22:
154:). This is done through the telling of moral stories in which birds, beasts and humans interact. Interest is maintained through the device of enclosed narratives in which a story is interrupted by an illustrative tale before resuming. The style is elaborate and there are frequent pithy verse interludes to illustrate the points made by the various speakers. On account of these, which provide by far the greater part of the text, the work has been described as an anthology of (sometimes contradictory) verses from widespread sources relating to statecraft.
135:, scholars generally accept the authority of its two concluding verses. These verses mention Narayana as the author and a king called Dhavala Chandra as the patron of the text. But as no other work by this author is known, and since the ruler mentioned has not been traced in other sources, we know almost nothing of either of them. Dating the work is therefore problematic. There are quotations within it from 8th century works and other internal evidence may point to an
1359:
664:, if one examines one's own behavior and one's own seeking as much as that of the opponent, pays attention to the counsel of one's good friends, treats the opponent with respect and understanding that is in tune with the opponent's character, forms one or more of sixteen types of treaties, reciprocal assistance and cooperative ventures between the two sides thereby enabling the pursuit of truth.
261:
The Book 1 is introduced with the statement that wise and sincere friends may be poor or destitute, but it is they who may help one achieve successes in life. The book recommends that the good find good friends, they are like a vessel in which one deposits both joys and sorrows of life, and it is not
385:
The Book 2 is introduced with the statement that great friendships can be destroyed by the cruel and envious beings who envy such friendship. The book states that misinformation creates wedge between friends, as does a focus on disagreements, rash action without due investigation and a lack of
519:
The third book presents a series of fables wherein war is described as a consequence of greed, criticism of others, wicked people and their ideologies, cruel and ungrateful leader, lack of restraint, lack of preparation, poor fortifications, weak military, weak diplomacy, and poor counsel.
1362:
659:
The fables in Book 4 state that it is always better to seek peace with seven types of people: the truthful, the virtuous, the just, the strong, the victorious, those with many brothers, and the self-destructing worthless. Peace can be achieved, states
877:
The text has also been widely translated under different titles into Asian languages such as
Burmese, Khmer, Thai, Malay, Persian, Sinhala, as well as into Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Spanish and Russian.
1272:
The
Panchatantra: a collection of ancient Hindu tales in the recension, called Panchakhyanaka, and dated 1199 A.D., of the Jaina Monk, Purnabhadra; critically edited in the original Sanskrit, by Johannes
892:, with the suggestion that the poems which often interrupt the narrative should be abridged. Fazl accordingly put the book into a familiar style and published it with explanations under the title of the
570:
1610:
98:
with both animal and human characters. It incorporates maxims, worldly wisdom and advice on political affairs in simple, elegant language, and the work has been widely translated.
131:, a narrator and character that often appears in its fables. Upon the discovery of the oldest known manuscript of the text in Nepal, dated to 1373, and the preparation of a
546:
558:
245:
wherein the versions vary significantly. The shortest version has 655 verses, while the longest has 749 verses. In the version translated by
Wilkins, the first book of
923:. This was followed by several later editions during the 19th century, including Max MĂŒller's of 1884, which contains an interlinear literal translation.
1291:
169:
differs by having only four divisions to the ancient text's five. According to Ludwik
Sternbach's critical edition of the text, the
1883:
241:. There are several versions of the text available, though the versions are quite similar unlike other ancient and medieval era
1408:
1068:
1041:
109:
has been dated to the 14th century, and its content and style has been traced to the ancient
Sanskrit treatises called the
101:
Little is known about its origin. The surviving text is believed to be from the 12th-century, but was probably composed by
1898:
1863:
1310:
1787:
1083:
1888:
1376:
1117:
1351:
1507:
1893:
1696:
1512:
1497:
1469:
1267:
1237:
1224:
966:
21:
1868:
1832:
1587:
1517:
1250:
1177:
1164:
1151:
1129:
990:
146:
Narayana says that the purpose of creating the work is to encourage proficiency in
Sanskrit expression (
1873:
1482:
1401:
912:
1742:
1651:
1522:
1487:
889:
1858:
1616:
1502:
1292:"In India Too There Lived An Uncle Remus: Ancient Tales of the Panchatantra Now Appear in English"
1878:
1853:
1550:
1276:
1908:
1555:
1492:
1903:
1394:
1383:
series. (The translation of the
Hitopadesha is "Friendly Advice", the first part of the book)
1380:
830:
May just men forever be free from adversity, and the fame of those who do good long flourish,
165:, another collection of fables with morals. Both have an identical frame story, although the
1792:
1777:
249:
has nine fables, the second and third each have ten, while the fourth has thirteen fables.
