22:
630:'s preferences on how-to-vote cards vary, with some candidates choosing to number just one box on the Lower House ballot paper (and one above-the-line on the Upper House ballot paper) and others choosing to number more than one candidate for the Lower House and up to four parties above-the-line for the Upper House. However, in 2023, all Labor candidates that numbered more than one candidate on their Upper House ballot paper numbered the Liberal Party last.
57:. Voters must rank every candidate on the ballot in order for their vote to count. There are often numerous candidates on the ballot, some with little public profile, so voters may find it difficult to decide on all of them. Parties produce how-to-vote cards ostensibly to help voters. They contain details about the candidate or party, as well as instruction on how to cast a
273:(Lower House). This means that voters only need to number one box on the Lower House ballot paper, but may choose to number more. Therefore, several parties (including the Coalition) only show one box numbered. Below is an example of a Coalition how-to-vote card that numbers only one box, showing the how-to-vote card for the
616:. In Port Macquarie, the two parties directed their second preferences to the other party and numbered no other candidates on the Lower House ballot paper in Port Macquarie. However, in Wagga Wagga, both parties directed their second preferences to the other Coalition party and their third preferences to
256:
parties last (Labor sixth and the Greens seventh). This is because there are two major political parties that can realistically form government in
Australia: Labor and the Coalition. Therefore, the major parties avoid preferencing each other anywhere but at the bottom. Then, the Greens (which in hung
64:
The use of HTV cards have benefited minor parties in a number of ways including increasing their chances of winning, punishing opponents and receiving policy commitments. Sometimes "preference deals" are done between political parties so that they are favoured by each other's HTV cards.
607:
both federally and in many states (including New South Wales), candidates from each party direct preferences to each other if both parties are contesting in the same electorate. In 2023, this scenario (which rarely occurs in New South Wales) happened in two electorates:
415:
For example, in the 2019 election over a quarter of voters preferenced a minor party or an independent candidate first on their ballots. In the 2019 federal election, 82.2% of Greens preferences went to the Labor party, while the
Coalition received about 65% of
468:, who is the leader of the right-wing One Nation party (which typically preferences the Coalition over Labor and puts the Greens last), announced that the party would preference Labor ahead of the Liberals in five seats, all of which were held by members of the
236:. So, how-to-vote cards are numbered as such. As shown above in the Gilmore how-to-vote card, Constance showed his first preference in his own box (all how-to-vote cards give their party's candidate their first preference). Then, the minor
649:, a combined HTV card is displayed in the polling booths and early voting centres. Apart from saving paper, these combined HTVs are helpful for candidates who do not have the resources in manpower or funding to man every booth.
847:
535:). Hanson also assured that the party would still preference Liberal candidates in most other seats, as well as candidates from the other branches of the Coalition (i.e. the Nationals in rural electorates, the
669:
and meet certain regulations before they can be handed out on election day. Once the HTV card has been approved it can be handed out by the VEC employees in mobile hospital units and other non-regular booths.
652:
A how-to-vote card lodged with the
Electoral Commission of South Australia for display in polling booths and early voting centres. These HTV cards are edited for size and do not display images or icons.
1140:
572:. This means that voters only need to number one candidate on the Lower House ballot, but can choose to number more candidates. This also means that voters are not required to number any candidates
929:
1560:
951:
61:
in the order that the party would prefer the voter follow. The flow of preferences can assist the party dispersing the cards directly and indirectly help allied parties.
898:
1622:
409:
A major political strategy during
Australian political campaigns are preference deals, which direct voters to preference candidates in a specific and desirable order.
1177:
800:
1878:
1225:
584:
1565:
1136:
921:
1674:
1632:
1883:
1750:
1250:
634:
1170:
1278:
627:
473:
1607:
1918:
824:
2069:
1893:
1800:
1203:
1746:
576:
on the Upper House ballot paper. Because of this, many how-to-vote cards for state elections only ask voters to number one candidate.
1770:
1740:
248:. Then, he places the independent candidate fifth. Independents can hold a variety of views, but in this case the independent holds
1709:
1667:
1386:
991:
446:
Since the 1960s, reliance on how-to-vote cards has decreased, with less than 30% of voters reporting using them in their decision.
257:
parliaments support Labor) are placed last. This is because the
Coalition are outspoken critics of the Greens and their policies.
1523:
637:'s how-to-vote cards instructed voters to only number one box on each ballot paper (and none below-the-line in the Upper House).
1043:
412:
These deals have a large impact especially in seats where voters select minor parties or independents above the major parties.
