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1624:
1008:, and he had been directed to rid the world of demon worship. This interpretation led him to conclude that he was the literal son of God and younger brother to Jesus. In contrast to some of the later leaders of his movement, Hong appears to have genuinely believed in his ascent to Heaven and divine mission. After coming to this conclusion Hong began destroying idols and enthusiastically preaching his interpretation of Christianity. As a symbolic gesture to purge China of Confucianism, he and the cousin asked for two giant swords, three
1906:
1137:
instability of the region meant that Hong's followers were inevitably drawn into conflict with other groups, not least because of their predominantly Hakka ethnicity. There are records of numerous incidents when local villages and clans, as well as groups of pirates and bandits, came into conflict with the authorities, and responded by fleeing to join Hong's movement. The rising tension between the sect and the authorities was probably the most important factor in Hong's eventual decision to rebel.
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1243:, which had been translated into Chinese as sweetened dew and a medicinal herb. Hong himself gathered weeds from the grounds of his palace, which he then ate. Hong fell ill in April 1864, possibly due to his ingestion of the weeds, and died on 1 June 1864. Although Hong likely died of his illness, suicide by poison has also been suggested. He was buried in a yellow-silk shroud without a coffin according to Taiping custom, near the former
1059:, where distant relatives of Hong's resided, including two early converts who had returned home. It is in or near Sigu that Hong begins to draft "Exhortations to Worship the One True God", his first substantial work. In November 1844, after having preached in Guangxi for five months, Hong returned home without Feng and resumed his previous job as a village teacher, while continuing to write religious tracts.
1156:
1638:
2294:, p. 67 "The two men discuss Hong's dream, and feel that some of it, at least, can be understood literally. So together they ordered a local craftsman to forge two double-edged swords – each sword nine pounds in weight, and three feet in length – with three characters carved upon each blade, 'Sword for exterminating demons'."
1121:", which he based on Gutzlaff's translation. He presented his followers with the Bible as a vision of the authentic religion that had existed in ancient China before it was wiped out by Confucius and the imperial system. The deity of the Old Testament punished evil nations and rewarded those who followed his commandments, even music, food, and marriage laws.
1114:, as well as a localized Bible translated into Chinese. Many Western missionaries grew jealous of Hong and his local ministry. These competing missionaries were fond of spreading defamatory rumors such as his "lack of baptism." (Hong and his cousin were in fact both baptized according to the way prescribed in the pamphlet "Good words to admonish the age").
1107:; God the Father in the case of Yang and Jesus Christ in the case of Xiao. When Hong and Feng returned in the summer of 1849, they investigated Yang and Xiao's claims and declared them to be genuine. Hong ministered to the faithful in outdoor meetings strongly resembling the Baptist tent revivals he had witnessed with Issachar Roberts.
966:, Stevens's assistant, and contained excerpts from the Bible along with homilies and other material prepared by Liang. Supposedly, Hong only briefly looked over these pamphlets and did not pay much attention to them at the time. Unsurprisingly, he again failed the imperial examinations, which had a pass rate of less than one percent.
1224:, also known as the "Eastern King", was a fellow Taiping leader who had directed successful military campaigns, and who often claimed to speak with the voice of God. Hong became increasingly suspicious of Yang's ambitions and his network of spies. In 1856, he and others in the Taiping élite had Yang and his family
1206:. Here, they encountered an elite militia created by a local member of the gentry specifically to put down peasant rebellions. The two forces fought at Soyi Ford on 10 June 1852; the rebels were forced into retreat, and 20% of their troops were killed. However, in March 1853, Hong's forces managed to take
1079:
translations of the Old and New
Testaments, converted to Protestantism and requested to be baptized by Roberts. Roberts refused to do so, possibly due to Hong being tricked by the other converts into requesting monetary aid from Roberts. Hong left Guangzhou on 12 July 1847 to search for Feng Yunshan.
