested 5 thousand years old. This individual, originally identified as a male, recent research confirm a female
960:
Another legend says: "That originally the place was built and inhabited by Tula’s Toltec and later inhabited by Otomi for a long time." After an earthquake, Huamango inhabitants left the site and moved to a place called Dongú, where they formed a new Center. "Later moved into what today is known as
546:
domains with a majority of Otomi people. However, the Otomi culture is hardly ever mentioned as protagonists of
Mesoamerican prehispanic history, perhaps because the ethnic complexity of the Mexico plateau at that time does not permit distinguishing the contributions of the Otomi ancient from those
815:
have translated it as "bird hunter with arrows" (flechador de pájaros). Also it is plausible that the demonym is derived from the name Oton, a leader of this people in prehispanic times. According to the members of the Otomi people the term, "Otomi" is pejorative, associated with an image derived
1109:
A residential complex consisting of rooms around small patios was built on this set of platforms. Elements found in the interior of the rooms include pots, a spoon fragment, blades, scrapers and a furnace, used in domestic activities, depicting some aspects of the life of the inhabitants of this
972:
The ancient city was built on leveled terraces, it was necessary to make important works on the site terrain irregular topography, to level the field and created large terraces for the structures construction, some probably ceremonial. For the city many reinforcement walls were built, from their
1651:
Lately some speakers of
Mezquital Valley have begun to consider the word "Otomi" as derogatory. This does not occur in other variants and therefore it is used. It is also a term used widespread in the spanish speaking world in all areas. In this regard, echoing David C. Wright (2005: 19) words:
1063:
It has two bodies, covered with a wall of stone slabs and a central stairway case to the west. On the north and eastern sides is a 30 cm wide walkway. Atop the structure are indications of a temple-room, with a hallway in front and three entrance spaces, separated by two wooden pillars, as
1059:
The Palace is located almost at the site center. The ceremonial building preserves the architectural style of the place, recessed stairways and stuccoed stone. It was identified as a palace, because at the top were found wooden pilaster elements at the entrance, as well as stone foundations and
626:
Following Piña Chan research, tentatively, two occupation periods have been established: one from 900 to 1100 CE, with similarities to the archaeological area of Tula (incense smokers, braziers and ceramic pots, as burial offerings); and another around 1200-1300 CE, which presents evidence that
638:
Burials excavated at the site yielded ceramic offering vessels in a distinctive polychrome style. The lack of
Coyotlatelco ceramics is a good sign that the site does not date to the epiclassical period (700-900 CE), and the presence of some types similar to Tollan-phase Tula supports the early
1079:
Located west of the Palace. Possibly had a single body, although there is evidence of two stairs towards the east and west; the altar was coated with imbricated stone slabs. It is not known if the altars were related to any specific religious ceremony. It is possible they were associated with
976:
During the site occupation, it is probable that the
Central Highlands had political and social instability, there were different cultures disputing control of the region and its cities. Huamango, dominated the Acambay Valley and the peripheral region. It is likely that its location was due to
651:
It is very possible that the Otomi ancestors have occupied central Mexico for at least five thousand years, so they would have participated in the development of early
Mesoamerican cities. In the image, ceramic figurines related to a fertility cult. From Tlapacoya (Mexico State). Mesoamerican
1088:
It has three staggered bodies, it is the foundation over which a religious temple was probably built. At the front should have been a stairway, probably with sloped walls, for access to the top. It was identified as a temple because of its shape, height, associated ceramics, calcined burials
1042:
It consists of a temple basement with three overlaid bodies, stairway with sloped wall (alfarda). In front of the structure is a small altar, with several residential structures surrounding it. Some of the monuments were coated with small imbricated stone slabs (overlaid as a roof tiles), a
550:
Huamango flourished and had its apogee between 900 and 1300 CE. Based on research investigations, it is established that the site occupants formed a hegemonic religious group. It has not yet been established the
Huamango constructors cultural affiliation, although ethnic-historical sources
1006:
Although the land topography was not suitable for construction, the constructors had a remarkable solution to the problem, by the artificial leveling and conditioning of large terraces on which the structures were built using stones and clay mortar and covered with overlaid stone slabs.
