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373:. In 2014, images circulated on the internet of a place in London where homeless people used to sleep. The ground had been fitted with sharp upward-pointing spikes to get rid of people who used to sleep there, but after widespread protests, the anti-homeless spikes were removed. There are also anti-homeless spikes which are intended to ensure that people do not, for example, sit against a house wall, or stand in a particular place. It is difficult to adequately assess how many different types exist, but it is certain that there are many forms of the phenomenon, including split bricks which form cracks, various forms of bent metal pipes, and plates welded upwards to form spikes. Former UK Prime Minister
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483:) have been installed to ensure that young people do not stay in places where they are installed. The devices work by emitting a monotone sound at such a high frequency that most people after adolescence lose the ability to hear it. Critics have stated that the devices constitute a violation of human rights and also comment that the phenomenon would create a "dangerous gap" between young people exposed to it and older people who can avoid it. In Germany, classical music has been used in an attempt to keep drug users away. In
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life. Built environment implementations of CPTED seek to dissuade offenders from committing crimes by manipulating the built environment in which those crimes proceed or occur. The six main concepts according to Moffat are territoriality, surveillance, access control, image/maintenance, activity support and target hardening. Applying all of these strategies is key when trying to prevent crime in any neighborhood, crime-ridden or not.
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317:") designed to discourage uses such as sleeping, skateboarding and placing stickers. There are other variants, in which level differences are absent but they tend to be either too short to lie on, or have iron pipes placed two-thirds of the way in, or multiple armrests placed along the entire length of the bench. Such benches are common in airports.
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As of March 2020, there has not been a wide-scale empirical study that has measured the impact of hostile architecture on the wellbeing of homeless people or other targeted populations. Some members of
England's homeless community interviewed by researchers have noted that hostile design contributes
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One of the most common forms of hostile architecture takes the form of surveillance. Indeed, while security cameras do not physically prevent people from engaging in certain behaviors, they can restrict actions in public spaces through enabling remote oversight and increasing the fear of retaliation
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Hostile architecture can occur as spikes, bumps or other types of pointed structures. They are typically placed on ledges outside buildings, under roofs or other places where people seek rest or shelter, and also around shops. The property management company
Jernhusen uses a variant by placing pipes
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announced via social media in 2021 that "benches were removed from stations to prevent the homeless from sleeping on them." The agency later said the tweet was a mistake. Benches at certain locations at
Stockholm Central Station were removed in 2015 in favour of chairs and benches were also removed
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Opposition to hostile architecture in urban design states that such architecture makes public spaces hostile to all people and especially targets the transient and homeless populations. Proponents say that clearly establishing a sense of ownership over the space helps maintain order and safety and
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Sometimes exclusionary design is not about adding features, but rather about taking them away. Fredrik Edin, who has written a book on exclusionary design, says that removal is the most common type of exclusionary design, where, for example, benches used by the public are removed precisely because
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This type of exclusionary design may involve, for example, displaying a large flowerpot where homeless people previously used the pavement to sleep. Other examples that have occurred include a stone painted in rainbow colours, putting out blocking shrubbery on a sidewalk, and "fun" shaped seating.
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has also used so-called "homeless-proof" benches at the train station in Luleå, with seven iron bars at 47 cm (19 in) intervals per bench. Jernhusen's press officer maintained that they "put in the armrests primarily to make it easier for the elderly and disabled to sit and stand up" but
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Consistent with the widespread implementation of defensible space guidelines in the 1970s, most implementations of CPTED as of 2004 were based solely upon the theory that the proper design and effective use of the built environment could reduce crime, reduce fear of crime, and improve quality of
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Beyond CPTED, scholarly research has also found that modern capitalist cities have a vested interest in eliminating signs of homelessness from their communal spaces, fearing that it might discourage investment from wealthier individuals. In
England, much of their hostile architecture has been
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Some forms of hostile architecture are easy to identify, while others could be interpreted as either exclusionary or non-exclusionary, such as spaced-out singular chairs constructed at a playground in Sweden, which may appear intentionally designed to dissuade homeless sleeping, or as an
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acknowledgement that Swedes consider it impolite to sit near strangers. Some researchers have said that hostile architecture should be evaluated within the wider context of the community, and should recognize the social and political forces motivating a particular design choice, such as
137:(CPTED), which aims to prevent crime or protect property through three strategies: natural surveillance, natural access control, and territorial enforcement. According to experts, exclusionary design is becoming increasingly common, not least in large cities such as
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is often associated with items like "anti-homeless spikes" – studs embedded in flat surfaces to make sleeping on them uncomfortable and impractical. This form of architecture is most commonly found in densely populated and urban areas. Other measures include sloped
663:, some opponents of hostile architecture have responded to it directly to undermine its intended effects. Where public seating is absent or inadequate, some have built and installed seating themselves in an act called "chair bombing". Others have removed or
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in San
Francisco was criticised for an external sprinkler system that it claimed was used to clean "building and perimeter sidewalks during non-business hours intermittently over a 48-hour period", and which was also a point where homeless people gathered.
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299:, benches have been designed to prevent people from sleeping on them. These benches have been constructed so that the seat slopes at an angle, which requires the user to support themselves entirely with their feet; such benches are ubiquitous on
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643:), in which she placed seating that was deliberately positioned to make it difficult to sit down on. For a few days, a pair of sheet-metal foundations on the slab, which were impossible to sit on, became a bench for the public.