1050:
and they were persecuted by
Confucians who forced them to leave their positions as village tutors. In April 1844, Hong, Feng Yunshan, and two other relatives of Hong left Hua county to travel and preach. They first journeyed to Guangzhou and preached in the outlying areas before heading northwest to
986:
and high-brimmed hat with a long golden beard, lamented that men were worshiping demons rather than he himself, and presented Hong with a sword and golden seal with which to slay the demons infesting Heaven. Furthermore, he did so with the help of his celestial older-brother and a heavenly army. The
1193:
Hong and his troops remained in Yongan for three months, sustained by local landowners who were hostile to the Manchu-ruled Qing
Dynasty. The imperial army regrouped and launched another attack on the rebels in Yongan. Having run out of gunpowder, Hong's followers fought their way out by sword, and
995:
In 1843, Hong failed the imperial examinations for the fourth and final time. It was only then, prompted by a visit by his cousin, that Hong took time to carefully examine the
Christian pamphlets he had received. After reading these pamphlets, Hong came to believe that they had given him the key to
1213:
After establishing his capital at
Nanjing, Hong implemented an ambitious reform and modernization program. He created an elaborate civil bureaucracy, reformed the calendar used in his kingdom, outlawed opium use, and introduced a number of reforms designed to make women more socially equal to men.
991:
being punished by Hong's celestial father for leading the people astray. His acquaintances would later claim that after awakening from his dreams Hong became more careful, friendly, and open, while his pace became imposing and firm and his height and size increased. Hong stopped studying for the
1163:
By 1850, Hong had between 10,000 and 30,000 followers. The authorities were alarmed at the growing size of the sect, and ordered them to disperse. A local force was sent to attack them when they refused, but the imperial troops were routed and a deputy magistrate killed. A full-scale attack was
954:
to take the provincial examinations. He was unsuccessful and, his parents being unable to afford to continue his education, he was forced to return to agricultural work. The next year, he accompanied a wealthy schoolmate elsewhere for a year of study and became a village schoolteacher upon his
1136:
had accumulated a following of around 2,000 converts. Guangxi was a dangerous area at this time with many bandit groups based in the mountains and pirates on the rivers. Perhaps due to these more pressing concerns, the authorities were largely tolerant of Hong and his followers. However, the
1124:
Hong made some minor changes in the text, such as correcting misprints and improving the prose style, but adapted the meaning elsewhere to fit his own theology and moral teachings. For instance, in
Genesis 27:25 the Israelites did not drink wine, and in Genesis 38:16–26 he omitted the sexual
1254:
On 30 July 1864, Qing forces exhumed, beheaded, and cremated Hong
Xiuquan's body. Zeng Guofan had ordered this done to verify Hong Xiuquan's death. The ashes were blasted out of a cannon to ensure that his remains had no resting place, as eternal punishment for the uprising.
1185:
outnumbered them ten to one, and had recruited the help of the river pirates to keep the rebellion contained to
Jintian. After a month of preparation the rebels managed to break through the blockade and fight their way to the town of Yongan (distinct from
982:, Hong dreamed of visiting Heaven, where he discovered that he possessed a celestial family distinct from his earthly family, which included a heavenly father, mother, elder brother, sister-in-law, wife, and son. His heavenly father, wearing a black
1438:), written in 1837 by Hong Xiuquan, illustrates his religious thinking and goal that later led to the establishment of the "Heavenly Kingdom of Taiping". Note that in the seventh line, the name of the then yet-to-come kingdom is mentioned.
987:
father figure later informed Hong that his given name violated taboos and had to be changed, suggesting as one option the "Hong
Xiuquan" moniker ultimately adopted by Hong. In later embellishments, Hong would declare that he also saw
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commander of the government army. Hong declared the founding of the "Heavenly
Kingdom of Transcendent Peace" on 11 January 1851. Despite this evidence of planning, Hong and his followers faced immediate challenges. The local
1214:
Hong ruled by making frequent proclamations from his Heavenly Palace, demanding strict compliance with various moral and religious rules. Most trade was suppressed, and some communal land ownership was introduced.
890:
that spiraled into the further purge of more Taiping leaders. The kingdom gradually lost ground and in June 1864, in the face of Qing advance, Hong died following a period of illness and was succeeded by his son,
931:. Some sources claim his family was "well to do". He and his family moved to Guanlubu Village shortly after his birth. Upon marrying his wife Lai Xiying, Hong received the courtesy name "Renkun." His sister,
1037:
and books in his house, and began preaching to his community about his visions. Some of his earliest converts were relatives of his who had also failed their examinations and belonged to the Hakka minority,
1318:. Scholars that promote the opinion that a strong similarity exists between Li and Hong note that both rallied a large number of people behind a religious or spiritual cause in order to challenge the
942:
Hong showed an interest in scholarship at an early age, so his family made financial sacrifices to provide a formal education for him, in the hope that he could one day complete all of the
962:, a foreign missionary, and his interpreter preaching about Christianity. From them, Hong received a set of pamphlets entitled "Good Words for Exhorting the Age", which were written by
1129:
and oriental syncretism. While proclaiming sexual equality, the sect segregated men from women and encouraged all its followers to pay their assets into a communal treasury.
