903:. Edwards found a harmony of the will between Adam (as the head) and the rest of humanity. As church historian Robert Caldwell explains,"as soon as human beings come into existence, their initial moral acts, united to Adam's, immediately concur with Adam's transgression, and on that basis they become guilty of Adam's sin. ... In short, our first sins are the extended act of Adam's original transgression." Therefore, in Edwards's theology, there is no imputation of a completely alien guilt because all human beings share in Adam's actual transgression. This distinguishes Edwards from the traditional Reformed teaching that imputation of sin to Adam's descendants occurred prior to any actual transgression. On this point, Edwards writes, "The apostasy is not theirs, merely because God imputes it to them; but it is truly and properly theirs, and on that ground, God imputes it to them."
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pleases a person is determined by the character or orientation of their soul (the combination of tastes, biases and values). Edwards called this the soul's "disposition", and he believed this was what determined a person's perception of the greatest apparent good. Individuals cannot change the dispositions of their souls, nor would they want to. Therefore, for
Edwards, "Because sinful human beings by nature have no disposition to submit to God, they will never see Christ as their greatest good and consequently will never choose to follow him."
988:. If one's religious feelings or, in Edwards's language, affections (such as love and desire) are driven by self-interest (such as "God loves me" or "I am saved"), then they are not marks of true religion. In his view, authentic religious affections arise from the soul that is completely preoccupied with God's worth and excellency. In fact, Edwards notes that the truly converted will be so disinterested in themselves that their own salvation will not be their primary concern:
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1118:, which is self-sacrifice. In this, self-love is eliminated and the convert seeks happiness in God and his creation. For Edwards, a disinterest in one's self and a preoccupation with God's moral excellence was an indication that such a person had been regenerated. Such persons no longer worried over the status of their own souls because their love for God and the contemplation of his
892:(1750) that "a Representative, the Guilt of whose Conduct shall be imputed to us, and whose Sins shall corrupt and debauch our Nature, is one of the greatest Absurdities in all the System of corrupt Religion. ... who dares use his Understanding, must clearly see this is unreasonable, and altogether inconsistent with the Truth, and Goodness of God."
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criticized by Old
Calvinists, there was practically little difference between the two approaches. When asked how to repent, Old Calvinists and New Divinity ministers had the same advice: seek God through the means of grace and in time God might give the seeker new affections and inclinations to believe in Christ.
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According to
Edwards, "the will is as the greatest apparent good is." Once the mind discerns what action results in the greatest benefit to the self, the will is activated and a choice is made. The will is free, and freedom is, for Edwards, the power of the individual to do as he or she pleases. What
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and be encouraged to repent. New
Divinity ministers, however, called all sinners to repent and believe the gospel immediately because everyone had the natural ability to do so. There was no reason, they said, to wait for any period of conviction and spiritual struggle. While immediate repentance was
992:
It has more frequently been so amongst us, that when persons have first had the Gospel ground of relief for lost sinners discovered to them, and have been entertaining their minds with the sweet prospect, they have thought nothing at that time of their being converted. ... There is wrought in them a
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individual from ever perceiving Christ as the greatest good, what
Edwards termed "moral inability". Though unregenerate people can follow Christ, they never will because of their sinful dispositions. Edwards believed this explanation affirmed free will, human responsibility and human depravity. He
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Every impenitent sinner should be willing to suffer the punishment that God wills to inflict upon him. In whatever sense he should submit to the divine justice punishing other sinners, in that sense he should submit to the divine justice punishing himself. In whatever sense the punishment of the
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Another major element of
Edwards's theology is the concept of disinterested love. Edwards believed that true Christians are disinterested in themselves and completely preoccupied with the beauty of God and his desires, ways and purposes. Their lives are God-centered rather than self-centered.
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In these debates, Edwards took the side of traditional
Calvinism. Yet, through his theological writings, he defended it using the philosophical language of the 18th century, producing a "monumental reconstruction of strict Reformed orthodoxy". A spiritual and intellectual leader in the
1975:
Edwards on
Revivals: Containing A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northhampton, Massachusetts, A.D. 1735: Also Thoughts on the Revival of Religion in New England, 1742, and the Way in which it Ought to be Acknowledged and
1263:), nor in his performing the duties required by the law, but in his manifesting and honoring by his pains, and especially by his death, all the divine attributes which would have been manifested in the same and no higher degree by the punishment of the redeemed. (See the
880:, God imputed his sin to all humans, who thereafter share in a corrupt nature, leading to individuals committing their own actual sins and incurring their own individual guilt. Therefore, God imputes sin to Adam's descendants prior to actual transgression on their part.