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Fences or grates are a common form of exclusionary design, often used to prevent access to places where there is protection from the elements, for example under stairs, bridges, or near fan systems that blow out hot air.
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at Luleå railway station. Their press officer stated that they had problems with the station being used as a warming shelter. Many public toilets have begun to be removed in the UK in places considered to be untidy.
126:, to visit the beach that wealthier car-owners could visit. Outside of the United States, public space design change for the purpose of social control also has historic precedent: the narrow streets of 19th century
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Many applications of hostile architecture are designed to look inconspicuous to the public, and the absence of seating, bathrooms, or shade can be used to prevent targeted populations from gathering in the area.
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in
Manchester installed metal spikes outside their store for the purpose of reducing "litter and smoking," which suggests hostile architecture may be implicated for one reason but explained by another.
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Look at the design of bus stop seats in the UK. They typically prevent anyone from sleeping. One of the most common designs is a narrow plastic bench with a pronounced slope. A sleeper would roll off.
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headquarters, in
December 2016. A blue sloping steel structure covered in oil was placed over the stairs at night, so that the homeless who used to sleep and rest on the stairs would not stay there.
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admitted in an interview that the perceived orderliness problems at the station building influenced how the benches were designed. Another example of a company that has installed such benches is
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Sprinklers can be found in areas where spikes are considered too permanent; this solution involves spraying water on those staying in a particular place at a particular time. In New
Zealand,
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strategy that uses elements of the built environment to purposefully guide behavior. It often targets people who use or rely on public space more than others, such as youth, poor people, and
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by passers-by. They may be constructed in various ways from a variety of materials but are typically designed to have an angled surface which catches and redirects the stream.
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Examples of hostile architecture circulating within UK media have led to negative reception. Nonetheless, types of hostile architecture have increased. For example,
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In Sweden, loudspeakers in Finspång have played music in order to get addicts to leave certain places. In the UK and
Germany, so-called anti-loitering devices (see
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with low stone bridges so that buses could not pass under them. This made it more difficult for people who relied on public transportation, mainly
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created a social media platform to encourage the public to place identifying stickers where they spotted exclusionary designs in public spaces.
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because the benches were tilted so much that they were difficult to impossible to use for sitting. The
Swedish state-owned real estate company
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3251:"The New York City MTA sparked backlash for saying it removed benches from subway stations to 'prevent the homeless from sleeping on them'"
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to their displacement and feelings of insignificance, as it appears that local business interests are prioritized over their survival.
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intended for the purpose, or they may be deterrents, installed in the sides or corners of buildings to discourage their casual use as
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1641:""Hostile architecture" and its confederates: A conceptual framework for how we should perceive our cities and the objects in them"
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195:", used in London, has a design that is stated to discourage sleeping, littering, skateboarding, drug dealing, graffiti and theft
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attributed to a desire by the government to combat an anti-social street scene, taking the form of begging and street drinking.
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Boulders installed along a freeway ramp in Portland, Oregon, United States as a hostile architecture to deter transient camps.
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with inconveniently small mouths to prevent the insertion of bulky wastes. Hostile architecture is also employed to deter
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Some examples of sleeping deterrents take the form of temporary changes to buildings. An example of this occurred in a
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1629:, 31 Jan. 2022, medium.com/@sammykeltersami/in-plain-sight-hostile-architecture-6430a7cb915d. Accessed 09 Feb. 2024.
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4050:"'Hostile architecture': A group wanted for removing armrests from MBTA benches says they're helping the homeless"
3101:
236:, Washington, United States, the city government installed bicycle racks to prevent homeless people from camping.
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2505:
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O’Shea, Linda S. Awwad-Rafferty, Rula. Design and Security in the built environment. Fairchild Books inc. 2009.
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Hostile architecture and its effect on public space in Nijmegen: A case study at the central station of Nijmegen
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In 2005, American artist and researcher Sarah Ross documented exclusionary design in Los Angeles in her series
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1152:"Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment"
600:), which shows them attempting to rest on various objects that characterize exclusionary design in Paris.
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3320:"The growth of hostile architecture: how developments in urban design are exacerbating social injustice"
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247:, United States deployed large boulders at eight locations that had been the site of transient camps in
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In 2013–2014, an installation in Norrköping, Sweden, called "Modified Social Benches" by Danish artist
328:, Sweden, was opened in 2010, the design of the benches on the new train platforms was reported to the
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in New York used such a system in 2013 to deter homeless people sleeping outside the store at night.
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In 2015, artist and architect Johanna Nenander drew attention to the phenomenon through her project
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Floor spikes in Shoreditch, London, U.K, designed to prevent people from sleeping on the ground.
1966:
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2953:"High-pitched 'anti-loitering' devices targeting young people breaches human rights: advocates"
611:, created clothing that was designed to work with exclusionary design – to make sleep possible.
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due to a lack of benches, which some critics have argued is designed to keep away the homeless.
119:
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4185:
3221:"NYC Transit blasted for tweeting that subway station benches were removed to deter homeless"
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2627:"15 Examples of 'Anti-Homeless' Hostile Architecture That You Probably Never Noticed Before"
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897:"Defending Suburbia: Exploring the use of defensive urban design outside of the city centre"
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placed down the center of the bench, preventing the user from lying down across the seats.
