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523:. He ordered his troops to treat the Filipinos not as enemies but as friends, and respect their customs and religion. In one instance, on his approach to Manila, Homma stopped his columns and ordered the men to clean up and tighten formations, believing that unkempt soldiers are more likely to loot and rape.
755:
There's no question but that some men who were either weak or wounded were shot or bayoneted on this Death March. The question is how many echelons of command up is a person responsible to the point where you should condemn him for murder or crime, and that is what
General Homma was accused of ... We
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attesting to the abuse and poor conditions encountered by the Allied soldiers during the march. In particular, James
Baldassarre, a survivor of the march, testified to the killings of two Allied officers by the Japanese, and Homma's indifference to the illness and suffering of the Allied prisoners of
674:
that he had forgotten about the prisoners' treatment, believing that his officers were properly handling the matter. He claimed that he did not learn of the atrocity until after the war, though his headquarters were only 500 feet (150 m) from the route of the march, stating in court, "I came to
592:, commencing in January 1942, was one of the most intense in the campaign. Following Japanese victory in April, at least 60,000 Allied prisoners of war were marched 60 miles (100 km) to a prisoner-of-war camp. Due to ill treatment and abuse from Japanese soldiers, at least 5,500 Allied soldiers
557:
by
Filipino-American forces might succeed in upsetting the Japanese timetable. By the time he recognized his mistake, his best infantry division had been replaced by a poorly trained reserve brigade, greatly weakening his assault force. Rather than waste his men in furious frontal assaults, he tried
768:
If this defendant does not deserve his judicial fate, none in jurisdictional history ever did. There can be no greater, more heinous, or more dangerous crime than the mass destruction, under guise of military authority or military necessity, of helpless men incapable of further contribution to war
618:
regarded Homma as not aggressive enough in war (resulting in the high cost and long delay in securing the
American and Filipino forces' surrender), and too lenient with the Filipino people in peace, and he was subsequently forced into retirement in August 1943. Homma retired from the military and
686:
While it is unclear, according to historian Kevin C. Murphy, whether Homma ordered the atrocities that occurred during the march, his lack of administrative expertise, and his inability to adequately delegate authority and control his men, helped to enable the atrocities. After
American–Filipino
756:
need to cogitate about our wisdom in condemning
General Homma to death. I must admit I was not much in favor of it. In fact, I opposed it but I could only oppose it to a point that allowed him to be shot as a soldier and not hanged ... I thought he was an outstanding soldier.
472:
of 1936. He then served as the commander of the Taiwan Army of the
Imperial Armed Forces, and composed the lyric of the military song "Taiwan Army". Yamaguchi Yoshiko ("Lee Shiang Lan" in Chinese) was invited to sing the song to boost Taiwanese morale.
675:
know for the first time in the court of atrocities, and I am ashamed of myself should these atrocities have happened." Robert Pelz, a member of Homma's defense team, noted in his diary, "I truly believe had no idea of the things that occurred."
495:, he declared publicly that "unless peace is achieved immediately it will be disastrous". Homma was removed from his position at the front lines, and reassigned to become commander in chief of the Taiwan Army District from 1940 to 1941.
651:
him to the
Philippines, where he was tried by an American tribunal on 48 counts of violating international rules of war relating to the atrocities committed by troops under his command during the Bataan Death March.
436:
From 1930 to 1932, Homma was again sent as a military attaché to the United
Kingdom, where his proficiency in the English language was useful. He was also assigned to be part of the Japanese delegation to the
726:
Various claims and charges have been lodged that Homma's trial was unfair or biased and that his trial and execution served primarily to avenge Homma's defeat of
General MacArthur's forces. Associate Justice
739:
Either we conduct such a trial as this in the noble spirit and atmosphere of our Constitution or we abandon all pretense to justice, let the ages slip away, and descend to the level of revengeful blood
445:
from 1932 to 1933. He was given a field command again, as commander of the IJA 1st Infantry Regiment from 1933 to 1935, and was promoted to command the IJA 32nd Infantry Brigade from 1935 to 1936.
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Homma's chief defense counsel, John H. Skeen Jr., stated that it was a "highly irregular trial, conducted in an atmosphere that left no doubt as to what the ultimate outcome would be".
