48:
33:
1913:
1317:
556:
attacks by Wallis had successfully diminished his reputation, by showing that he was a lightweight in mathematics, part of a bigger polemic plan to show his thought generally as unoriginal, coming secondhand from others. Another simple explanation is that Hobbes was too "controversial" in the modern sense: he was excluded for reasons of image management.
595:
that the general position of Hobbes, in 'mechanistic philosophy', was close enough to that current in the Royal
Society to be compatible (even given the debate with Boyle), but that his reputation from the political and religious side made him untouchable, and the Society kept him at arm's length for
555:
Hobbes never became a Fellow of the Royal
Society, which was formally founded right at the time when the controversy drew in Boyle, and it has been debated why. Possible explanations are that he was difficult (cantankerous, even), and in other ways incompatible with the Society as club; or that the
367:
science could achieve. It offered demonstrably certain knowledge. The creation and interaction of lines could clearly be conceived as a product of matter in motion, whose properties could be demonstrated with the highest level of certainty. Wallis, by contrast was the foremost exponent of
Cartesian
124:
Hobbes was an easy target, on the ground chosen by Wallis. The failure of his attempts to solve the impossible problems he set himself were inevitable, but he neither backed down completely, nor applied adequate self-criticism. And on the level of character, Wallis was as intransigent as Hobbes was
143:
Part of the significance of the controversy is that Hobbes felt that, in the later stages, the Royal
Society was in some way complicit in the attacks from Wallis, despite the fact that he had many friends as Fellows in it. This attitude presented one of the obstacles to Hobbes himself becoming a
509:. He had reasoned out his own conclusions years before from speculative principles, and he warned them that if they were not content to begin where he had left off, their work would come to naught. This attack from Hobbes was one of several at the time: other opponents of Boyle were
574:, that small-group politics explained enough: those three kept Hobbes out of the Royal Society at the start; and that his continuing absence is sufficiently explained by Hobbes's resentment at such treatment. Certainly Hobbes took it badly that Wallis could use the
129:
writes: "There is no doubt that at the personal level Wallis behaved badly (as was widely conceded at the time)." The fact that Wallis was a
Presbyterian, a university man, and an anti-Royalist during the civil war made him "three times an enemy to Hobbes", as
612:, and as soon as they were once more refuted by Wallis, reprinted them with an answer to the objections. Wallis, who had promised to leave him alone, refuted him again before the year was out. The exchange dragged on through numerous other papers until 1678.
455:
walked through Hobbes's proof in one version, clearing the radicals to come down to a numerical assertion it implied (97,336 = 97,556), which could only be accepted as an approximation. Hobbes replied with an idiosyncratic appeal to a form of
108:
The sustained nature of the exchanges can be attributed to several strands of the intellectual situation of the time. In mathematics there were open issues, namely the priority (pedagogic, or theoretical) to be assigned to geometry and
279:, published in 1655, contained an elaborate criticism of Hobbes's attempt to put the foundations of mathematical science in its place within knowledge. Hobbes had limited his interest to geometry, restricting the scope of mathematics.
446:
to the answer 2. While Hobbes would withdraw some arguments as erroneous, he distinguished between "errors of negligence" and "errors of principle", and found the latter much harder to admit. He was led to argue that the doctrine of
216:, but not intended to conceal its authorship (JohN WilkinS signed N.S. and SetH WarD signed H.D.). The agenda and tone for the controversy was first set by Ward when he launched a general attack on Hobbes. Wilkins wrote a preface to
501:
499:), followed immediately by a reference to the duplication of the cube, which in Hobbes's latest version was included as an appendix. Hobbes chose to take as the manifesto of the new academy Boyle's
97:
by Hobbes. While Hobbes retracted this particular proof, he returned to the topic with other attempted proofs. A pamphleteering exchange continued for decades. It drew in the newly formed
298:, and behind Wallis he saw "all the Ecclesiastics of England". Sorbière visited Wallis in Oxford; but his analysis of Wallis as stereotypical pedant helped not at all in the quarrel.
