241:
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Eventually, carriages or coaches were sought to transport goods as well as people. As in Europe, chariots, coaches and/or carriages were a mark of status. The tobacco planters of the South were some of the first
Americans to use the carriage as a form of human transportation. As the tobacco farming industry grew in the southern colonies so did the frequency of carriages, coaches and wagons. Upon the turn of the 18th century, wheeled vehicle use in the colonies was at an all-time high. Carriages, coaches and wagons were being taxed based on the number of wheels they had. These taxes were implemented in the South primarily as the South had superior numbers of horses and wheeled vehicles when compared to the North. Europe, however, still used carriage transportation far more often and on a much larger scale than anywhere else in the world.
56:
394:
two or three wheels; the chariot, rocking carriage, and baby carriage are two examples of carriages which pre-date the pageant wagon. Historians also debate whether or not pageant wagons were built with pivotal axle systems, which allowed the wheels to turn. Whether it was a four- or six-wheel pageant wagon, most historians maintain that pivotal axle systems were implemented on pageant wagons because many roads were often winding with some sharp turns. Six wheel pageant wagons also represent another innovation in carriages; they were one of the first carriages to use multiple pivotal axles. Pivotal axles were used on the front set of wheels and the middle set of wheels. This allowed the horse to move freely and steer the carriage in accordance with the road or path.
40:
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48:
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420:(though whether this was a Roman or medieval innovation remains uncertain). The "chariot branlant" of medieval illustrations was suspended by chains rather than leather straps as had been believed. Suspension, whether on chains or leather, might provide a smoother ride since the carriage body no longer rested on the axles, but could not prevent swinging (branlant) in all directions. It is clear from illustrations (and surviving examples) that the medieval suspended carriage with a round tilt was a widespread European type, referred to by any number of names (car, currus, char, chariot).
615:
1137:
366:
521:, a young English doctor who was driving a carriage about 10,000 miles a year to visit patients all over England. Darwin found two essential problems or shortcomings of the commonly used light carriage or Hungarian carriage. First, the front wheels were turned by a pivoting front axle, which had been used for years, but these wheels were often quite small and hence the rider, carriage and horse felt the brunt of every bump on the road. Secondly, he recognized the danger of overturning.
488:
been a fashionable concept (fast road travel for men) as much as any particular type of vehicle, and there is no obvious technological change that accompanied the innovation, either in the use of suspension (which came earlier), or the adoption of springs (which came later). As its use spread throughout Europe in the late 16th century, the coach's body structure was ultimately changed, from a round-topped tilt to the "four-poster" carriages that became standard everywhere by c.1600.
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century ("chars branlant" or rocking carriages), and was in widespread use by the 15th century. Carriages were largely used by royalty, aristocrats (and especially by women), and could be elaborately decorated and gilded. These carriages were usually on four wheels and were drawn by two to four horses depending on their size and status. Wood and iron were the primary materials needed to build a carriage and carriages that were used by non-royalty were covered by plain leather.
110:
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original feature of this modification was that instead of the usual practice of having to stop the carriage to retract the beam and so lose useful momentum the chain holding it in place is released (from the driver's position) so that it is allowed to rotate further in its backwards direction, releasing the axle. A system of "pendant-levers" and straps then allows the beam to return to its first position and be ready for further use.
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597:. The horses earn their keep by supporting the work of the Royal Household, particularly during ceremonial events. Horses pulling a large carriage known as a "covered brake" collect the Yeoman of the Guard in their distinctive red uniforms from St James's Palace for Investitures at Buckingham Palace; High Commissioners or Ambassadors are driven to their audiences with the King and Queen in
1334:
232:, reaching Mesopotamia as early as 1900 BC. Used typically for warfare by Egyptians, the Near Easterners and Europeans, it was essentially a two-wheeled light basin carrying one or two standing passengers, drawn by one to two horses. The chariot was revolutionary and effective because it delivered fresh warriors to crucial areas of battle with swiftness.
933:) to the shoulder of the forwardmost horse. With a small pony and cart a whip of overall length of 7 or 8 feet might be appropriate, whereas driving a team of four horses might require an overall length of 17 feet. Driving whips are not "cracked" to make noise, but are a communication aid used by touching the lash on or near the shoulder of the horse.
424:
greased axles under the body of the coach, and did not necessarily have any suspension. The chassis was made from oak beam and the barrel shaped roof was covered in brightly painted leather or cloth. The interior would include seats, beds, cushions, tapestries and even rugs. They would be pulled by four to five horses.
879:
were things brought to a carriage but not part of it, however all of these words have blended together over time and are often used interchangeably to mean the smaller components or parts of a carriage or equipment. All the shiny metal fittings on a vehicle should be one color, such as brass (yellow)
443:
became an important post-town, and gave its name to the new vehicle type. The earliest illustrations of the
Hungarian "Kochi-wagon" do not indicate any suspension, a body with high sides of lightweight wickerwork, and typically drawn by three horses in harness. Later models were considerably lighter
393:
of the 14th century. Historians debate the structure and size of pageant wagons; however, they are generally miniature house-like structures that rest on four to six wheels depending on the size of the wagon. The pageant wagon is significant because up until the 14th century most carriages were on
557:
Carriages and coaches began to disappear as use of steam propulsion began to generate more and more interest and research. Steam power quickly won the battle against animal power as is evident by a newspaper article written in
England in 1895 entitled "Horseflesh vs. Steam". The article highlights
487:
developed a taste for
Hungarian riding and took his carriage and driver back to Italy. Then rather suddenly, in around 1550, the "coach" made its appearance throughout the major cities of Europe, and the new word entered the vocabulary of all their languages. However, the new "coach" seems to have
837:
retards the motion of the wheels. A London patent of 1841 describes one such apparatus: "An iron-shod beam, slightly longer than the radius of the wheel, is hinged under the axle so that when it is released to strike the ground the forward momentum of the vehicle wedges it against the axle". The
528:
changes a carriage's base from a rectangle to a triangle because the wheel on the inside of the turn is able to turn more sharply than the outside front wheel. Darwin suggested a fix for these insufficiencies by proposing a principle in which the two front wheels turn (independently of the front
504:
The coach had doors in the side, with an iron step protected by leather that became the "boot" in which servants might ride. The driver sat on a seat at the front, and the most important occupant sat in the back facing forwards. The earliest coaches can be seen at Veste Coburg, Lisbon, and the
385:
familiar from the United States. Sharing the traditional form of wheels and undercarriage known since the Bronze Age, it very likely also employed the pivoting fore-axle in continuity from the ancient world. Suspension (on chains) is recorded in visual images and written accounts from the 14th
423:
In 14th century
England carriages, like the one illustrated in the Luttrell Psalter, would still have been a quite rare means of aristocratic transport, and they would have been very costly until the end of the century. They would have had four six-spoke six-foot high wheels that were linked by
100:
In the 21st century, horse-drawn carriages are occasionally used for public parades by royalty and for traditional formal ceremonies. Simplified modern versions are made for tourist transport in warm countries and for those cities where tourists expect open horse-drawn carriages to be provided.