8:
1666:
1767:
1686:
1296:
908:
1573:
1208:
1191:
930:
encountered the work in 1786 and it was translated into
English the following year by
1747:
1737:
1538:
1347:, English translation with Sanskrit and Bengali versions, Harvard University archives
1344:
1064:
1037:
927:
1772:
1580:
920:
181:. In his own introductory verses, Narayana acknowledges that he is indebted to the
132:
1797:
1782:
1757:
1752:
1671:
1477:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1058:
931:
1030:
828:
May peace forever yield happiness to all the victorious possessors of the earth,
1732:
1727:
1691:
1544:
1060:
Hinduism and the Ethics of
Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present
102:
1593:
834:
May the earth, with all her vast possessions, long remain for your enjoyment.
1847:
1762:
1676:
1645:
935:
186:
128:
1325:
1701:
1567:
1418:
1263:
960:
939:
111:
1827:
1822:
1802:
1711:
904:
140:
1681:
1661:
242:
136:
1377:âFriendly Adviceâ and âKing VĂkramaâs Adventuresâ, New York University
916:
238:
832:
May prudence, like a glorious sun shine continually on your breasts,
127:
has been contested. 19th-century
Indologists attributed the text to
1368:
91:
79:
1213:. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. pp. 110â151.
185:
and 'another work'. The latter is unknown but may possibly be the
1656:
1196:. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. pp. 60â109.
234:
1251:
The Book of Good Counsels...: From the Sanskrit of "Hitopadesa."
1706:
1386:
881:
348:
The huntsman, the deer, the boar, the serpent and the jackal
106:
95:
1227:, London: George Routledge & Sons, page 227-263, 271-276
934:, who had also made the earliest English translation of the
288:
The pigeons, the crow, the mouse, the tortoise and the deer
229:
is organized into four books, with a preface section called
177:
s content, while a third of its verses can be traced to the
943:
262:
words that define a friend but their behavior and actions.
83:
376:
252:
45:
Learning is a companion on a journey to a strange country,
946:
College, was published in London in 1861 under the title
233:. The opening verse expresses reverence to the Hindu god
1180:, London: George Routledge & Sons, pages 99, 150-167
105:
between 800 and 950 CE. The oldest manuscript found in
1167:, London: George Routledge & Sons, pages 29, 96-98
907:. It was the first Sanskrit book to be printed in the
161:
is quite similar to the ancient Sanskrit classic, the
1210:
The Second, Third and Fourth Books of the Hitopadesa
1206:
1193:
The Second, Third and Fourth Books of the Hitopadesa
1189:
57:a man without learning is as a beast of the field.
1154:, London: George Routledge & Sons, pages 15-16
1029:
884:(1542â1605) commended the work of translating the
873:Southern states: Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu
482:The crow, the golden chain and the black serpent
211:By comparison and analogy with their own nature.
1845:
1289:
857:into the following Indian languages were known:
90:, "Beneficial Advice") is an Indian text in the
1253:, London: W. H. Allen & Co. Limited, page x
1240:, London: George Routledge & Sons, page 277
903:was also a favourite among the scholars of the
853:By the early 20th-century, translations of the
41:Learning to a man is a name superior to beauty;
1132:, London: George Routledge & Sons, page 17
1036:. Translated by Haksar, A.N.D. Penguin Books.
993:, London: George Routledge & Sons, page 27
790:The camel, the crow, the tiger and the jackal
1402:
1311:Hitopadesa translated by E. Arnold on the Net
1023:
1021:
1019:
118:
16:Medieval era Sanskrit text with animal fables
1262:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1063:. Cambridge University Press. p. 151.