563:
reports that Hobbes thought he had a small group of enemies there. Wallis, Ward and
Wilkins were indeed key members of the early Royal Society, having been in the precursor group ("
321:'s choice as Vice-Chancellor of Oxford, and Hobbes softened his critical line on the universities while stoking up the quarrel with Wallis. Further, the religious dimension (
1361:
532:(1662). It included the accusation that Hobbes used purely verbal tactics, preferring his own semantics of a term such as "air", to cast doubt on the existence of a
377:
351:, 1657). Here he strongly advocated giving priority to the approach through arithmetic and algebra. This was quite contrary to the arguments of both Hobbes and
496:
240:
lost him allies who may have shared somewhat in his starting assumptions, but who felt a need to distance themselves from his conclusions, as Ward did in his
294:
in the same year, saying the controversy was not merely scientific. He regarded the use of infinite quantities as the thin end of the wedge for a return of
439:. He had his solution brought out anonymously in French, so as to put his critics off the scent. He slipped in algebraic terms in early efforts, by cubing
463:
Wallis publicly refuted the solution, but Hobbes claimed the credit of it. He republished it (in modified form), with his remarks, at the end of the 1661
1638:
604:
After a time Hobbes began a further period of controversial activity, which he dragged out until his ninetieth year. The first piece, published in 1666,
764:
539:
Hobbes reacted to personal attack by keeping aloof from scientific controversy for some years. He did write a letter about himself in the third person,
381:
117:, as more than a collection of symbolic abbreviations. Socially, the formation of the group of Royal Society members, and the status of the publication
1332:
1556:
1139:
Dialogus physicus, sive, De natura aeris conjectura sumpta ab experimentis nuper
Londini habitis in Collegio Greshamensi, item de duplicatione cubi
315:
Marks of the Absurd
Geometry, Rural Language, Scottish Church Politics, and Barbarisms of John Wallis, Professor of Geometry and Doctor of Divinity
517:. The issues at stake now had broadened out, and this was a choice Hobbes made, with their implications reaching beyond those of the first phase.
317:. It has been suggested that Hobbes was still trying to cultivate John Owen at this point: Owen was both the leading Independent theologian and
220:; the main text by Ward mentioned Hobbes, who was the particular target of an appendix. Ward claimed in both places that Hobbes had plagiarised
1788:
1623:
1298:
1337:
236:
of Hobbes; and the preface to that book has been attributed to Ward. But the emergence of the full scope of the philosophy of Hobbes in
1405:
1829:
17:
1063:
Symbols, Impossible
Numbers, and Geometric Entanglements: British Algebra Through the Commentaries on Newton's Universal Arithmetick
1855:
1368:
1272:
Infinity and creation: the origin of the controversy between Thomas Hobbes and the
Savilian professors Seth Ward and John Wallis
1733:
1942:
313:
translation. Wallis defended himself, and re-confronted Hobbes with his mathematical inconsistencies. Hobbes responded with
1549:
451:
th roots in algebra (one contribution of Wallis) did not adequately model the geometric notions based on area and volume.
1850:
1611:
1783:
1748:
452:
874:
608:, was an attack on geometry professors. Three years later he brought his three mathematical achievements together in
178:
121:, was brought to a point as the quarrel proceeded, with Hobbes playing the outsider versus the self-selecting guild.
1891:
1879:
1760:
1713:
412:, later a vehement critic of the Royal Society, assured Hobbes in 1657 he had some (unnamed) supporters in Oxford.
505:(1660). Hobbes saw the whole approach as a direct contravention of the method of physical inquiry enjoined in the
1937:
1916:
1845:
1655:
1542:
769:
205:
423:, with a sixth dialogue so called, consisting almost entirely of seventy or more propositions on the circle and
1706:
1694:
261:
113:; and the status of algebra itself, which (from an English standpoint) had been pulled together by the text of
408:; much of the criticism Hobbes received was by private correspondence, or in the case of Pell direct contact.