601:; visiting heads of state are transported to and from official arrival ceremonies and members of the Royal Family are driven in Royal Mews coaches during Trooping the Colour, the Order of the Garter service at Windsor Castle and carriage processions at the beginning of each day of Royal Ascot.
536:
Carriage use in North
America came with the establishment of European settlers. Early colonial horse tracks quickly grew into roads especially as the colonists extended their territories southwest. Colonists began using carts as these roads and trading increased between the north and south.
256:
used sprung wagons for overland journeys. It is likely that Roman carriages employed some form of suspension on chains or leather straps, as indicated by carriage parts found in excavations. In 2021 archaeologists discovered the remains of a ceremonial four wheel carriage, a pilentum, near the
505:
Moscow
Kremlin, and they become a commonplace in European art. It was not until the 17th century that further innovations with steel springs and glazing took place, and only in the 18th century, with better road surfaces, was there a major innovation with the introduction of the steel
1190:. Modern high-technology carriages are made purely for competition by companies such as Bennington Carriages. in England. Terminology varies: the simple, lightweight two- or four-wheeled show vehicle common in many nations is called a "cart" in the US, but a "carriage" in Australia.
356:
Before the Han dynasty, the power of
Chinese states and dynasties was often measured by the number of chariots they were known to have. A country of a thousand chariots ranked as a medium country, and a country of ten thousand chariots ranked as a huge and powerful country.
4347:
English
Pleasure Carriages: Their Origin, History, Varieties, Materials, Construction, Defects, Improvements, and Capabilities: With an Analysis of the Construction of Common Roads and Railroads, and the Public Vehicles Used on Them; Together with Descriptions of New
2656:'The kingslayer of a country of ten thousands chariots, must be the house of thousand chariots. The kingslayer of a country of thousand chariots, must be the house of hundred chariots.' Zhao Qi's note: ' Ten thousands chariots, is the son of heaven (King of Zhou).'
303:
During the Shang dynasty, members of the royal family were buried with a complete household and servants, including a chariot, horses, and a charioteer. A Shang chariot was often drawn by two horses, but four-horse variants are occasionally found in burials.
314:, which conquered the Shang ca. 1046 BCE, made more use of the chariot than did the Shang and "invented a new kind of harness with four horses abreast". The crew consisted of an archer, a driver, and sometimes a third warrior who was armed with a spear or
914:
Boot: Any of several box-like parts of a carriage used for storage of small items. A boot may be found under the coachman's seat, under the passenger's seat, or behind the body of the carriage between the rear wheels. This led to the use of the term
888:"We must not forget that the early railway carriages were basically mail-coaches on iron wheels, and the early motor-cars differed from the horse-drawn wagonette or coupe only in so far that there was no horse tied to it." —László Tarr in
1205:(International Equestrian Federation) with national organizations representing each member country. World championships are conducted in alternate years, including single-horse, horse pairs and four-in-hand championships. The
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lists 325 types with a short description of each. By the early 19th century one's choice of carriage was only in part based on practicality and performance; it was also a status statement and subject to changing fashions.
854:
sometimes forms an extended support to prevent the carriage from tipping; it consists of two parts rotating on each other about the kingbolt or perchbolt above the fore axle and beneath the body. A block of wood called a
729:, consisting of an iron catch on the shaft with a looped strap, enables a horse to back or hold back the vehicle. The end of the tongue of a carriage is suspended from the collars of the harness by a bar called the
3467:
512:
Many innovations were proposed, and some patented, for new types of suspension or other features. It was only from the 18th century that changes to steering systems were suggested, including the use of the
805:
Several structural members form parts of the chassis supporting the carriage body. The fore axletree and the splinter bar above it (supporting the springs) are united by a piece of wood or metal called a
273:
province show that the carriage had already developed into many different forms. The earliest archaeological evidence of chariots in China, a chariot burial site discovered in 1933 at
Hougang,
4333:
Carnegie Mellon University. A comprehensive overview, with photographs of horse-drawn carriages in use at the turn of the 19th century. Full text free to read, with free full text search.
188:, and their form known from excavations suggests that the basic construction techniques of wheel and undercarriage (that survived until the age of the motor car) were established then.
240:
2665:'Nowadays, Kingdom of Qin is a country of ten thousands chariots, Kingdom of Liang (Kingdom of Wei, 'Da Liang' is the capital of Wei) is also a country of ten thousands chariots.'
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476:
300:
suggest that the western enemies of the Shang used limited numbers of chariots in battle, but the Shang themselves used them only as mobile command-vehicles and in royal hunts.
318:. From the 8th to 5th centuries BCE the Chinese use of chariots reached its peak. Although chariots appeared in greater numbers, infantry often defeated charioteers in battle.
1047:
A roofed structure that extends from the entrance of a building over an adjacent driveway and that shelters callers as they get in or out of their vehicles is known as a
89:
are a special category within carriages. They are carriages with four corner posts and a fixed roof. Two-wheeled war chariots and transport vehicles such as four-wheeled
1822:
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2095:
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using leather, broadcloth, or plush fabrics. Elegant carriages might have upholstery-lined walls and ceilings, and button-tucked velvet seats trimmed with gold braid.
329:, use of long halberds up to 18 feet (5.49 m) long and pikes up to 22 feet (6.71 m) long, and the adoption of standard cavalry units, and the adaptation of
1710:
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1293:
1768:
261:. It is thought the pilentum may have been used in ceremonies such as weddings. The find has been described as being "in an excellent state of preservation".
884:
were constructed by coachmakers using the same parts used in carriages and coaches, and some horse carriage terminology has survived in modern automobiles.
148:, then meaning a kind of two-wheeled cart for goods, also came from Old Northern French about the beginning of the 14th century (probably derived from the
651:
forms a light framing member for this kind of hood. The top, roof or second-story compartment of a closed carriage, especially a diligence, was called an
4250:
By Museums at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 1987. Long Island Digital Books Project, CONTENTdm Collection, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York.
2872:
Mechanical Road Carriages: Horseflesh V. Steam. The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1823 (7 December 1895), pp. 1434–1435. BMJ Publishing Group
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intercepts water, mud or snow thrown up by the heels of the horses. The dashboard or carriage top sometimes has a projecting sidepiece called a
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2357:
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may extend from either end of the rear axle to the reach, the pole or rod joining the hind axle to the forward bolster above the front axle.
4367:
659:(British) as well as windows in the doors, hence a "glass coach". On the forepart of an open carriage, a screen of wood or leather called a
825:
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4304:
1202:
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host driving competitions for a particular style of driving, breed of horse, or type of vehicle. Show vehicles are usually carriages,
807:
3290:
929:), a long flexible thong, and a short lash. The length should be appropriate for the distance from the driver (who is also called a
269:
Though the exact date of when the Chinese started to use carriages is largely unknown, early oracle bone inscriptions discovered in
4264:
3421:
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in London where a large selection of vehicles is in regular use. These are supported by a staff of liveried coachmen, footmen and
79:
for passengers. Second-hand private carriages were common public transport, the equivalent of modern cars used as taxis. Carriage
2055:
3485:
4282:
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were used throughout the 1800s, though abandoned in favor of candles in the late 1800s, as oil was messy. Lamps are mounted on
83:
are by leather strapping or, on those made in recent centuries, steel springs. Two-wheeled carriages are usually owner-driven.