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8:
3371:"Bristol tanning salon installs sprinklers to stop homeless people from sleeping outside"
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positioned to stop people lying on them; water sprinklers that spray intermittently; and
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1063:"The debate: Is hostile architecture designing people -- and nature -- out of cities?"
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964:"Anti-homeless spikes: 'Sleeping rough opened my eyes to the city's barbed cruelty'"
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785:, spiky rubber and wooden mats meant to discourage trespass on or near rail tracks.
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Bolts installed on the front steps of a building to discourage sitting and sleeping
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3051:"'Art shouldn't be weaponised': the atonal concert championing Berlin's homeless"
1848:"ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl"
1692:"New anti-homeless architecture: Seattle uses bike racks to block rough sleepers"
587:, which contains photographs he has taken of exclusionary design since the 1990s.
426:
404:
349:
107:
55:
35:
3928:"Stuart Semple launches campaign to eradicate 'hostile design' around the world"
3840:"Stuart Semple launches campaign to eradicate 'hostile design' around the world"
2983:"The use of sonic 'anti-loitering' devices is breaching teenagers' human rights"
3811:"Hostile Architecture: 'Design Crimes' Campaign Gets Bars Removed from Benches"
997:"Anti-homeless spikes are part of a wider phenomenon of 'hostile architecture'"
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Fence under the stairs of the City Archives in Kungsholmen in Stockholm (2015).
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279:) fence to prevent homeless people from seeking shelter under a staircase in
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59:
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931:"Anti-homeless spikes are just the latest in 'defensive urban architecture'"
251:. These boulders were installed to deter illegal camping near the freeways.
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2813:"'Hostile design' makes Calgary an unwelcoming modern city, says architect"
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In 2003, two Parisians, Stéphane Argillet and Gilles Paté, filmed the film
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3132:"Excluding Fast and Slow: Charlottesville's Long Battle over Public Space"
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2656:"Vancouver's 'defensive architecture' is hostile to homeless, say critics"
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411:
4074:"Victory As Tesco Abandons Anti-Homeless Spikes After Concrete Vandalism"
3076:"Monster of 2022: Moynihan Train Hall and the hostile architecture ethos"
2447:"Defensive architecture: keeping poverty unseen and deflecting our guilt"
1942:"Metro's bench dividers at bus shelters seen by some as slap at homeless"
1459:"The 'lamentable sight' of homelessness and the society of the spectacle"
580:
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described sprinklers being used by businesses in the city as "inhumane".
538:
438:
280:
83:
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3487:"Luxury auction house under fire after sprinkler system douses homeless"
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they are used by the public. One example is when representatives of the
271:
In the spring of 2015, the City of Stockholm, Sweden, erected a 200,000
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566:
387:
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1326:"Desire lines and defensive architecture in modern urban environments"
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Bars, barriers and ghost amenities: Defensive urban design in Toronto
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138:
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3342:"The Creative and Cruel Ways People Make Life Hell for the Homeless"
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Exiled in America : life on the margins in a residential motel
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The boulders are a form of hostile architecture or defensive design
534:
300:
2141:
1722:"Portland's homeless campers face new obstacle: piles of boulders"
325:
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across the United Kingdom. Another deterrent design is to include
3283:"The Subway Was Their Refuge on Cold Nights. Now It's Off-Limits"
549:
442:
304:
233:
51:
2685:"Activists Pour Concrete on Store's 'Anti-Homeless' Spikes, Win"
1515:
Johnsen, Sarah; Fitzpatrick, Suzanne; Watts, Beth (2018-10-03).
3517:"'Hostile Architecture': How Public Spaces Keep the Public Out"
2477:"A Field Guide To The 'Weapons' Of Hostile Architecture In NYC"
737:
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457:
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3013:"Brennpunkt Hauptbahnhof: Klassische Musik gegen Drogenkonsum"
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Spiked handrail, presumably preventing users from sliding down
211:
Anti-homeless spikes in New York, designed to prevent sitting.
4154:
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702:
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38:, by restricting the physical behaviours they can engage in.
3958:"Artist Launches Campaign to Call Out Hostile Urban Design"
2595:"Photos of the Most Egregious 'Anti-Homeless' Architecture"
1217:"The True Measure of Robert Moses (and His Racist Bridges)"
130:, France were widened to help the military quash protests.
2716:
Closed circuit television : the Cincinnati experience
2060:"Exkluderande arkitektur påverkar hela samhället negativt"
466:
A large, sturdy flowerpot outside a building in Stockholm.
2506:""Exkluderande design" vid Centralen tar bort sovplatser"
2476:
390:, there has been a noted sharp increase in the number of
63:
3603:
1660:"Seattle Uses Bike Racks to Discourage Homeless Camping"
1573:"On hostile design: Theoretical and empirical prospects"
1625:
Kelter, Sammy. “In Plain Sight: Hostile Architecture.”
1514:
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in London commissioned concrete-block benches (dubbed "
3988:"How We Searched for Hostile Architecture in New York"
3458:"Strand Bookstore 'uses sprinklers to evict homeless'"
3400:"Salon criticised over anti-homeless water sprinklers"
507:
Passengers sit on the floor waiting for trains in the
203:
Benches with metal pipes at a train station in Vienna.
133:
Its modern form is derived from the design philosophy
16:
Civic design intended to leave out certain populations
4157:, Project homepage of Stuart Semple sticker campaign.