950:
after five or six years. He then took the local entry-level civil service examinations and placed first. A few years later, he traveled to the provincial capital of
2574:
874:, marking the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion. He then declared himself the Heavenly King of the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace. Taiping rebels captured the city of
1046:. He collaborated with them to destroy holy statues in small villages, to the ire of local citizens and officials. Hong and his converts' acts were considered
1051:
White Tiger Village. There, Hong and Feng Yunshan parted ways before traveling some 400 kilometers (250 mi) to the southwest to the village of Sigu,
927:
established based on documentary evidence that Hong was born on 1 January 1814. This date is accepted by most scholars, including noted Chinese historian
1357:
later. The series is proclaimed by the People's Republic of China's National Affairs Department to be a Protected National Significant Document in 1988.
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Following a failed attempt by the Taiping rebels to take Shanghai in 1860, Qing government forces, aided by Western officers, slowly gained ground.
1110:
Most of Hong Xiuquan's knowledge of the scriptures came from the books known as "Good Words to Admonish the Age" written by the Chinese preacher
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imperial examinations and sought work as a teacher. For the next several years Hong taught at several schools around the area of his hometown.
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1202:. However, the fortifications of Guilin proved too strong, and Hong and his followers eventually gave up and set out northwards, towards
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In 1847, Hong began his translation and adaptation of the Bible, what came to be known as "Authorized Taiping Version of the Bible", or "
882:
of the kingdom, after which Hong withdrew to his new palace and began ruling through proclamations. He became increasingly suspicious of
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jointly emerged to lead the "God Worshipers" themselves. Both claimed to enter trances which allowed them to speak as a member of the
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to spread Hong's teachings. By 1850, Hong's sect had over 10,000 followers and increasingly came into conflict with Qing authorities.
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In the spring of 1864, Tianjing was besieged and dangerously low on food supplies. Hong's solution was to order his subjects to eat
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In 1836, at the age of 22, Hong returned to Guangzhou to retake the imperial examinations. While in Guangzhou, Hong heard
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on 27 August 1847. There, he reunited with Feng and discovered the "Society of God-Worshippers" that Feng had founded.
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No less that 9 dates have been given for Hong Xiuquan's birth: 1 January 1814 is accepted by most scholars, including
1095:, and Hong Xiuquan left for Guangdong shortly thereafter to once again reunite with Feng. In Feng and Hong's absence,
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Kilcourse, Carl S. "Instructing the Heavenly King: Joseph Edkins's Mission to Correct the Theology of Hong Xiuquan."
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was forbidden and men and women were separated, although Hong and other leaders maintained groups of concubines.
1075:. Hong accepted the invitation and traveled to Guangzhou with his cousin, Hong Rengan. Once there, Hong studied
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that subsequently spun out of control, resulting in the further purge of its main perpetrator Wei Changhui.
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Although robbed of all of his possessions, including his demon-slaying sword, by bandits in the town of
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and his mother was surnamed Wang. No less than nine different dates are given for Hong Xiuquan's birth:
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946:. Hong began studying at a primary school in his village at the age of five. He was able to recite the
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generally admired Hong and his rebellion as a legitimate peasant uprising that anticipated their own.
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2563:"Did the Hakka Save China? Ethnicity, Identity, and Minority Status in China's Modern Transformation"
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came from the same area as Hong and was said to have identified with Hong since his childhood days.
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relations between the father and his son's widow. Hong preached a mixture of communal utopianism,
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There has been an active academic debate on the degree to which Hong is similar or dissimilar to
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In 1847, Hong Xiuquan was invited by a member of the Chinese Union to study with the American
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1322:. Scholars disputing a close relationship note that Li's political intentions are debatable.
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In 1837, Hong attempted and failed the imperial examinations for a third time, leading to a
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2599:(Cambridge University Press, 1978). Cambridge Histories Online. Cambridge University Press.
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established a small museum in 1959, the "Hong Xiuquan's Former Residence Memorial Museum" (
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According to P. Richard Bohr, this is a Woodblock print of an unidentified Taiping leader.