977:
defensive needs, and also to control trade and northern trade routes (States of
Hidalgo, Michoacán and Querétaro) and also the southern (Valley of Ixtlahuaca - Atlacomulco and Toluca Valley). Tula exerted an important influence on the central plateau in religion, politics and Economics.
1100:
The lower elevation platforms set corresponds to a residential housing sector, possibly for government elite; most of the population lived dispersed around the contour of the ceremonial center. Incense smokers found inside the housing platforms indicates domestic religious activities.
1809:
Folan, William J. (1990) Huamango, estado de México: un eslabón en la relación norte-sur de la gran Mesoamérica. In Mesoamérica y norte de México, siglos IX-XII, edited by Federica Sodi Miranda, pp. 337–362. vol. 1. 2 vols. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico
1652:"while the word 'Otomi' has been used in texts that belittle these ancient inhabitants of central Mexico, it is considered convenient to use the same word in the works in an attempt to regain their history; instead of discarding it, I propose it should be vindicated".
944:
and most varieties distinguish three tones. Nouns are marked only for possessor (either by prefixes or by proclitics); plural number is marked by the definite article and by a verb suffix, and some dialects maintain the historically existing dual number marking.
547:
produced by their neighbors. Only until recent years there seems to develop an interest on the role they played by the Otomi in the development of the Mexican plateau cultures, from the Mesoamerican preclassical period thru 1521 CE.
1828:, edited by Barbro Dahlgren, Carlos Navarrete, Lorenzo Ochoa, Mari Carmen Serra Puche and Yoko Sugiura Yamamoto, pp. 411–453. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.
1033:
This set includes a two-bodied overlaid structure with stairway on the west side. An altar is located at the front, in the center of a square, which is surrounded by residential house foundations, probably for the ruling class.
622:
Archaeological investigations have placed various different hierarchy prehispanic settlements, among these Huamango was chosen because it represents the best example of the Otomi culture monumental architecture, in the region.
999:
The site covers six hectares, on which the architectural elements were discovered, the area is characterized by its oak forest and the unreliable land for agriculture, this difficulty diminished on the terraces built.
253:. The archaeological area is on the San Miguel plateau, in the vicinity of the Peña Picuda hill, at an approximate altitude of 2,850 meters above sea level. It is rich in legends, stories and ancestral traditions.
956:
A legend tells that the "Apache" (thus named by inhabitants of the place) lived in Huamango, but had to leave, and went to San Miguel, from where they returned every year to dance at the Temple of the site.
494:
1813:
Folan, William J., Lynda Florey Folan and Antonio Ruiz Pérez (1987) La iconografía de Huamango, municipio de Acabay, Estado de México: Un centro regional otomí de los siglos IX al XIII. In Homenaje a
1092:
Currently serves as a cross base; stones removed from the structure were used to construct the adjoining Catholic chapel. Very near this construction a headstone with a warrior depiction was found.
1025:
arranged the site in two separated architectural systems, in an east-west direction on the plateau, to facilitate research. System A is located in the western side and System B in the eastern side.
909:, but since it represents the usage of a single dialect it has not gained wide currency. Linguists have classified the modern dialects into three dialect areas: the Northwestern dialects spoken in
765:. In the colonial period Otomi speakers helped the Spanish conquistadors as mercenaries and allies, which allowed them to extend into territories that had previously been inhabited by semi-nomadic
1834:
Lagunas Rodríguez, Zaid (1997) Costumbres funerarias y características bioculturales de la población prehispánica de Huamango. Expresión Antropológica (Instituto Mexiquense de Cultura) 6:7-28.
425:- members of the western branch - reached the Basin of Mexico around of the fourth millennium of the Christian era and that, in what some authors argue, have not migrated northward but south.