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The Art Newspaper - International art news and events
1188:"Secret city design tricks manipulate your behaviour"
1091:"Secret city design tricks manipulate your behaviour"
110:
and urban planning in the United States designed for
1510:
1508:
1457:
Gerrard, Jessica; Farrugia, David (September 2015).
3899:"What's Behind the Uptick in Hostile Architecture?"
2836:"Kritiserat pipljud i Tensta avstängt under helgen"
161:
2023:"Obekväm design motar bort oönskade från städerna"
1446:. Australian Institute of Criminology. p. 23.
1030:"Anti-pee paint: San Francisco's walls fight back"
674:
3692:"Besvärliga bänkar berättar om livet (reportage)"
1909:"The cornucopia of anti-homeless sleeping design"
1505:
4162:
2924:"Sonic Science: The High-Frequency Hearing Test"
2368:Chellew, Cara (2016). "Defensive Inequalities".
1878:"St. Pauli hält Obdachlose mit Zaun auf Distanz"
667:anti-homeless spikes and armrests in protest of
2248:"Menschen statt Bänke schützen (nd-aktuell.de)"
2151:Nyberg, Micke; Isberg, Catharina (2015-03-12).
1456:
3102:"Den vanligaste formen av exkluderande design"
2188:"Här är järnvägsstationen med enbart ståplats"
1994:"Why cities are full of uncomfortable benches"
1566:
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364:Pins prevent pedestrians from resting on ledge
4115:Hostile design doesn't work for any age group
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1517:"Homelessness and social control: a typology"
622:
495:stations has been withdrawn after criticism.
135:crime prevention through environmental design
3689:
3575:"Are Anti-Homeless Sidewalk Spikes Immoral?"
3429:"Anti-homeless sprinkler systems 'inhumane'"
2737:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1754:"Staket för 200.000 ska hålla hemlösa borta"
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458:Hostile architecture as art or embellishment
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2894:"Raue kämpft mit Piepton gegen Jugendliche"
2218:"Kein Platz für Obdachlose (nd-aktuell.de)"
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1324:Smith, Naomi; Walters, Peter (2017-10-25).
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386:for socially taboo actions. In cities like
341:, Berlin's local public transport company.
3795:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3662:"The Arsenal of Exclusion & Inclusion"
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3722:"Exkluderande design: konst i Norrköping"
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2285:(in Swedish). Stockholm. pp. 23–24.
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429:is a device for deflecting the stream of
106:is not: antecedents include 19th-century
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2186:Gitz, Randi; Haupt, Inger (2014-02-26).
1247:(Bachelor's thesis). Radboud University.
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3690:S, Ann-Charlotte; Elin | (2013-06-12).
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369:instead of spikes in several places at
4181:Social engineering (political science)
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3537:from the original on September 3, 2020
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3048:
2340:"'Anti-homeless' slope put in doorway"
1991:
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1296:"Designen som ska hålla hemlösa borta"
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605:Body Configurations Testing Resistance
397:
286:
4025:"chair bombing - popupinfrastructure"
3756:(in Swedish). Stockholm. p. 70.
3604:"Interventions urbaines, Gilles Paté"
2758:(in Swedish). Stockholm. p. 21.
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2540:(in Swedish). Stockholm. p. 18.
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2094:(in Swedish). Stockholm. p. 16.
1876:Schneider, Jens (28 September 2011).
1793:(in Swedish). Stockholm. p. 20.
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1672:from the original on 22 November 2019
1639:de Fine Licht, Karl (February 2021).
1388:(in Swedish). Stockholm. p. 42.
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659:Often as part of a larger pattern of
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50:to stop people sitting; benches with
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3897:Wallace, Elizabeth (21 March 2018).
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2153:"Här är det förbjudet att ligga ner"
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705:, in 2011 at downtown transit center
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562:deter crime and unwanted behaviors.
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4171:Discrimination against the homeless
4136:"When Design Is Hostile On Purpose"
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2382:
1973:from the original on 7 January 2021
1658:Groover, Heidi (19 December 2017).
1619:
1132:from the original on 6 October 2013
1119:
556:
380:
254:
241:Oregon Department of Transportation
13:
3985:
3949:
3514:
3508:
3281:Goldbaum, Christina (2021-02-08).
2712:
2616:
2436:
2269:
2215:
2174:
1775:
1645:Canadian Journal on Urban Research
1571:Rosenberger, Robert (March 2020).
1435:
1285:
1122:"Urine Deflectors in Fleet Street"
976:from the original on 19 April 2020
962:Andreou, Alex (18 February 2015).
901:Canadian Journal of Urban Research
841:
474:
394:in public spaces since the 1990s.
291:In many large cities, for example
118:designed a stretch of Long Island
14:
4207:
4095:
3573:Hohenadel, Kristin (2014-06-12).
2245:
1185:
1101:from the original on 26 June 2019
955:
885:
86:, and as a form of pest control.
2900:(in German). 19 September 2018.
1089:Swain, Frank (2 December 2013).
943:from the original on 31 May 2020
757:
745:
729:
710:
697:Spikes added around fountain in
690:
403:This section is an excerpt from
377:has called the spikes "stupid".