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launched by government forces in the first month of 1851, in what came to be known as the
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China a to Z: Everything You Need to Know to Understand Chinese Customs and Culture
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tree planted by him. The museum's plate is written by the famous literary figure
1176:) where the sect was based. Hong's followers emerged victorious and beheaded the
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My eyes see through beyond the west, the north, the rivers, and the mountains,
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Kuhn, Philip A. (1978), "The Taiping Rebellion", in Fairbank, John K. (ed.),
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1307:(1892–1978). The residence and Book Chamber Building were renovated in 1961.
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I slay the evil, preserve the righteous, and relieve the people's suffering.
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In January 1851, Hong organized a rebel army and routed the Qing forces at
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843:, and he had been directed to rid the world of demon worship. He rejected
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835:. He came to believe that his celestial father he saw in the visions was
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family living in the village of Fuyuan Springs, Hua county (now part of
855:, which Hong presented as a restoration of the ancient Chinese faith in
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The Visions of Hung-Siu-tshuen and Origin of the Kwang-si Insurrection
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Hong Xiuquan, born "Hong Huoxiu", was the third and youngest son of a
831:, Hong claimed to have experienced mystical visions after failing the
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Taiping Theology: The Localization of Christianity in China, 1843–64
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The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire
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Alleged drawing of Hong Xiuquan, dating from around the early 1850s
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In my hand I wield the Universe and the power to attack and kill,
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from Chinese tradition), the elder brother that he had seen was
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God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan
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886:, his fellow Taiping leader, and engineered Yang's murder in a
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Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to the 1980s
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The domineering air will be joyous for myriads of millennia.
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over large portions of southern China, with himself as its "
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My voice shakes the east, the south, the Sun, and the Moon.
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In January 1848, Feng Yunshan was arrested and banished to
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Instructions on the Original Way to Make the World Realize
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China Unbound: Evolving Perspectives on the Chinese Past
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1020:(about 4.5 kg), called the "demon-slaying swords" (
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Poem on Executing the Evil and Preserving the Righteous
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Poem on Executing the Evil and Preserving the Righteous
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Falun Gong in the United States: An Ethnographic Study
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The glorious sword of authority was given by the Lord,
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College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University
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De Bary, William Theodore; Lufrano, Richard (2000).
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Instructions on the Original Way to Awake the World
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2824:, Santa Barabara, CA: ABC-CLIO, pp. 165–168,
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1361:Instructions on the Original Way to Save the World
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2875:, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press,
1274:Views and opinions on Hong differ greatly. The
2916:Mountain of Fame: Portraits in Chinese History
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2949:United States Government Printing Office
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2699:. Universal-Publishers. pp. 89–92.
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2914:Wills, John E. (1994), "Hong Xiuquan",
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785:(1 January 1814 – 1 June 1864), born
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2491:The Wobbling Pivot: China Since 1800
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189:: 11 January 1851 – 1 June 1864
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2765:The Taiping Revolutionary Movement
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1141:Rebellion and the Heavenly Kingdom
878:in March 1853 and declared it the
839:, his celestial elder brother was
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1890:(in Chinese). 1 September 1997.
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2809:Late Ch'ing 1800–1911, Part I.
2487:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2010).
1977:Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (1975).
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1790:
1772:
1753:
1706:Conversion of Paul the Apostle
1598:
1580:
1558:
1540:
1522:
1504:
1486:
1468:
1447:
1434:
1415:
1403:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1349:
1336:
1295:
1022:
741:
727:
711:
697:
683:
645:
546:
532:
516:
502:
488:
450:
351:
337:
321:
307:
293:
255:
49:
1:
2822:China at War: An Encyclopedia
2391:. Penguin. 25 November 2014.
1721:
71:11 January 1851 – 1 June 1864
2232:Sources of Chinese Tradition
1840:
1821:
1784:
7:
2781:Kilcourse, Carl S. (2016).
2749:, Oxford University Press,
1711:Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)
1615:
1428:The following poem, titled
10:
3673:
3617:People from Huadu District
2869:Reilly, Thomas H. (2004),
2848:; Chang, Chung-li (1966),
2176:Hamberg, Theodore (1854).
