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the Latin world especially
Christianity and sought to invite a hundred of missionaries through a letter written in Latin to the Pope so that they may convince the masses of idolators the errors of their belief. Thus Niccolò and Maffeo Polo served as ambassadors for Kublai Khan to the West. After having completed their mission of accompanying a young Mongol princess to marry the Mongol ruler Arghun, their perilous journey would end with them returning to Venice and meeting young Marco Polo of seventeen in 1271. The three returned to the East and once again met with Kublai Khan, and it was said that Marco Polo served as an emissary of Kublai Khan throughout his domain for seventeen years. Although Niccolò and Maffeo failed to bring back any missionaries with them or a letter from the Pope due to the Great Schism, they were successful in returning with oil from the lamp of God in Jerusalem. Marco Polo's travels would later inspire many others like Christopher Columbus to chart the passage to the "Middle Kingdom" the realm of the East, present day China in search of wealth and splendor.
47:
2070:
1748:
1768:
2123:
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2181:(Emperor Wuzong) came to the throne after the death of Temür Khan. Unlike his predecessor, he did not continue Kublai's work, but largely rejected it. Most significantly he introduced a policy called "New Deals", and the central of this policy were monetary reforms. During his short reign (1307 to 1311), the government fell into financial difficulties, partly due to bad decisions made by Külüg. By the time he died, China was in severe debt and the Yuan court faced popular discontent.
988:
1647:, Shih Ping-chih). Shi Bingzhi was married to a Jurchen woman (surname Na-ho) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Chang), it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother. Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives. His Jurchen wive's surnames were Mo-nien and Na-ho, his Korean wife's surname was Li, and his Han Chinese wife's surname was Shi. Shi Tianze defected to the
2282:. Before Yesün Temür's reign, China had been relatively free from popular rebellions after the reign of Kublai. Yuan control, however, began to break down in those regions inhabited by ethnic minorities. The occurrence of these revolts and the subsequent suppression aggravated the financial difficulties of the Yuan government. The government had to adopt some measure to increase revenue such as selling offices, as well as curtailing its spending on some items.
1546:
2095:) in 1273. Paper currency had been issued and used in China before Yuan time; by 960, the Song dynasty, short of copper for striking coins, issued the first generally circulating notes. However, during the Song dynasty, paper money was used alongside the coins. On the other hand, Yuan was the first dynasty in China to use paper currency as the predominant circulating medium. The Yuan bureaucrats made paper bills from the mulberry bark paper.
2239:
2328:
1783:
on
Chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the Song. Khublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects. He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the
2399:, who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan by coup. With the dismissal of Bayan, Toghtogha seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. He also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the
2349:), first established in the spring of 1329, and was designed to undertake "a number of tasks relating to the transmission of Confucian high culture to the Mongolian imperial establishment". The academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books, but its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional
2741:
2544:. The following centuries saw a succession of Genghisid rulers, many of whom were mere figureheads put on the throne by those warlords who happened to be the most powerful. Periods of conflict with the Ming dynasty intermingled with periods of peaceful relations with border trade. Sources by the Ming dynasty claimed
2065:
trade network, allowing the contacts between
Chinese technologies and the western ones. It is worth mentioning that prior to meeting Marco Polo, Kublai Khan had met Niccolò Polo, Marco Polo's father and Matteo Polo. Through conversation with the two merchants, Kublai Khan developed a keen interest in
2033:
advisers and officials, though he never relied totally on
Chinese advisers. Yet, the Hans were discriminated against politically. Almost all important central posts were monopolized by Mongols, who also preferred employing non-Hans from other parts of the Mongol domain in those positions for which no
1686:
that elected him Great Khan. A rival kurultai in
Mongolia proclaimed Ariq Böke Great Khan, beginning a civil war. Kublai Khan depended on the cooperation of his Chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources. He bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government
2420:
started and grew into a nationwide uprising. In 1354, when
Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghun Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal. This resulted in Toghun Temür's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the
2258:
The last years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace. In time, Kublai Khan's successors lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, while the
Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese. Gradually, they lost influence in China
1782:
Instability troubled the early years of Kublai Khan's reign. Li Tan, the son-in-law of a powerful official, instigated a revolt against Mongol rule in 1262. After successfully suppressing the revolt, Kublai curbed the influence of the Han
Chinese advisers in his court. He feared that his dependence
2314:
and announced
Khanbaliq's intent to welcome him. However, Kusala suddenly died only 4 days after a banquet with Tugh Temür. He was supposedly killed with poison by El Temür, and Tugh Temür then remounted the throne. Tugh Temür also managed to send delegates to the western Mongol khanates such as
2174:
or
Emperor Chengzong for approximately 10 years following Kublai's death (between 1294 and 1307). Temür Khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather. He also made peace with the western Mongol khanates as well as the neighboring countries such as Vietnam, which
1604:, as Great Khan in 1251. He granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China. Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued paper money, revived Chinese rituals, and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth. He made the city of Kaiping in
2564:, some scholars believe it meaning "Da Yuan" or "Great Yuan". Contrary to this, other views hold that the title "Dayan" is derived from the Mongolian word means "origin" or "whole", and symbolizes the reunification of the Mongols. His successors continued to rule until the submission to the
1896:, "Great") in its official title, as well as being the first Chinese dynasty to use a title that did not correspond to an ancient region or noble title in China. In 1271, Khanbaliq officially became the capital of the Yuan dynasty. In an edict titled "Proclamation of the Dynastic Name" (
2301:
succeeded to the throne in Shangdu with the support of Yesün Temür's favorite retainer Dawlat Shah. Gaining support from princes and officers in Northern China and some other parts of the dynasty, Khanbaliq-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war against Ragibagh known as the
2323:
to be accepted as the suzerain of Mongol world. However, he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official El Temür during his latter three-year reign. El Temür purged pro-Kusala officials and brought power to warlords, whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty.
