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818:, which speak of God passing over rather than actively reprobating the damned. However, John Calvin rejected such a position, stating: "This they do ignorantly and childishly since there could be no election without its opposite reprobation ... whom God passes by he reprobates, and that for no other cause but because he is pleased to exclude them from the inheritance which he predestines to his children."
799:, arguing that faith is a free gift from God rather than something humans can choose. Noting that not all will hear or respond to God's offered covenant, Augustine considered that "the more general care of God for the world becomes particularised in God's care for the elect". He explicitly defended God's justice in sending newborn and stillborn babies to hell if they died without baptism.
888:
For Calvin's biblically-based theology, this diversity reveals the "unsearchable depth of the divine judgment", a judgment "subordinate to God's purpose of eternal election". God offers salvation to some, but not to all. To many this seems a perplexing subject, because they deem it "incongruous that
869:
Calvin's doctrine of providence is straightforward. "All events whatsoever are governed by the secret counsel of God." Therefore, "nothing happens but what has knowingly and willingly decreed." This excludes "fortune and chance." Calvin applied his doctrine of providence concerning "all events" to
813:
Some modern
Calvinists respond to the ethical dilemma of double predestination by explaining that God's active predestination is only for the elect. God provides grace to the elect causing salvation, but for the damned God withholds salvific grace. Calvinists teach that God remains just and fair in
946:
The WCF uses different words for the act of God's election and reprobation: "predestinated" and "foreordained" respectively. This suggests that the two do not operate in the same way. The term "equal ultimacy" is sometimes used of the view that the two decrees are symmetrical: God works equally to
892:
Thus, Calvin based his theological description of people as "predestinated to life or to death" on biblical authority and "actual fact". Calvin noted that
Scripture requires that we "consider this great mystery" of predestination, but he also warned against unrestrained "human curiosity" regarding
958:
Calvinists hold that even if their scheme is characterized as a form of determinism, it is one which insists upon the free agency and moral responsibility of the individual. Additionally, they hold that the will is in bondage to sin and therefore unable to actualize its true freedom. Hence, an
873:
Calvin opened his exposition of predestination with an "actual fact". The "actual fact" that Calvin observed was that even among those to whom "the covenant of life" is preached, it does not gain the same acceptance. Although, "all are called to repentance and faith", in fact, "the spirit of
885:, Calvin observed, "it is no new thing for the seed to fall among thorns or in stony places". In Jesus' teaching in John 6:65 that "no one can come to me unless it has been granted him by my Father", Calvin found the key to his theological interpretation of the diversity.
989:
reinterpreted the
Reformed doctrine of predestination. For Barth, God elects Christ as rejected and chosen man. Individual people are not the subjects of election, but are elected or rejected by virtue of their being in Christ. Interpreters of Barth such as
932:, the way he foreordains them is to simply let them be – this is sometimes called "preterition." Therefore, this foreordination to wrath is passive in nature (unlike God's active predestination of his elect where he needs to overcome their sinful nature).
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have called this a "Trinitarian" as opposed to a "speculative" view of predestination. According to
Guthrie, God freely loves all people, and his just condemnation of sinners is motivated by love and a desire for reconciliation.
814:
creating persons he predestines to damnation because although God unilaterally works in the elect producing regeneration, God does not actively force the damned to sin. Double predestination may not be the view of any of the
1361:
889:... some should be predestinated to salvation, and others to destruction". However, Calvin asserted that the incongruity can be resolved by proper views concerning "election and predestination".
977:, in the sense that grace enables a person to freely cooperate, being set free from the desire to do the opposite, so that cooperation is not the cause of salvation but the other way around.
955:, however, insists on equal ultimacy of election and reprobation in the divine decree, though he suggests that "we must not speak of an exact identity of divine causality behind both."
866:" spawned his doctrines of providence and predestination. For the world, without providence it would be "unlivable". For individuals, without predestination "no one would be saved".
965:) and since they view making a choice to trust God as an action or work, they maintain that the act of choosing cannot be the difference between salvation and damnation, as in the
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833:, on the other hand, argues that "Bullinger did not consistently articulate a doctrine of single predestination," and defended double predestination on a few occasions.
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says that he rejected it, preferring a view called "single predestination" where God elects some to salvation, but does not in any way predestine to reprobation.