1689:
1628:
794:
325:
refers to the Presbyterianism of Wallis, not shared by Owen) has been seen as a presage of later analysis of
162:
academic system, essentially a monopoly in England of university teaching. These attacks, especially that of
1809:
890:
824:
301:
Hobbes took care to remove some mistakes exposed by Wallis, before allowing an English translation of the
1288:, Studies In History and Philosophy of Science Part A, Volume 30, Issue 3, September 1999, Pages 425-453
1521:
1397:
1159:
576:
419:
and by the spring of 1660, he had put his criticism and assertions into five dialogues under the title
136:
1721:
690:
Marks of the Absurd Geometry, Rural Language, Scottish Church Politics, and Barbarisms of John Wallis
564:
401:
177:
The issue of the universities was heavily loaded at the time, and the orthodox Presbyterian minister
910:
The Chemical Philosophy: Paracelsian Science and Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
67:
was a polemic debate that continued from the mid-1650s well into the 1670s, between the philosopher
1650:
163:
543:. In this biographical piece, he told his own and Wallis's "little stories during the time of the
1684:
1672:
1643:
1569:
1471:
460:, where algebraic quantities are non-dimensional. In general, his positions hardened after 1660.
436:
290:) avows that his differences with Hobbes are largely rooted in theology. Hobbes himself wrote to
189:(1651) that university learning was the bastion of defence against proliferating unorthodoxy and
154:
102:
1947:
1804:
1738:
1599:
1565:
1491:
1419:
1354:
1240:(1988). "Hobbes and the Royal Society". In Rogers, Graham Alan John Rogers; Ryan, Alan (eds.).
327:
283:
94:
1886:
956:
Science, Religion and Politics in Restoration England: Richard Cumberland's De Legibus Naturae
1898:
1753:
1728:
1660:
1606:
1427:
1007:
416:
708:
Examinatio et emendatio mathematicae hodiernae qualis explicatur in libris Johannis Wallisii
487:
and other friends of Wallis who were forming themselves into a society (incorporated as the
421:
Examinatio et emendatio mathematicae hodiernae qualis explicatur in libris Johannis Wallisii
291:
1778:
1677:
457:
435:
Hobbes then tried another tack, having solved, as he thought, another ancient problem, the
228:, Wilkins certainly was not hostile to Hobbes, and in fact wrote a Latin poem for the 1650
174:
professors. Wallis joined in, but the first wave of rebuttals came from other major names.
171:
8:
1819:
1667:
1618:
1589:
405:
369:
47:
1213:
1824:
1584:
786:
397:
363:
For Hobbes, his new form of geometrical demonstration was the finest example of what a
332:
201:
32:
528:, along with an answer to Linus. But first Wallis was drawn in again, with the satire
1814:
1281:, Journal of the History of Ideas - Volume 57, Number 2, April 1996, pp. 217–231
1024:
870:
790:
544:
1534:
738:
Considerations upon the Reputation, Loyalty, Manners and Religion of Thomas Hobbes's
541:
Considerations upon the Reputation, Loyalty, Manners and Religion of Thomas Hobbes's
1701:
778:
510:
131:
114:
260:, in the mathematical sections, opened Hobbes to criticism also from John Wallis,
1442:
1435:
1010:
Who was then the Gentleman?: Samuel Sorbière, Thomas Hobbes and the Royal Society
847:
585:
492:
385:
347:
Wallis published a comprehensive treatise on the general principles of calculus (
318:
244:
of 1652. Ward went on to make a full-dress attack on Hobbes the philosopher, the
126:
384:, and some of his works were later translated into English for pedagogic use by
1512:
1154:
491:
in 1662) for experimental research. The full Latin title of the book mentioned
393:
1045:
Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematical Practice in the Seventeenth Century
1931:
1377:
1341:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 545–552.
1328:
1323:
1150:
1058:
1023:
Serjeantson, R. W. (2006). "Hobbes and the Universities". In Condren, Conal;
635:
A Philosophicall Essay towards an Eviction of the Being and Attributes of God
559:
It is possible that Hobbes's objections to academia extended to the Society.