2058:, highways and public granaries. Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant who served under Kublai Khan as an official, described his rule as benevolent: relieving the populace of taxes in times of hardship; building hospitals and orphanages; distributing food among the abjectly poor.
1987:
Kublai Khan was seen as a martial emperor, reforming much of China and its institutions, a process that would have taken decades to complete. For example, he consolidated his rule by centralizing the government of China — making himself (unlike his predecessors) an
1744:" in Chinese script to symbolize this. The four major successor khanates never came again under true one rule, and border clashes also frequently occurred among them, although Yuan dynasty's nominal supremacy was recognized by the other three after the death of Kaidu.
1633:
defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ogödei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops.
1677:
in southern China. The Mongol force which invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256. He died in 1259 without a successor. Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 when he learned that his brother,
2028:
dynasties. Kublai Khan also reformed many other governmental and economic institutions, especially the tax system. Kublai Khan sought to govern China through traditional institutions, and also recognized that in order to rule China he needed to employ
2415:
From the late 1340s onwards, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support. In 1351, the
2259:
as well. The reigns of the later Yuan emperors were short and were marked by intrigues and rivalries. Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace. China was torn by dissension and unrest;
1944:, which marked the end of the Southern Song and the onset of a unified China under the Yuan. The Yuan dynasty is traditionally given credit for reuniting China after several hundred years of fragmentation following the fall of the
2508:), and so the Ming and the Northern Yuan denied each other's legitimacy as emperors of China, although the Ming did consider the previous Yuan which it had succeeded to be a legitimate dynasty. Historians generally regard
3260:
2158:. Succession for the Yuan dynasty, however, was an intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle. This emerged as early as the end of Kublai's reign. Kublai originally named his eldest son,
2411:
dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345. Yet, Toghtogha resigned his office with the approval of Toghun Temür, which marked the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349.
2210:
were reintroduced for prospective officials, testing their knowledge on significant historical works. Also, he codified much of the law, as well as publishing or translating a number of Chinese books and works.
1687:
on the bureaucracy of traditional Chinese dynasties and adopting the Chinese era name of Zhongtong. Ariq Böke was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264. All of the three western khanates (
2512:
rulers as the legitimate emperors of China after the Yuan dynasty, though Northern Yuan rulers also claimed to rule over China, and continued to resist the Ming under the name "Yuan" or "Northern Yuan".
2394:
became another powerful official as El Temür was in the beginning of his long reign. As Toghun Temür grew, he came to disapprove of Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied himself with Bayan's nephew
2421:
other. He had no choice but to rely on local warlords' military power, and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles. He fled north to
2106:. By the time of Kublai Khan's death in 1294, this separation has deepened, although later Yuan emperors had nominal supremacy in the west til the end of their rule in China. The
2034:
Mongol could be found. Hans were more often employed in non-Chinese regions of the empire. In essence, society was divided into four classes in order of privilege: Mongols,
1951:
After the founding of the dynasty, Kublai Khan was put under pressure by many of his advisers to further expand the sphere of influence of the Yuan through the traditional
2218:, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand
2020:. Each province governed the areas of approximately two or three modern-day Chinese provinces, and this provincial-level government structure became the model for later
1888:" (dà zai Qián Yuán), literally translating to 'Great is Qián, the Primal', with "Qián" being the symbol of the Heaven, and the Emperor. Therefore, Yuan was the first
2230:, "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty began by his father, was formally promulgated.
3284:
2193:
2606:
The Northern Yuan rulers had also buttressed their claim on China at least up to 1388, who held tenaciously to the title of Emperor of the Great Yuan, so did the
1936:
was defeated by the Yuan force. By 1276, most of the Southern Song territory had been captured by Yuan forces. In 1279, the Yuan army led by the Chinese general
4030:
2335:
Due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Temür, Tugh Temür is known for his cultural contribution instead. He adopted many measures honoring
2102:
tributary system. From the beginning of his reign, the other three khanates of the Mongol Empire became de facto independent and only one recognized him as
2175:
recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades. However, the corruption in the Yuan dynasty began during the reign of Temür Khan.
2098:
While he had claimed nominal supremacy over the rest of the Mongol Empire, his interest was clearly in China, along with the areas in its traditional
1799:
2038:("Various sorts", for example: Central Asians), Northerners, and Southerners. During his lifetime, Kublai Khan built the capital of the Yuan,
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1468:
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by proclaiming the new Yuan dynasty in 1271 in the traditional Chinese style. This would become the first non-Han dynasty to rule all of
1620:
4101:
2584:
The seal, in Chinese script, reads "Seal certifying the authority of his Royal Highness to establish a country and govern its people".
963:
903:
1975:
was broken up into many regions warring with each another. In order to avoid more bloodshed and conflicts with the Mongols, Annam and
2343:. His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was his founding of the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature (
1784:
1273:
1228:
1731:
1655:. His son Shi Gang married a Kerait woman, the Kerait were Mongolified Turkic people and considered part of the "Mongol nation".
1699:) became functionally autonomous, although only the Ilkhans truly recognized Kublai as Great Khan. Civil strife had permanently
4052:
2017:
593:
2166:— but he died before Kublai in 1285. Thus, Zhenjin's third son, with the support of his mother Kökejin and the minister
1592:. Kublai was unable to read Chinese, but had several Han Chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother
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2441:) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death. Some royal family members still lived in
893:
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4025:
1902:), Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Da Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the
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456:
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97:
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1929:, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. In 1275, a Song force of 130,000 troops under
1461:
764:
2496:. According to Chinese political orthodoxy, there could be only one legitimate dynasty whose rulers were blessed by
2486:
The Yuan remnants retreated to Mongolia after the fall of Yingchang to the Ming in 1370, where the name Great Yuan (
2188:
was a competent emperor. He was the first among the Yuan emperors who actively supported and adopted the mainstream
1788:
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4110:
3270:
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tributary system. However, the attempts to establish such tributary relationships were rebuffed and expeditions to
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Guzman, Gregory G. (1988). "Were the Barbarians a Negative or Positive Factor in Ancient and Medieval History?".