1107:. The New Divinity argued that the true Christian seeks the good of all things, including God and other people, above themselves. This was called "disinterested benevolence" because Christian benevolence is never self-serving, unlike the benevolence of the unconverted.
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holy repose of soul in God through Christ, and a secret disposition to fear and love him, and to hope for blessing from him in this way. And yet they have no imagination that they are now converted, it don't so much as come in their minds.
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In the aftermath of the Great
Awakening, New England Congregationalism was divided into competing factions, including the followers of Edwards who were known as Edwardsians or New Divinity men. The other two factions included the liberal
759:, modified by a conception of God taken by its advocates to be more ethical; by a new emphasis upon the liberty, ability, and responsibility of man; by the restriction of moral quality to action in distinction from nature (cf.
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All the moral attributes of God are comprehended in general benevolence, that is essentially the same with general justice, and includes simple, complacential, and composite benevolence; legislative, retributive, and public
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to follow Christ. Because sin does not annihilate the will, Edwards believed that all humans theoretically could choose to follow Christ, what he termed "natural ability". Nevertheless, sinful dispositions prevent the
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finally obdurate promotes the highest good of the universe, in that sense he should be submissive to the divine will in punishing himself, if finally obdurate. This principle is founded mainly on the two following.
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In the 18th century, theologians began questioning these traditional views, particularly the idea that humans are condemned at birth for Adam's sin, in which they had no active role. English
Presbyterian minister
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that were departures from traditional Puritan beliefs. For the Puritans, conversion was a gradual process involving spiritual crises, humiliation, and sorrow for sin. Only after these struggles and utilizing the
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The impenitent sinner is obligated, and should be exhorted, to cease from all impenitent acts, and to begin a holy life at once. His moral inability to obey this exhortation is not a literal inability (cf.
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Disinterested benevolence was the basis for piety, according to the New Divinity. It originates at conversion when the Holy Spirit was believed to renew the heart so that the convert desires
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All holiness consists in the elective preference of the greater above the smaller, and all sin consists in the elective preference of the smaller above the greater, good of sentient beings.
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in 1727, there were already signs of a growing division among New England's Congregationalists between the more traditional, "Old-Style Calvinism" and those of a more "free and
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For Edwards, then, gaining assurance of one's salvation should not be the primary concern of a new convert. He believed assurance would develop as a convert grew in
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As the holiness and the sin of man are exercises of his will, there is neither holiness nor sin in his nature viewed as distinct from these exercises (cf.
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who separated from the established Congregational churches. By the end of the 18th century, most Congregational churches were Edwardsian in orientation.
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1187:. Those principles that are merely implied in the system of Hopkins were unfolded and somewhat modified by his three friends Stephen West,
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of the Congregationalists and several of the Presbyterians, and furnished the impetus for social change which birthed the
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Caldwell, Robert (2012). "New England's New Divinity and the Age of Judson's Preparation". In Duesing, Jason G. (ed.).
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1076:(prayer, seeking God, reading the Bible, and attending church) would the individual discern within himself faith and
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choosing right has the natural power to choose wrong, and choosing wrong has the natural power to choose right.
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Edwards' distinction between natural ability and moral ability had implications for New Divinity preaching and
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for the good of the enslaved. He wrote several treatises on the subject in the 1770s decades before the
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in the West, and led in a great variety of practical efforts to extend the Christian religion.
728:(who repudiated dilution of the Westminster Standards). This theology was the basis of all the
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He is under no obligation to perform an act, unless he has the natural ability to perform it.
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Breitenbach, William (April 1984). "The Consistent Calvinism of the New Divinity Movement".
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are certain to be entirely sinful, no promise of regenerating grace is made to any of them.
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movement gained strength in America. Disinterested benevolence also inspired much of the
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Edwards went beyond traditional Calvinism, however, by making a distinction between the
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1028:(1705–1787), opposed the irrational enthusiasm of the revivals; this faction advocated
1001:. The concept of disinterested love also led to an ethic of self-denial. The spread of
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of New Jersey. Brainerd's life was held up as the ideal of disinterested benevolence.