488:
295:
221:
98:
68:
38:
388:; but he was not backed up by a "school". On the other side as critics were
1237:
592:
484:
409:
389:
352:
287:
213:
1029:
The Philosopher in Early Modern Europe: The Nature of a Contested Identity
782:
85:. The book contained not only a theory of mathematics subordinating it to
816:
560:
72:
53:
1481:
514:
364:
90:
77:
355:. Hobbes set store on the "demonstrable" status of geometry, in the
197:(1653), casting doubt on the need for a university-educated clergy.
1267:
Journal of the History of Ideas, 48, No. 2, (1987) pp. 265–286
580:
to publish his critical views, for example in a review of Hobbes's
159:
86:
1322:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
524:, which appeared as an appendix to a second edition (1662) of the
125:
dogmatic, and this inflicted damage on both of their reputations.
1461:
1265:
Mathematics and Philosophy: Wallis, Hobbes, Barrow, and Berkeley.
424:
110:
82:
1346:
1096:
732:
An examen of Mr. T. Hobbes his Dialogus Physicus de Natura Aeris
591:
Recent scholarly explanations are more complex. It is argued by
533:
305:
to appear in 1656. But he still attacked Wallis in a series of
190:
470:
1183:
1171:
212:
to the assaults. It was an anonymous publication of Ward and
1195:
1343:(See pp. 549–550 for the Hobbes–Wallis controversy.)
867:
The dream of Enlightenment: The rise of modern philosophy
335:. The various thrusts were parried by Wallis in a reply (
765:"Squaring the Circle: Hobbes on Philosophy and Geometry"
342:
331:, the book Hobbes wrote in 1668 as a post-mortem on the
81:, a philosophical work by Hobbes in the general area of
1279:
Squaring the Circle: Hobbes on Philosophy and Geometry
1218:
1120:
1108:
1090:
Squaring the Circle: The War Between Hobbes and Wallis
610:
Quadratura circuli, Cubatio sphaerae, Duplicitio cubii
497:
Gresham College and the formation of the Royal Society
1564:
1214:
http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/hobbes/life
1069:
989:
962:
193:. Webster had put the other side of the argument, in
895:
Change and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century England
869:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 73.
744:
Animadversions upon Mr. Hobbes's Problemata de Vacuo
684:
In Thomae Hobbii philosophiam exercitatio epistolica
623:
Humane Nature; or the Fundamental Elements of Policy
570:
Quentin Skinner therefore proposed, in a 1969 paper
246:
In Thomae Hobbii philosophiam exercitatio epistolica
230:
Humane Nature; or the Fundamental Elements of Policy
1274:, British J. Hist. Sci. 26 (90, 3) (1993), 271-279.
251:
572:Hobbes and the politics of the early Royal Society
430:
415:Hobbes decided again to attack the new methods of
147:
1304:; detailed references to many of the publications
1300:John Wallis (1616-1703): Mathematician and Divine
1929:
980:
665:Six Lessons to the Professors of the Mathematics
158:(1651) joined others in attacks on the existing
550:
495:as the experimental base of Boyle's group (see
1201:
1189:
1177:
1149:
983:Mathematics and the Divine: A Historical Study
714:New Experiments touching the Spring of the Air
502:New Experiments touching the Spring of the Air
376:Mathematicians sympathetic to Hobbes included
1550:
1362:
1031:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–5.
427:. Wallis, however, would not take the bait.
307:Six Lessons to the Professors of Mathematics
105:to which Hobbes was (on principle) opposed.
1092:. University of Chicago Press. p. 248.
1022:
606:De principiis et ratiocinatione geometrarum
1557:
1543:
1369:
1355:
1286:The decline and fall of Hobbesian geometry
1163:. Princeton University Press. p. 155.
938:
842:
840:
520:To Hobbes, Boyle replied himself, in the
1327:
864:
1236:
1224:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1087:
1042:
958:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 154–5.