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in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol Empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son,
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The Ming army pursued the ex-Yuan Mongol forces into Mongolia in 1372, but were defeated by the latter under
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856:
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3244:[Genghis Khan’s immediate descendants appear in Henan’s huge family tree, with evidence (Photos)].
2278:(or Taidingdi) on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to
2206:), which resulted in the execution of 5 of the highest-ranking officials. Starting in 1313 the traditional
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1641:. Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen became common at this time. His father was Shi Bingzhi (
1615:
Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders,
1588:
in 1234 and conquered most of northern China. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou,
1435:
923:
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3372:(1994). "The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in north China". In Denis C. Twitchett;
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2464:, but his forces were decisively defeated by the Ming in 1381. By 1387 the remaining Yuan forces in
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had lasted for a few decades, until the beginning of the 14th century, when both of them had died.
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Mote, Frederick W. (1994). "Chinese society under Mongol rule, 1215-1368". In Denis C. Twitchett;
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1664:) out of defected Jin troops and army of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" (
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The Mechanics of Conquest and Governance: The Rise and Expansion of the Mongol Empire, 1185-1265
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2532:(the Northern Yuan capital) was sacked. A few months later, the Mongol throne was taken over by
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academic. He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the Department of State Affairs (
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1682:, was challenging his claim to the throne. Kublai convened a kurultai in the Chinese city of
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Endicott-West, Elizabeth (1994). "The Yuan government and society". In Denis C. Twitchett;
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after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite. He had been mentored by
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Dardess, John (1994). "Shun-ti and the end of Yuan rule in China". In Denis C. Twitchett;
2386:(Emperor Huizong), the last of the nine successors of Kublai Khan, was summoned back from
8:
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Smith, Jr., John Masson (Jan–Mar 1998). "Review: Nomads on Ponies vs. Slaves on Horses".
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2297:. He was installed as the emperor (Emperor Wenzong) in Khanbaliq while Yesün Temür's son
2219:
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1930:
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as Xanadu) the summer capital. He also improved the agriculture of China, extending the
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An earlier expedition was launched in 1258, before they moved north to attack the Song.
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1993:
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1826:, "Great Capital") to the Han Chinese. As early as 1264, Kublai decided to change the
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from Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the
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in the south. He had tried to regain Khanbaliq, which eventually failed; he died in
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368
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Bulletin of the Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University
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2270:(Emperor Yingzong) ruled for only two years (1321 to 1323); his rule ended in a
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2548:(Guilichi) abolished the name "Great Yuan" in 1402; he was however defeated by
2438:
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Rossabi, Morris (1994). "The reign of Khubilai Khan". In Denis C. Twitchett;
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1972:
1937:
1810:. In 1266, he ordered the construction of his new capital around that site's
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1967:, would later meet with less success. Kublai established a puppet state in
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1842:). With the desire to rule all of China, Kublai Khan formally claimed the
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ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies.
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Hsiao, Ch'i-Ch'ing (1994). "Mid-Yuan Politics". In Denis C. Twitchett;
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The Imperial Capitals of China - An Inside View of the Celestial Empire
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The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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later established nominal tributary relations with the Yuan dynasty.
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After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332 and subsequently the death of
1596:. He sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers.
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1822:("City of the Khans") and Daidu to the Turks and Mongols and Dadu (
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and succeeded to the throne after El Temür's death. Nevertheless,
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He also promoted science and religion, and strongly supported the
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2382:(Emperor Ningzong) in the end of the same year, the 13-year-old
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3636:[Memory of the Dai Yuan ulus (the Great Yuan dynasty)]
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and paid homage to the Great Khan but actually established an
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Möngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese
1572:
united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became
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in AD 1253, the former ruling Duan dynasty were appointed as
1711:
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Yuan Thought: Chinese Thought and Religion Under the Mongols
2746:(Dissertation). University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 50.
2306:. Afterwards, Tugh Temür abdicated in favour of his brother
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The World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty
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established a separate pocket of resistance to the Ming in
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Imperial nomads : a history of central Asia, 500-1500
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The conflicts between Kublai Khan and the khanates in
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2900:
2876:
2852:
2697:
2661:
1921:
in southern China. By 1273, Kublai had blockaded the
3582:
Morgan, David (1982). "Who Ran the Mongol Empire?".
3220:
3208:
3144:
3131:[Edict to Establish the Name of the State].
2972:
2814:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 14.
2709:
2685:
2673:
2042:
at the site of present-day central Beijing and made
774:
696:
576:
509:
439:
313:
3718:. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
3196:
3053:
2637:
2524:. They tried again in 1380, ultimately winning a
2154:-era governments, principally in the province of
4364:
3741:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 414–489.
3697:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 616–664.
3527:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 490–560.
3483:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 587–615.
3441:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 561–586.
3380:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 321–413.
2990:H.H.Howorth-History of the Mongols, vol.II p.288
2528:. About 70,000 Mongols were taken prisoner, and
2254:Province, built in 1330 during the Yuan dynasty.
2146:, recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan,
1798:In 1264, he transferred his headquarters to the
1522:, it is considered one of the successors to the
2526:decisive victory over the Northern Yuan in 1388
2492:) was formally carried on, and is known as the
1814:, establishing what is now the central core of
2012:), in addition to the regions governed by the
1637:Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the
3843:
3546:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3474:
3158:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 1–7.
3087:
3078:
2614:
2487:
2358:
2344:
2233:
2201:
2090:
2007:
1997:
1897:
1883:
1877:
1837:
1831:
1791:, but rejected plans to revive the Confucian
1739:
1665:
1659:
1642:
1624:
1462:
957:
4058:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
3460:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2117:
1971:, which caused anarchy in the area, and the
1940:had crushed the last Song resistance at the
1853:The official title of the dynasty, Da Yuan (
1730:'s enthronement in 1295, Kublai's successor
1718:, another brother of Kublai Khan, ruled his
3395:Chan, Hok-lam; de Bary, W.T., eds. (1982).