1811:
1684:
1642:
952:"One Nation directs preferences to Labor in five seats targeting 'left-leaning Liberals' | One Nation | the Guardian"
469:
890:
1796:
1330:
1119:
274:
717:
81:
Below is an example of a federal how-to-vote card's preferences, showing the preferences given by the
Liberal candidate for
1983:
1833:
1760:
1689:
1647:
1362:
609:
596:
536:
336:
270:
136:
1766:
1736:
1699:
1657:
1545:
1352:
1271:
1017:
819:
580:
443:
preferenced the
Coalition in various marginal seats, increasing the likelihood of the Coalition winning in these seats.
306:
282:
94:
50:
1790:
1780:
1555:
750:
711:
1095:
613:
600:
1928:
1716:
1535:
1517:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
969:
436:
90:
774:
2074:
1592:
1868:
1756:
1679:
1637:
1340:
1264:
666:
417:
181:
1873:
1726:
1704:
1694:
1662:
1652:
1612:
1597:
1577:
1411:
1401:
1308:
440:
278:
196:
166:
1853:
1786:
1776:
569:
266:
1829:
1323:
1313:
393:
364:
216:
1069:
623:, but numbered no other candidates. Statewide, both parties contest the Upper House on the same ticket.
1825:
119:
1582:
1381:
1528:
497:
26:
2013:
1369:
1347:
240:
parties are given his second, third and fourth preferences, as they are most likely to support a
814:
2033:
2008:
1933:
1858:
1570:
1374:
617:
513:
428:
320:
224:
In a federal election, voters need to number every box on the Lower House ballot paper. On the
211:
46:
523:. However, the Liberals did benefit from One Nation's preferences in the Liberal-held seat of
454:
How-to-vote cards have become quite controversial in elections, especially federal elections.
2028:
1863:
1837:
1821:
1587:
1303:
1287:
1208:
604:
587:'s how-to-vote cards generally only had one box numbered for the Lower House, as well as two
544:
489:
477:
432:
241:
58:
54:
1165:
801:"Constance preferences Clive Palmer UAP and Pauline Hanson One nation over Labor and Greens"
1988:
1973:
1963:
1602:
1318:
350:
8:
1968:
592:
588:
573:
524:
237:
233:
229:
82:
21:
999:
2038:
1953:
1903:
1391:
595:
for the Upper House. In the Upper House, the party gave their second preference to the
548:
528:
253:
1117:
1848:
1357:
1335:
1039:
746:
707:
505:
424:
378:
225:
151:
2048:
1998:
1182:
662:
520:
493:
485:
124:
86:
1247:
The 'How-to-vote' Cards used in
Australia's elections that use preferential voting
1065:
1913:
1843:
1123:
740:
701:
646:
565:
509:
501:
245:
2043:
532:
465:
325:
1013:
2063:
2003:
1948:
1923:
872:
682:
Depending on jurisdiction, ballots may show a party icon, say 32 x 32 pixels.
1958:
1938:
1908:
1187:
1091:
516:
249:
1993:
1943:
1256:
965:
2018:
1246:
620:
540:
699:
252:
views and was formerly a member of the Greens. Finally, he places the
1295:
34:
700:
Clark, William
Roberts; Matt Golder; Sona Nadenichek Golder (2012).
45:) are small leaflets that are handed out by party supporters during
16:
Handed-out leaflets in
Australian elections with voting instructions
2023:
481:
1230:
462:
228:(Upper House) ballot paper, at least six boxes must be numbered
848:"Anti-vax independent unlikely kingmaker in tight Gilmore race"
815:"Gilmore (Key Seat) - Federal Electorate, Candidates, Results"
738:
922:"Liberals to benefit from UAP preferences in many key seats"
891:"Explainer: what are preference deals and how do they work?"
512:). Hanson also announced that she would preference against
1226:"How-to-vote cards awaken the rebel in inner-city voter"
1137:"VEC Legislative Council (Region) Candidate Handbook"
68:
Voters are under no obligation to follow the cards.
1040:"ANDRIANNA BENJAMIN FOR WAGGA WAGGA - NSW Nationals"
679:
Depending on jurisdiction, ballots show party names.
873:"ALEX RUBIN FOR LISMORE ELECTORATE - NSW Nationals"
2061:
1251:Proportional Representation Society Of Australia
1014:"PETA PINSON FOR PORT MACQUARIE - NSW Nationals"
739:Fenna, Alan; Jane Robbins; John Summers (2013).
888:
889:Sunman, Josh; Manwaring, Rob (10 April 2022).
1272:
1178:"Labor accused of 'sneaky' how-to-vote cards"
745:. Pearson Higher Education AU. p. 209.
1279:
1265:
1286:
1204:"Greens want how-to-vote cards outlawed"
1175:
420:and United Australia Party preferences.
20:
845:
772:
554:
2062:
919:
665:, HTV cards must be authorised by the
1260:
781:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
775:"Labor, Greens seal preferences deal"
884:
882:
559:
527:in Tasmania, which was previously a
29:, produced by the Australian Greens.