991:
Because of the large ceramic variety found, and its strategic location, is thought the city might have been an important trade center, of the central plateau with the western regions.
573:, it is based on ancient documents that mention that this region was called, in Otomi language, Cambay o Cabaye, which may be translated as "God’s Rock" (okha= "God", mbaye= "Rock").
309:
and gathering fruits, as evidenced by archaeological evidence found at the site. One of the most salient discoveries of primitive art in America was found in here, called the
964:
Because of this last legend many direct inhabitants of the region, that claim to be descendants of Huamango builders, and take care of the place and of their Otomi customs.
812:
792:) are some of the names used by the Otomi to call themselves in their own languages, although it is common when talking in Spanish they use the Nahuatl ethnonym "Otomi".
1164:
416:) should have occurred after the domestication of the Mesoamerican agricultural trinity, composed by corn, beans and chile pepper. This is based on the large amount of
1837:
Piña Chán, Román (1981) Investigaciones sobre Huamango y región vecina (Memoria del Proyecto). 2 vols. Dirección de Turiso del Gobierno del Estado de México, Toluca.
1814:
1011:
604:
953:
Huamango is a site with interesting legends. Local belief is that the Otomi occupied this settlement much before the Aztec armies conquered it and applied taxes.
1803:
Folan, William (1979) San Miguel de Huamango: un centro tolteca-otomí. Boletín de la Escuela de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán 6(32):36-40.
329:, who decided to settle there permanently for the abundance of rivers and springs. They were engaged mainly in agriculture and the breeding of domestic animals.
1831:
Granados Reyes, Paz and Miguel Guevara (1999) El complejo Huamango y su área de interacción. Paper presented at the III Coloquio Internacional Otopames, Toluca.
1402:
369:
226:
486:
1860:
1003:
The outline of most platform base is only marked by stones. Elite rooms are presumed to have been built, occupied by Huamango priests and administrators.
274:
The site is maintained by the Instituto Mexiquense de Cultura, a branch of the State of Mexico. It is easy to reach by car, about an hour's drive north of
522:
prehispanic peoples have paid little attention to the Otomí history. Many centuries ago, in the territory occupied the Otomi flourished large cities like
1870:
757:
One of the early complex cultures of Mesoamerica, the Otomi were likely the original inhabitants of the central Mexican highlands before the arrival of
356:. Stone age implements have been found all over the territory from mammoth bones, to stone tools to human remains. Most have been found in the areas of
260:, which dominated the Acambay Valley, strategically located by the apparent defensive needs in the dispute over control of territory and trade routes.
1071:
This building is a pyramid, roofs were made of perishable materials, such as adobe, dirt, tile and palm leaves, so could not be preserved over time.
1209:
481:
807:
used to refer to native peoples of Mexico, the "Otomi" term is not native of the referenced village. "Otomi" is a term that derives from the
988:
Their people kept different type of relations, mainly trade with sites in the Tula hierarchy and some settlements of the Michoacán region.
1190:[Teotihuacan, one of the most visited in the world] (in Spanish). El Sol de México, El Mexicano (Organización Editorial Mexicana)
1865:
373:
1245:
562:
This ancient settlement stands majestically in a geological formation known as the San Miguel Huamango Camaye Plateau, formed by
301:
found in Tequixquiac is considered a work of prehistoric art. The town was inhabited in 35,000 BCE by people who had crossed the
551:
information allow the assumption that these are groups of Otomi origins, ancestors of the current Otomi living in the place.
408:
speaking peoples formed a large unit. Language diversification and geographical expansion, which has been proposed as their "
1806:
Folan, William J. (1989) More on a Functional Interpretation of the Scraper Plane. Journal of Field Archaeology 16:486-489.