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4203:
Coach-Makers' Illustrated Hand-Book, 1875: Containing Complete Instructions in All the Different Branches of Carriage Building
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drivers, the World Combined Pony Championships are held every two years and include singles, pairs and four-in-hand events.
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from nomadic cavalry, which were more effective. Chariots would continue to serve as command posts for officers during the
17:
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2000:
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in a landau with footmen and a postillion, riding on the near wheel horse, controlling both teams of horses. Canada, 1939
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The medieval carriage was typically a four-wheeled wagon type, with a rounded top ("tilt") similar in appearance to the
4162:
Wittelsbach State and Ceremonial Carriages: Coaches, Sledges and Sedan Chairs in the Marstallmuseum Schloss Nymphenburg
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1969:
1023:
in color, of good conformation and strong constitution. Horses were broken in using a bodiless carriage frame called a
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790:. Most carriages have either one or two axles. On a four-wheeled vehicle, the forward part of the running gear, or
468:
566:
Today, carriages are still used for day-to-day transport in the United States by some minority groups such as the
4388:
4273:
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1827:
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810:, which forms a socket for the pole that extends from the front axle. For strength and support, a rod called the
55:
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Carriages may be enclosed or open, depending on the type. The top cover for the body of a carriage, called the
4314:
987:
Upper-class people of wealth and social position, those wealthy enough to keep carriages, were referred to as
529:
axle) about a centre that lies on the extended line of the back axle. This idea was later patented in 1818 as
3193:
2128:
1835:
1791:
1377:
1556:
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connecting a pair of oxen, a wooden platform for passengers or cargo, and large steel rimmed wooden wheels.
201:
is a large two-wheeled cart pulled by oxen or buffalo. It includes a sturdy wooden pole between the oxen, a
2014:
1926:
1697:
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or nickel (white), and should match the buckle color of any harness used with the vehicle. Early bodies of
778:), consisting of the running gear and chassis. The wheels and axles, in distinction from the body, are the
39:
3243:
1156:
47:
4338:
An Encyclopædia of Domestic Economy, Comprising Subjects Connected with the Interests of Every Individual
4002:
794:, is arranged to permit the front axle to turn independently of the fixed rear axle. In some carriages a
245:
4420:
3505:
2597:
Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1988). "Historical Perspectives on The Introduction of The Chariot Into China".
5307:
5266:
3340:
2724:
The time traveller's guide to medieval England : a handbook for visitors to the fourteenth century
2059:
1994:
1715:
798:, bent twice at a right angle near the ends, allows for a low body with large wheels. A guard called a
517:' substituted for the pivoting fore-axle, and on which the carriage turned. Another proposal came from
2824:
Munby, Julian (2008), "From Carriage to Coach: What Happened?", in Bork, Robert; Kahn, Andrea (eds.),
2803:
2706:
Munby, Julian (2008), "From Carriage to Coach: What Happened?", in Bork, Robert; Kahn, Andrea (eds.),
2678:
Munby, Julian (2008), "From Carriage to Coach: What Happened?", in Bork, Robert; Kahn, Andrea (eds.),
2338:
922:
Whip socket: Tubular holder for a whip usually mounted on the dashboard or to the right of the driver.
5297:
3446:
3167:
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1648:
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1383:
1337:
Permanent exhibit featuring carriages of the imperial era at the National Historical Museum of Brazil
209:
31:
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1165:
416:
One of the great innovations in carriage history was the invention of the suspended carriage or the
184:
graves show hints that their platforms were suspended elastically. Four-wheeled wagons were used in
5261:
2365:
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1368:
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431:(1458–90), who enjoyed fast travel, the Hungarians developed fast road transport, and the town of
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4613:
1989:
1867:
1413:
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In most European and English-speaking countries, driving is a competitive equestrian sport. Many
297:
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1773:
637:, is often flexible and designed to be folded back when desired. Such a folding top is called a
373:
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5292:
5160:
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1930:
1604:
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1206:
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and in the US around the end of the 19th century, early cars (automobiles) were briefly called
4827:
1456:
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Carriages and Sleighs: 228 Illustrations from the 1862 Lawrence, Bradley & Pardee Catalog
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60:
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2722:
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2023:
1958:
1750:
1725:
622:
365:
341:(206 BCE–220 CE), while armored chariots were also used during the Han dynasty against the
80:
3654:
2779:
2543:"Restoration of a Roman travelling wagon and of a wagon from the Hallstadt bronze culture"
1465:
1271:
725:, a tough elastic wood of various trees, was often used especially for carriage shafts. A
614:
533:. Darwin argued that carriages would then be easier to pull and less likely to overturn.
101:
Simple metal sporting versions are still made for the sport known as competitive driving.
8:
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American Carriages, Sleighs, Sulkies, and Carts: 168 illustrations from Victorian sources
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King-Hele, Desmond. "Erasmus Darwin's Improved Design for Steering Carriages—And Cars".
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leaned more to leatherwork and upholstery or referred to metal buckles on harness, and
782:. The wheels revolve upon bearings or a spindle at the ends of a bar or beam called an
530:
163:
4411:
The University of Hong Kong Libraries, China–America Digital Academic Library (CADAL).
4034:
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1005:
A horse especially bred for carriage use by appearance and stylish action is called a
30:
This article is about wheeled vehicle for humans moved by horses. For other uses, see
4741:
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Westermann, William Linn. "On Inland Transportation and Communication in Antiquity".
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185:
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Reconstruction of a Roman traveling carriage richly decorated with bronze fittings,
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86:
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The Hungarian coach spread across Europe, initially rather slowly, in part due to
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4815:
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2217:
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1917:
1908:
1721:
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744:
In some carriage types, the body is suspended from several leather straps called
506:
382:
350:
213:
4405:
3532:
1193:
Internationally, there is intense competition in the all-round test of driving:
5287:
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1899:
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1342:
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518:
330:
307:
253:
3262:
2511:
5329:
5318:‡ indicates vehicles that were used historically in public transport services
5256:
5142:
5039:
4924:
4571:
4315:
Colonial Carriage Works – America's Finest Selection of Horse Drawn Vehicles.
4079:(Studies in Industry and Society), The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
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2222:
1964:
1921:
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kept horses and usually carriages for hire. A range of stables, usually with
1070:
1053:
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911:
and are removable for storage, daily wick trimming, or during daylight hours.
390:
286:
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Educational Technology Clearinghouse, University of South Florida. Drawings.
4267:
The Classic Car-Nection: Yann Saunders, Cadillac Database. Drawings and text
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Piggott, Stuart (1970). "Copper Vehicle-Models in the Indus Civilization".
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734:
311:
221:
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Wagon, Chariot and Carriage: Symbol the Status in the History of Transport
1514:
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4154:
3910:
Bean, Heike, & Sarah Blanchard (authors), Joan Muller (illustrator),
3697:
2857:
2113:
2090:
1763:
1209:, held at four-year intervals, also includes a four-in-hand competition.