162:Identifying hostile architecture
4066:
4041:
4017:
4006:from the original on 2022-01-27
3979:
3968:from the original on 2021-08-17
3938:from the original on 2019-12-26
3920:
3909:from the original on 2020-08-10
3890:
3879:from the original on 2021-03-02
3861:
3850:from the original on 2022-01-27
3832:
3821:from the original on 2020-05-27
3803:
3778:from the original on 2022-02-19
3743:
3732:from the original on 2022-01-27
3713:
3702:from the original on 2022-01-27
3683:
3672:from the original on 2022-01-27
3654:
3643:from the original on 2022-01-27
3625:
3614:from the original on 2022-01-14
3596:
3585:from the original on 2022-01-27
3566:
3549:
3515:Hu, Winnie (November 8, 2019).
3497:from the original on 2022-01-27
3479:
3468:from the original on 2022-01-27
3450:
3439:from the original on 2022-01-27
3421:
3410:from the original on 2022-01-27
3392:
3381:from the original on 2022-01-27
3363:
3352:from the original on 2022-01-27
3334:
3312:
3301:from the original on 2022-01-27
3274:
3263:from the original on 2022-01-27
3242:
3231:from the original on 2022-01-27
3213:
3188:from the original on 2022-02-19
3153:
3142:from the original on 2022-01-27
3123:
3112:from the original on 2022-01-27
3093:
3074:Murphy, Tim (January 3, 2023).
3067:
3042:
3031:from the original on 2022-01-27
3004:
2993:from the original on 2022-01-27
2974:
2963:from the original on 2022-01-27
2945:
2934:from the original on 2017-10-24
2915:
2904:from the original on 2022-01-27
2886:
2875:from the original on 2022-01-27
2857:
2846:from the original on 2022-01-27
2827:
2805:
2780:from the original on 2022-02-19
2745:
2706:
2695:from the original on 2022-01-27
2677:
2666:from the original on 2022-01-27
2648:
2637:from the original on 2022-01-27
2605:from the original on 2022-02-19
2587:
2562:from the original on 2022-02-19
2527:
2516:from the original on 2022-01-27
2498:
2487:from the original on 2021-08-14
2468:
2457:from the original on 2015-02-20
2411:from the original on 2022-02-19
2376:
2361:
2350:from the original on 2022-01-27
2332:
2307:from the original on 2022-02-19
2258:from the original on 2022-01-27
2239:
2228:from the original on 2022-01-27
2209:
2198:from the original on 2022-01-27
2163:from the original on 2022-01-27
2116:from the original on 2022-02-19
2081:
2070:from the original on 2022-01-27
2052:
2041:from the original on 2022-01-27
2015:
2004:from the original on 2022-01-27
1985:
1969:. Ian Visits. 2 December 2016.
1959:
1948:from the original on 2014-08-22
1933:
1919:from the original on 2022-01-28
1901:
1890:from the original on 2022-01-27
1869:
1858:from the original on 2022-01-27
1840:
1815:from the original on 2022-02-19
1764:from the original on 2022-01-27
1746:
1732:from the original on 2020-07-24
1713:
1702:from the original on 2020-08-14
1684:
1651:
1632:
1450:
1410:from the original on 2022-02-19
1375:
1364:from the original on 2022-01-27
1317:
1306:from the original on 2022-01-27
1274:from the original on 2022-02-19
1251:
1241:Rossem, Anna van (2022-06-24).
1234:
1209:
1198:from the original on 2022-01-27
1179:
1168:from the original on 2022-01-27
1144:
1009:from the original on 7 May 2020
911:from the original on 2019-07-22
675:Impacts of hostile architecture
174:
2865:"#defensiveTO | Light + Sound"
2066:(in Swedish). 8 January 2019.
1113:
1054:
1021:
988:
929:Omidi, Maryam (12 June 2014).
922:
740:to prevent sleeping or sitting
721:preventing skateboarders from
1:
2981:Kirk, Tracy (4 August 2017).
2475:Kim, Elizabeth (2019-08-14).
1992:Waters, Carlos (2017-12-01).
1720:Kruzman, Diana (2019-07-04).
1534:10.1080/02673037.2017.1421912
1120:Lee, Jackson (23 July 2013).
1061:Andrea Lo (7 December 2017).
878:
669:anti-homelessness legislation
528:
169:anti-homelessness legislation
89:
3720:Edin, Fredrik (2015-01-21).
3130:Muraca, Frank (2018-01-09).
3100:Edin, Fredrik (2018-09-05).
2719:. University of Cincinnati.
2383:Dum, Christopher P. (2016).
819:Privately owned public space
804:Functionalism (architecture)
585:The Contemporary Picturesque
7:
4191:Architectural controversies
3956:Voon, Claire (2018-02-01).
3049:Benjes, Lisa (2018-08-31).
1944:. St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
1028:Morris, Hugh (2016-02-04).
995:Quinn, Ben (13 June 2014).
769:
10:
4212:
3011:Pergande, Frank; Hamburg.
2898:MAZ - Märkische Allgemeine
2713:C., Hurley, David (2002).
2631:interestingengineering.com
2512:(in Swedish). 2015-03-27.
2029:(in Swedish). 2014-11-30.
1760:(in Swedish). 2015-03-23.
1302:(in Swedish). 2015-04-07.
865:anti-homeless architecture
683:
498:
437:. These may be part of a
402:
3986:Hu, Winnie (2019-11-08).
3666:www.interboropartners.com
3166:(in Swedish). Stockholm.