3394:
3258:
1778:'s grandson and founder of the Yuan dynasty
3850:
3836:
3793:
3590:(1). Cambridge University Press: 124–136.
3458:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
2285:When Yesün Temür died in Shangdu in 1328,
2274:at the hands of five princes. They placed
2130:belt plaque featuring carved designs of a
1762:
1469:
1455:
964:
950:
3413:
1754:of the Ilkhan Ghazan in a 1302 letter to
3796:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3774:
3629:
3567:. London, England: Thames & Hudson.
3541:
3330:
3297:
3077:Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (
2470:had also surrendered to the Ming dynasty
2326:
2237:
2121:
2068:
1766:
1746:
1544:
3857:
3755:
3732:
3711:
3560:
3432:
3399:. New York: Columbia University Press.
3309:
3190:
3178:
3123:
3102:
3047:
3035:
3023:
3011:
2999:
2954:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2715:
2703:
2667:
2613:(Great Yuan Khagan, or Dai Yuwan Khaan
2266:Regardless of the merits of his reign,
1658:The Yuan dynasty created a "Han Army" (
1496:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4365:
4053:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
3758:The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction
3610:
3581:
3497:
3368:
3352:Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia
3346:
3316:. London: G. Allen and Unwin. p.
3313:The Mongol Empire, its Rise and Legacy
2978:
2966:
2942:
2882:
2858:
2691:
2679:
2018:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1982:
1534:
3831:
3518:
3455:
3226:
3214:
2655:
2643:
3779:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3688:
3660:
3506:(4). Blackwell Publishing: 558–571.
3202:
3153:
3059:
2807:
2170:, succeeded the throne and ruled as
3777:The History of the Mongol Conquests
2739:
2475:
1857:, "Great Yuan"), originates from a
1403:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
13:
3512:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1988.tb00759.x
1963:(twice during Kublai's rule), and
1904:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
14:
4389:
3715:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
3456:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010) .
2289:was recalled to Khanbaliq by the
1913:In the early 1270s, Kublai began
1653:their invasion of the Jin dynasty
4248:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
4111:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
3271:University of Pennsylvania Press
2540:, instead of the descendants of
2310:who was backed by Chagatai Khan
2110:given for Kublai Khan is Shizu (
986:
45:
3973:Second Mongol invasion of Burma
3775:Saunders, John Joseph (2001) .
3564:Chronicle of the China Emperors
3303:
3252:
3232:
3117:
3096:
3065:
2984:
2864:
2840:
2828:
2801:
2789:
2762:
2750:
2600:
2591:
2578:
1818:. The city came to be known as
3998:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
3354:. Cambridge University Press.
2733:
2721:
2560:(1464–1517/43) took the title
2077:with its printing plate, 1287.
1785:traditional monopolies on salt
904:Science and technology history
1:
4281:The Story of the Western Wing
4152:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass
3876:Division of the Mongol Empire
3737:; John King Fairbank (eds.).
3693:; John King Fairbank (eds.).
3523:; John King Fairbank (eds.).
3479:; John King Fairbank (eds.).
3437:; John King Fairbank (eds.).
3376:; John King Fairbank (eds.).
2740:May, Timothy Michael (2004).
2626:
2222:Baiju. During his reign, the
1992:. He divided his empire into
274:
233:
209:
186:
162:
103:
4157:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)
3908:conquest of the Song dynasty
3665:. Harvard University Press.
2631:
2371:and also devoted himself in
2050:, "Upper Capital", known to
1701:divided of the Mongol Empire
7:
4177:Jinan Great Southern Mosque
3760:. Oxford University Press.
3661:Mote, Frederick W. (1999).
3156:Did Marco Polo go to China?
1925:with his navy and besieged
10:
4394:
4378:History of China by period
4063:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
3942:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
3542:Langlois, John D. (1981).
3414:Cotterell, Arthur (2007).
3339:
2808:Watt, James C. Y. (2010).
2479:
2234:Later years of the dynasty
2138:Following the conquest of
1629:, Liu Ni), and the Khitan
1538:
1529:
18:
4307:
4185:
4144:
4100:
4018:
3978:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
3866:
3804:American Oriental Society
3630:Morikawa, Tetsuo (2008).
3596:10.1017/S0035869X00159179
3310:Prawdin, Michael (1940).
3088:
3079:
2615:
2552:(Bunyashiri), protege of
2518:Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara
2488:
2359:
2345:
2227:
2202:
2184:The fourth Yuan emperor,
2118:Early rulers after Kublai
2111:
2091:
2047:
2008:
1998:
1898:
1893:
1884:
1878:
1854:
1838:
1832:
1823:
1740:
1666:
1660:
1643:
1625:
778:
700:
580:
513:
443:
317:
4092:Goryeo under Mongol rule
3898:Mongol conquest of China
3756:Rossabi, Morris (2012).
3712:Rossabi, Morris (1988).
3663:Imperial China: 900–1800
3632:
3544:China Under Mongol Rules
3320:– via archive.org.
3240:
3136:
3128:
3110:
3072:
2571:
2437:(located in present-day
2429:(1368–1644), founded by
2186:Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan
1872:whose section regarding
1802:northeast of the former
1600:succeeded Ögedei's son,
1206:Second Turkic Khaganates
19:Not to be confused with
4167:Pagoda of Bailin Temple
3988:1344 Yellow River flood
3983:War of the Two Capitals
3893:Kublai Khan's campaigns
3154:Wood, Frances (2010) .