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is benevolence. The New England theology went through several stages, including the
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ideas of freedom and liberty, some theologians were replacing Calvinism with an
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Adoniram Judson: A Bicentennial Appreciation of the Pioneer American Missionary
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The atonement was made for all men, the non-elect as really as the elect. (See
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The main principles of it are either taught or implied in the writings of
1729:(2). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 241–264.
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is so overruled by God as to become the occasion of good to the universe.
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and the salvation of people should be a Christian's primary concerns.
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Theologies of the American Revivalists: From Whitefield to Finney
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United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America
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and the traditional Old Calvinists. The liberals, led by
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America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln
1823:. Vol. 8. Funk and Wagnalls Company. p. 130.
1808:. Vol. 5. Funk and Wagnalls Company. p. 364.
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published by Edwards as an account of the ministry of
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The Great Christian Doctrine of Original Sin Defended
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New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
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New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
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1036:. The traditional Old Calvinists, led by men such as
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The Great Christian Doctrine of Original Sin Defended
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
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activity of the period, such as the creation of the
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head of all humanity. When Adam committed the first
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
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in Geneva, featuring prominent Reformed theologians
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Presbyterian Church in the United States of America
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724:(who leaned towards New England teachings) and the
2521:Faith Presbytery, Bible Presbyterian Church (2008)
2306:ECO: A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians
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2451:Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover Presbytery
2443:Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States
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627:North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council
1129:The theology of disinterested benevolence led
818:" outlook who were increasingly influenced by
2459:Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly
1999:
972:First Great Awakening § Revival theology
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622:International Conference of Reformed Churches
2590:History of Christianity in the United States
1906:
844:, Edwards became, in the words of historian
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860:According to traditional Reformed views on
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1697:A Religious History of the American People
1114:through faith and embraces the way of the
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2404:Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America
2381:Christian Churches and Churches of Christ
1888:A Genetic History of New England Theology
1179:Samuel Hopkins, proponent of New Divinity
27:Division of Congregationalism (1732–1880)
2424:Presbyterian Church in the United States
1891:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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1813:Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1910).
1798:Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1909).
1223:in a literal sense to any other agent.
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890:The Scripture Doctrine of Original Sin
872:, the first man, was the "federal" or
125:Republication of the Covenant of Works
2365:American Christian Missionary Society
1987:
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705:, originating in the year 1732, when
2412:Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church
2203:Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy
1922:Electronic Texts in American Studies
1827:
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1137:in Newport, Rhode Island, to oppose
612:World Communion of Reformed Churches
255:Institutes of the Christian Religion
2605:Evangelicalism in the United States
24:
2595:19th-century Reformed Christianity
2098:Moderators of the General Assembly
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1265:governmental view of the atonement
1261:satisfaction view of the atonement
1032:and their successors would become
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2189:Old School–New School Controversy
2564:Reformed Christianity portal
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2154:American Home Missionary Society
1775:Caldwell, Robert W. III (2017).
654:Reformed Christianity portal
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230:Westminster Confession of Faith
2435:Presbyterian Church in America
2393:Cumberland Presbyterian Church
2119:Princeton Theological Seminary
1972:——— (1832).
1961:——— (1758).
1950:——— (1754).
1939:——— (1746).
1928:——— (1739).
798:(1703–1758) was a New England
137:Logical order of God's decrees
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2070:Old Side–New Side Controversy
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1233:As all his moral acts before
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954:also believed it left intact
235:Westminster Shorter Catechism
2514:American Presbyterian Church
2487:Orthodox Presbyterian Church
2475:Vanguard Presbyterian Church
2467:Covenant Presbyterian Church
2245:United Andean Indian Mission
1852:Sweeney, Douglas A. (2005).
1124:assurance of one's salvation
240:Westminster Larger Catechism
7:
2231:Federal Council of Churches
2196:Gardiner Spring Resolutions
2147:Presbyterian Mission Agency
2133:Auburn Theological Seminary
2126:Union Presbyterian Seminary
1837:. Oxford University Press.
1135:First Congregational Church
1126:virtually an afterthought.
1048:. New Divinity men such as
895:In 1758, Edwards published
747:It can be described as the
10:
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2238:Interchurch World Movement
1722:William and Mary Quarterly
1156:The Life of David Brainerd
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2224:Evangelical Protestantism
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1907:Works by Jonathan Edwards
1104:The Nature of True Virtue
617:World Reformed Fellowship
130:Baptist Covenant Theology
2290:New School Presbyterians
2165:Nathaniel William Taylor
1758:B&H Publishing Group
1756:. Nashville, Tennessee:
1352:, pp. 296–297, 300.