1020:
916:
850:
702:
579:
571:
514:
456:
411:
338:
334:
4320:
3352:
2519:
1546:
1479:
1084:) and living quarters built around a yard, court or street, is called a
5029:
4888:
4734:
4717:
4692:
4666:
4624:
3215:
2973:
Patent 9020, 7 July 1841, awarded to Thomas Fuller, a coach-builder of
2930:
2618:
1944:
1171:
1112:
1097:
indicates the power necessary to haul a carriage over a road or track.
897:
594:
590:
407:
315:
225:
149:
4260:
All About Romance Novels – Carriages in Regency & Victorian Times.
4246:
19th century American carriages: Their manufacture, decoration and use
3398:[Palace in Rogalin. Branch of the National Museum in Poznań].
2952:
980:
directed the flow of vehicles taking on passengers at the curbside. A
5231:
5107:
4909:
4795:
4771:
4746:
4677:
4554:
4524:
2500:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
2202:
Numerous varieties of horse-drawn carriages existed, Arthur Ingram's
1973:
1588:
1550:
1500:
1316:
919:
in British English for the main storage compartment of an automobile.
661:
618:
589:
The most complete working collection of carriages can be seen at the
540:
484:
3583:
2610:
1486:
939:: in cold weather, blankets for the driver and passengers and often
447:
5221:
4842:
4820:
4651:
4640:
4634:
4544:
4499:
2242:
1855:
1839:
1662:
1652:
1639:
1540:
1530:
1523:
1496:
1475:
958:
904:
812:
436:
326:
688:, usually elevated and small. When at the front, it is known as a
444:
and famous for a single horse being able to draw many passengers.
5226:
5180:
5021:
5005:
4964:
4847:
4656:
4598:
4539:
4514:
2360:[Deliberations on Traffic in the Ironage Celtic Culture]
2104:
1903:
1779:
1469:
1440:
968:
936:
693:
452:
451:"The Grand Gala Berlin", a coach constructed in Rome for pontiff
342:
282:
258:
229:
217:
4322:
Driving for Pleasure, Or The Harness Stable and its Appointments
3316:
3137:
3032:
Vehicles, Harness, Saddles: Direct to you—on approval. (catalog)
859:
might be placed between the fifth wheel and the forward spring.
463:
5236:
5200:
5054:
4899:
4872:
4832:
4629:
4549:
4534:
4394:
3629:
2417:
Wagons and Wagon-Graves of the Early Iron Age in Central Europe
1810:
1737:
1685:
1519:
1490:
1450:
1310:
1288:
1231:
1002:
as a blanket or similar covering for their legs, lap and feet.
963:
643:
575:
558:
the death of the carriage as the main means of transportation.
440:
274:
139:
64:
4265:
Appendix to Cadillac "Styling" section (coaching terminology).
3912:
Carriage Driving: A Logical Approach Through Dressage Training
3883:
3778:
3122:
1909:
Arlington Court & The National Trust's Carriage Collection
706:
behind the body. Some carriages have a moveable seat called a
5074:
4944:
4929:
4852:
4766:
4391:
Jane Austen Society of North America. Illustrations and text.
4044:, Tempo International Publishing Company, 1st edition, 2004.
2572:"Pompeii: Archaeologists unveil ceremonial chariot discovery"
2237:
1939:
1887:
1871:
1433:
1187:
1183:
1127:
1062:
567:
278:
270:
181:
90:
4298:
Carriages & Coaches: Their History & Their Evolution
3962:. Cambridge, Mass.: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1959.
2859:
Carriages & Coaches: Their History & Their Evolution
5000:
4800:
1522:. Musée du conservatoire breton de la voiture hippomobile (
1213:
1175:
1086:
432:
202:
94:
4429:
Texas Transportation Museum, San Antonio. Photos and text.
4395:
The Kinross Carriageworks, Stirling (Scotland), 1802–1966.
4077:
The Carriage Trade: Making Horse-Drawn Vehicles in America
2545:(in German). Leibniz-Rechenzentrum München. Archived from
2096:
Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages
692:, a term also used for a seat at the back for servants. A
325:(476–221 BCE). The main reasons were increased use of the
208:
Two-wheeled carriage models have been discovered from the
3396:"Pałac w Rogalinie. Oddział Muzeum Narodowego w Poznaniu"
3085:
2358:"Überlegungen zum Verkehr in der eisenzeitlichen Keltiké"
1160:
A 'marathon wagon' at the 2017 FEI European Championships
862:
321:
Massed-chariot warfare became all but obsolete after the
4417:
The Guild of Model Wheelwrights. Illustrations and text.
2636:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
1632:
Museo Civico delle Carrozze d'Epoca, San Martino, Udine.
1333:
956:. A person whose business was to drive a carriage was a
925:
Whip: A long whip composed of a stiff stick (called the
212:
including twin horse drawn covered carriages resembling
4042:
Wheels Across America: Carriage Art & Craftsmanship
3951:
Boyer, Marjorie Nice. "Mediaeval Suspended Carriages".
871:
referred to metal elements such as bolts and brackets,
4468:
3991:(Dover Pictorial Archives), Dover Publications, 2001.
3975:
Bristol Wagon & Carriage Illustrated Catalog, 1900
3190:"Museum of Carriages and Department of Court Uniforms"
3138:"MUHFIT – Museo Hístorico Fuerte Independencia Tandil"
3029:
1597:
of Carriages and Sleighs in the former Royal Stables,
1230:
Muhfit (Museo Histórico Fuerte Independencia Tandil),
570:. They are also still used in tourism as vehicles for
4362:
Galaxy of Images | Smithsonian Institution Libraries.
3739:"The Robert Thomas Carriage Museum in Blackstone, Va"
2955:. Great Northern Livery Company, Inc. 2 November 2003
2933:. Great Northern Livery Company, Inc. 30 October 2003
1449:, Musée de l'Attelage et du corbillard Yvan Quercy (
1061:, which was often combined with accommodation for a
3608:
2826:
The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval Travel
2708:
The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval Travel
2680:
The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval Travel
2155:Thrasher Carriage Collection at Allegany Museum in
2152:
Skyline Farm Carriage Museum, North Yarmouth, Maine
1380:— large collection of horse and oxen drawn vehicles
1219:
4120:Nelson Alan H. "Six-Wheeled Carts: An Underview".
3859:"Wade House - Wisconsin Historical Society - Home"
1963:Swingletree Carriage Collection of John Parker in
848:A horizontal wheel or segment of a wheel called a
2191:
655:. A closed carriage may have side windows called
491:
228:. The earliest recorded sort of carriage was the
5327:
4340:..., by Thomas Webster and William Parkes, 1855.
4141:Ryder, Thomas (author), Rodger Morrow (editor),
4070:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
2883:"Mechanical Road Carriages: Horseflesh v. Steam"
2846:, Second Edition. Oxford University Press, 1989.
1804:
1629:Museo Civico delle Carrozze d'Epoca di Codroipo.
696:might use a small platform at the rear called a
4293:. University of California. Hundreds of photos.
710:. Some seats had an attached backrest called a
4400:Lexique du cheval! Lexikon of Carriage driving
2788:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1933.
2540:
4454:
2364:(in German). Universität Wien. Archived from
1657:Carriage exhibit of the Grand Ducal court at
1115:and driver adding character to period filming
377:A two-tiered carriage drawn by four elephants
4435:The New York Times, 29 October 1871, page 2.