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twice in January 1942 to increase troop strength and launch a quick knockout on Bataan. Following these orders, Sugiyama put pressure on Homma to renew his attacks. The resulting
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forces surrendered the Bataan Peninsula, Homma turned the logistics of handling the estimated 25,000 prisoners to Major General Yoshitake Kawane. Homma publicly stated that the
702:
On February 11, 1946, Homma was convicted of all counts and sentenced "to be shot to death with musketry", which is considered to be more honorable than a sentence of death by
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to outmaneuver the American forces. This brought criticism from superiors, who believed he had been "contaminated" by Western ideas about conserving the lives of his men.
302:
599:
Despite Japanese victory in the Battle of Bataan, the deteriorating relationship between Homma and Sugiyama led to the removal of Homma from command shortly after the
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706:. Homma's wife visited Douglas MacArthur to urge a careful review of her husband's case. MacArthur affirmed the tribunal's sentence, and Homma was executed by
1444:
659:, Manila, between January 3 and February 11, 1946. A team of six lawyers, none of whom had experience in criminal law, was appointed to defend Homma.
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542:. In Homma's name, they sent out secret orders against his policies, including ordering the execution of Filipino Chief Justice
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382:. After the war, Homma was convicted of war crimes relating to the actions of troops under his direct command and executed by
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effort. A failure of law process to punish such acts of criminal enormity would threaten the very fabric of world society.
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538:. Also, subversion was growing within Homma's command by a small group of insubordinates, under the influence of Colonel
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would be treated fairly. A plan was formulated, approved by Homma, to transport and march the prisoners to
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695:. However, the plan was severely flawed, as the American and Filipino POWs were starving, were weak with
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1148:. Washington, D.C.: US Army Corps of Engineers, Office of the Chief of Engineers. pp. 148–9.
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Homma had a deep respect for, and some understanding of, the West, having spent eight years as a
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His approach towards Filipino civilians earned him the enmity of his superior, General Count
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During his defense, Homma claimed that he was so preoccupied with the plans for the
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in China from 1938 to 1940 and directed the blockade of the foreign concessions in
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Justice in Asia and the Pacific Region, 1945–1952: Allied War Crimes Prosecutions
1042:"Inside the Bataan Death March: Defeat, Travail and Memory": Kevin C. Murphy p.24
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Homma testifies on his own defense during his War Crimes Trial, February 6, 1946
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Homma as 14th Army Commander, coming ashore at Lingayen Gulf, 24 December 1941
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erroneously reported prior to the fall of Bataan that Homma was replaced by
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negotiates the surrender of American forces in Bataan with Homma, 6 May 1942
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The Japanese on Trial: Allied War Crimes Operations in the East, 1945–1951
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and attempted execution of former Speaker of the House of Representatives
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Homma failed to give credence to the possibility that a retreat into the
534:, who sent adverse reports about Homma to Tokyo from his headquarters in
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Homma was arraigned on December 19, 1945, and the trial was held at the
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The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945
603:, and he was thereafter commander of the 14th Army in name only. The
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596:. Homma became known as the Beast of Bataan among Allied soldiers.
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had a differing conclusion and wrote in his review of the case:
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Japanese Army in World War II – Conquest of the Pacific 1941–42
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468:, with whom the prince tried to boost relations, following the
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People executed by the United States military by firing squad
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40:
491:, where he led the negotiations with the British. After the
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714:, a few kilometers from the former internment camp at the
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lived in semiseclusion in Japan until the end of the war.
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Occupation of Japan, 1945–1950, MacArthur, Reminiscences
460:. The visit continued to Germany where he attended the
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in the United Kingdom. In 1917, he was attached to the
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Homma during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines
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Perpetrators of World War II prisoner of war massacres
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20th-century executions by the United States military
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He was promoted to lieutenant general in July 1938.
1400:Japanese Military Administrator of the Philippines
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1019:"U.S. Military Courts (S-1804-0184 – S-1804-0310)"
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961:. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing. p. 73.
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441:in 1932 and served with the press section of the
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1549:Imperial Japanese Army generals of World War II
1178:, Bluejacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 1964
550:, which Homma found out about in time to stop.
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515:, Homma was named commander of the 43,110-man
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132:Japanese Military Commander of the Philippines
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1139:Trudeau, Arthur G (1986). "The Philippines".
448:In 1937, Homma was appointed aide-de-camp to
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731:, in dissent of denial of a hearing by the
662:The prosecution called witnesses and filed
146:January 3, 1942 – January 23, 1942
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800:. Rockville, MD: American Heritage Society
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1120:Application of Homma, 327 U.S. 759 (1946)
360:, November 27, 1887 – April 3, 1946)
1412:January 2, 1942 – January 23, 1942
710:by American forces on April 3, 1946, in
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611:, and that Homma had committed suicide.