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keep the elect in heaven and the reprobate out of heaven. This view is sometimes erroneously referred to as "double predestination", on which see above.
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individual whose will is enslaved to sin cannot choose to serve God. Since
Calvinists further hold that salvation is by grace apart from good works (
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scheme. Rather, God must first free the individual from his enslavement to sin to a greater degree than in
Arminianism, and then the
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Veldman, Ilja M. (1999). "Protestantism and the Arts: Sixteenth- and
Seventeenth-Century Netherlands". In Finney, Paul Corby (ed.).
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for a theological interpretation of the diversity that some people accept the "covenant of life" and some do not. Pointing to the
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argues against this position on the basis that it implies God "actively intervenes to work sin" in the lives of the reprobate.
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1650:. An explanation of free will under a Calvinist system (i.e., the difference between Calvinist predestination and fatalism).
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it. For believers, knowing that "the cause of our salvation did not proceed from us, but from God alone" evokes gratitude.
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779:. In Christianity, the doctrine that God unilaterally predestines some persons to heaven and some to hell originated with
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dealing with the question of the control that God exercises over the world. In the words of the
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nature of God's decree to choose those foreordained to eternal wrath, yet at the same time the
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Creation, in his mind, first decreed that the
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Calvinism places more emphasis on election compared to other branches of Christianity.
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The Antecedent and Consequent Will of God: Is this a Valid and Useful Distinction?
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taught double predestination. He wrote the foundational work on this topic,
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of some to salvation by grace, while leaving the remainder to receive
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individuals and their salvation in his doctrine of predestination.
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Predestination of the elect and non-elect was taught by the Jewish
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Seeing Beyond the Word: Visual Arts and the Calvinist Tradition
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1533:(2nd ed., Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, 1998), p. 360.
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1308:. New York: Clarendon Press. pp. 30, 33. Archived from
1110:. Kessinger Pub. Chapter III.1 'Of God's Eternal Decree'.
1062:. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 404.
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Ad Fontes. To the Sources: A Primer in Reformed Theology
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Susan E. Schreiner, "Predestination and Providence" in
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Martin Luther's Theology: A Contemporary Interpretation
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and his followers taught that people are not born with
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and consulting regularly with the Reformed theologian
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Heinrich Bullinger and the Doctrine of Predestination
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Nimmo, Paul T.; Fergusson, David A. S., eds. (2016).
1493:(Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, 1998), p. 345.
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This is possible because most Calvinists hold to an
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in Geneva, featuring prominent Reformed theologians
1173:. Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books. p. 103.
897:Reprobation: active decree, passive foreordination
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1531:A New Systematic Theology of the Christian Faith
1491:A New Systematic Theology of the Christian Faith
1083:"Westminster Assembly and Confession of Faith".
825:accepted the doctrine of double predestination.
616:North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council
1148:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45.
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1030:Two-Seed-in-the-Spirit Predestinarian Baptists
742:) to faith by God, all others are reprobated.
1463:"John Calvin: Calvin's Commentaries—Complete"
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1186:Culture and Philosophy in the Age of Plotinus
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611:International Conference of Reformed Churches
1146:The Cambridge Companion to Reformed Theology
1250:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 209.
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1087:. Chapter III.1 'Of God's Eternal Decree'.
874:repentance and faith is not given to all".
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1275:. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: P & R Pub.
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695:. Angels can be seen gathering the elect.
1594:) is being considered for deletion. See
1504:""Double" Predestination by R.C. Sproul"
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862:. Calvin's belief in the uncompromised "
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942:Free will in theology § Calvinism
114:Republication of the Covenant of Works
1617:A Brief Declaration on Predestination
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1469:. Christian Classics Ethereal Library
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1273:What Are Election and Predestination?
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821:Scholars have disagreed over whether
1450:Institutes of the Christian Religion
1437:Institutes of the Christian Religion
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601:World Communion of Reformed Churches
244:Institutes of the Christian Religion
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1108:The Westminster confession of faith
1085:Encyclopedia of Christianity Online
920:would take place, before decreeing
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877:Calvin turned to the teachings of
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1690:A criticism of predestination by
1598:to help reach a consensus. ›
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985:20th century Reformed theologian
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1671:Sermon #58: "On Predestination"
1635:Some Thoughts on Predestination
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229:Westminster Larger Catechism
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1712:Salvation in Protestantism
1368:. Accessed April 27, 2014.