4421:Science and Society Picture Library – Search
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2355:
1884:Tofaş Museum of Cars and Anatolian Carriages
1459:. Carriage room of the Count of Chambord in
1201:, an equestrian discipline regulated by the
1130:descending from a decorated wedding carriage
4311:ThinkQuest Library. Illustrations and text.
4009:(Reprint of both volumes). Astragal Press.
2596:
1485:Les Épesses, Musée de la voiture à cheval (
845:may be used to hold a wheel on an incline.
264:
152:
4461:
4447:
4342:Book XXIII, Carriages. Google Book Search.
4280:Calisphere – A World of Digital Resources.
4256:University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
4143:The Coson Carriage Collection at Beechdale
2953:"Basic Carriage Gear Horse Drawn Vehicles"
2931:"Horse Carriage Parts Horse Drawn Vehicle"
4056:Horse Drawn Vehicles since 1760 in Colour
3924:
2979:
2906:
2862:. London: Martin Secker. pp. 204 ff.
2204:Horse Drawn Vehicles since 1760 in Colour
1644:Museo delle Carrozze del Quirinale, Rome.
1587:Hesse Museum of Carriages and Sleighs in
1529:Sacy-le-grand, Musée du cheval de trait (
1166:Driving (horse) § Competitive sports
4164:, Arnoldsche Verlagsanstalt GmbH, 2002.
3558:"The Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages"
2778:
2720:
2673:
2671:
2343:Transactions of the Philological Society
2333:
2187:; includes 19th century carriage factory
2087:Jeremiah Reeves House and Carriage House
2056:Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame
1736:
1478:, Musée de l’hippomobile André Clament (
1332:
1155:
903:Carriage lamps: First used around 1700,
613:
539:
495:
483:, who as a very junior Archbishopric of
462:
446:
372:
364:
239:
108:
54:
46:
38:
27:Generally horse-drawn means of transport
4383:Horse-drawn Transportation Clipart etc.
4370:Georgian Index. Illustrations and text.
4222:"Colonial Roads and Wheeled Vehicles".
4174:
3736:
3503:
2996:
2497:
2464:
2389:
1468:, Musée du cheval du château Lanessan (
1044:is bred for running beside a carriage.
947:
459:requested some important modifications.
349:(133 BC to 89 CE), specifically at the
14:
5328:
4254:19th Century Transportation-Carriages.
4001:
3609:"Florida Carriage Museum & Resort"
2855:
2631:
2268:
2266:
2264:
1255:National Trust of Australia (Victoria)
1151:
972:. An attendant on horseback called an
863:Fittings, furnishings and appointments
479:(1479–1529), nephew of Mathias' queen
4442:
4205:, Astragal Press, 2nd edition, 1995.
3135:
3052:
3046:
3023:
2823:
2727:. London: Vintage. pp. 133–134.
2705:
2677:
2668:
2317:
2315:
2277:. New York: Arco Publishing Company.
2181:William A. Heiss House and Buggy Shop
2138:Robert H. Renneberger Carriage Museum
2047:Granger Homestead and Carriage Museum
1057:. An outbuilding for a carriage is a
752:, attached to or serving as springs.
717:The shafts of a carriage were called
51:Competitive driving in Rennes, France
4377:, by George Athelstane Thrupp, 1877.
3055:A Dictionary of Horse Drawn Vehicles
2893:(1823): 1434–1435. 7 December 1895.
2414:
2272:
2001:Florida Carriage Museum & Resort
1549:, Musée de l’attelage et du cheval (
1439:Bourg, Musée Au temps des calèches (
360:
281:province, dates to the rule of King
4219:, v43 n3 (September 1928): 364–387.
3079:
2261:
1374:Kings Landing Historical Settlement
1309:De Groom Carriage Center Bruges in
24:
5117:
3989:Horse-Drawn Carriage Catalog, 1909
3904:
2599:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
2469:. Penguin Books India. p. 5.
2312:
2038:Genesee Country Village and Museum
1970:Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages
1698:Japanese Imperial Household Agency
1626:Museo "Le Carrozze d'Epoca", Rome.
1203:Fédération Équestre Internationale
144:, to carry in a vehicle. The word
25:
5362:
4389:JASNA Northern California Region.
4238:
3630:"Forney Museum of Transportation"
3525:"Swingletree Carriage Collection"
3504:Schumer, Tracy (1 October 2010).
2634:A History of Chinese Civilization
2309:. Thames and Hudson, London, 1992
2146:Robert Thomas Carriage Museum in
998:Carriage passengers often used a
943:as well may be carried in a boot.
766:Beneath the carriage body is the
500:The London-Farringdon coach, 1835
389:Another form of carriage was the
235:
4358:The Guild of Model Wheelwrights.
4089:Lawrence, Bradley & Pardee,
3737:Krystal, Becky (23 April 2010).
3091:30 Years On and Off the Box Seat
2030:, preserving carriages owned by
1667:Museo delle Carrozze, Catanzaro.
1499:, Musée de la voiture à cheval (
1365:Campbell Carriage Factory Museum
1247:– National Carriage Collection,
1220:Carriage museums and collections
1135:
1120:
1105:
984:hired out horses and carriages.
952:The carriage driver is called a
755:
469:Royal Museums of Art and History
175:
4350:by William Bridges Adams, 1837.
4274:Carriage Association of America
4147:Carriage Association of America
3876:
3851:
3821:
3796:
3771:
3749:
3730:
3704:
3690:
3672:
3647:
3622:
3601:
3576:
3550:
3494:
3476:
3458:
3440:
3414:
3388:
3370:
3345:
3341:Museum of Carriages and Sleighs
3334:
3309:
3283:
3233:
3208:
3182:
3155:
3129:
3123:"Bennington Carriages homepage"
3115:
3030:Delin Carriage Company (1911).
2967:
2945:
2923:
2875:
2866:
2849:
2832:
2817:
2792:
2772:
2741:
2714:
2699:
2696:. Labitte, Paris, 1872. p. 208.
2694:Glossaire français du Moyen Age
2686:
2659:
2650:
2625:
2590:
2564:
2534:
2491:
2024:Frick Car & Carriage Museum
1507:National Car and Tourism Museum
1322:Royal Museum of Art and History
1093:A kind of dynamometer called a
604:
97:were forerunners of carriages.
4301:by Ralph Straus, 1912, London.
4224:The William and Mary Quarterly
4124:, v13 n3 (July 1972): 391–416.
3955:, v34 n3 (July 1959): 359–366.
3804:"Thrasher Carriage Collection"
3447:National Trust Carriage Museum
3163:"National Carriage Collection"
2458:
2433:
2408:
2392:The Earliest Wheeled Transport
2383:
2349:
2327:
2299:
2192:Types of horse-drawn carriages
2116:'s Winmill Carriage Museum in
802:keeps dirt from the axle arm.
677:may serve as a carriage step.
544:Tourists horse-drawn taxis in
492:Later development of the coach
157:, a car); it is also used for
13:
1:
3960:Mediaeval Suspended Carriages
3925:Berkebile, Donald H. (1977).
3761:Robert Thomas Carriage Museum
3057:. J. A. Allen & Co. Ltd.