925:The Royal Society: Concept and Creation
846:
749:
720:Dialogus physicus, sive De natura aeris
584:, and complained about this in 1672 to
481:Dialogus physicus, sive De natura aeris
14:
1930:
1075:
1057:
995:
968:
953:
922:
837:
1538:
1350:
907:
808:
756:
599:
343:Controversy over foundational matters
286:, and in prefatory remarks Wallis (a
1302:by Philip Beeley and Siegmund Probst
889:
814:
762:
71:and the mathematician and clergyman
981:Koetsier, T.; Bergmans, L. (2005).
547:". Wallis did not attempt a reply.
24:
1257:
1250:, November 2002, pp. 317-336 (20).
185:(1654). He had been arguing since
25:
1959:
1376:
1292:
144:member, though not the only one.
1912:
1911:
1315:
1012:, Hist. Sci., xlii (2004); (PDF)
252:Early controversy on mathematics
46:
31:
1230:
1207:
1143:
1132:
1081:
1051:
1036:
1016:
1001:
974:
770:Journal of the History of Ideas
431:Hobbes and duplicating the cube
267:
248:of 1656, dedicated to Wilkins.
206:Savilian Professor of Astronomy
148:Hobbes attacks the universities
1406:Moral and political philosophy
947:
932:
916:
901:
883:
858:
262:Savilian Professor of Geometry
13:
1:
1242:Perspectives on Thomas Hobbes
659:Elenchus geometriae Hobbianae
453:René François Walter de Sluse
277:Elenchus geometriae Hobbianae
93:, but a claimed proof of the
1943:History of the Royal Society
1202:Shapin & Schaffer (1985)
1190:Shapin & Schaffer (1985)
1178:Shapin & Schaffer (1985)
1088:Jesseph, Douglas M. (1999).
939:Martinich, Aloysius (1999).
825:The Engines of Our Ingenuity
678:Due correction for Mr Hobbes
551:Hobbes and the Royal Society
232:, an edition of part of the
7:
726:Hobbius heauton-timorumenos
615:
530:Hobbius heauton-timorumenos
10:
1964:
1522:Leviathan and the Air-Pump
1398:Bellum omnium contra omnes
1160:Leviathan and the Air-Pump
865:Gottlieb, Anthony (2016).
696:Hobbiani puncti dispunctio
577:Philosophical Transactions
337:Hobbiani puncti dispunctio
282:The book was dedicated to
137:The Dream of Enlightenment
119:Philosophical Transactions
1907:
1869:
1838:
1797:
1771:
1577:
1503:
1452:
1413:Hobbes–Wallis controversy
1384:
565:Oxford Philosophical Club
65:Hobbes–Wallis controversy
18:Hobbes-Wallis controversy
923:Purver, Margery (1967).
908:Debus, Allen G. (2002).
763:Bird, Alexander (1996).
323:Scottish Church Politics
1338:Encyclopædia Britannica
1244:. pp. 45-6 and 60.
1165:And translation of the
1043:Mancosu, Paolo (1996).
645:1654 Ward and Wilkins,
437:duplication of the cube
103:experimental philosophy
1938:History of mathematics
1830:Medieval Islamic world
1566:History of mathematics
1167:Dialogus, pp. 345-391.
1027:; Hunter, Ian (eds.).
522:Examen of Mr T. Hobbes
374:
95:squaring of the circle
1899:Future of mathematics
1876:Women in mathematics
1428:Scientia potentia est
815:Boyd, Andrew (2008).
783:10.1353/jhi.1996.0012
647:Vindiciae academiarum
417:mathematical analysis
361:
359:. Jon Parkin writes:
218:Vindiciae academiarum
210:Vindiciae academiarum
170:, stung replies from
1851:Over Cantor's theory
1284:Douglas M. Jesseph,
954:Parkin, Jon (1999).