129:
811:
source "otómitl", a word in the language of the ancient Aztecs meaning "who walks with arrows", although authors such as
1557:
may be present in minor amounts. The quartz-feldspar abundances in andesite and other volcanic rocks are illustrated in
1550:
1167:[Huamango: Place where Wood is carved (A highlands legend)] (in Spanish). México desconocido (issue nbr. 227)
313:, which had no known purpose, but reflected the ideological sense of the artist who carved the piece of bone from a
1410:
498:
490:
1118:
Burials were found and excavated at the site, yielded ceramic offering vessels in a distinctive polychrome style.
708:
in the eastern part of the state of Hidalgo, and in the state of Querétaro. Sierra Otomí usually self identify as
432:, with the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon being built between 100 B.C.E and 100 C.E. Between 800 and 900 C.E., the
1770:
873:
341:
290:
is an important finding for Mexican and foreign anthropologists; it is an important key to understand what the
1252:(in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from
1051:
The ceremonial center covers 300 m (north-south) and 200 m (east-west). Released buildings are as follows:
985:
It is thought that Huamango was an important political center with controls on other cities of the region.
693:
444:
court. In the 15th century, the Aztecs conquered the Toluca and Chalco valleys to the west and east of the
1850:
1217:
298:
1823:
1819:
1064:
access to the aforementioned ample space, which had two furnaces or tlecuiles. The presence inside of
1020:
1016:
613:
609:
1473:
1298:
267:
during Early Postclassical times, perhaps subsidiary in some way to the Toltec polity centered at
44:
1666:
892:
869:
751:
441:
405:
238:
1703:
or endonyms (self-designation; where the name is created and used by the ethnic group itself).
440:
as capital. This city is walled with plazas, terraces, temples, altars, living quarters and a
535:
465:
87:
577:
1855:
1253:
700:. The two most populous groups are the Highland or Sierra Otomí living in the mountains of
512:
8:
409:
449:
263:
Huamango was most likely a major political capital in the area immediately north of the
1562:
433:
245:
period) archaeological site located about 4 kilometers northwest of the modern city of
1187:
1699:(where the name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and
1546:
896:
1089:
deposited inside of ceramic vessels and the continued use for religious activities.
1620:
1436:
1308:
864:
830:
754:
is spoken in many different varieties some of which are not mutually intelligible.
705:
663:
445:
357:
291:
1554:
1278:
914:
881:
581:
353:
332:
The earliest evidence of human habitation in current territory of the state is a
268:
352:
era which dates human habitation back to 20,000 years. These first peoples were
1342:
941:
922:
824:
747:
731:
473:
182:
716:
depending on the dialect they speak, whereas Mezquital Otomi self identify as
527:
1844:
1469:
761:
speakers around ca. 1000 AD, but were gradually replaced and marginalized by
632:
302:
264:
144:
131:
504:
452:
as well. Other dominions during the pre-Hispanic period include that of the
1692:
1558:
891:. The language is spoken in many different dialects, some of which are not
877:
762:
543:
531:
508:
287:
166:
91:
1778:
973:
size, probably were defensive walls of up to 2 meters high in some parts.
910:
789:
739:
1497:
1481:
1338:
772:
Hence the names used by the otomíes to refer to themselves are numerous:
701:
519:
477:
469:
429:
422:
377:
349:
345:
318:
115:
1289:
647:
1591:
1505:
1165:"Huamango: Lugar donde se talla la madera (Una Leyenda en las alturas)"
918:
743:
628:
453:
437:
559:
Huamango, means "place where Wood is carved" in the Nahuatl language.
1509:
1477:
766:
589:
523:
389:
385:
314:
305:
from Asia. These people were nomadic, hunting large animals such as
1521:
1501:
1068:(Smokers) is an indication of the religious purposes of the place.
934:
926:
901:
804:
735:
722:
563:
539:
457:
393:
365:
361:
337:
1283:
1700:
1525:
1517:
1493:
1484:
texture. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between
1065:
906:
808:
758:
461:
417:
306:
246:
1696:
1529:
1513:
1489:
1485:
930:
888:
727:
697:
413:
333:
322:
275:
250:
242:
170:
103:
1314:
851:
684:
194:
First occupation 900 to 1100 CE. Second from 1100 to 1300 CE.