2800:"coach (horse-drawn vehicle)"
2255:
2122:Northwest Carriage Museum in
1792:Geraz do Lima Carriage museum
1378:Prince William, New Brunswick
1009:; one for use on a road is a
467:A Gala Coupé, ca. 1750–1770;
290:
114:
4226:, v8 n1 (July 1899): 37–42.
4093:, Dover Publications, 1998.
3977:, Dover Publications, 1994.
3584:"Carriage Museum of America"
2999:The Encyclopaedia of Driving
2541:Jochen Garbsch (June 1986).
2394:. Cornell University Press.
2250:(term for early automobiles)
2015:Forney Transportation Museum
1927:Gordon Boswell Romany Museum
680:A carriage driver sits on a
7:
4368:Georgian Index – Carriages.
4324:by Francis Underhill, 1896.
4217:Political Science Quarterly
4129:Practical Carriage Building
3987:Elkhart Manufacturing Co.,
3698:"Northwest Carriage Museum"
3244:"Carriage museum Verdonckt"
2275:The History of the Carriage
2210:
2168:Wesley Jung Carriage Museum
1936:Mossman Carriage Collection
896:Upholstery: Seats might be
890:The History of the Carriage
246:Romisch-Germanisches Museum
216:from various sites such as
104:
10:
5367:
5267:Equestrian use of roadways
4072:, 56, no. 1 (2002): 41–62.
3884:"Mifflinburg Buggy Museum"
3506:"Five Days at Swingletree"
3465:Mossman Collection Website
3353:"The Carriages Collection"
2195:
1995:Carriage Museum of America
1836:Igualada Muleteer's Museum
1557:Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte
1352:National Historical Museum
1163:
841:A catch or block called a
759:
741:attaches to the carriage.
477:Ippolito d'Este of Ferrara
401:
369:Horse-drawn wagon, c. 1455
180:Some horse carts found in
170:
75:is a two- or four-wheeled
29:
5316:
5275:
5214:
5141:
5083:
5019:
4993:
4780:
4480:
4058:, Blandford Press, 1977.
3973:Bristol Wagon Works Co.,
3655:"Car and Carriage Museum"
3588:carriagemuseumlibrary.org
3248:Municipality of Maarkedal
3168:Queensland Museum Network
3087:HRH the Duke of Edinburgh
2844:Oxford English Dictionary
2785:Oxford English Dictionary
2692:Léon marquis De Laborde.
2682:, Ashgate, pp. 41–53
2512:10.1017/S0035869X00128394
2465:Wolpert, Stanley (1994).
2322:Oxford English Dictionary
2185:Mifflinburg, Pennsylvania
1823:Carriage Museum (Seville)
1806:Museu Nacional dos Coches
1649:Palazzo Farnese, Piacenza
1384:Remington Carriage Museum
552:
210:Indus valley civilization
113:Coach of a noble family,
32:Carriage (disambiguation)
4271:CAAOnline: Carriage Tour
4175:Walrond, Sallie (1980).
4160:Wackernagel, Rudolf H.,
4131:, Astragal Press, 1994.
3452:21 November 2010 at the
3400:Muzeum Pałac w Rogalinie
3291:"The Versailles Stables"
2997:Walrond, Sallie (1979).
2632:Gernet, Jacques (1996).
2467:An Introduction to India
2390:Piggott, Stuart (1983).
2172:Wade House Historic Site
2074:Horseshoe Barn and Annex
2028:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1741:Exhibit of carriages in
1539:, musée Au temps jadis (
1369:Sackville, New Brunswick
1268:Imperial Carriage Museum
1251:, Toowoomba, Queensland.
1013:. One such breed is the
561:
455:in the years 1824–1826.
397:
298:Oracle bone inscriptions
265:Ancient Chinese carriage
191:First prototyped in the
5341:Animal-powered vehicles
5262:Museums and collections
5133:Whippletree/double tree
4423:Illustrations and text.
4285:23 January 2011 at the
4108:The Carriage Collection
4007:A Treatise on Carriages
3377:Nationaal Rijtuigmuseum
3136:Alejandro, Campitelli.
2887:British Medical Journal
2804:Encyclopædia Britannica
1990:Angels Camp, California
1922:Aberdeenshire, Scotland
1904:Alnwick, Northumberland
1868:Basel Historical Museum
1711:Nationaal Rijtuigmuseum
1680:Carriage collection at
1670:Carriage collection at
1559:, Musée des Equipages (
1399:Royal Carriage Museum,
1287:Carriage collection in
609:
140:
5113:Swingletree/singletree
4375:The History of Coaches
4364:Carriages and sleighs.
4356:Four wheeled vehicles.
4122:Technology and Culture
4104:Museums at Stony Brook
3958:Boyer, Marjorie Nice.
3929:. Dover Publications.
3914:, Howell Books, 1992.
3510:highmindedhorseman.com
3216:"Carriage Museum Bree"
3053:Smith, D.J.M. (1988).
3001:. Country Life Books.
2856:Straus, Ralph (1912).
2721:Mortimer, Ian (2009).
2339:"On False Etymologies"
2009:Austin Carriage Museum
1931:Spalding, Lincolnshire
1805:
1746:
1605:Romano-Germanic Museum
1461:Chambord, Loir-et-Cher
1432:, Musée des calèches (
1338:
1207:World Equestrian Games
1161:
962:. A person dressed in
893:
626:
549:
501:
472:
460:
378:
370:
337:(221–206 BCE) and the
257:ancient Roman city of
249:
153:
120:
68:
52:
44:
5351:Obsolete technologies
4483:carriages and coaches
4409:, by W. Gilbey, 1905.
4329:25 March 2012 at the
4040:Hutchins, Daniel D.,
3829:"The Carriage Museum"
3757:"A Step Back In time"
3529:www.swingletree.co.uk
3470:22 April 2008 at the
3321:www.kutschenmuseum.de
3142:museodelfuerte.org.ar
2828:, Ashgate, p. 51
2754:CollinsDictionary.com
2710:, Ashgate, p. 45
2356:Raimund Karl (2003).
2273:Tarr, László (1969).
2100:Stony Brook, New York
2051:Canandaigua, New York
1997:, Lexington, Kentucky
1801:National Coach Museum
1740:
1647:Museum of Coaches at
1567:Galerie des Carrosses
1401:Christiansborg Palace
1336:
1315:Koetsen Verdonckt in
1159:
1101:Examples of carriages
886:
867:Originally, the word
760:Further information:
617:
584:Little Rock, Arkansas
546:Naghsh-i Jahan Square
543:
499:
466:
450:
376:
368:
345:Confederation in the
323:Warring-States Period
243:
112:
61:National Coach Museum
58:
50:
42:
5085:Vehicle construction
5065:Trolley and lift van
4905:Limbers and caissons
4470:Horse-drawn vehicles
4317:Columbus, Wisconsin.
4177:Looking at Carriages
3833:www.washingtonky.com
3679:Horse Drawn Vehicles
3659:The Frick Pittsburgh
3634:www.forneymuseum.org
3382:19 June 2009 at the
2415:Pare, C.F.E (1992).