750:References and notes
702:Mathesis universalis
458:dimensional analysis
349:Mathesis universalis
309:, included with the
242:Philosophicall Essay
75:. It was sparked by
1887:Approximations of π
1798:By ancient cultures
941:Hobbes: A Biography
852:Visions of Politics
817:"HOBBES AND WALLIS"
582:Rosetum geometricum
406:Christiaan Huyghens
370:analytical geometry
183:Vindiciae literarum
1690:Information theory
1025:Gaukroger, Stephen
1008:Lisa T. Sarasohn,
641:Academiarum examen
600:Later publications
471:Second phase: the
398:Viscount Brouncker
378:François du Verdus
333:English Revolution
292:Samuel de Sorbière
187:The Pulpit Guarded
168:Examen academiarum
1925:
1924:
1761:Separation axioms
1532:
1531:
1248:Aspects of Hobbes
912:. pp. 406–7.
891:Hill, Christopher
673:, English edition
473:Dialogus physicus
465:Dialogus Physicus
204:(1617–1689), the
16:(Redirected from
1955:
1915:
1914:
1635:Category theory
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1277:Alexander Bird,
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1105:, See Chapter 6.
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1049:
1048:
1047:. pp. 86–7.
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848:Skinner, Quentin
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812:
806:
805:
803:
802:
793:. Archived from
760:
511:Franciscus Linus
445:
444:
195:The Saints Guide
132:Anthony Gottlieb
115:William Oughtred
89:and geometry to
50:
35:
21:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1903:
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1846:Brouwer–Hilbert
1834:
1793:
1772:Numeral systems
1767:
1629:Grandi's series
1573:
1563:
1533:
1528:
1519:
1510:
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1443:State of nature
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1436:Social contract
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1395:
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1380:
1375:
1331:, ed. (1911). "
1316:
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1295:
1263:Helena Pycior,
1260:
1258:Further reading
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1155:Schaffer, Simon
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752:
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586:Henry Oldenburg
553:
526:New Experiments
493:Gresham College
477:
442:
440:
433:
386:Venterus Mandey
345:
273:
254:
234:Elements of Law
150:
127:Quentin Skinner
61:
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1856:Leibniz–Newton
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
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1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Ancient Greece
1812:
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1718:Number theory
1716:
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1513:Hobbes Studies
1507:
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1390:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1333:Hobbes, Thomas
1329:Chisholm, Hugh
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1294:
1293:External links
1291:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1229:
1227:, p. 280.
1225:Jesseph (1999)
1217:
1206:
1194:
1192:, p. 118.
1182:
1180:, p. 170.
1170:
1151:Shapin, Steven
1142:
1131:
1129:, p. 271.
1127:Jesseph (1999)
1119:
1117:, p. 270.
1115:Jesseph (1999)
1107:
1103:Jesseph (1999)
1095:
1080:
1078:, p. 149.
1068:
1065:. p. 140.
1059:Pycior, Helena
1050:
1035:
1015:
1000:
998:, p. 161.
988:
985:. p. 445.
973:
971:, p. 162.
961:
946:
943:. p. 266.
931:
915:
900:
897:. p. 131.
882:
875:
857:
854:. p. 328.
836:
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777:(2): 217–231.
754:
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747:
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601:
598:
567:") in Oxford.
552:
549:
545:late rebellion
476:
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432:
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394:Laurence Rooke
382:François Pelau
344:
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272:
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181:lined up with
149:
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134:points out in
52:
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1839:Controversies
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1810:Ancient Egypt
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1378:Thomas Hobbes
1372:
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1238:Malcolm, Noel
1233:
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969:Parkin (1999)
965:
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942:
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927:. p. 66.
926:
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876:9780871404435
872:
868:
861:
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826:
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811:
797:on 2022-01-16
796:
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736:1662 Hobbes,
735:
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729:
727:
724:1662 Wallis,
723:
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718:1661 Hobbes,
717:
715:
711:
709:
706:1660 Hobbes,
705:
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700:1657 Wallis,
699:
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693:
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687:
685:
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675:
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669:1656 Hobbes,
668:
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662:
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632:
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627:1651 Hobbes,
626:
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620:
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596:that reason.