1320:
1092:for more information).
806:tradition with a strong
726:Old School Presbyterians
722:New School Presbyterians
377:Friedrich Schleiermacher
720:into two strains: the
115:Theology of John Calvin
2322:Springfield Presbytery
2140:Second Great Awakening
1815:"New England Theology"
1180:
1163:, a missionary to the
1046:Second Great Awakening
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753:Westminster Confession
292:Johannes Oecolampadius
2112:Plan of Union of 1801
2084:Synod of Philadelphia
2063:First Great Awakening
1702:Yale University Press
1295:Jonathan Edwards, Jr.
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1013:Further information:
990:
986:doctrine of assurance
970:Further information:
838:First Great Awakening
302:Peter Martyr Vermigli
225:Westminster Standards
43:Reformed Christianity
2349:Restoration Movement
2341:Christian Connection
2161:New England theology
2105:Princeton University
2055:in the United States
1942:Religious Affections
802:minister, part of a
691:New England theology
572:New England theology
557:Mercersburg theology
482:Continental Reformed
208:Heidelberg Catechism
198:Three Forms of Unity
193:Helvetic Confessions
152:Regulative principle
2357:Disciples of Christ
2266:Mainline Protestant
2177:Archibald Alexander
1953:Freedom of the Will
1692:Ahlstrom, Sydney E.
1272:unlimited atonement
930:Freedom of the Will
907:Freedom of the will
785:Nathaniel W. Taylor
282:List of theologians
261:Systematic theology
2585:Calvinist theology
2373:Churches of Christ
2210:Auburn Affirmation
2173:Princeton theology
2030:Church of Scotland
1931:Personal Narrative
1883:Foster, Frank Hugh
1860:. Baker Academic.
1781:InterVarsity Press
1181:
966:Disinterested love
791:Edwards's theology
781:New Haven theology
742:Pacific University
711:American Civil War
699:Congregationalists
587:Princeton theology
427:H. Richard Niebuhr
337:Franciscus Gomarus
307:Heinrich Bullinger
247:Barmen Declaration
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2091:Synod of New York
1914:Edwards, Jonathan
1898:978-1-317-59907-4
1867:978-1-58558-382-9
1790:978-0-8308-5164-5
1767:978-1-4336-7765-6
1592:, pp. 46–47.
1580:, pp. 59–60.
1565:, pp. 58–59.
1451:, pp. 63–64.
1400:, pp. 59–60.
1290:Timothy Dwight IV
1279:Notable adherents
1207:divine providence
1112:union with Christ
1090:Half-Way Covenant
956:God's sovereignty
866:imputation of sin
800:Congregationalist
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457:Donald G. Bloesch
437:Cornelius Van Til
352:Samuel Rutherford
322:Zacharias Ursinus
203:Belgic Confession
120:Covenant theology
16:(Redirected from
2612:
2562:
2561:
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2128:
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2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1957:
1946:
1935:
1924:
1902:
1871:
1859:
1848:
1824:
1809:
1800:"Hopkinisianism"
1794:
1771:
1746:
1715:
1700:(2nd ed.).
1679:
1676:Breitenbach 1984
1673:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1643:, p. 49–51.
1638:
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1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1300:Nathanael Emmons
1189:Nathanael Emmons
1165:Delaware Indians
1056:(1721–1803) and
1040:(1719–1806) and
796:Jonathan Edwards
707:Jonathan Edwards
680:
673:
666:
652:
651:
509:Reformed Baptist
432:Reinhold Niebuhr
372:Jonathan Edwards
362:Francis Turretin
287:Huldrych Zwingli
266:Metrical psalter
220:Scots Confession
56:Reformation Wall
53:
30:
29:
21:
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2250:
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2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2051:Presbyterianism
2049:
2042:
2037:Synod of Ulster
2035:
2028:
2017:
2012:
1909:
1899:
1878:
1876:Further reading
1868:
1845:
1791:
1768:
1735:10.2307/1919051
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1411:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1281:
1243:total depravity
1173:
1078:love for Christ
1026:Charles Chauncy
1017:
1011:
974:
968:
946:moral inability
942:natural ability
913:total depravity
909:
858:
846:Sydney Ahlstrom
793:
765:total depravity
740:in the East to
684:
646:
632:
631:
607:
597:
596:
552:Marrow Brethren
527:
519:
518:
477:
467:
466:
447:JĂĽrgen Moltmann
332:William Perkins
279:
271:
270:
175:
167:
166:
110:
102:
101:
82:
74:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
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2527:
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2420:
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2408:
2399:
2397:
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2377:
2369:
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2353:
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2337:
2328:
2326:
2314:
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2311:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2169:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1958:
1947:
1936:
1925:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1849:
1843:
1825:
1810:
1795:
1789:
1772:
1766:
1747:
1716:
1710:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1678:, p. 243.