2176:Greenbush, Wisconsin
2162:Washington, Kentucky
2157:Cumberland, Maryland
2148:Blackstone, Virginia
1959:Sandringham, Norfolk
1636:Museo della Carrozza
1511:Château de Compiègne
1294:Carriage Museum Bree
1245:Cobb & Co Museum
1199:horse-driving trials
948:Carriage terminology
721:in English dialect.
43:A carriage in London
18:Horse drawn carriage
5098:Front axle assembly
4783:carriages and carts
4703:Runabout (carriage)
4379:Google Book Search.
4352:Google Book Search.
4127:Richardson, M. T.,
4075:Kinney, Thomas A.,
3888:www.buggymuseum.org
3783:www.skylinefarm.org
3684:8 June 2011 at the
3488:17 May 2008 at the
3317:"kutschenmuseum.de"
3297:on 22 December 2004
3263:"Koetsen Verdonckt"
3034:. Cincinnati: n.p.
2445:Singapore Infopedia
2335:Wedgwood, Hensleigh
2324:1933: Car, Carriage
2228:Horse-drawn vehicle
2142:Frederick, Maryland
2124:Raymond, Washington
2042:Wheatland, New York
1940:Luton, Bedfordshire
1457:Château de Chambord
1430:Apremont-sur-Allier
1257:Carriage Collection
1182:and, occasionally,
1152:Competitive driving
1065:or other servants.
882:horseless carriages
762:Front axle assembly
700:or a seat called a
526:pivoting front axle
164:horseless carriages
137:Old Northern French
77:horse-drawn vehicle
4970:Two-wheeled calash
4415:Passenger Vehicles
4276:. Photos and text.
3422:"NCM – Collection"
3220:Rijtuigmuseum Bree
2578:. 27 February 2021
2248:Horseless carriage
2198:Category:Carriages
2118:Leesburg, Virginia
2109:Richmond, Virginia
2082:Shelburne, Vermont
2069:Dearborn, Michigan
2005:Weirsdale, Florida
1986:Angels Camp Museum
1747:
1622:Cison di Valmarino
1599:Nymphenburg Palace
1339:
1162:
1144:Theodore Roosevelt
737:, a loop called a
733:. At the end of a
627:
574:in cities such as
550:
531:Ackermann steering
502:
473:
461:
379:
371:
250:
121:
69:
53:
45:
5323:
5322:
4673:Marathon carriage
4433:Wheeled vehicles.
4211:978-1-879335-61-5
4170:978-3-925369-86-5
4137:978-1-879335-50-9
4116:978-0-943924-09-0
4110:, Museums, 2000.
4099:978-0-486-40219-2
4085:978-0-8018-7946-3
4064:978-0-7137-0820-2
4050:978-0-9745106-0-6
3997:978-0-486-41531-4
3983:978-0-486-28123-0
3920:978-0-7645-7299-9
3767:on 19 April 2010.
2734:978-1-84595-099-6
2305:Piggott, Stuart.
2065:Henry Ford Museum
1955:Sandringham House
1949:Buckingham Palace
1769:Pałac w Rogalinie
1466:Cussac-Fort-Médoc
1388:Cardston, Alberta
1354:in Rio de Janeiro
1272:Schönbrunn Palace
1249:Queensland Museum
905:oil-powered lamps
481:Beatrix of Aragon
361:Medieval carriage
252:First century BC
193:3rd millennium BC
186:Bronze Age Europe
159:railway carriages
16:(Redirected from
5358:
5298:Carriage museums
4635:Horsebus/Omnibus
4619:Hackney carriage
4463:
4456:
4449:
4440:
4439:
4407:Modern carriages
4198:
4179:. Pelham Books.
4054:Ingram, Arthur,
4028:
3948:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3835:. Archived from
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3763:. Archived from
3753:
3747:
3746:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3714:. Archived from
3708:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3688:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3560:. Archived from
3554:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3531:. Archived from
3520:
3518:
3516:
3498:
3492:
3480:
3474:
3462:
3456:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3424:. Archived from
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3392:
3386:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3349:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3293:. Archived from
3287:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3196:on 26 March 2011
3192:. Archived from
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3027:
3021:
3020:
2994:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2847:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2697:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2552:on 24 April 2008
2551:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2371:on 11 April 2008
2370:
2363:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2270:
2233:Coach (carriage)
2133:Farmington, Utah
2078:Shelburne Museum
2060:Goshen, New York
2032:Henry Clay Frick
2019:Denver, Colorado
1913:Arlington, Devon
1852:Ulriksdal Palace
1831:
1808:
1796:Viana do Castelo
1777:
1719:
1682:Villa Pignatelli
1302:
1197:, also known as
1195:combined driving
1139:
1124:
1109:
978:carriage starter
819:A skid called a
429:Mathias Corvinus
418:chariot branlant
404:Coach (carriage)
310:claims that the
295:
292:
156:
143:
119:
116:
93:and two-wheeled
21:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5312:
5271:
5210:
5137:
5079:
5035:Conestoga wagon
5015:
4989:
4782:
4776:
4482:
4476:
4467:
4331:Wayback Machine
4309:Carriage parts.
4287:Wayback Machine
4241:
4187:
4035:Original Vol II
4017:
4003:Felton, William
3937:
3907:
3905:Further reading
3902:
3892:
3890:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3808:Allegany Museum
3802:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3743:Washington Post
3735:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3712:"Carriage Hall"
3710:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3686:Wayback Machine
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3564:on 16 July 2014
3556:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3523:
3514:
3512:
3499:
3495:
3490:Wayback Machine
3481:
3477:
3472:Wayback Machine
3463:
3459:
3454:Wayback Machine
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3428:on 5 March 2016
3420:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3384:Wayback Machine
3375:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3271:
3269:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3101:
3093:. J. A. Allen.
3084:
3080:
3065:
3051:
3047:
3028:
3024:
3009:
2995:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2854:
2850:
2837:
2833:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2719:
2715:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2687:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2630:
2626:
2611:10.2307/2719276
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2535:
2496:
2492:
2477:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2441:"Bullock carts"
2439:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2300:
2285:
2271:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2218:Driving (horse)
2213:
2200:
2194:
2164:Carriage Museum
2129:Pioneer Village
1974:Maidstone, Kent
1918:Balmoral Castle
1825:
1771:
1751:Kozłówka Palace
1713:
1573:in Versailles (
1447:Cazes-Mondenard
1414:Carriage Museum
1343:Imperial Museum
1296:
1222:
1168:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1077:carriage houses
950:
865:
764:
758:
623:Queen Elizabeth
612:
607:
564:
555:
494:
414:
402:Main articles:
400:
383:Conestoga Wagon
363:
351:Battle of Mobei
347:Han–Xiongnu War
331:mounted archery
294: 1250 BCE
293:
267:
238:
178:
173:
117:
107:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5364:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4975:Un-sprung cart
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4915:Red River cart
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:Governess cart
4881:
4876:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4786:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4713:Spider phaeton
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4466:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4403:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4343:
4334:
4318:
4312:
4305:Carriage House
4302:
4294:
4277:
4268:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4240:
4239:External links
4237:
4236:
4235:
4220:
4213:
4199:
4185:
4172:
4158:
4139:
4125:
4118:
4101:
4087:
4073:
4066:
4052:
4038:
4031:Original Vol I
4015:
3999:
3985:
3971:
3956:
3949:
3935:
3922:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3875:
3850:
3820:
3795:
3770:
3748:
3729:
3718:on 20 May 2018
3703:
3689:
3671:
3646:
3621:
3600:
3575:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3535:on 20 May 2018
3521:
3500:
3493:
3475:
3457:
3439:
3413:
3387:
3369:
3357:Villa di Maser
3344:
3333:
3308:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3259:
3239:
3232:
3207:
3181:
3154:
3128:
3114:
3099:
3078:
3063:
3045:
3022:
3007:
2978:
2966:
2944:
2922:
2874:
2865:
2848:
2838:Etymology for
2831:
2816:
2791:
2771:
2740:
2733:
2713:
2698:
2685:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2642:
2624:
2605:(1): 189–237.
