738:
2045:
729:, Fusu's favourite general and their court rival. They were afraid that if Fusu were enthroned, they would lose their power. Li Si and Zhao Gao forged a fake edict by Qin Shi Huang ordering both Fusu and Meng to commit suicide. Their plan worked, and the younger son, Huhai, acceded the throne to become the second emperor, later known as Qin Er Shi. However, recent findings of bamboo strips dating from the time of the intrigue note that Huhai was elected and killed his brother. That would indicate that the fake edict, in the case of Fusu, was an imperial cover story.
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790:) and two other brothers were imprisoned. A messenger was then sent to read them a death sentence. Jianglu looked to the heavens and cried out loud three times that he did not commit any crime. All three brothers cried and drew their own swords to commit suicide. Zhao Gao said that the second emperor was young and that as the
817:
Overall, Qin Er Shi was not able to contend with nationwide rebellions. He was not as capable as his father, and many revolts against him quickly erupted. His reign was a time of extreme civil unrest, and everything that had worked for the First
Emperor crumbled away within a short period. Later, an
783:
After one of the tours, Zhao Gao suggested for him to examine the governors and military commandants and to punish those guilty of some crime. That way, he could do away with those who disapproved of the emperor's actions. Six imperial princes were killed at Tu (杜). The emperor then further punished
907:
to surrender along with his soldiers, which later led to the live burial of 200,000 Qin troops. In total, Qin lost over 300,000 men. Even then, Qin Er Shi failed to grasp the severity of the defeat, erroneously thinking that Qin had many more spare troops due to courtiers hiding the truth to him in
911:
Zhao Gao, however, had expected that Qin Er Shi would ask him to take the blame. Therefore, Zhao Gao conspired with his loyal soldiers to force the emperor to commit suicide. Surrounded and with no means of escape, Qin Er Shi asked the loyal eunuch why he had not told the truth earlier. The eunuch
867:
tested his power against the emperor's. He presented a deer to the Second
Emperor but called it a horse. The emperor laughed and said, "Is the chancellor perhaps mistaken, calling a deer a horse?" He questioned those around him. Some remained silent, and some aligned with Zhao Gao and called it a
614:
were killed on the orders of Li and Zhao, with Qin Er Shi's role in the assassinations remaining uncertain and controversial. A weak ruler, Qin Er Shi's reign was completely dominated by Zhao Gao, who eventually forced him to commit suicide. By the time of his death, the Qin Empire's power had
842:
to be suspended lest the burden of tax should be too heavy. The emperor then questioned their loyalty. All three of them were handed over to law officials, who subjected them to examinations to see if they were guilty of other crimes. Feng Quqi and Feng Jie committed suicide to avoid enduring
50:
757:). The name followed the nomenclature established by the First Emperor, who envisioned an empire that would last for ten thousand generations and for his successors to bear the aspiration in their reign names. The practice ended abruptly with the third emperor,
818:
envoy reported about the rebellion in court. The emperor was enraged, and the envoy was punished. Then, all other envoys reporting about uprisings would say that the bandits were being pursued and captured. Without any need to worry, the emperor was pleased.
705:
died during one of his tours of eastern China in the summer of 210 BC at the palace in Shaqiu. The announcement of his death was withheld until the entourage, which was accompanied by
Premier Li Si and the imperial court, returned to the capital,
794:, his own voice must never be heard, and his face must never be shown. Accordingly, the emperor remained in the inner palaces and consulted only with Zhao Gao. Therefore, the high ministers rarely had the opportunity to see the emperor in court.
1195:. pp. 81–3. "In the seventh month on bingyin the First Emperor passed away at Pingtai in Shaqiu... Prince Huhai succeeded to the throne and became Second Generation Emperor. In the ninth month the First Emperor was buried at Mount Li."