2769:eds. Seaman, Marks 1991
2341:Chinese cultural values
2304:War of the Two Capitals
2287:Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür
1763:Founding of the dynasty
1639:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
4267:The Injustice to Dou E
4172:Temple of Azure Clouds
4102:Science and technology
3959:Battle of Ngasaunggyan
3903:anti-Mongol fortresses
3611:Morgan, David (2007).
3241:成吉思汗直系后裔现身河南巨幅家谱为证(组图)
2784:ed. de Rachewiltz 1993
2332:
2255:
2135:
2078:
1779:
1759:
1566:
1484:This article contains
1079:Munkhkhairkhan culture
4003:Battle of Lake Poyang
3993:Red Turban Rebellions
3561:Paludan, Ann (1998).
2568:in the 17th century.
2534:Jorightu Khan Yesüder
2494:Northern Yuan dynasty
2482:Northern Yuan dynasty
2330:
2241:
2208:imperial examinations
2125:
2072:
1919:Southern Song dynasty
1793:imperial examinations
1770:
1750:
1548:
1426:Democratic Revolution
769:(mainland, 1912–1949)
3259:Luc Kwanten (1979).
2418:Red Turban Rebellion
2244:Bailin Temple Pagoda
1859:Chinese classic text
4186:Society and culture
3913:Battle of Xiangyang
3615:. Wiley-Blackwell.
3418:. London: Pimlico.
3108:Yong Zhuang Xiaopin
3089:《彖》曰:大哉乾元,萬物資始,乃統天。
2658:, pp. 169–170.
1994:Branch Secretariats
1983:Rule of Kublai Khan
1726:khanate, and after
1535:Rise of Kublai Khan
1399:People's Revolution
1369:National Revolution
1324:Oirat Confederation
1109:Deer stones culture
980:History of Mongolia
4274:The Orphan of Zhao
4043:Imperial Preceptor
2933:, p. 423–424.
2536:, a descendant of
2333:
2256:
2214:The next emperor,
2136:
2079:
1868:Classic of Changes
1780:
1760:
1756:Pope Boniface VIII
1567:
1507:(1271–1368) was a
1486:special characters
1389:Chinese occupation
1119:Slab-grave culture
1099:Ulaanzuukh culture
1069:Chemurchek culture
1059:Afanasievo culture
784:
594:Five Dynasties and
586:
521:Southern dynasties
449:
348:Chu–Han Contention
340:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
16:1271–1368 in China
4360:
4359:
3786:978-0-812-21766-7
3767:978-0-19-984089-2
3748:978-0-521-24331-5
3725:978-0-520-06740-0
3704:978-0-521-24331-5
3683:978-0-674-01212-7
3622:978-1-4051-3539-9
3553:978-0-691-10110-1
3534:978-0-521-24331-5
3490:978-0-521-24331-5
3467:978-0-521-12433-1
3448:978-0-521-24331-5
3406:978-0-231-05324-2
3387:978-0-521-24331-5
3361:978-0-521-80335-9
3165:978-0-8133-8999-8
3038:, pp. 70–71.
2506:Mandate of Heaven
2144:governors-general
1915:his massive drive
1844:Mandate of Heaven
1732:Emperor Chengzong
1518:clan. Founded by
1492:rendering support
1479:
1478:
1444:
1443:
1416:People's Republic
1352:
1351:
1257:
1256:
1229:Tang protectorate
1147:
1146:
974:
973:
931:Transport history
857:Education history
829:
828:
824:
823:
810:Republic of China
792:People's Republic
765:Republic of China
744:
743:
693:
692:
688:
687:
573:
572:
506:
505:
501:
500:
437:
436:
270:Spring and Autumn
133:Liao civilization
4385:
4330:ʼPhags-pa script
4260:The Chalk Circle
4241:Zhongyuan Yinyun
4128:Shiyi Dexiaofang
3886:Kaidu–Kublai war
3881:Toluid Civil War
3852:
3845:
3838:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3790:
3771:
3752:
3729:
3708:
3676:
3657:
3639:
3626:
3607:
3578:
3557:
3538:
3515:
3494:
3471:
3452:
3429:
3410:
3391:
3365:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3283:. Archived from
3256:
3250:
3249:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2582:
2550:Öljei Temür Khan
2520:and his general
2502:Emperor of China
2491:
2490:
2476:End of Yuan rule
2369:Neo-Confucianism
2363:). He supported
2362:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2229:
2224:Da Yuan Tong Zhi
2205:
2204:
2113:
2094:
2093:
2081:He issued paper
2049:
2011:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1990:absolute monarch
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:dynasty of China
1887:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1856:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1830:from Zhongtong (
1825:
1743:
1742:
1693:Chagatai Khanate
1669:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1646:
1645:
1628:
1627:
1608:, later renamed
1541:Toluid Civil War
1509:dynasty of China
1471:
1464:
1457:
1365:
1364:
1278:9th–12th century
1270:
1269:
1239:Uyghur Khaganate
1184:Rouran Khaganate
1160:
1159:
1129:Chandman culture
1055:
1054:
990:
976:
975:
966:
959:
952:
894:Military history
852:Economic history
840:Related articles
817:
799:
781:
780:
776:
775:
770:
737:
724:
711:
698:
697:
681:
668:
655:
636:
626:
614:
601:
583:
582:
578:
577:
562:
552:
539:
526:
511:
510:
494:
489:Sixteen Kingdoms
472:
462:
446:
445:
441:
440:
430:
396:
383:
373:
363:
362:(202 BCE – 9 CE)
353:
341:
328:
315:
314:
293:
285:
283:
279:
276:
266:
256:
244:
242:
238:
235:
220:
218:
214:
211:
197:
195:
191:
188:
173:
171:
167:
164:
114:
112:
108:
105:
49:
39:History of China
26:
25:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4336:History of Yuan
4303:
4234:Wenxian Tongkao
4199:History of Liao
4181:
4162:Miaoying Temple
4140:
4096:
4014:
4010:Ispah rebellion
3862:
3856:
3826:
3787:
3768:
3749:
3726:
3705:
3673:
3637:
3634:
3623:
3575:
3554:
3535:
3491:
3468:
3449:
3426:
3407:
3388:
3362:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3281:
3257:
3253:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3101:
3097:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2871:Smith, Jr. 1998
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2546:Örüg Temür Khan
2484:
2478:
2468:under Naghachu
2450:Prince of Liang
2380:Rinchinbal Khan
2236:
2190:Chinese culture
2126:A Yuan dynasty
2120:
1985:
1942:Battle of Yamen
1765:
1651:'s forces upon
1612:, his capital.