1201:
1166:The Importance Of How-To-Vote Cards
1072:from the original on 26 August 2024
820:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
732:
693:
484:. The electorates in question were
404:
13:
2070:Political terminology in Australia
1571:State and Territory Shadow Cabinet
1176:Faulkner, Andrew (20 March 2010).
1143:from the original on 23 March 2022
1098:from the original on 31 March 2023
1046:from the original on 31 March 2023
1020:from the original on 25 March 2023
827:from the original on 31 March 2023
703:Principles of Comparative Politics
640:
260:
14:
2086:
1159:
879:
232:and at least 12 must be numbered
972:from the original on 4 June 2022
932:from the original on 10 May 2022
901:from the original on 10 May 2022
742:Government Politics in Australia
720:from the original on 23 May 2023
449:
1129:
1110:
1084:
1058:
1032:
1006:
984:
958:
944:
846:Schmidt, Nathan (25 May 2022).
920:Koziol, Michael (9 May 2022).
913:
865:
839:
807:
793:
773:Rodgers, Emma (19 July 2010).
766:
667:Victorian Electoral Commission
1:
686:
244:government in the event of a
1561:Premiers and Chief Ministers
1556:Governors and Administrators
570:optional preferential voting
472:faction, in response to the
267:optional preferential voting
25:A how-to-vote card from the
7:
1234:. Fairfax. 16 November 2010
656:
71:
49:. Voting in the Australian
10:
2091:
1566:Parliaments and Assemblies
673:
427:to give preference to the
307:Shooters, Fishers, Farmers
76:
55:preferential voting system
1892:
1810:
1725:
1621:
1544:
1400:
1331:Federal Executive Council
1294:
926:The Sydney Morning Herald
706:. CQ Press. p. 549.
519:in the Victorian seat of
293:
105:
1353:House of Representatives
95:House of Representatives
27:2015 Canning by-election
2014:Parliamentary secretary
1984:Independent politicians
457:
2075:Elections in Australia
2034:Responsible government
1934:Contempt of parliament
1387:Statute of Westminster
531:(but in 2022 became a
441:United Australia Party
423:It is typical for the
30:
1288:Politics of Australia
1209:Sydney Morning Herald
1202:AAP (28 March 2010).
992:"How To Vote Liberal"
599:. As the Liberal and
564:For state elections,
478:Jacqui Lambie Network
437:2022 federal election
365:Sustainable Australia
265:New South Wales uses
24:
1989:Kirribilli agreement
1974:Hardworking Families
1929:Chardonnay socialist
555:Regional differences
271:Legislative Assembly
1969:Group voting ticket
1122:27 May 2022 at the
1066:"Liberal Party NSW"
966:"Liberal Party NSW"
581:2023 state election
480:over One Nation in
2039:Stolen Generations
1954:Double dissolution
1747:Northern Territory
1116:How-to-vote-cards
549:Northern Territory
533:"fairly safe" seat
311:BERTALLI, Matthew
31:
2057:
2056:
2029:Quiet Australians
1797:Western Australia
1363:Opposition Leader
1341:Foreign relations
1327:
1002:on 16 March 2023.
996:nswliberal.org.au
603:parties form the
597:Liberal Democrats
537:Liberal Nationals
476:preferencing the
402:
401:
355:ROSAYRO, Vanessa
222:
221:
197:Liberal Democrats
156:MCCALLUM, Carmel
125:CONSTANCE, Andrew
39:how-to-vote cards
2082:
1999:Leadership spill
1979:How-to-vote card
1964:Forgotten People
1834:Liberal National
1623:State/territory
1546:State/territory
1321:
1309:Governor-General
1281:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1183:Sunday Mail (SA)
1153:
1152:
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998:. Archived from
988:
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962:
956:
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948:
942:
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895:The Conversation
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545:Country Liberals
405:Preference deals
369:HONNIBALL, Ross
341:McKENZIE, James
288:
287:
281:(Alex Rubin) in
171:MALONEY, Jordan
167:United Australia
100:
99:
87:Andrew Constance
2090:
2089:
2085:
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1914:Branch stacking
1895:
1888:
1844:Centre Alliance
1838:Country Liberal
1813:
1806:
1767:South Australia
1737:New South Wales
1728:
1721:
1624:
1617:
1547:
1540:
1403:
1396:
1290:
1285:
1237:
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1162:
1157:
1156:
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1144:
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1124:Wayback Machine
1115:
1111:
1101:
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647:South Australia
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641:South Australia
566:New South Wales
562:
560:New South Wales
557:
510:South Australia
502:New South Wales
460:
452:
407:
326:SAFFIN, Janelle
263:
261:New South Wales
246:hung parliament
217:PHILLIPS, Fiona
201:FADINI, Adrian
141:DIGIGLIO, Nina
97:(Lower House):
79:
74:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2055:
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2044:Working Family
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
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1931:
1926:
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1919:Casual vacancy
1916:
1911:
1906:
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1898:
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852:dailytelegraph
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713:978-1483341941
712:
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610:Port Macquarie
593:below-the-line
589:above-the-line
574:below-the-line
561:
558:
556:
553:
466:Pauline Hanson
459:
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406:
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277:candidate for
269:(OPV) for the
262:
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234:below-the-line
230:above-the-line
220:
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2017:
2015:
2012:
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2004:Mortgage belt
2002:
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1959:Faceless men
1939:Despatch box
1909:Bjelkemander
1524:By-elections
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1382:Constitution
1375:Lower Courts
1296:Commonwealth
1236:. Retrieved
1229:
1214:. Retrieved
1207:
1191:. Retrieved
1188:News Limited
1181:
1145:. Retrieved
1131:
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1092:"Candidates"
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498:North Sydney
488:(Tasmania),
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398:RUBIN, Alex
383:GUISE, Adam
264:
254:left-leaning
250:anti-vaccine
223:
186:EID, Jeremy
80:
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2009:Nationalism
1994:Langer vote
1944:Donkey vote
1896:terminology
1548:governments
1529:Referendums
628:Labor Party
618:independent
614:Wagga Wagga
514:independent
337:Independent
137:Independent
59:ranked vote
51:lower house
2064:Categories
2019:Playmander
1894:Political
1884:Historical
1869:One Nation
1812:Political
1757:Queensland
1729:government
1370:High Court
1348:Parliament
758:22 October
724:22 October
687:References
635:One Nation
621:Joe McGirr
541:Queensland
418:One Nation
297:Candidate
238:right-wing
182:One Nation
109:Candidate
1822:Coalition
1625:elections
1404:elections
1212:. Fairfax
633:In 2023,
605:Coalition
591:and none
490:Goldstein
435:. In the
433:Coalition
431:over the
275:Nationals
242:Coalition
47:elections
35:Australia
2024:Pub test
1904:Battlers
1830:National
1787:Victoria
1777:Tasmania
1717:Timeline
1705:Tas 2028
1700:NSW 2027
1695:Vic 2026
1680:Qld 2024
1675:ACT 2024
1663:Tas 2024
1658:NSW 2023
1653:Vic 2022
1638:Qld 2020
1633:ACT 2020
1536:Timeline
1412:Pre-1972
1402:Federal
1336:Ministry
1238:5 August
1216:5 August
1193:5 August
1141:Archived
1120:Archived
1102:31 March
1096:Archived
1076:31 March
1070:Archived
1050:31 March
1044:Archived
1024:31 March
1018:Archived
976:31 March
970:Archived
930:Archived
899:Archived
831:31 March
825:Archived
785:8 August
718:Archived
663:Victoria
657:Victoria
601:National
543:and the
494:Victoria
482:Tasmania
470:Moderate
394:National
93:for the
72:Examples
1826:Liberal
1814:parties
1710:NT 2028
1690:SA 2026
1685:WA 2025
1668:NT 2024
1648:SA 2022
1643:WA 2021
1319:Cabinet
1304:Monarch
1231:The Age
1147:21 June
674:General
579:At the
547:in the
525:Braddon
463:Senator
279:Lismore
120:Liberal
83:Gilmore
77:Federal
53:uses a
1864:Lambie
1854:Katter
1849:Greens
1727:Local
1358:Senate
936:10 May
905:10 May
857:27 May
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710:
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504:) and
439:, the
425:Greens
379:Greens
294:Party
226:Senate
152:Greens
106:Party
1859:Labor
568:uses
506:Sturt
321:Labor
212:Labor
89:) in
2049:Worm
1801:list
1791:list
1781:list
1771:list
1761:list
1751:list
1741:list
1518:Next
1512:2022
1507:2019
1502:2016
1497:2013
1492:2010
1487:2007
1482:2004
1477:2001
1472:1998
1467:1996
1462:1993
1457:1990
1452:1987
1447:1984
1442:1983
1437:1980
1432:1977
1427:1975
1422:1974
1417:1972
1240:2011
1218:2011
1195:2011
1149:2022
1104:2023
1078:2023
1052:2023
1026:2023
978:2023
938:2022
907:2022
859:2023
833:2023
787:2012
760:2015
747:ISBN
726:2015
708:ISBN
626:The
612:and
521:Indi
486:Bass
458:2022
283:2023
91:2022
1874:UAP
1608:ACT
1603:Tas
1588:Qld
1583:Vic
1578:NSW
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645:In
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539:in
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429:ALP
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1828:,
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