992:
emperor in the 9th month of the 3rd year of Huhai's reign. The month corresponds to 16 Oct to 13 Nov 207 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar. Since Huhai committed suicide just before this event, his death date should be in
939:
Qin Er Shi reigned only for three years and was forced to commit suicide eventually by Zhao Gao at the age of 22. Qin Er Shi was condemned by Zhao Gao after his death and was denied a royal burial. He was buried in modern
1292:
Theodore De Bary, William. Bloom, Irene. Chan, Wing-tsit. Adler, Joseph. Lufrano, John
Richard. (2000). Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600. Edition: 2, illustrated. Columbia University Press.
682:, the ancient custom was not to combine the names in this way: his personal name never appears in combination with Ying, Zhao, or Qin. From an early age, Huhai was apprenticed to the minister
1397:
Records of the Grand
Historian: Qin Dynasty in English translated. (1996). Ssu-Ma, Ch'ien. Sima, Qian. Burton Watson as translator. Edition: 3, reissue, revised. Columbia. University Press.
1264:
Records of the Grand
Historian: Qin Dynasty in English translated. (1996). Ssu-Ma, Ch'ien. Sima, Qian. Burton Watson as translator. Edition: 3, reissue, revised. Columbia. University Press.
899:
Although Qin managed to suppress most of the nationwide rebellions, they still caused serious damage. Qin's manpower and supplies were greatly reduced. Qin was decisively defeated at the
919:, a son of Fusu—there is no consensus as to his actual relationship to the house of Qin—was made "king of Qin state", a reduced title. Ziying soon killed Zhao Gao and surrendered to
2012:
1096:
Records of the Grand
Historian: Qin Dynasty in English translated. (1996). Sima, Qian. Burton Watson as translator. Edition: 3, reissue, revised. Columbia. University Press.
1205:
780:
was made the Qin prime minister during Qin Er Shi's reign, which was cruel and brought much suffering to the people. From his reign onwards, the Qin dynasty declined.
908:
fear of execution. Finally, a daring and loyal eunuch told Qin Er Shi the truth. Shocked, Qin Er Shi tried to capture Zhao Gao and to hold him responsible.
672:. As the youngest son, he was doted on by his father. It is not clear who his mother was, although most likely she was "The Hu (barbarian) princess" Hu Ji (
1462:
847:
punishment. Zhao Gao continued to push the emperor to find associates with loyalty and to punish those who showed disloyalty with more severe penalties.
1976:
1224:
Tung, Douglas S. Tung, Kenneth. (2003). More Than 36 Stratagems: A Systematic
Classification Based On Basic Behaviours. Trafford Publishing.
2008:
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came forward to complain that the Qin military could not hold off the increasing number of revolts. They suggested for the construction of
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to learn
Legalism, by the decree of Qin Shi Huang. There is a possibility that Hu Ji was a princess from the Greco-Bactrian
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delegitimized the rule of Qin Er Shi by claiming Fusu should have been made ruler. One of the immediate revolts was the
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1753:
1402:
1360:
1340:
1323:
1298:
1269:
1229:
1101:
1335:
Liang, Yuansheng. (2007). The
Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History. Chinese University Press.
1318:
Liang, Yuansheng. (2007). The Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History. Chinese University Press.
1956:
1948:
1463:"The Hong Kong government has been accused of 'calling a deer a horse' – but where did the expression originate?"
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497:
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In the first year of his reign in 210 BC, Huhai was made the second emperor of Qin at the age of 19. His
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1988:
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1515:
The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods
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horse. Zhao Gao executed every official who had called it a deer. This incident provides the modern Chinese
1163:
802:
Bandits and brigands grew in numbers from different directions to attack the Qin. Military leaders such as
944:, near the Wild Goose Pagoda. Compared to his father, his tomb is much less elaborate and does not have a
1578:
2023:
1437:
915:
In 207 BC, the Qin dynasty collapsed only fifteen years after it had been established. Allegedly,
912:
replied that it was Qin Er Shi himself who had decided to execute anyone who would tell him the truth.