1557:Chinese ceramic
1543:
1537:
1532:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1490:Without proper
1475:
1446:
1445:
1436:Modern Mongolia
1409:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1334:Dzungar Khanate
1274:Mongol khanates
1267:
1266:Medieval period
1259:
1258:
1212:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1139:Pazyryk culture
1052:
970:
941:
940:
936:Women's history
842:
841:
832:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
813:
802:
797:
793:
773:
768:
759:
758:
747:
746:
745:
740:
735:
727:
722:
714:
709:
695:
694:
689:
684:
679:
671:
666:
658:
653:
645:
639:
634:
624:
612:
604:
599:
595:
575:
574:
569:
560:
550:
542:
537:
529:
524:
520:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
484:
481:
475:
470:
460:
438:
433:
428:
420:
394:
386:
381:
371:
361:
351:
339:
331:
326:
311:
310:
299:
298:
291:
281:
277:
272:
264:
254:
240:
236:
231:
223:
216:
212:
207:
194: 1046 BCE
193:
189:
184:
176:
170: 1600 BCE
169:
165:
160:
151:
150:
139:
138:
111: 2000 BCE
110:
106:
101:
93:
82:
81:
24:
21:History of Yuan
17:
12:
11:
5:
4391:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4220:Shilin Guangji
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4070:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4048:Zhongshu Sheng
4045:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3905:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3855:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3825:
3824:
3812:10.2307/606298
3791:
3785:
3772:
3766:
3753:
3747:
3735:Herbert Franke
3730:
3724:
3709:
3703:
3691:Herbert Franke
3686:
3671:
3658:
3627:
3621:
3608:
3579:
3573:
3558:
3552:
3539:
3533:
3521:Herbert Franke
3516:
3495:
3489:
3477:Herbert Franke
3472:
3466:
3453:
3447:
3435:Herbert Franke
3430:
3424:
3411:
3405:
3392:
3386:
3374:Herbert Franke
3370:Allsen, Thomas
3366:
3360:
3348:Allsen, Thomas
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3323:
3302:
3290:
3287:on 2020-12-07.
3279:
3251:
3246:news.xinmin.cn
3231:
3229:, p. 550.
3219:
3217:, p. 551.
3207:
3205:, p. 631.
3195:
3193:, p. 115.
3183:
3171:
3164:
3143:
3134:Yuan Dianzhang
3116:
3113:. Vol. 2.
3095:
3064:
3062:, p. 624.
3052:
3050:, p. 131.
3040:
3028:
3026:, p. 427.
3016:
3004:
3002:, p. 426.
2992:
2983:
2971:
2969:, p. 413.
2959:
2947:
2945:, p. 104.
2935:
2923:
2911:
2899:
2897:, p. 422.
2887:
2885:, p. 411.
2875:
2863:
2861:, p. 410.
2851:
2839:
2835:Kinoshita 2013
2827:
2820:
2800:
2796:Kinoshita 2013
2788:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2732:
2728:Collectif 2002
2720:
2708:
2706:, p. 418.
2696:
2694:, p. 394.
2684:
2682:, p. 392.
2672:
2670:, p. 415.
2660:
2648:
2646:, p. 169.
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2599:
2590:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2480:Main article:
2477:
2474:
2439:Inner Mongolia
2355:Jingshi Dadian
2339:and promoting
2235:
2232:
2119:
2116:
2014:Zhongshu Sheng
1984:
1981:
1836:) to Zhiyuan (
1764:
1761:
1606:Inner Mongolia
1580:, the Mongols
1560:incense burner
1539:Main article:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1494:, you may see
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1379:Bogd Khaganate
1375:
1374:
1371:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1158:
1156:Ancient period
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1089:Sagsai culture
1085:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
992:
991:
983:
982:
972:
971:
969:
968:
961:
954:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
933:
928:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
901:
896:
891:
890:
889:
879:
874:
869:
867:Jewish history
864:
859:
854:
849:
843:
839:
838:
837:
834:
833:
827:
826:
822:
821:
819:
818:
805:
803:
801:
800:
798:(1949–present)
787:
785:
779:
772:
771:
760:
754:
753:
752:
749:
748:
742:
741:
739:
738:
726:
725:
713:
712:
701:
691:
690:
686:
685:
683:
682:
672:
669:
659:
656:
646:
642:
640:
638:
637:
627:
616:
615:
603:
602:
589:
587:
581:
571:
570:
568:
567:
566:
565:
564:
563:
541:
540:
528:
527:
514:
504:
503:
499:
498:
496:
495:
485:
482:
478:
476:
474:
473:
463:
452:
450:
444:
435:
434:
432:
431:
419:
418:
398:
397:
391:Three Kingdoms
385:
384:
374:
364:
354:
343:
342:
330:
329:
318:
312:
306:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
295:
294:
289:Warring States
286:
282: 476 BCE
257:
255:(1046–771 BCE)
246:
245:
241: 256 BCE
222:
221:
199:
198:
175:
174:
152:
146:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
116:
115:
92:
91:
83:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
67:Historiography
64:
59:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4390:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4353:
4352:Northern Yuan
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:Mongol Empire
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Java invasion
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3841:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:(hardcover);
3674:
3672:0-674-44515-5
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3654:10.15017/9498
3651:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3574:0-500-05090-2
3570:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3500:The Historian
3496:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3425:9781845950095
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3333:, p. 70.