1678:
1326:
585:
381:
326:
257:
1688:
1457:
1451:
1320:
842:
836:
675:
669:
219:
600:
Huamango was discovered by architect Edgar Serrano Pérez.
30:
1561:. Relative alkali and silica contents are illustrated in
1442:
1341:
term denoting the original homeland of the speakers of a
448:
respectively. Part of the Toluca Valley was held by the
295:
identity, although this is still subject of discussion.
925:; and the Eastern dialects spoken in the highlands of
317:
around 22,000 years BCE. The first native settlers of
1454:
1445:
833:
666:
1460:
1448:
1329:
839:
726:). Smaller Otomi populations exist in the states of
672:
1439:
1323:
1317:
1311:
848:
845:
784:(Santiago de Mezquititlán, south of Querétaro) and
681:
678:
421:with the linguistic evidence, it seems likely that
940:Like all other Oto-Manguean languages, Otomi is a
412:", that is, the Tehuacán valley (current state of
472:and Los Melones. Other important groups were the
256:The site has vestiges of a city inhabited by the
1842:
1695:. Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories:
428:The earliest major civilization of the state is
576:A different theory claims the name is from the
1357:
1240:
1238:
1216:(in Spanish). Deporte.org.com. Archived from
1162:
980:
876:, spoken by approximately 240,000 indigenous
592:that means; Akambari or "Place of Magueyes".
1188:"Teotihuacán, de los más visitado del mundo"
1861:Archaeological sites in the State of Mexico
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1400:
54:
34:
21:
1871:Tourist attractions in the State of Mexico
1746:
1235:
1060:smokers, these depict religious activity.
921:; the Southwestern dialects spoken in the
750:belonging to the Oto-Pamean branch of the
1541:Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy, 1996,
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
933:, and eastern Hidalgo and in villages in
1768:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1752:INEGI, "Perfil sociodemográfico", p. 69.
1589:
1568:
1405:[Huamango archaeological site].
1250:Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
769:, for example Querétaro and Guanajuato.
646:
42:
1185:
1163:Farías Pelayo, Sabrina (January 1996).
795:
704:and the Mezquital Otomí, living in the
169:(Hñähñu, Hñähño, Ñuhu, Ñhato, Ñuhmu) –
1843:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1202:
1137:
900:
721:
278:, and a few km north-west of Acambay.
1773:[Huamango, Otomí territory].
1755:
1619:
1496:assemblage is typically dominated by
1297:
863:
652:preclassical culture, central Mexico.
1409:(in Spanish). Mexico. Archived from
1127:required from the House of culture.
1104:
696:inhabiting the central altiplano of
344:, which was an island in the former
286:In prehistoric State of Mexico, the
1375:
1095:
948:
24:Otomí Culture – Archaeological Site
13:
1179:
580:, from the word Akamba that means
538:which dominated the Aztec Empire,
43:
14:
1882:
1866:Former populated places in Mexico
1121:
1083:
819:
595:
404:Toward the fifth millennium BCE,
204:Mesoamerican early Postclassical
1435:
1307:
994:
829:
662:
642:
436:established their dominion with
96:
1797:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1655:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1606:
1535:
1425:
1186:Jiménez, Hugo (July 26, 2010).
1532:are common accessory minerals.
1366:
1348:
1268:
895:, therefore it is in effect a
874:indigenous languages of Mexico
627:correlates with sites such as
1:
1594:(in Spanish). Acambaytour.com
1212:[Rescue of the past]
1130:
1054:
1046:
281:
16:Archaeological site in Mexico
1777:(in Spanish). Archived from
1403:"Zona arqueológica Huamango"
752:Oto-Manguean language family
554:
227:Huamango Archaeological Site
48:Huamango archaeological site
7:
1037:
1028:
967:
518:Historiographical texts on
10:
1887:
1679:
1670:
1287:"primitive, original" and
1113:
981:Political and Trade Center
788:(Northern Puebla Sierra),
603:The site was excavated by
480:area. Their center was at
399:
1721:Barrientos López, 2004: 6
1468:is an extrusive igneous,
566:extrusive igneous rocks.