1093:10.1163/2211-2685_eco_w.12
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1680:Sermon #128: "Free Grace"
1562:McKim, Donald K. (2001).
1543:McKim, Donald K. (2001).
1169:Epstein, Isidore (1966).
1106:Macpherson, John (2008).
901:Calvinists emphasise the
854:after his expulsion from
606:World Reformed Fellowship
119:Baptist Covenant Theology
1644:Divine and Human Freedom
1596:templates for discussion
1566:. Louisville, Kentucky:
1547:. Louisville, Kentucky:
1347:Nimmo, Fergusson, p. 45.
1005:Five points of Calvinism
850:(1539), while living in
730:. The former is called "
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1199:Widengren, Geo (1977).
1020:Theological determinism
689:Second Coming of Christ
104:Theology of John Calvin
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1184:Edwards, Mark (2006).
1035:Unconditional election
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740:regenerated/born again
732:unconditional election
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1665:Confessional Lutheran
1568:Westminster John Knox
1549:Westminster John Knox
1452:, 3.21.1 and 3.23.12.
1229:of Hippo, Augustine.
1214:of Hippo, Augustine.
808:Double predestination
803:Double predestination
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197:Heidelberg Catechism
187:Three Forms of Unity
182:Helvetic Confessions
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16:Theological doctrine
1551:. pp. 229–230.
1508:www.the-highway.com
1300:James, Frank A. III
1271:Phillips, Richard.
1218:. pp. 2:28-32.
734:", and the latter "
691:and references the
271:List of theologians
250:Systematic theology
1707:Calvinist theology
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781:Augustine of Hippo
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236:Barmen Declaration
1663:by A. Hussman (a
1570:. pp. 47–49.
1527:Robert L. Reymond
1487:Robert L. Reymond
1257:978-0-8028-2799-9
1155:978-1-107-02722-0
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953:Robert L. Reymond
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1667:perspective)
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1511:. Retrieved
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797:apostle Paul
793:original sin
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728:original sin
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476:Presbyterian
441:J. I. Packer
286:Martin Bucer
242:
172:Geneva Bible
145:
76:Christianity
1692:Tim Staples
1684:John Wesley
1675:John Wesley
1646: – by
1584:‹ The
1040:John Calvin
1015:Reprobation
971:regenerated
962:sola gratia
926:reprobation
918:Fall of Man
842:John Calvin
787:in 412 AD.
783:during the
777:Manichaeism
736:reprobation
526:Amyraldians
481:South Korea
401:John Machen
301:John Calvin
267:Theologians
177:Confessions
81:Reformation
53:John Calvin
1701:Categories
1513:2023-04-27
1473:2023-04-27
1413:, 3.22.10.
1316:2017-09-08
1046:References
987:Karl Barth
940:See also:
852:Strasbourg
773:Gnosticism
551:Neonomians
521:Afrikaners
411:Karl Barth
376:John Nevin
70:Background
1439:, 3.21.5.
1426:, 3.22.7.
1397:, 3.21.1.
1289:, 3.23.1.
1126:707096039
704:Calvinism
536:Huguenots
515:Movements
346:John Owen
306:John Knox
61:John Knox
1586:template
1448:Calvin,
1435:Calvin,
1422:Calvin,
1409:Calvin,
1393:Calvin,
1377:Calvin,
1362:Archived
1333:(2002).
1302:(1998).
1285:Calvin,
999:See also
967:Arminian
922:election
789:Pelagius
581:Puritans
571:Pilgrims
503:Anglican
98:Theology
24:a series
22:Part of
1588:below (
1171:Judaism
907:passive
757:Origins
716:destiny
131:Baptism
1605:Curlie
1591:Curlie
1254:
1231:Enchir
1152:
1124:
1114:
1066:
903:active
856:Geneva
775:, and
771:sect,
769:Essene
59:, and
879:Jesus
163:Texts
1252:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1122:OCLC
1112:ISBN
1064:ISBN
924:and
724:sins
1682:by
1673:by
1655:Con
1637:by
1628:by
1619:by
1611:Pro
1603:at
1089:doi
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630:•
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1516:.
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1128:.
1095:.
1091::
1072:.
668:e
661:t
654:v
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