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489:Royal Society
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296:scholasticism
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222:Walter Warner
219:
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208:, replied in
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99:Royal Society
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:Thomas Hobbes
66:
55:
49:
40:
39:Thomas Hobbes
34:
19:
1860:
1789:Hindu-Arabic
1685:Group theory
1673:Trigonometry
1644:Topos theory
1520:
1511:
1490:
1480:
1470:
1460:
1453:Publications
1426:
1412:
1396:
1386:Concepts and
1336:
1299:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1247:
1241:
1232:
1220:
1209:
1197:
1185:
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1145:
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1134:
1122:
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1071:
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1053:
1044:
1038:
1028:
1018:
1009:
1003:
991:
982:
976:
964:
955:
949:
940:
934:
929:See Note 12.
924:
918:
909:
903:
894:
885:
866:
860:
851:
828:. Retrieved
821:Episode 2372
820:
810:
799:. Retrieved
795:the original
774:
768:
758:
743:
742:1674 Boyle,
737:
731:
730:1662 Boyle,
725:
719:
713:
712:1660 Boyle,
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
670:
664:
658:
652:
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603:
593:Noel Malcolm
590:
581:
575:
571:
569:
558:
554:
540:
538:
529:
525:
521:
519:
506:
500:
485:Robert Boyle
480:
478:
472:
464:
462:
448:
434:
420:
414:
410:Henry Stubbe
390:Claude Mylon
375:
362:
356:
353:Isaac Barrow
348:
346:
336:
326:
322:
314:
310:
306:
302:
300:
288:Presbyterian
281:
276:
274:
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257:
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241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
214:John Wilkins
209:
199:
194:
186:
182:
176:
167:
164:John Webster
153:
151:
142:
135:
123:
118:
107:
76:
64:
62:
1805:Mesopotamia
1779:Prehistoric
1739:Probability
1596:Algorithms
1309:Attribution
1270:S. Probst,
682:1656 Ward,
633:1652 Ward,
561:John Aubrey
357:Six Lessons
179:Thomas Hall
73:John Wallis
56:(1616–1703)
54:John Wallis
41:(1588–1679)
1932:Categories
1729:Statistics
1661:Logarithms
1607:Arithmetic
1482:De Corpore
1388:philosophy
1246:. Also in
830:2020-11-14
801:2020-11-14
671:De Corpore
653:De Corpore
515:Henry More
507:De Corpore
365:nominalist
311:De Corpore
303:De Corpore
258:De Corpore
256:Errors in
152:Hobbes in
101:, and its
91:kinematics
78:De corpore
1749:Manifolds
1745:Topology
1656:Functions
1472:Leviathan
1420:Multitude
791:171077338
629:Leviathan
483:attacked
402:John Pell
339:, 1657).
284:John Owen
275:Wallis's
238:Leviathan
226:Leviathan
224:. Before
202:Seth Ward
155:Leviathan
1917:Category
1892:timeline
1880:timeline
1754:timeline
1734:timeline
1722:timeline
1707:timeline
1695:timeline
1678:timeline
1668:Geometry
1639:timeline
1624:timeline
1619:Calculus
1612:timeline
1600:timeline
1590:timeline
1578:By topic
1570:timeline
1492:Behemoth
1157:(1985).
1061:(1997).
893:(1974).
850:(2002).
616:Timeline
328:Behemoth
319:Cromwell
270:Elenchus
200:In 1654
160:Oxbridge
87:geometry
1784:Ancient
1585:Algebra
1462:De Cive
1326::
475:of 1661
441:√
425:cycloid
111:algebra
83:physics
1504:Legacy
1495:(1681)
1485:(1655)
1475:(1651)
1465:(1642)
1320:
873:
789:
534:vacuum
191:heresy
172:Oxford
1870:Other
1825:India
1820:China
1702:Logic
787:S2CID
871:ISBN
513:and
479:The
380:and
268:The
63:The
1335:".
779:doi
166:in
1934::
1153:;
839:^
823:.
819:.
785:.
775:57
773:.
767:.
588:.
536:.
467:.
404:,
400:,
396:,
392:,
264:.
140:.
1572:)
1568:(
1558:e
1551:t
1544:v
1370:e
1363:t
1356:v
1033:.
879:.
833:.
804:.
781::
449:n
443:2
372:.
20:)
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