76:Mesoamerican archaeology
38:
1590:Durán García, Victoria.
1474:intermediate composition
1401:Nieto Hernández, Rubén.
1299:[ˈʔuːɐ̯ˌhaɪmaːt]
1074:
905:has been proposed as an
619:site (A.D. 900 - 1100).
348:. They are dated to the
1771:"Huamango Tierra Otomí"
1633:See Wright Carr (2005).
813:Wigberto Jiménez Moreno
88:Municipality of Acambay
1372:Wright Carr, 2005: 28.
653:
639:postclassical dating.
442:Mesoamerican ball game
406:Oto-Manguean languages
49:
1769:Hernandez A., Tania.
1730:Jiménez Moreno, 1939.
1295:German pronunciation:
893:mutually intelligible
870:Oto-Manguean language
650:
536:Aztec Triple Alliance
145:19.97750°N 99.86528°W
47:
1712:Gomez de Silva 2001.
1612:in Spanish spelling
1210:"Rescate del pasado"
780:(Mezquital Valley),
370:San Francisco Mazapa
1691:applied to a given
1248:[History].
1080:sacrifice rituals.
937:and Mexico states.
694:native ethnic group
340:blade found in the
150:19.97750; -99.86528
141: /
1851:Mesoamerican sites
1363:Wright Carr, 1996.
1293:"home, homeland";
899:. The word Hñähñu
654:
578:Purépecha language
271:to the northeast.
50:
1687:, "name") is the
1105:Housing platforms
902:[hɲɑ̃hɲṹ]
897:dialect continuum
776:(Toluca Valley),
723:[ʰɲɑ̃ʰɲũ]
511:were centered in
232:
231:
1878:
1827:
1791:
1790:
1788:
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1766:
1753:
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1744:
1737:
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1719:
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1704:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1621:[otoˈmi]
1618:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1587:
1566:
1539:
1533:
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865:[otoˈmi]
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446:Valley of Mexico
358:Los Reyes Acozac
354:hunter-gatherers
311:Tequixquiac Bone
292:Valley of Mexico
249:in the State of
156:
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923:State of Mexico
872:and one of the
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605:Román Piña Chán
598:
569:About the name
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1122:Symbolic Stone
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947:
942:tonal language
821:
820:Otomi Language
818:
800:
799:Demonym origin
794:
748:Otomi language
644:
641:
597:
596:Investigations
594:
588:and the "rhi"
556:
553:
542:inherited the
534:. Even in the
507:mountain. The
401:
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342:Tlapacoya area
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1781:on 2013-01-29
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1593:
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1559:QAPF diagrams
1556:
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1551:0-7167-2438-3
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1470:volcanic rock
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1413:on 2010-09-09
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995:Constructions
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763:Nahua peoples
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643:Otomi Culture
640:
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633:Calixtlahuaca
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303:Bering Strait
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258:Otomi culture
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239:Postclassical
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20:
1798:Bibliography
1783:. Retrieved
1779:the original
1774:
1748:
1740:
1739:CIESAS, s/f
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1693:ethnic group
1684:
1674:
1662:
1657:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1613:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1563:TAS diagrams
1542:
1537:
1431:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1406:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1288:
1282:
1281:compound of
1274:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:the original
1249:
1225:. Retrieved
1218:the original
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1125:
1117:
1108:
1099:
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1087:
1078:
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860:
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720:(pronounced
717:
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709:
658:Otomi people
657:
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637:
625:
621:
602:
599:
575:
570:
568:
561:
558:
549:
544:Azcapotzalco
520:Mesoamerican
517:
434:Matlatzincas
427:
403:
336:scraper and
331:
310:
297:
288:Tepexpan man
285:
273:
262:
255:
237:is an early
234:
233:
218:
209:
199:
189:
177:
161:
122:
110:
92:Mexico State
81:
71:
59:
23:
1856:Otomi sites
1818: [
1785:24 November
1598:24 November
1545:, Freeman,
1498:plagioclase
1482:porphyritic
1417:24 November
1227:24 November
1194:24 November
1171:24 November
1015: [
702:La Huasteca
608: [
528:Teotihuacán
485: [
478:Atlacomulco
470:Texcotzingo
460:and of the
454:Chichimecas
430:Teotihuacan
378:Tequixquiac
350:Pleistocene
346:Lake Chalco
319:Tequixquiac
299:Sacrum bone
148: /
123:Coordinates
116:Mesoamerica
1845:Categories
1665:(from the
1592:"Huamango"
1506:hornblende
1339:linguistic
1246:"Historia"
1131:References
1066:Sahumerios
1055:The Palace
1047:Structures
961:Acambay".