2589:
2563:
2533:
2506:(2): 200–202.
2490:
2475:
2457:
2432:
2425:
2407:
2400:
2382:
2348:
2326:
2311:
2298:
2283:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2034:and his family
2021:
2012:
1998:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1952:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1900:Alnwick Castle
1896:
1895:
1894:United Kingdom
1891:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1798:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1766:
1757:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1668:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1642:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1616:Collection at
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1595:Marstallmuseum
1592:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1527:
1517:
1504:
1494:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1454:
1444:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1371:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1164:Main article:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1049:carriage porch
1007:carriage horse
993:carriage trade
949:
946:
945:
944:
941:horse blankets
934:
923:
920:
912:
901:
864:
861:
757:
754:
750:thoroughbraces
657:quarter lights
611:
608:
606:
603:
563:
560:
554:
551:
519:Erasmus Darwin
493:
490:
399:
396:
362:
359:
308:Jacques Gernet
266:
263:
237:
236:Roman carriage
234:
177:
174:
172:
169:
106:
103:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5363:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5346:Horse driving
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5303:Horse driving
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:Coachbuilders
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5161:Breast collar
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5118:Undercarriage
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5040:Covered wagon
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5020:Wagons &
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4925:Sicilian cart
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
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3839:on 9 May 2015
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176:Early history
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127:(abbreviated
126:
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102:
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78:
74:
66:
62:
57:
49:
41:
37:
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5252:Driving club
5151:Bearing rein
5093:Coachbuilder
4895:Jaunting car
4828:Chasse-marée
4614:Four-in-hand
4481:Four-wheeled
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3891:. Retrieved
3887:
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3866:. Retrieved
3862:
3853:
3841:. Retrieved
3837:the original
3832:
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3811:. Retrieved
3807:
3798:
3786:. Retrieved
3782:
3773:
3765:the original
3760:
3751:
3742:
3732:
3720:. Retrieved
3716:the original
3706:
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3662:. Retrieved
3658:
3649:
3637:. Retrieved
3633:
3624:
3612:. Retrieved
3603:
3591:. Retrieved
3587:
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3562:the original
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3537:. Retrieved
3533:the original
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3513:. Retrieved
3509:
3496:
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3460:
3442:
3430:. Retrieved
3426:the original
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
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3390:
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3360:. Retrieved
3356:
3347:
3336:
3324:. Retrieved
3320:
3311:
3299:. Retrieved
3295:the original
3285:
3270:. Retrieved
3266:
3251:. Retrieved
3247:
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3219:
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3194:the original
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3172:. Retrieved
3166:
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3145:. Retrieved
3141:
3131:
3117:
3090:
3081:
3054:
3048:
3031:
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2998:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2925:
2890:
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2877:
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2858:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2825:
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2807:. Retrieved
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2762:. Retrieved
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2701:
2693:
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2652:
2633:
2627:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2575:
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2547:the original
2536:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2466:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2444:
2435:
2416:
2410:
2391:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2366:the original
2351:
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2201:
2008:
1618:CastelBrando
1537:Saint-Auvent
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1037:carriage dog
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877:appointments
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312:Zhou dynasty
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285:of the late
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222:Mohenjo Daro
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198:bullock cart
196:
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36:
5247:Draft horse
5186:Horse brass
5128:Wheelwright
5103:Hammercloth
5001:Sled/sleigh
4994:Non-wheeled
4935:Sprung cart
4781:Two-wheeled
4730:State coach
4724:Stage wagon
4688:Post chaise
3893:12 February
3868:12 February
3843:12 February
3788:12 February
3722:12 February
3639:12 February
3614:12 February
3593:12 February
3568:12 February
3539:12 February
3432:12 February
3402:(in Polish)
3326:12 February
3301:12 February
3272:30 November
3253:30 November
3225:30 November
3174:12 February
2809:20 November
2764:20 November
2582:27 February
2450:17 November
2196:Main page:
2114:Morven Park
2091:Dover, Ohio
1862:Switzerland
1826: [
1772: [
1714: [
1705:Netherlands
1591:near Kassel
1324:in Brussels
1297: [
1172:horse shows
1146:'s brougham
1059:coach house
898:upholstered
873:furnishings
851:fifth wheel
774:(or simply
639:bellows top
595:postillions
580:New Orleans
572:sightseeing
515:fifth wheel
457:Gregory XVI
427:Under King
412:Stage wagon
353:(119 BCE).
339:Han dynasty
335:Qin dynasty
226:Chanhu Daro
118: 1870
81:suspensions
5330:Categories
5276:Categories
5123:Wainwright
5030:Chuckwagon
4889:Hansom cab
4718:Stagecoach
4693:Road Coach
4667:Mail coach
4348:Inventions
4232:4907170562
4186:0720712823
4016:1879335700
3936:0486233286
3863:Wade House
3813:1 December
3664:1 December
3515:1 December
3483:Royal Mews
3406:1 December
3362:1 December
3100:0851318983
3064:0851314686
3008:0600331822
2959:30 January
2937:30 January
2556:29 January
2426:0947816356
2419:. Oxford.
2401:0801416043
2375:30 January
2284:0668018712
2256:References
2007:(formerly
1945:Royal Mews
1347:Petrópolis
1142:President
1113:Hansom cab
1095:peirameter
1011:road horse
982:hackneyman
690:dickey box
591:Royal Mews
578:, Vienna,
548:, Esfahan.
471:, Brussels
408:Stagecoach
316:dagger-axe
150:Late Latin
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67:, Portugal
5336:Carriages
5283:Carriages
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5166:Breeching
5108:Shaft bow
4910:Ralli car
4796:Cape cart
4790:Cabriolet
4772:Wagonette
4762:Vis-à-vis
4747:Tarantass
4678:Park Drag
4589:Dos-à-dos
4583:Diligence
4555:Charabanc
4525:Buckboard
4474:carriages
4025:21753408M
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3968:493631378
3200:29 August
3147:3 October
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1726:Groningen
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1274:in Vienna
1239:Australia
1225:Argentina
1042:coach dog
857:headblock
800:dirtboard
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248:, Cologne
123:The word
5222:Coachman
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4698:Rockaway
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4561:Clarence
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4520:Brougham
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4327:Archived
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4195:3828623M
4155:21311481
4149:, 1989.
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776:carriage
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