1981:The Fall of Imperial China
1399:The Heavenly Father's poem
1355:Imperial Decree of Taiping
1332:Imperial Decree of Taiping
1291:People's Republic of China
1144:
1029:Hong began by burning all
944:civil service examinations
130:, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
18:
3607:Heavenly kings of Taiping
3522:
3506:
3472:
3336:
3292:
3140:
3029:
2980:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2820:, in Li, Xiaobing (ed.),
2767:, Yale University Press,
2728:, Doubleday & Company
2724:Anderson, Flavia (1959),
2561:Bohr, P. Richard (2009).
1800:
1763:
1423:
1289:To honor his legacy, the
1258:
1000:(whom he identified with
776:
758:
751:
734:
720:
704:
690:
676:
669:
664:
660:
638:
633:
612:
598:
584:
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117:
113:, Guangdong, Qing dynasty
95:
89:
85:
75:
67:
60:
40:
3647:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
3642:Self-proclaimed monarchy
3582:Educators from Guangdong
3572:Converts to Christianity
2974:Heavenly King of Taiping
2938:"Hung Hsiu-ch'üan"
2654:Michael & Chang 1966
2537:Michael & Chang 1966
2510:Michael & Chang 1966
2475:Michael & Chang 1966
2463:Michael & Chang 1966
2448:Michael & Chang 1966
2280:Michael & Chang 1966
2180:. Hong Kong. p. 14.
2164:Michael & Chang 1966
2113:Michael & Chang 1966
1941:Michael & Chang 1966
1726:
1234:
1151:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
1084:, he eventually reached
903:Early life and education
814:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
3592:Generals from Guangdong
3567:Chinese revolutionaries
3436:Frederick Townsend Ward
2803:(2020) 71#1 pp 116–134.
2733:Cohen, Paul A. (2003),
1681:Sino-Christian theology
865:God Worshipping Society
230:God Worshipping Society
179:Era name and dates
3632:Writers from Guangzhou
3622:Self-declared messiahs
1271:
1160:
1073:Issachar Jacox Roberts
970:Visions and iconoclasm
3657:Posthumous executions
3473:Other notable figures
3030:Battles and campaigns
2933:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
2816:Li, Xiaobing (2012),
2693:Porter, Noah (2003).
1716:Christianity in China
1701:Entering heaven alive
1266:
1198:, to which they laid
1194:made for the city of
1158:
1063:The "God Worshippers"
833:imperial examinations
812:. He established the
62:Taiping Heavenly King
3507:Miscellaneous topics
3349:Empress Dowager Cixi
2967:Position established
2763:Jen, Yu-Wen (1973),
1267:A statue of Hong in
1245:Ming Imperial Palace
1188:places named Yong'an
1071:missionary Reverend
3577:Deified Chinese men
3329:(Red Turban rebels)
3293:Other rebel leaders
3062:Northern Expedition
2890:Spence, Jonathan D.
2741:Gray, Jack (1990),
2623:, pp. 324–325.
1676:Liberation theology
1226:murdered in a purge
1183:Green Standard Army
3557:Chinese dissidents
3552:Chinese Christians
3067:Eastern Expedition
3057:Western Expedition
1691:Private revelation
1272:
1161:
3652:Founding monarchs
3627:Taiping Rebellion
3529:
3528:
3077:Tianjing incident
3023:Taiping Rebellion
2990:
2989:
2981:Succeeded by
2858:Michael, Franz H.
2846:Michael, Franz H.
2831:978-1-59884-415-3
2726:The Rebel Emperor
2706:978-1-58112-190-2
2527:, pp. 74–79.
2450:, pp. 34–37.
2426:, pp. 94–95.
2414:, pp. 93–94.
2357:, pp. 78–79.
2242:978-0-231-11271-0
2127:, pp. 47–48.
2100:, pp. 15–18.
2076:, pp. 14–15.
1955:, pp. 11–12.
1943:, pp. 21–22.
1903:, pp. 78–80.
1613:
1612:
1147:Taiping Rebellion
1119:The Taiping Bible
1026:), to be forged.
976:nervous breakdown
937:Taiping Rebellion
863:then founded the
806:Taiping Rebellion
780:
779:
772:
771:
671:Standard Mandarin
629:
628:
586:Yale Romanization
476:Standard Mandarin
434:
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391:Yale Romanization
281:Standard Mandarin
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3344:Xianfeng Emperor
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1913:Kilcourse (2016)
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1644:Biography portal
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1571:in front of Him.