919:Guanajuato
887:region of
859:, Spanish
767:Chichimecs
744:Guanajuato
629:Teotenango
505:Jocotitlán
503:, next to
482:Mazahuacán
438:Teotenango
282:Prehistory
190:Chronology
136:99°51′55″W
133:19°58′39″N
1543:Petrology
1510:Magnetite
1478:aphanitic
1305:English:
911:Querétaro
884:altiplano
805:ethnonyms
790:Pahuatlán
740:Michoacán
590:desinence
555:Etymology
524:Cuicuilco
513:Jilotepec
450:Purépecha
390:Acatzingo
386:Malinalco
321:were the
86:Acambay,
1701:autonyms
1663:ethnonym
1617:Spanish:
1522:ilmenite
1502:pyroxene
1432:Andesite
1275:Urheimat
1038:System B
1029:System A
968:The Site
935:Tlaxcala
927:Veracruz
882:central
868:) is an
736:Tlaxcala
564:Andesite
540:Tlacopan
474:Mazahuas
466:Huexotla
462:Acolhuas
458:Tenayuca
418:cognates
410:Urheimat
394:Tlatilco
374:El Risco
366:Tepexpan
362:Tizayuca
338:obsidian
307:mammoths
235:Huamango
222:Web Page
178:Language
82:Location
65:Huamango
1775:Milenio
1697:exonyms
1526:biotite
1518:apatite
1504:and/or
1494:mineral
1492:. The
1476:, with
1260:July 8,
1114:Burials
915:Hidalgo
907:endonym
880:in the
809:Nahuatl
759:Nahuatl
571:Acambay
476:in the
400:History
315:camelid
247:Acambay
162:Culture
1675:éthnos
1549:
1530:garnet
1528:, and
1514:zircon
1490:dacite
1486:basalt
1290:Heimat
1279:German
1110:site.
931:Puebla
889:Mexico
786:ñ'yühü
778:hñähñu
746:. The
732:Mexico
728:Puebla
718:Hñähñu
698:Mexico
582:maguey
509:Otomis
414:Puebla
334:quartz
323:Aztecs
276:Toluca
251:Mexico
243:Toltec
210:Apogee
200:Period
171:Toltec
111:Region
104:Mexico
101:
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1810:City.
1685:ónoma
1680:ὄνομα
1671:ἔθνος
1614:Otomí
1500:plus
1472:, of
1337:is a
1277:is a
1221:(PDF)
1214:(PDF)
1075:Altar
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861:Otomí
825:Otomi
797:Otomí
782:ñäñho
774:ñätho
714:Ñuhmu
692:is a
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586:agave
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423:Pames
382:Atoto
327:Otomi
183:Otomí
167:Otomí
60:Name:
1787:2010
1689:name
1600:2010
1547:ISBN
1488:and
1419:2010
1407:INAH
1262:2010
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1196:2010
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1010:Dr.
917:and
742:and
710:Ñuhu
656:The
631:and
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220:INAH
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