2834:Snis, Alva (2016-11-28).
2389:. New York. p. 222.
1281:– via ResearchGate.
371:Stockholm Central Station
355:
348:building, previously the
339:Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe
114:. American urban planner
1940:Bell, Kim (2013-12-18).
1597:10.1177/0042098019853778
1483:10.1177/0042098014542135
1342:10.1177/0042098017732690
1264:Ontario Planning Journal
834:
646:In 2018, British artist
219:Anti-homeless object in
794:Defensible space theory
4126:Defensive Inequalities
4119:Mother Nature Network.
3750:Edin, Fredrik (2017).
3637:www.insecurespaces.net
3160:Edin, Fredrik (2017).
2752:Edin, Fredrik (2017).
2534:Edin, Fredrik (2017).
2279:Edin, Fredrik (2017).
2088:Edin, Fredrik (2017).
1787:Edin, Fredrik (2017).
1382:Edin, Fredrik (2017).
1258:Chellew, Cara (2016).
1164:(6): 1836–2201. 2015.
895:Chellew, Cara (2019).
869:defensive urban design
849:defensive architecture
623:
607:. Her 2006 follow-up,
592:
516:
467:
423:
365:
311:Camden Borough Council
264:
224:
212:
204:
196:
184:
120:Southern State Parkway
98:is recent, the use of
24:
1442:Wilson, Paul (1989).
777:Architecture terrible
736:Spikes on a ledge in
506:
465:
414:
363:
262:
218:
210:
202:
190:
182:
22:
4196:Architectural design
3903:Architectural Digest
2660:Vancouver Is Awesome
809:Natural surveillance
783:Anti-trespass panels
522:New York City Subway
96:hostile architecture
43:hostile architecture
28:Hostile architecture
4048:MacNeill, Arianna.
4029:cargocollective.com
3934:. 31 January 2018.
3932:theartnewspaper.com
3817:. 9 February 2018.
3753:Exkluderande design
3163:Exkluderande design
2928:Scientific American
2755:Exkluderande design
2537:Exkluderande design
2282:Exkluderande design
2091:Exkluderande design
2064:Sveriges Arkitekter
1883:Süddeutsche Zeitung
1790:Exkluderande design
1589:2020UrbSt..57..883R
1475:2015UrbSt..52.2219G
1444:Designing Out Crime
1385:Exkluderande design
1126:The Cat's Meat Shop
861:exclusionary design
583:published the book
509:Moynihan Train Hall
415:In a corner of the
398:Urination deterrent
287:Sleeping deterrents
3992:The New York Times
3522:The New York Times
3287:The New York Times
1967:"The Camden Bench"
789:Bird control spike
517:
468:
424:
366:
330:Equality Ombudsman
265:
228:Camping deterrents
225:
213:
205:
197:
185:
104:social engineering
94:Although the term
25:
4155:HostileDesign.org
4130:Spacing Magazine.
3763:978-91-87777-28-8
3561:978-1-56367-497-6
3249:Perrett, Connor.
3173:978-91-87777-28-8
2765:978-91-87777-28-8
2547:978-91-87777-28-8
2396:978-0-231-54239-5
2292:978-91-87777-28-8
2252:www.nd-aktuell.de
2222:www.nd-aktuell.de
2101:978-91-87777-28-8
1800:978-91-87777-28-8
1469:(12): 2219–2233.
1395:978-91-87777-28-8
1336:(13): 2980–2995.
1260:"Design Paranoia"
857:unpleasant design
699:Government Center
661:tactical urbanism
655:Tactical response
593:Le repos du fakir
574:Artistic response
153:Lack of awareness
124:African Americans
100:civil engineering
56:public trash bins
4203:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3633:"/\SARAH ROSS/\"
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3570:
3564:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3348:. 19 July 2019.
3338:
3332:
3331:
3326:. Archived from
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3256:Business Insider
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3157:
3151:
3150:
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3147:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2987:The Conversation
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2819:. Archived from
2817:CBC/Radio Canada
2809:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2728:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2662:. 24 June 2019.
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2601:. 25 June 2019.
2591:
2585:
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2417:
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2380:
2374:
2373:
2370:Spacing Magazine
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2246:Krieg, Claudia.
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
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2183:
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2085:
2079:
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2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
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1989:
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1649:
1648:
1636:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1568:
1555:
1554:
1536:
1527:(7): 1106–1126.
1512:
1503:
1502:
1454:
1448:
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1439:
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1418:
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1213:
1207:
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1203:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1157:Yale Law Journal
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
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1117:
1111:
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1108:
1106:
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959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
926:
920:
919:
917:
916:
892:
872:
845:
799:Defensive design
761:
749:
733:
714:
694:
642:
639:
638:Urban prostheses
636:
633:
630:
626:
598:The Fakir's Rest
595:
557:Public reception
546:Strand Bookstore
537:City Councillor
487:, a plan to use
417:Priory Gatehouse
381:Security cameras
255:Fences or grates
239:Since 2013, the
221:Shinjuku Station
108:urine deflectors
80:public urination
4211:
4210:
4206:
4205:
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3941:
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3926:
3925:
3921:
3912:
3910:
3895:
3891:
3882:
3880:
3869:"hostiledesign"
3867:
3866:
3862:
3853:
3851:
3838:
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3809:
3808:
3804:
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3442:
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3398:
3397:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3375:The Independent
3369:
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3340:
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3158:
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3115:
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3005:
2996:
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2979:
2975:
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2964:
2951:
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2937:
2935:
2922:Education.com.