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1086:Thistle Mountain
1069:Southern Baptist
1035:Buddhist statues
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880:Heavenly Capital
859:. His associate
802:religious leader
796:, was a Chinese
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2900:, W.W. Norton,
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1785:Fùng Siu-chhiòn
1758:
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1696:Messiah complex
1658:Politics portal
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1153:
1145:Main articles:
1143:
1077:Karl Gützlaff's
1065:
972:
905:
899:a month later.
722:Tongyong Pinyin
712:
527:Tongyong Pinyin
517:
397:Hùhng Sauchyùhn
376:Fùng Siu-chhiòn
338:Hóng Siòu-cyuán
332:Tongyong Pinyin
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3153:Hong Tianguifu
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2984:Hong Tianguifu
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2959:Regnal titles
2954:
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2935:, ed. (1943).
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2818:"Hong Xiuquan"
2813:
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2797:
2791:
2778:
2774:978-1597407434
2773:
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2685:
2683:, p. 212.
2670:
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2658:
2656:, p. 173.
2646:
2644:, p. 325.
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2019:, p. 165.
2002:
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1053:Guiping county
998:God the Father
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913:Huadu District
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893:Hong Tianguifu
853:millenarianism
837:God the Father
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698:ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄏㄨㄛˇ ㄒㄧㄡˋ
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665:Transcriptions
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470:Transcriptions
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275:Transcriptions
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3345:
3342:
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3328:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:(Nian Rebels)
3309:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
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3164:Hong Xuanjiao
3162:
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2917:
2912:
2909:
2907:0-393-03844-0
2903:
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2805:
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2798:
2794:
2792:9781137537287
2788:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2756:0-19-821576-2
2752:
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2596:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2551:, p. 68.
2550:
2545:
2539:, p. 47.
2538:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2512:, p. 25.
2511:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2483:
2477:, p. 37.
2476:
2471:
2465:, p. 35.
2464:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2438:, p. 95.
2437:
2432:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2376:, p. 93.
2375:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2345:, p. 72.
2344:
2339:
2333:, p. 71.
2332:
2327:
2325:
2318:, p. 69.
2317:
2312:
2306:, p. 67.
2305:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2282:, p. 36.
2281:
2276:
2270:, p. 65.
2269:
2264:
2258:, p. 64.
2257:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2219:, p. 20.
2218:
2213:
2207:, p. 19.
2206:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2179:
2172:
2166:, p. 28.
2165:
2160:
2154:, p. 49.
2153:
2148:
2142:, p. 48.
2141:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2115:, p. 23.
2114:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2094:
2088:, p. 55.
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2064:, p. 14.
2063:
2058:
2052:, p. 13.
2051:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2031:, p. 12.
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1973:
1967:, p. 27.
1966:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1925:Reilly (2004)
1921:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1901:Spence (1996)
1897:
1889:
1882:
1881:"洪天贵福亲书自述、诗句"
1876:
1874:
1867:, p. 10.
1866:
1861:
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1666:Hong Xuanjiao
1664:
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960:Edwin Stevens
956:
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949:
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940:
938:
934:
933:Hong Xuanjiao
930:
926:
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838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
818:Heavenly King
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:revolutionary
795:
792:
791:courtesy name
789:and with the
788:
784:
775:
763:
761:
757:
754:
750:
744:
739:
737:
733:
728:Hóng Huǒ-siòu
725:
723:
719:
713:Hung Huo-hsiu
709:
707:
703:
695:
693:
689:
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679:
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654:
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617:
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611:
603:
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583:
580:
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571:Fùng Yìn-khûn
568:
566:
562:
559:
555:
549:
544:
542:
538:
530:
528:
524:
518:Hung Jen-k'un
514:
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494:
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439:Courtesy name
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93:Hong Huoxiu (
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
46:
43:
42:
39:
36:
32:
31:
26:
22:
3495:
3480:Fu Shanxiang
3461:
3441:
3428:
3415:
3402:
3392:Zuo Zongtang
3384:
3369:Li Hongzhang
3324:
3305:
3300:Zhang Lexing
3270:
3254:Chen Yucheng
3213:
3208:Wei Changhui
3200:
3195:Xiao Chaogui
3187:
3182:Feng Yunshan
3174:
3169:Yang Xiuqing
3148:Hong Xiuquan
3147:
3087:2nd Jiangnan
3072:1st Jiangnan
2972:
2966:
2942:
2915:
2895:
2871:
2861:
2849:
2835:, retrieved
2821:
2808:
2800:
2785:. Springer.