1563:
737:
136:
1940:
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Sima, Qian. Nienhauser, William H. (1994). The Grand Scribe's Records. Indiana University Press.
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and other chief ministers were executed. Twelve of the princes were executed in a marketplace in
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Qin Er Shi means 'second generation of the Qin', and is a contraction of Qin Er Shi Huangdi (
8:
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1823:
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The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220
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A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC - AD 24)
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were aware of Qin Shi Huang's death and began plotting an internal intrigue.
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1249:(丞相臣斯、御史臣去疾昧死頓首言曰：「今道遠而詔期羣臣，恐大臣之有謀，請立子胡亥爲代後。」王曰：「可。」王死而胡亥立，即殺其兄扶蘇、中尉恬。)
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http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp326_dionysian_rituals_china.pdf
855:. Ten princesses in Du were executed and their bodies were torn apart.
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The bandits and brigands continued to grow in numbers. The chancellor
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656:. Although his parentage was questioned by many historians including
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Lucas Christopoulos; Dionysian rituals and the Golden Zeus of China
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and the chief eunuch Zhao Gao conspired to kill Fusu to get rid of
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in 209. The rebellion occurred in the territory that was formerly
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Haw, Stephen G. (2007). Beijing a Concise History. Routledge.
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610:. Upon Huhai's ascension, both Fusu and the popular general
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An edict in bronze from the reign of the second Qin Emperor
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1185:
The First Emperor: Selections from the Historical Records
1183:. Dawson, Raymond Stanley; Brashier, K. E., eds. (2007).
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was supposed to be elected as the next emperor. However,
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people for petty crimes. The emperor's brother Jianglu (
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disgrace. Li Si was put in prison, and then killed via
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as an alliance gift from neighboring Gansu in 230 BC.
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448:
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1208:". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved on 28 January 2009.
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895:History of the Han Dynasty § Collapse of Qin
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590:, reigning from 210 to 207 BC. The son of
1539:Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History
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1047:Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction
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761:, when the Qin dynasty was overturned by
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863:On 27 September 207 BC, the eunuch
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575:(230/222 – 207 BC),
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874:"point to a deer and call it a horse" (
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768:Qin Er Shi depended on the eunuch
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668:. Huhai is the eighteenth son of
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1977:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
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1461:Koon, Wee Kek (4 May 2020).
948:. Qin Er Shi did not have a
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602:, circumventing his brother
7:
2113:Executed Qin dynasty people
2098:Suicides in the Qin dynasty
1187:. Oxford University Press.
1045:Baxter, William & al. "
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642:of the Second Emperor. Its
114:October 207 BC (aged 21–22)
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2123:Murdered emperors of China
1438:Cambridge University Press
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1467:South China Morning Post
1034:Xiong & Hammond 2019
1513:Loewe, Michael (2004).
1052:April 25, 2012, at the
646:pronunciation has been
1532:Xiong, Victor Cunrui;
1343:, 9789629962395. p. 5.
1326:, 9789629962395. p. 7.
936:
742:
1542:. London: Routledge.
1206:中國考古簡訊：秦始皇去世地沙丘平臺遺跡尚存
934:
740:
733:Second Emperor of Qin
2088:Qin dynasty emperors
1581:at Wikimedia Commons
550:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
1534:Hammond, Kenneth J.
1024:, pp. 652–653.
859:Horse and deer test
698:Ascension to throne
606:, who had been the
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935:Tomb of Qin Er Shi
903:. Court plots led
808:Dazexiang Uprising
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688:Euthydemid dynasty
2019:
2018:
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1643:Succeeded by
1577:Media related to
1549:978-0-367-58051-3
1524:978-90-04-13845-2
1517:. Leiden: Brill.
1505:978-90-04-10364-1
1498:. Leiden: Brill.