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1594:
1582:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1468:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1402:
1390:
1388:, p. 301.
1378:
1366:
1364:, p. 298.
1354:
1342:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1305:Samuel Hopkins
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:Joseph Bellamy
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1185:Samuel Hopkins
1172:
1169:
1161:David Brainerd
1131:Samuel Hopkins
1074:means of grace
1058:Timothy Dwight
1054:Samuel Hopkins
1050:Joseph Bellamy
1010:
1007:
999:sanctification
967:
964:
908:
905:
857:
854:
792:
789:
777:Samuel Hopkins
686:
685:
683:
682:
675:
668:
660:
657:
656:
634:
633:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
608:
603:
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
542:Federal Vision
539:
534:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
511:
506:
504:Congregational
501:
500:
499:
494:
484:
478:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
462:Michael Horton
459:
454:
449:
444:
442:T. F. Torrance
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
417:Geerhardus Vos
414:
409:
407:B. B. Warfield
404:
402:Herman Bavinck
399:
397:Abraham Kuyper
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
367:Richard Baxter
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
342:William Twisse
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
280:
277:
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273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
258:
251:
250:
249:
244:
243:
242:
237:
232:
222:
217:
216:
215:
213:Canons of Dort
210:
205:
195:
185:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
157:Predestination
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
133:
132:
127:
117:
111:
108:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
94:
89:
83:
80:
79:
76:
75:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2617:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
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2565:
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2555:
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2540:
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2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
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2354:
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2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:Neo-orthodoxy
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:Charles Hodge
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1844:0-19-803441-5
1840:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1829:Noll, Mark A.
1826:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1711:0-385-11164-9
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1641:Caldwell 2012
1637:
1631:, p. 49.
1630:
1629:Caldwell 2012
1625:
1619:, p. 48.
1618:
1617:Caldwell 2012
1613:
1607:, p. 47.
1606:
1605:Caldwell 2012
1601:
1599:
1591:
1590:Caldwell 2012
1586:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1553:, p. 72.
1552:
1551:Caldwell 2017
1547:
1541:, p. 71.
1540:
1539:Caldwell 2017
1535:
1529:, p. 69.
1528:
1527:Caldwell 2017
1523:
1517:, p. 68.
1516:
1515:Caldwell 2017
1511:
1505:, p. 67.
1504:
1503:Caldwell 2017
1499:
1493:, p. 66.
1492:
1491:Caldwell 2017
1487:
1481:, p. 65.
1480:
1479:Caldwell 2017
1475:
1473:
1466:, p. 64.
1465:
1464:Caldwell 2017
1460:
1458:
1450:
1449:Caldwell 2017
1445:
1439:, p. 61.
1438:
1437:Caldwell 2017
1433:
1427:, p. 60.
1426:
1425:Caldwell 2017
1421:
1415:, p. 62.
1414:
1413:Caldwell 2017
1409:
1407:
1399:
1398:Caldwell 2017
1394:
1387:
1386:Ahlstrom 2004
1382:
1376:, p. 23.