2782:
2764:
2744:
2734:
2725:
2718:Bibliography
2695:
2688:
2661:
2649:
2616:
2604:
2595:
2583:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2549:Michael 1966
2544:
2532:
2505:
2490:
2482:
2470:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2387:
2381:
2350:
2338:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2231:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2177:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2120:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2024:
1980:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1920:
1908:
1896:
1887:
1829:
1814:
1808:
1792:
1777:
1773:Hóng Xiùquán
1771:
1755:
1630:China portal
1606:
1605:
1596:
1588:
1587:
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1566:
1565:
1556:
1548:
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1538:
1530:
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1466:
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1456:
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1445:
1444:
1429:
1427:
1410:
1398:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1354:
1344:
1331:
1326:Publications
1319:
1309:
1288:
1273:
1253:
1238:
1230:
1222:Yang Xiuqing
1220:
1212:
1192:
1162:
1134:Feng Yunshan
1131:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1101:Xiao Chaogui
1097:Yang Xiuqing
1090:
1066:
1048:sacrilegious
1040:Feng Yunshan
1028:
1015:
1009:
1006:Jesus Christ
994:
980:convalescing
973:
957:
941:
906:
897:Nanjing fell
884:Yang Xiuqing
869:
861:Feng Yunshan
845:Confucianism
841:Jesus Christ
823:Born into a
822:
810:Qing dynasty
808:against the
804:who led the
793:
786:
783:Hong Xiuquan
782:
781:
678:Hanyu Pinyin
533:Hóng Rén-kun
503:ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄎㄨㄣ
483:Hanyu Pinyin
294:Hóng Xiùquán
288:Hanyu Pinyin
240:Hong Xiuquan
215:Madam Wang (
145:
138:Lai Xiying (
123:(1864-06-01)
44:Hong Xiuquan
35:
28:
21:Chinese name
3547:1864 deaths
3542:1814 births
3514:Noble ranks
3490:Yang Fuqing
3354:Zeng Guofan
3314:Su Sanniang
3243:Li Xiucheng
3221:Hong Rengan
3122:3rd Nanking
3052:1st Nanjing
2666:Spence 1996
2642:Spence 1996
2621:Spence 1996
2609:Spence 1996
2525:Reilly 2004
2436:Spence 1996
2424:Spence 1996
2412:Spence 1996
2374:Spence 1996
2355:Spence 1996
2343:Spence 1996
2331:Spence 1996
2316:Spence 1996
2304:Spence 1996
2292:Spence 1996
2268:Spence 1996
2256:Spence 1996
2152:Spence 1996
2140:Spence 1996
2125:Spence 1996
1965:Spence 1996
1915:, p. .
1888:jds.cssn.cn
1822:Fùng Fó-siu
1816:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
1810:Hóng Huǒxiù
1779:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
1744:Jian Youwen
1284:Sun Yat-sen
1044:Hong Rengan
984:dragon robe
925:Jian Youwen
787:Hong Huoxiu
760:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
684:Hóng Huǒxiù
565:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
489:Hóng Rénkūn
370:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
121:1 June 1864
25:family name
3536:Categories
3423:Xiang Rong
3278:Qin Rigang
3265:Li Shixian
2978:1851-1864
2925:0691055424
2882:0295984309
2681:Cohen 2003
2567:Headwaters
2495:. p.
1987:Free Press
1927:, p.
1748:Luo Ergang
1722:References
1686:Autotheism
1320:status quo
1316:Li Hongzhi
1312:Falun Gong
1280:Mao Zedong
1276:Communists
1127:evangelism
948:Four Books
929:Luo Ergang
888:1856 purge
827:family in
766:Fùng Fósiu
706:Wade–Giles
634:Birth name
511:Wade–Giles
316:Wade–Giles
111:Hua County
104:1814-01-01
3637:Theocrats
3524:See also:
3485:Hu Jiumei
3379:Jirhangga
3319:Qiu Ersao
3232:Shi Dakai
3117:Changzhou
3107:Guanzhong
2588:Kuhn 1978
2186:cite book
2086:Gray 1990
1841:Citations
1350:《原道醒世訓》系列
1305:Guo Moruo
1093:Guangdong
1031:Confucian
989:Confucius
952:Guangzhou
917:Guangzhou
829:Guangzhou
76:Successor
3102:Shanghai
3042:Changsha
2892:(1996),
2860:(1966),
2217:Jen 1973
2205:Jen 1973
2098:Jen 1973
2074:Jen 1973
2062:Jen 1973
2050:Jen 1973
2029:Jen 1973
1953:Jen 1973
1865:Jen 1973
1616:See also
1599:威風快樂萬千年。
1581:太平一統光世界，
1559:詩章憑據誦爺前，
1541:璽劍光榮存帝賜，
1523:聲振東南日月邊。
1505:眼通西北江山外，
1487:斬邪留正解民懸。
1469:手握乾坤殺伐權，
1419:) (1859)
1407:) (1857)
1347:Series (
1340:) (1852)
1314:founder
1296:洪秀全故居紀念館
1216:Polygamy
1112:Liang Fa
1082:Meizixun
964:Liang Fa
955:return.