1447:978-0-521-24327-8
1424:Twitchett, Dennis
1411:978-0-231-08169-6
1386:978-0-415-39906-7
1369:978-0-253-34021-4
1307:978-0-231-10939-0
1278:978-0-231-08169-6
1238:978-1-4120-0674-3
1193:978-0-19-922634-4
1110:978-0-231-08169-6
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1136:
1114:
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1038:
1026:
1014:
1012:, p. 575.
1002:
998: October
984:indicate that
982:Zizhi Tongjian
973:
971:, p. 652.
960:
959:
957:
954:
928:
925:
901:Battle of Julu
893:Main article:
890:
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857:
845:The Five Pains
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820:
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796:
774:puppet emperor
734:
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417:Transcriptions
410:
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366:ceon4 ji6 sai3
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339:Yue: Cantonese
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313:Ch'in Erh-shih
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2140:
2129:
2128:Qin Shi Huang
2126:
2124:
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2119:
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2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
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2086:
2084:
2083:207 BC deaths
2081:
2079:
2078:229 BC births
2076:
2075:
2073:
2063:
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1685:Rulers of Qin
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1436:. Cambridge:
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1403:0-231-08169-3
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1361:0-253-34021-7
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1341:962-996-239-X
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1324:962-996-239-X
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1299:0-231-10939-3
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1042:
1036:, p. 23.
1035:
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1000:207 BCE.
991:
987:
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977:
970:
965:
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917:Ziying of Qin
913:
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795:
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792:Son of Heaven
781:
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771:
766:
764:
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709:
704:
703:Qin Shi Huang
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693:
689:
685:
681:
680:Chinese names
671:
670:Qin Shi Huang
667:
666:House of Ying
663:
659:
654:
649:
648:reconstructed
645:
641:
640:personal name
633:
629:
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33:
30:
19:
1965:N. Dynasties
1961:S. Dynasties
1911:
1884:King Xiaowen
1736:State of Qin
1692:Early rulers
1634:
1628:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1538:
1514:
1495:
1485:Bibliography
1470:. Retrieved
1466:
1456:
1432:
1418:
1393:
1388:. pp. 22–23.
1376:
1331:
1314:
1280:. pp. 64–70.
1260:
1252:
1251:Wikisource.
1245:
1200:
1184:
1158:
1152:(in Chinese)
1145:
1144:Wikisource.
1139:
1133:(in Chinese)
1126:
1125:Wikisource.
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
981:
976:
964:
938:
914:
910:
898:
869:
862:
840:Epang Palace
825:
816:
801:
782:
767:
744:
716:
701:
662:state of Qin
627:
626:
579:
572:
571:
430:Hanyu Pinyin
278:Hanyu Pinyin
29:
1957:16 Kingdoms
1899:Qin dynasty
1869:King Huiwen
1849:Duke Hui II
1824:Duke Ligong
1719:Duke Zhuang
1646:Qin San Shi
1640:210–207 BC
1636:Qin Dynasty
1589:Qin Er Shi
1148:, Chapter 7
1129:, Chapter 6
950:temple name
882:zhǐlù wéimǎ
747:regnal name
690:offered to
644:Old Chinese
588:Qin dynasty
543:Old Chinese
170:Regnal name
132:Family name
72:Predecessor
2072:Categories
1949:3 Kingdoms
1814:Duke Hui I
1779:Duke Cheng
1744:Duke Xiang
1579:Qin Er Shi
1564:Qin Er Shi
1022:Loewe 2000
1010:Loewe 2004
969:Loewe 2000
956:References
804:Chen Sheng
692:Ying Zheng
638:) was the
623:Early life
580:Ying Huhai
577:given name
573:Qin Er Shi
458:Wade–Giles
306:Wade–Giles
298:ㄑㄧㄣˊ ㄦˋ ㄕˋ
227:Qin Er Shi
150:Given name
106:230/222 BC
35:Qin Er Shi
2038:Biography
1907:Shi Huang
1864:Duke Xiao
1859:Duke Xian
1844:Duke Jian
1839:Duke Ling
1834:Duke Huai
1804:Duke Jing
1799:Duke Huan
1794:Duke Gong
1789:Duke Kang
1774:Duke Xuan
1754:Duke Xian
1714:Qin Zhong
1472:5 January
1413:. p. 192.