1375:
1370:
1363:
1362:Ahlstrom 2004
1358:
1351:
1350:Ahlstrom 2004
1346:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1311:
1310:Samuel Spring
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:Lord's Supper
1082:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:(1719–1790),
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1006:
1004:
1000:
994:
989:
987:
982:
980:
973:
963:
961:
957:
952:
947:
943:
938:
934:
932:
931:
926:
922:
918:
917:Enlightenment
914:
904:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
833:
831:
828:
824:
821:
820:Enlightenment
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:Synod of Dort
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:Presbyterians
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:Edwardsianism
692:
681:
676:
674:
669:
667:
662:
661:
659:
658:
655:
650:
645:
644:
643:Protestantism
640:
636:
635:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
606:
605:Organizations
601:
600:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
577:New Calvinism
575:
573:
570:
568:
567:Neo-Calvinism
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
523:
522:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
498:
497:United States
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:Denominations
471:
470:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:Charles Hodge
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Philip Schaff
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Moses Amyraut
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
327:Theodore Beza
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
283:
275:
274:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
256:
252:
248:
245:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
226:
223:
221:
218:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
179:
178:List of texts
171:
170:
163:
162:Scholasticism
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
147:Lord's Supper
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
106:
105:
98:
97:Protestantism
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
78:
77:
73:
69:
68:Theodore Beza
65:
61:
60:William Farel
57:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
18:Hopkinsianism
2548:
2160:
2077:Adopting Act
1974:
1963:
1952:
1941:
1930:
1921:
1887:
1855:
1833:
1818:
1803:
1776:
1752:
1726:
1720:
1696:
1685:Bibliography
1653:Jackson 1909
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1585:
1578:Sweeney 2005
1563:Sweeney 2005
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1338:Jackson 1910
1235:regeneration
1228:original sin
1182:
1154:
1133:, pastor of
1128:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1083:
1066:
1038:Moses Mather
1030:universalism
1018:
1009:New Divinity
996:
991:
983:
975:
951:unregenerate
945:
941:
939:
935:
928:
910:
896:
894:
889:
882:
862:original sin
859:
856:Original sin
834:
794:
783:espoused by
780:
775:espoused by
773:New Divinity
772:
761:original sin
746:
715:
694:
690:
689:
639:Christianity
637:
571:
487:Presbyterian
452:J. I. Packer
297:Martin Bucer
253:
183:Geneva Bible
87:Christianity
2383:(1927–1971)
2277:Derivatives
1197:moral agent
1042:Ezra Stiles
886:John Taylor
850:Reformation
830:Arminianism
823:rationalism
703:New England
537:Amyraldians
492:South Korea
412:John Machen
312:John Calvin
278:Theologians
188:Confessions
92:Reformation
64:John Calvin
2579:Categories
2333:Christians
1316:References
1171:Principles
1147:missionary
1069:evangelism
1062:New Lights
1034:Unitarians
1022:Old Lights
1003:the gospel
979:conversion
852:history."
842:revivalism
730:seminaries
562:Neonomians
532:Afrikaners
422:Karl Barth
387:John Nevin
81:Background
2044:Calvinism
1694:(2004) .
1374:Noll 2002
1143:abolition
960:salvation
925:free will
888:wrote in
816:catholick
804:Calvinist
749:Calvinism
547:Huguenots
526:Movements
357:John Owen
317:John Knox
72:John Knox
2550:Category
1976:Promoted
1916:(1734),
1885:(1907).
1831:(2002).
1256:justice.
944:and the
923:view on
921:Arminian
901:the fall
874:covenant
812:ordained
779:and the
755:and the
592:Puritans
582:Pilgrims
514:Anglican
109:Theology
35:a series
33:Part of
2022:History
1743:1919051
1221:imputed
1139:slavery
827:liberal
808:Puritan
751:of the
738:Amherst
142:Baptism
2542:
2516:(1979)
2508:(1956)
2500:(1937)
2490:(1936)
2477:(2020)
2469:(2006)
2461:(1991)
2453:(1991)
2445:(1983)
2437:(1973)
2427:(1861)
2414:(1955)
2406:(1874)
2396:(1810)
2375:(1906)
2367:(1849)
2359:(1849)
2351:(1832)
2343:(1810)
2335:(1804)
2325:(1803)
2308:(2012)
2300:(1981)
2292:(1838)
1895:
1864:
1841:
1787:
1764:
1741:
1708:
1195:Every
769:virtue
70:, and
1739:JSTOR
1321:Notes
1122:made
1120:glory
1116:cross
927:. In
174:Texts
2179:and
1893:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1212:All
1101:and
870:Adam
864:and
825:and
763:and
693:(or
1731:doi
1214:sin
958:in
878:sin
701:of
2581::
1920:,
1817:.
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1783:.
1779:.
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1737:.
1727:41
1725:.
1704:.
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1597:^
1570:^
1471:^
1456:^
1405:^
1328:^
1274:.)
1267:.)
1230:).
868:,
832:.
787:.
641:•
66:,
62:,
37:on
2183:)
2175:(
2167:)
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2057:)
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2007:e
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1993:v
1979:.
1967:.
1956:.
1945:.
1934:.
1901:.
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1793:.
1770:.
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1733::
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1655:.
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