692:Bopomofo
600:Jyutping
497:Bopomofo
405:Jyutping
302:Bopomofo
226:Religion
128:Tianjing
19:In this
3496:†
3462:†
3442:†
3429:†
3416:†
3410:He Chun
3403:†
3385:†
3364:Guanwen
3325:†
3306:†
3271:†
3214:†
3201:†
3188:†
3175:†
3047:Wuchang
3037:Jintian
2017:Li 2012
1797:Chinese
1760:Chinese
1448:《斬邪留正詩》
1390:《原道覺世訓》
1378:《原道醒世訓》
1366:《原道救世訓》
1269:Nanjing
1208:Nanjing
1174:Guangxi
1170:Guiping
1105:Trinity
1057:Guangxi
1002:Shangdi
921:headman
876:Nanjing
872:Jintian
857:Shangdi
640:Chinese
445:Chinese
250:Chinese
3492:
3458:
3438:
3425:
3412:
3399:
3381:
3321:
3302:
3280:
3267:
3256:
3245:
3234:
3223:
3210:
3197:
3184:
3171:
3155:
3132:Fujian
3097:Anqing
3092:Ningbo
2922:
2904:
2879:
2837:21 May
2828:
2789:
2771:
2753:
2703:
2395:
2239:
1993:
1807::
1805:pinyin
1799::
1770::
1768:pinyin
1762::
1569:Yahweh
1424:Poetry
1416:《資政新篇》
1337:《太平詔書》
1301:longan
1278:under
1259:Legacy
1196:Guilin
1178:Manchu
849:Daoism
794:Renkun
212:Mother
198:Father
135:Spouse
23:, the
3127:Hubei
3082:Sanhe
2577:: 13.
1884:(PDF)
1727:Notes
1435:斬邪留正詩
1404:《天父詩》
1241:manna
1235:Death
1204:Hunan
1200:siege
915:) in
909:Hakka
825:Hakka
753:Hakka
558:Hakka
363:Hakka
163:Names
68:Reign
3112:Cixi
2920:ISBN
2902:ISBN
2877:ISBN
2839:2012
2826:ISBN
2787:ISBN
2769:ISBN
2751:ISBN
2701:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2192:link
1991:ISBN
1746:and
1343:The
1149:and
1099:and
1042:and
1033:and
851:and
800:and
186:太平天囯
118:Died
90:Born
30:Hong
2497:104
1801:洪火秀
1764:洪秀全
1023:斬妖劍
1017:jin
1011:chi
820:".
736:IPA
614:IPA
541:IPA
419:IPA
346:IPA
204:洪鏡揚
171:洪秀全
151:賴蓮英
141:賴惜英
96:洪火秀
50:洪秀全
27:is
3538::
2947:.
2941:.
2673:^
2628:^
2573:.
2571:26
2569:.
2565:.
2517:^
2455:^
2362:^
2323:^
2188:}}
2184:{{
2132:^
2105:^
2036:^
2005:^
1989:.
1985:.
1886:.
1872:^
1849:^
1813:,
1803:;
1776:,
1766:;
1735:^
1251:.
1172:,
1055:,
939:.
895:.
218:王氏
146:or
144:)
3015:e
3008:t
3001:v
2951:.
2795:.
2709:.
2590:.
2499:.
2401:.
2245:.
2194:)
1999:.
1931:.
1929:4
1818::
1781::
1750:.
1432:(
1413:(
1401:(
1393:)
1387:(
1381:)
1375:(
1369:)
1363:(
1334:(
653:秀
650:火
647:洪
458:坤
455:仁
452:洪
263:全
260:秀
257:洪
221:)
207:)
174:)
154:)
106:)
102:(
99:)
33:.
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