1181:Sima Qian
1166:pp.68-113
980:Vol.8 of
905:Zhang Han
828:Feng Quqi
812:Chu state
765:and Han.
727:Meng Tian
658:Sima Qian
612:Meng Tian
284:Qín Èrshì
123:Full name
82:Successor
1854:Chuzi II
1829:Duke Zao
1819:Duke Dao
1749:Duke Wen
1536:(2019).
1494:(2000).
1112:. p. 35.
1050:Archived
986:Zhao Gao
921:Liu Bang
865:Zhao Gao
853:Xianyang
836:Feng Jie
778:Zhao Gao
770:Zhao Gao
712:Zhao Gao
708:Xianyang
684:Zhao Gao
600:Zhao Gao
518:wu4 hoi6
512:Jyutping
444:Bopomofo
360:Jyutping
292:Bopomofo
2062:History
2024:Portals
1874:King Wu
1809:Duke Ai
1784:Duke Mu
1769:Duke De
1764:Duke Wu
1759:Chuzi I
871:chengyu
849:Meng Yi
798:Revolts
632:Chinese
584:emperor
556:*Ga-gə′
504:Wùhhoih
450:ㄏㄨˊ ㄏㄞˋ
400:Chinese
237:Chinese
202:Dynasty
154:Huhai (
1989:W. Xia
1917:Ziying
1912:Er Shi
1709:Gongbo
1609:207 BC
1605:
1602:229 BC
1546:
1521:
1502:
1444:
1409:
1401:
1384:
1367:
1359:
1339:
1322:
1305:
1297:
1276:
1268:
1236:
1228:
1191:
1108:
1100:
990:Ziying
759:Ziying
653:Ga-gə′
634::
617:Ziying
465:Hu-hai
213:Father
89:Ziying
18:Hu Hai
2050:China
1933:Shang
1699:Feizi
1607:Died:
1600:Born:
942:Xi'an
832:Li Si
753:秦二世皇帝
723:Li Si
628:Huhai
596:Li Si
436:Húhài
394:Huhai
192:House
64:Reign
2005:Qing
2001:Ming
1997:Yuan
1985:Song
1981:Liao
1973:Tang
1937:Zhou
1544:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1474:2021
1442:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1098:ISBN
885:);.
877:指鹿為馬
719:Fusu
604:Fusu
598:and
196:Ying
179:二世皇帝
137:Ying
111:Died
103:Born
2013:PRC
2009:ROC
1993:Jīn
1969:Sui
1953:Jìn
1945:Han
1941:Qin
1929:Xia
1566:at
1253:趙正書
763:Chu
664:'s
650:as
526:IPA
474:IPA
374:IPA
322:IPA
254:Qin
243:秦二世
207:Qin
40:秦二世
2074::
2011:/
2007:→
2003:→
1999:→
1995:→
1991:/
1987:/
1983:/
1979:→
1975:→
1971:→
1967:→
1963:/
1959:→
1955:/
1951:→
1947:→
1943:→
1939:→
1935:→
1931:→
1465:.
1426:;
1405:,
1363:,
1348:^
1301:,
1285:^
1272:,
1232:,
1213:^
1171:^
1150:.
1131:.
1117:^
1104:,
1061:^
995:c.
952:.
830:,
787:將閭
675:胡姬
636:胡亥
406:胡亥
157:胡亥
152::
134::
2026::
1728:秦
1677:e
1670:t
1663:v
1552:.
1527:.
1508:.
1476:.
1450:.
1309:.
1240:.
1204:"
630:(
182:)
160:)
145:)
142:嬴
139:(
20:)
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