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406:. He graduated in the 14th class of the
27:Japanese officer, war criminal 1887-1946
1559:Japanese people executed for war crimes
1198:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
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891:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
716:University of the Philippines Los Baños
573:Worried about the stalled offensive in
483:, Homma was appointed commander of the
97:January 3, 1942 – June 8, 1942
14:
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1092:"Los Baños During the Japanese Period"
987:Hampton, Sides (February–March 2007).
792:Sides, Hampton (February–March 2007).
410:in 1907, and in the 27th class of the
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1352:People & Events: Masaharu Homma
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1223:Encyclopedia of Military Biography
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852:Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
735:on a rule of evidence, stated,
645:American occupation authorities
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225:Commonwealth of the Philippines
129:Japanese Military Administrator
1061:US Army Film (June 20, 2009).
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623:War crimes trial and execution
408:Imperial Japanese Army Academy
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1:
1310:. Cambridge University Press.
1267:. University of Texas Press.
1263:Piccigallo, Philip R (1980).
1227:. I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd.
773:
657:High Commissioner's Residence
643:, in mid-September 1945, the
616:Imperial General Headquarters
439:Geneva Disarmament Conference
429:in France, being awarded the
1394:President of the Philippines
916:Cook, Peter B (March 1996).
840:The Generals of World War II
794:"The Trial of General Homma"
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7:
957:Rottman, Gordon L. (2005).
521:invasion of the Philippines
427:British Expeditionary Force
356:
10:
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1367:The Trial of General Homma
1248:. London: Arms and Armor.
1245:Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai
1072:. Robert H. Jackson Center
820:Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai
631:Masaharu Homma (left) and
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1569:People from Sado, Niigata
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1242:Fuller, Richard (1992).
989:"Trial of General Homma"
635:(center) in U.S. custody
481:Second Sino-Japanese War
423:East Lancashire Regiment
231:Cause of death
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567:Jonathan M. Wainwright
511:With the start of the
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370:. Homma commanded the
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320:27th Infantry Division
284:Imperial Japanese Army
1306:Totani, Yuma (2015).
947:, April 3, 1942, p. 1
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594:died during the march
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290:Years of service
1201:. Harper Perennial.
1063:"Homma Verdict 1945"
1023:Legal Tools Database
822:London 1992 p. 103
519:and tasked with the
378:and perpetrated the
374:, which invaded the
325:Taiwan Army of Japan
1102:on February 6, 2020
647:arrested Homma and
583:Army Chief of Staff
565:Lieutenant General
530:, commander of the
470:Anti-Comintern Pact
1499:Tomoyuki Yamashita
1462:military governors
1407:Head of Government
1375:Homma Verdict 1945
1165:on March 12, 2013.
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672:Corregidor assault
641:surrender of Japan
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601:fall of Corregidor
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412:Army Staff College
404:Niigata Prefecture
394:Homma was born on
386:on April 3, 1946.
380:Bataan Death March
372:Japanese 14th Army
307:Lieutenant General
244:"The Poet General"
201:Niigata Prefecture
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1415:Succeeded by
1370:American Heritage
993:American Heritage
918:"Beast of Bataan"
880:Toland, p. 317–18
818:Fuller, Richard.
798:American Heritage
762:Douglas MacArthur
722:Trial controversy
712:Los Baños, Laguna
609:General Yamashita
528:Hisaichi Terauchi
485:IJA 27th Division
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1529:1887 births
1466:Philippines
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513:Pacific War
454:the Emperor
396:Sado Island
376:Philippines
152:Preceded by
103:Preceded by
1523:Categories
968:1841767891
828:1854091514
804:August 26,
774:References
649:extradited
639:After the
254:Allegiance
190:1887-11-27
1474:1942–1945
1460:Japanese
1106:April 29,
779:Citations
414:in 1915.
398:, in the
390:Biography
330:14th Army
293:1907–1943
142:In office
93:In office
1404:de facto
1355:Archived
1285:(1970).
1219:(1992).
1195:(2001).
760:General
747:General
581:pressed
579:Hirohito
489:Tientsin
464:and met
313:Commands
241:Nickname
30:In this
1464:of the
1379:YouTube
1070:Youtube
1066:(Video)
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366:during
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575:Luzon
351:本間 雅晴
61:本間 雅晴
41:Homma
1293:ISBN
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1108:2020
1078:2015
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963:ISBN
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806:2019
689:POWs
614:The
402:off
298:Rank
211:Died
197:Sado
184:Born
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