1056:
1027:
1409:
1395:
51:and the fountain of victory in the senate.
1283:
996:
318:The blind vulture, the cat and the birds
173:is the primary source of some 75% of the
1268:"Notes on the Externals of Indian Books"
1135:
760:The Brahmin who broke the pots and pans
358:The rajah's son and the merchant's wife
43:learning is better than hidden treasure.
20:
650:
472:The farmer's wife and her two gallants
412:The bull, the two jackals and the lion
1846:
1290:Charles Johnston (November 29, 1925),
1256:
861:Eastern states of India: Bangla, Odiya
510:
1390:
1352:Hitopadesa: The Book of Good Counsels
1379:, facing translation as part of the
870:Northern states: Hindi, Newari, Urdu
919:in 1803â4, with an introduction by
810:The Brahmin and the loyal mongoose
730:The cranes and the 'helpful' enemy
690:The geese and the peacocks: part 2
632:The man who sacrificed his own son
328:The history of Hiranyaka the mouse
150:) and knowledge of wise behaviour (
47:learning is strength inexhaustible.
13:
1319:
823:The text ends with the following,
308:The deer, the jackal and the crow
14:
1920:
911:script, when it was published by
720:The merchant and his artful wife
571:The ass dressed in a tiger's skin
209:The good have compassion for all,
1416:
1357:
462:The adventures of Kanadarpaketu
442:The lion, the mouse and the cat
49:Learning is the source of renown
1611:The Tall Tales of Vishnu Sharma
1354:, Columbia University archives
1343:LakshmÄ«narayaáča áčąarman (1830),
1304:
1243:
1238:Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs
1230:
1225:Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs
1217:
1200:
1183:
1178:Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs
1170:
1165:Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs
1152:Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs
1130:Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs
1084:Panchatantra: INDIAN LITERATURE
991:Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs
848:
700:The tortoise and the two geese
666:
642:The barber who killed a beggar
522:
432:The thief, the ass and the dog
388:
338:The old man and his young wife
264:
1884:Indian short story collections
1157:
1122:
1102:
1089:
1077:
1050:
983:
800:The old serpent and the frogs
750:The wicked heron and the crab
582:The elephants and the rabbits
1:
1207:Friedrich Max MĂŒller (1865).
1190:Friedrich Max MĂŒller (1865).
976:
843:, Translator: Charles Wilkins
612:The wheelwright and his wife
53:Learning is a superior sight,
1513:The Brahmin and the Mongoose
1498:The Mouse Turned into a Maid
1454:The Moral Philosophy of Doni
1116:, New York University 2007,
452:The poor woman and the bell
368:The jackal and the elephant
298:The traveller and the tiger
207:So is his to every creature.
205:As your life to you is dear,
7:
1588:One Thousand and One Nights
1450:The Fables of Bidpai/Pilpay
1367:public domain audiobook at
1099:, New Delhi, 2003, pp.78-83
953:
681:
678:
537:
534:
502:The partridges and the sea
403:
400:
279:
276:
192:
68:Translator: Charles Wilkins
55:learning is a livelihood;
25:Nepalese manuscript of the
10:
1925:
1899:Collections of fairy tales
1864:Political history of India
1508:The Ass in the Lion's Skin
1483:The Tortoise and the Birds
1345:Hitopadesha by Vishnusarma
1086:, Encyclopaedia Britannica
818:
675:
602:The Varttaka and the crow
547:The geese and the peacocks
531:
397:
273:
119:The author and his sources
1815:
1743:Edward Backhouse Eastwick
1720:
1638:
1627:
1602:
1531:
1523:The milkmaid and her pail
1488:The Bear and the Gardener
1468:
1426:
1249:Sir Edwin Arnold (1893),
1114:King Vikrama's Adventures
948:The Book of Good Counsels
938:. A later translation by
780:The Brahmin and his goat
740:The mouse and the hermit
559:The birds and the monkeys
1503:The Deer without a Heart
1236:Charles Wilkins (1886),
1223:Charles Wilkins (1886),
1176:Charles Wilkins (1886),
1163:Charles Wilkins (1886),
1150:Charles Wilkins (1886),
1128:Charles Wilkins (1886),
989:Charles Wilkins (1886),
864:Western states: Gujarati
492:The lion and the rabbit
139:origin during the later
1277:Harvard Oriental Series
867:Central states: Marathi
592:The goose and the crow
94:language consisting of
1697:Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah
1652:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
1556:Hikayat Panca Tanderan
1493:The Lion and the Mouse
1375:Judit Törzsök (2007),
846:
422:The ape and the wedge
381:: How to lose a friend
257:: How to gain a friend
214:
123:The authorship of the
60:
30:
1889:Collections of fables
1446:The Lights of Canopus
1381:Clay Sanskrit Library
1364:Book of Good Counsels
1350:Edwin Arnold (1861),
1279:, pp. xxii, xxxv
888:to his own minister,
825:
197:
33:
24:
1551:La Fontaine's Fables
1095:K. Ayyappa Paniker,
1057:Kaushik Roy (2012).