2920:
2916:
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2892:
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2310:
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2259:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2216:Wagner, Jonas.
2214:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2184:
2175:
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2149:
2142:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2117:
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2086:
2082:
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2057:
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2044:
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2020:
2016:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1951:
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1938:
1934:
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1907:
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1874:
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1685:
1675:
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1656:
1652:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1569:
1558:
1521:Housing Studies
1513:
1506:
1455:
1451:
1440:
1436:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1396:
1380:
1376:
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1199:
1184:
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1133:
1118:
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1087:
1080:
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993:
989:
979:
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946:
944:
927:
923:
914:
912:
893:
886:
881:
876:
875:
846:
842:
837:
772:
765:
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750:
741:
734:
725:
715:
706:
695:
686:
677:
657:
640:
637:
634:
631:
624:Urbana proteser
576:
559:
531:
501:
477:
475:Music and noise
460:
455:
454:
427:urine deflector
408:
405:Urine deflector
400:
383:
358:
350:Bank of England
289:
257:
230:
177:
171:or sentiments.
164:
155:
92:
36:homeless people
17:
12:
11:
5:
4209:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4159:
4158:
4152:
4142:. 28 July 2016
4132:
4123:Cara Chellew,
4121:
4110:
4101:Cara Chellew,
4097:
4096:External links
4094:
4091:
4090:
4065:
4054:www.boston.com
4040:
4016:
3978:
3948:
3919:
3889:
3860:
3846:. 2018-01-31.
3831:
3802:
3762:
3742:
3728:(in Swedish).
3712:
3698:(in Swedish).
3696:KULTURSIDAN.nu
3682:
3653:
3624:
3595:
3579:Slate Magazine
3565:
3548:
3507:
3493:. 2016-06-10.
3478:
3464:. 2013-11-14.
3449:
3435:. 2017-05-05.
3420:
3406:. 2018-01-30.
3391:
3377:. 2018-02-01.
3362:
3333:
3330:on 2021-04-16.
3311:
3273:
3241:
3227:. 2021-02-06.
3212:
3172:
3152:
3122:
3108:(in Swedish).
3092:
3066:
3041:
3003:
2973:
2959:. 2018-10-11.
2944:
2914:
2885:
2856:
2842:(in Swedish).
2840:Sveriges Radio
2826:
2823:on 2021-07-17.
2804:
2764:
2744:
2705:
2689:www.boston.com
2676:
2647:
2633:. 2020-11-22.
2615:
2586:
2546:
2526:
2497:
2467:
2453:. 2015-02-18.
2435:
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2331:
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2268:
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2208:
2194:(in Swedish).
2173:
2159:(in Swedish).
2140:
2100:
2080:
2051:
2027:Dagens Nyheter
2014:
1984:
1958:
1932:
1915:. 2014-06-09.
1900:
1868:
1839:
1799:
1774:
1745:
1712:
1698:. 2018-01-24.
1683:
1650:
1631:
1618:
1583:(4): 883–893.
1556:
1504:
1449:
1434:
1394:
1374:
1316:
1284:
1250:
1233:
1208:
1186:Swain, Frank.
1178:
1143:
1112:
1078:
1053:
1020:
987:
954:
921:
883:
882:
880:
877:
874:
873:
853:hostile design
847:Also known as
839:
838:
836:
833:
832:
831:
829:Urban vitality
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
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315:Camden benches
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68:inline skating
15:
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6:
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3:
2:
4208:
4197:
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4176:Skateboarding
4174:
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4141:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4128:
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4112:Lloyd Alter,
4111:
4109:
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4079:
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4020:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3967:
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3962:Hyperallergic
3959:
3952:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3878:
3874:
3873:hostiledesign
3870:
3864:
3849:
3845:
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3835:
3820:
3816:
3815:99% Invisible
3812:
3806:
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3462:New York Post
3459:
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3225:New York Post
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3202:
3187:
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3179:
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3156:
3141:
3137:
3136:Metropolitics
3133:
3126:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:(in German).
3018:
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2254:(in German).
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2224:(in German).
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2055:
2040:
2036:
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2028:
2024:
2018:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1889:
1886:(in German).