1028:S. Narayana (2006).
942:, then Principal of
143:(8th-12th century).
1894:Fantasy anthologies
1667:Jean de La Fontaine
1518:The Fox and the Cat
894:Criterion of Wisdom
672:
528:
394:
270:
115:from much earlier.
1869:Indian fairy tales
1768:Ion Keith-Falconer
1297:The New York Times
1097:Indian Narratology
667:
523:
389:
265:
31:
1874:Indian literature
1841:
1840:
1811:
1810:
1788:Silvestre de Sacy
1748:Franklin Edgerton
1738:Hermann Brockhaus
1648:(putative author)
1462:Nandaka-prakarana
1334:Books II, III, IV
1070:978-1-139-57684-0
1043:978-0-140-45522-9
928:Sir William Jones
816:
815:
710:The three fishes
648:
647:
508:
507:
374:
373:
219:Hitopadesa Book 1
148:samskrita-uktishu
36:Maxim on learning
1916:
1773:Patrick Olivelle
1636:
1635:
1581:Kathasaritsagara
1458:Tantri Kamandaka
1411:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1361:
1360:
1313:
1308:
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1247:
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1197:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1148:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1112:by NÄrÄyana and
1106:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1025:
994:
987:
921:Henry Colebrooke
844:
673:
622:The blue jackal
529:
395:
271:
221:
133:critical edition
69:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1859:Indian folklore
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1807:
1798:Charles Wilkins
1783:Arthur W. Ryder
1758:Johannes Hertel
1753:A. N. D. Haksar
1716:
1687:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
1672:Antoine Galland
1631:
1629:
1623:
1598:
1574:Kalīla wa-Dimna
1527:
1478:The Blue Jackal
1464:
1438:Kalila wa Dimna
1422:
1415:
1358:
1322:
1320:Further reading
1317:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1288:
1284:
1261:
1257:
1248:
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1231:
1222:
1218:
1205:
1201:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1110:Friendly Advice
1107:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1026:
997:
988:
984:
979:
956:
932:Charles Wilkins
851:
845:
839:
836:
833:
831:
829:
821:
770:The two giants
657:
517:
386:communication.
383:
259:
223:
216:
213:
210:
208:
206:
195:
189:or some other.
121:
71:
67:
62:
59:
56:
54:
52:
50:
48:
46:
44:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1879:Indian legends
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1854:Sanskrit texts
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
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1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1733:Gustav Bickell
1730:
1728:Theodor Benfey
1724:
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1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
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1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1545:Calila e Dimna
1541:
1539:Aesop's Fables
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
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1480:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1442:Calila e Dimna
1430:Tantrakhyayika
1427:
1424:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1373:
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1303:
1282:
1255:
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1229:
1216:
1199:
1182:
1169:
1156:
1134:
1121:
1108:Judit Törzök,
1101:
1088:
1076:
1069:
1049:
1042:
995:
981:
980:
978:
975:
974:
973:
964:
955:
952:
926:Much earlier,
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39:
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9:
6:
4:
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2:
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1910:
1909:Frame stories
1907:
1905:
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1766:
1764:
1763:Joseph Jacobs
1761:
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1749:
1746:
1744:
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1677:John of Capua
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1660:
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1647:
1646:Vishnu Sharma
1644:
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1634:
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1532:Related works
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913:William Carey
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129:Vishnu Sharma
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82:: à€čà€żà€€à„à€Șà€Šà„à€¶à€,
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77:
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70:
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38:
37:
28:
23:
19:
1904:Panchatantra
1793:C. H. Tawney
1778:N. M. Penzer
1702:Thomas North
1630:translators,
1618:Jungle Tales
1617:
1609:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1568:Jataka tales
1561:
1560:
1543:
1461:
1457:
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1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:Panchakhyana
1433:
1429:
1419:Panchatantra
1417:
1363:
1306:
1295:
1285:
1271:
1264:C. R. Lanman
1258:
1245:
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1124:
1113:
1109:
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985:
969:Panchatantra
968:
961:Panchatantra
959:
947:
940:Edwin Arnold
925:
900:
898:
893:
885:
880:
876:
854:
852:
849:Translations
840:
827:
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391:
384:
378:
267:
260:
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237:and goddess
230:
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183:Panchatantra
182:
179:Panchatantra
178:
175:Hitopadesha'
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171:Panchatantra
170:
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163:Panchatantra
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112:Panchatantra
110:
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87:
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40:
35:
34:
26:
18:
1828:Frame story
1823:Beast fable
1803:Ramsay Wood
1712:Simeon Seth
1603:Other media
1594:Ćukasaptati
1562:Hitopadesha
905:British Raj
901:Hitopadesha
886:Hitopadesha
855:Hitopadesha
670:Hitopadesha
662:Hitopadesha
526:Hitopadesha
392:Hitopadesha
268:Hitopadesha
247:Hitopadesha
243:Hindu texts
227:Hitopadesha
167:Hitopadesha
159:Hitopadesha
152:niti-vidyam
141:Pala Empire
137:East Indian
75:Hitopadesha
27:Hitopadesha
1848:Categories
1682:Kshemendra
1662:Durgasimha
1326:Max MĂŒller
1032:Hitopadesa
977:References
841:Hitopadesa
668:Book 4 of
524:Book 3 of
390:Book 2 of
379:Suhrdbheda
266:Book 1 of
255:Mitralabha
231:Prastavika
200:Compassion
125:Hitopadesa
88:HitopadeĆa
65:Hitopadesa
917:Serampore
890:Abul Fazl
239:Saraswati
1692:Narayana
1632:adapters
1628:Editors,
1369:LibriVox
1328:(1884),
1266:(1908),
967:List of
954:See also
838:â
193:Contents
103:Narayana
92:Sanskrit
80:Sanskrit
29:, c.1800
1657:Borzuya
1470:Stories
971:Stories
819:Closing
682:Topics
655:: Peace
651:Book 4
538:Topics
513:Vigraha
511:Book 3
404:Topics
377:Book 2
280:Topics
253:Book 1
235:Ganesha
1816:Topics
1721:Modern
1707:Rudaki
1330:Book I
1273:Hertel
1118:pp25ff
1067:
1040:
909:Nagari
679:Title
676:Fable
653:Sandhi
535:Title
532:Fable
401:Title
398:Fable
277:Title
274:Fable
96:fables
1833:Katha
1639:Early
1428:aka:
882:Akbar
807:4.13
797:4.12
787:4.11
777:4.10
639:3.10
515:: War
499:2.10
107:Nepal
1065:ISBN
1038:ISBN
944:Puna
899:The
767:4.9
757:4.8
747:4.7
737:4.6
727:4.5
717:4.4
707:4.3
697:4.2
687:4.1
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609:3.7
599:3.6
589:3.5
579:3.4
567:3.3
555:3.2
543:3.1
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479:2.8
469:2.7
459:2.6
449:2.5
439:2.4
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