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1577:Urban Studies
1574:
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1552:
1548:
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1463:Urban Studies
1460:
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1397:
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1386:
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1330:Urban Studies
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1221:Bloomberg.com
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1034:The Telegraph
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998:
991:
975:
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942:
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891:
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870:
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827:
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802:
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795:
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778:
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755:
748:
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739:
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727:
724:
720:
719:skatestoppers
713:
708:
704:
700:
693:
688:
687:
681:
672:
670:
666:
662:
649:
648:Stuart Semple
645:
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589:
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582:
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577:
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513:New York City
510:
505:
496:
494:
490:
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448:
444:
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432:
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421:Great Malvern
418:
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389:
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375:Boris Johnson
372:
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97:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:skateboarding
57:
53:
49:
44:
39:
37:
33:
29:
21:
4186:Urban design
4144:. Retrieved
4139:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4102:
4082:. Retrieved
4080:. 2014-06-12
4077:
4068:
4057:. Retrieved
4053:
4043:
4032:. Retrieved
4028:
4019:
4008:. Retrieved
3991:
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3970:. Retrieved
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3931:
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3902:
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3852:. Retrieved
3843:
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3823:. Retrieved
3814:
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3780:. Retrieved
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3725:
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3704:. Retrieved
3695:
3685:
3674:. Retrieved
3665:
3656:
3645:. Retrieved
3636:
3627:
3616:. Retrieved
3608:gilfakir.com
3607:
3598:
3587:. Retrieved
3578:
3568:
3551:
3541:November 12,
3539:. Retrieved
3520:
3510:
3499:. Retrieved
3491:The Guardian
3490:
3481:
3470:. Retrieved
3461:
3452:
3441:. Retrieved
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3412:. Retrieved
3403:
3394:
3383:. Retrieved
3374:
3365:
3354:. Retrieved
3346:www.vice.com
3345:
3336:
3328:the original
3323:
3314:
3303:. Retrieved
3286:
3276:
3265:. Retrieved
3254:
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3233:. Retrieved
3224:
3215:
3190:. Retrieved
3162:
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3144:. Retrieved
3135:
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3114:. Retrieved
3105:
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3080:Mother Jones
3079:
3069:
3058:. Retrieved
3055:The Guardian
3054:
3044:
3033:. Retrieved
3016:
3006:
2995:. Retrieved
2986:
2976:
2965:. Retrieved
2956:
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2936:. Retrieved
2927:
2917:
2906:. Retrieved
2897:
2888:
2877:. Retrieved
2868:
2859:
2848:. Retrieved
2839:
2829:
2821:the original
2816:
2807:
2782:. Retrieved
2754:
2747:
2715:
2708:
2697:. Retrieved
2688:
2679:
2668:. Retrieved
2659:
2650:
2639:. Retrieved
2630:
2607:. Retrieved
2599:www.vice.com
2598:
2589:
2564:. Retrieved
2536:
2529:
2518:. Retrieved
2509:
2500:
2489:. Retrieved
2480:
2470:
2459:. Retrieved
2451:The Guardian
2450:
2413:. Retrieved
2385:
2378:
2369:
2363:
2352:. Retrieved
2343:
2334:
2309:. Retrieved
2281:
2260:. Retrieved
2251:
2241:
2230:. Retrieved
2221:
2211:
2200:. Retrieved
2191:
2165:. Retrieved
2156:
2118:. Retrieved
2090:
2083:
2072:. Retrieved
2063:
2054:
2043:. Retrieved
2026:
2017:
2006:. Retrieved
1997:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1935:
1927:
1921:. Retrieved
1912:
1903:
1892:. Retrieved
1881:
1871:
1860:. Retrieved
1851:
1842:
1817:. Retrieved
1789:
1766:. Retrieved
1757:
1748:
1740:
1734:. Retrieved
1725:
1715:
1704:. Retrieved
1696:The Guardian
1695:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1665:The Stranger
1663:
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1621:
1580:
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1520:
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1412:. Retrieved
1384:
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1333:
1329:
1319:
1308:. Retrieved
1299:
1276:. Retrieved
1267:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1236:
1225:. Retrieved
1223:. 2017-07-09
1220:
1211:
1200:. Retrieved
1191:
1181:
1170:. Retrieved
1161:
1155:
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1125:
1115:
1103:. Retrieved
1094:
1070:. Retrieved
1066:
1056:
1045:. Retrieved
1033:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1002:The Guardian
1000:
990:
978:. Retrieved
969:The Guardian
967:
957:
945:. Retrieved
936:The Guardian
934:
924:
913:. Retrieved
904:
900:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
824:Skatestopper
814:New Urbanism
775:
678:
658:
608:
604:
597:
584:
564:
560:
543:
532:
518:
489:atonal music
481:The Mosquito
478:
469:
392:CCTV cameras
384:
367:
343:
319:
309:
290:
270:
266:
238:
231:
193:Camden bench
175:Applications
165:
156:
147:
143:
132:
116:Robert Moses
95:
93:
48:window sills
42:
40:
32:urban-design
27:
26:
4108:Torontoist.
4078:HuffPost UK
2869:defensiveto
2192:SVT Nyheter
2157:SVT Nyheter
1852:www.zeit.de
1676:17 December
1192:www.bbc.com
1136:23 February
1105:23 February
1013:23 February
980:23 February
947:23 February
717:Ledge with
618:took place.
581:Nils Norman
539:Cathy Casey
439:chamber pot
322:City Tunnel
281:Kungsholmen
112:segregation
102:to achieve
84:trespassing
4165:Categories
4084:2024-04-26
4059:2024-04-26
4034:2024-04-26
4010:2022-01-27
3972:2022-01-27
3942:2018-02-15
3913:2020-07-25
3883:2022-01-27
3854:2022-01-27
3825:2022-01-27
3782:2022-01-27
3772:1045613015
3736:2022-01-27
3706:2022-01-27
3676:2022-01-27
3647:2022-01-27
3618:2022-01-27
3589:2022-01-27
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3414:2022-01-27
3385:2022-01-27
3356:2022-01-27
3305:2022-01-27
3267:2022-01-27
3235:2022-01-27
3192:2022-01-27
3182:1045613015
3146:2022-01-27
3116:2022-01-27
3060:2022-02-25
3035:2022-01-27
2997:2022-01-27
2967:2022-01-27
2938:2022-01-27
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