3332:
3331:Morikawa 2008
3327:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3300:, p. 66.
3299:
3298:Morikawa 2008
3294:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:United States
3264:
3263:
3255:
3248:. 2007-02-06.
3247:
3243:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3181:, p. 56.
3180:
3175:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3135:
3126:
3120:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3084:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3014:, p. 66.
3013:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2987:
2981:, p. 24.
2980:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2957:, p. 62.
2956:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2921:, p. 53.
2920:
2915:
2909:, p. 51.
2908:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2823:
2821:9781588394026
2817:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2718:, p. 65.
2717:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:Zhu Yuanzhang
2428:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2073:Yuan dynasty
2071:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2002:), or simply
1995:
1991:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:Pagan Kingdom
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:Zhang Hongfan
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1891:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:Daning Palace
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:Ilkhan Ghazan
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:Mongol Empire
1640:
1635:
1632:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:the weakened
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1527:
1525:
1524:Mongol Empire
1521:
1517:
1514:
1511:ruled by the
1510:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1361:Modern period
1358:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1314:Northern Yuan
1312:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:Mongol Empire
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1284:Khamag Mongol
1282:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1174:Xianbei state
1172:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
993:
989:
985:
984:
981:
978:
977:
967:
962:
960:
955:
953:
948:
947:
945:
944:
937:
934:
932:
929:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
902:
900:
899:Naval history
897:
895:
892:
888:
885:
884:
883:
882:Music history
880:
878:
877:Media history
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
862:Legal history
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
836:
835:
816:1949–present)
812:
811:
807:
806:
804:
796:
795:
789:
788:
786:
783:
782:
777:
767:
766:
762:
761:
757:
751:
750:
734:
733:
729:
728:
721:
720:
716:
715:
708:
707:
703:
702:
699:
678:
677:
673:
670:
665:
664:
660:
657:
652:
651:
647:
644:
643:
641:
633:
632:
631:Southern Song
628:
623:
622:
621:Northern Song
618:
617:
611:
610:
606:
605:
598:
597:
591:
590:
588:
585:
584:
579:
559:
556:
555:
554:
553:
549:
548:
544:
543:
536:
535:
531:
530:
523:
522:
516:
515:
512:
491:
490:
486:
483:
480:
479:
477:
469:
468:
464:
459:
458:
454:
453:
451:
448:
447:
442:
427:
426:
422:
421:
417:
416:
411:
410:
405:
404:
400:
399:
393:
392:
388:
387:
380:
379:
375:
370:
369:
365:
360:
359:
355:
352:(206–202 BCE)
350:
349:
345:
344:
338:
337:
333:
332:
327:(221–207 BCE)
325:
324:
320:
319:
316:
309:
303:
302:
292:(475–221 BCE)
290:
287:
271:
268:
267:
265:(771–256 BCE)
263:
262:
258:
253:
252:
248:
247:
230:
229:
225:
224:
206:
205:
201:
200:
183:
182:
178:
177:
159:
158:
154:
153:
149:
143:
142:
135:
134:
129:
128:
123:
122:
118:
117:
100:
99:
95:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
80:
74:
73:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
4373:Yuan dynasty
4334:
4308:Other topics
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4227:Menggu Ziyun
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4145:Architecture
4133:
4126:
4109:
3867:
3859:Yuan dynasty
3799:
3795:
3776:
3757:
3738:
3714:
3694:
3685:(paperback).
3662:
3645:
3641:
3612:
3587:
3583:
3563:
3543:
3524:
3503:
3499:
3480:
3457:
3438:
3415:
3396:
3377:
3351:
3326:
3312:
3305:
3293:
3285:the original
3261:
3254:
3245:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3191:Rossabi 1988
3186:
3179:Rossabi 1988
3174:
3155:
3133:
3119:
3107:
3098:
3086:
3076:
3067:
3055:
3048:Rossabi 1988
3043:
3036:Rossabi 1988
3031:
3024:Rossabi 1994
3019:
3012:Rossabi 1988
3007:
3000:Rossabi 1994
2995:
2986:
2974:
2962:
2955:Rossabi 1988
2950:
2938:
2931:Rossabi 1994
2926:
2919:Rossabi 1988
2914:
2907:Rossabi 1988
2902:
2895:Rossabi 1994
2890:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2830:
2810:
2803:
2791:
2764:
2752:
2742:
2735:
2723:
2716:Rossabi 2012
2711:
2704:Rossabi 1994
2699:
2687:
2675:
2668:Rossabi 1994
2663:
2651:
2639:
2602:
2593:
2580:
2566:Qing dynasty
2561:
2515:
2510:Ming dynasty
2485:
2447:
2427:Míng dynasty
2414:
2384:Toghon Temür
2377:
2354:
2337:Confucianism
2334:
2331:Yuan coinage
2317:Golden Horde
2284:
2265:
2257:
2223:
2213:
2183:
2177:
2164:Crown Prince
2137:
2097:
2080:
2060:
1986:
1950:
1946:Tang dynasty
1923:Yangzi River
1917:against the
1912:
1908:Tang dynasty
1864:Commentaries
1862:
1852:
1848:China proper
1797:
1781:
1776:Genghis Khan
1708:Central Asia
1705:
1689:Golden Horde
1675:Song dynasty
1672:
1657:
1636:
1614:
1594:Sorghaghtani
1570:Genghis Khan
1568:
1564:Yuan dynasty
1550:
1505:Yuan dynasty
1502:
1483:
1440:1990–present
1344:Qing dynasty
1304:Yuan dynasty
1249:Liao dynasty
1168:209 BC–93 AD
1103:1450–1150 BC
1093:1500–1000 BC
1083:1800–1600 BC
1073:2750–1900 BC
1063:3300–2500 BC
872:LGBT history
808:
790:
763:
730:
717:
704:
674:
661:
648:
629:
619:
607:
596:Ten Kingdoms
592:
545:
532:
519:Northern and
517:
487:
465:
455:
423:
413:
407:
401:
395:(220–280 CE)
389:
376:
366:
356:
346:
334:
321:
261:Eastern Zhou
259:
251:Western Zhou
249:
226:
202:
179:
155:
131:
125:
119:
96:
86:
4193:Yuan poetry
4031:family tree
3613:The Mongols
3125:Kublai Khan
3104:Zhu Guozhen
2979:Allsen 2001
2967:Allsen 1994
2943:Morgan 2007
2883:Allsen 1994
2859:Allsen 1994
2847:Hucker 1985
2757:Schram 1987
2692:Allsen 1994
2680:Allsen 1994
2611:Esen Taishi
2542:Kublai Khan
2500:to rule as
2454:Basalawarmi
2276:Yesün Temür
2268:Gegeen Khan
2248:Zhao County
2216:Gegeen Khan
2108:temple name
2100:Sinocentric
2056:Grand Canal
2031:Han Chinese
1953:Sinocentric
1892:to use Da (
1861:called the
1772:Kublai Khan
1734:sent him a
1598:Möngke Khan
1586:Jin dynasty
1578:Ögedei Khan
1520:Kublai Khan
1123:1100–300 BC
1113:1400–700 BC
1049:Prehistoric
919:Discoveries
914:Cartography
909:Archaeology
847:Art history
736:(1644–1912)
723:(1368–1644)
710:(1271–1368)
680:(1115–1234)
667:(1038–1227)
663:Western Xia
635:(1127–1279)
467:Eastern Jin
457:Western Jin
382:(25–220 CE)
378:Eastern Han
358:Western Han
237: 1046
217: 1046
213: 1250
190: 1600
166: 2070
107: 8500
88:Paleolithic
79:Prehistoric
4367:Categories
4019:Government
3280:0812277503
3227:Hsiao 1994
3215:Hsiao 1994
2656:Ebrey 2010
2644:Ebrey 2010
2627:References
2558:Batumongke
2522:Köke Temür
2351:compendium
2293:commander
2220:chancellor
2179:Külüg Khan
2172:Temür Khan
2052:Marco Polo
1931:Chancellor
1812:Taiye Lake
1724:autonomous
1631:Xiao Zhala
1617:Shi Tianze
1574:Great Khan
1143:600–300 BC
1133:700–300 BC
924:Inventions
654:(916–1125)
625:(960–1127)
613:(960–1279)
280: – c.
278: 770
239: – c.
215: – c.
204:Late Shang
192: – c.
168: – c.
109: – c.
4342:Khanbaliq
4083:Dpon-chen
4073:Manchuria
4038:Empresses
3806:: 54–62.
3648:: 65–81.
3604:162310870
3203:Mote 1994
3060:Mote 1994
2771:, p. 175.
2759:, p. 130.
2730:, p. 147.
2632:Citations
2588:Archives.
2554:Tamerlane
2538:Ariq Böke
2530:Karakorum
2466:Manchuria
2435:Yingchang
2321:Ilkhanate
2312:Eljigidey
2198:Confucian
2085:known as
2083:banknotes
2063:Silk Road
2040:Khanbaliq
2004:provinces
1959:(twice),
1934:Jia Sidao
1927:Xiangyang
1882:) reads "
1870:(I Ching)
1820:Khanbaliq
1738:reading "
1720:Ilkhanate
1697:Ilkhanate
1680:Ariq Böke
1621:Liu Heima
1582:destroyed
1420:1924–1992
1410:1921–1924
1393:1919–1921
1383:1911–1919
1348:1691–1911
1338:1634–1757
1328:1399–1634
1318:1368–1635
1308:1271–1368
1298:1206–1368
1288:1130–1206
1219:Xueyantuo
1028:Geography
600:(907–979)
561:(690–705)
551:(618–907)
538:(581–618)
525:(420–589)
493:(304–439)
471:(317–420)
461:(266–316)
429:(266–420)
372:(9–23 CE)
98:Neolithic
62:Dynasties
4325:Borjigin
4135:Nong Shu
4117:Jiaochao
4068:Mongolia
4026:Emperors
3927:Sakhalin
3350:(2001).
3073:《易·乾·彖傳》
2873:, p. 54.
2837:, p. 47.
2798:, p. 47.
2786:, p. 41.
2373:Buddhism
2299:Ragibagh
2295:El Temür
2280:regicide
2087:Jiaochao
2075:banknote
1961:Dai Viet
1828:era name
1806:capital
1741:王府定國理民之寶
1555:-glazed
1516:Borjigin
1253:907–1125
1194:Göktürks
1038:Religion
1033:Language
1023:Politics
1013:Nobility
998:Timeline
887:Timeline
814:(Taiwan,
794:of China
308:Imperial
57:Timeline
31:a series
29:Part of
4347:Shangdu
4315:Mongols
4299:Fashion
4122:Coinage
3937:Vietnam
3868:History
3340:Sources
2849:, p.66.
2586:Vatican
2462:Guizhou
2445:today.
2423:Shangdu
2397:Toqto'a
2388:Guangxi
2291:Qipchaq
2261:outlaws
2194:Li Meng
2162:as the
2160:Zhenjin
2044:Shangdu
2016:or the
1969:Myanmar
1866:on the
1816:Beijing
1808:Zhongdu
1710:led by
1684:Kaiping
1610:Shangdu
1530:History
1243:744–840
1233:647–682
1223:628–646
1213:682–744
1211:555–630
1202:Eastern
1188:330–555
1164:Xiongnu
1018:Culture
558:Wu Zhou
148:Ancient
127:Yangtze
3861:topics
3820:606298
3818:
3783:
3764:
3745:
3722:
3701:
3681:
3669:
3619:
3602:
3571:
3550:
3531:
3487:
3464:
3445:
3422:
3403:
3384:
3358:
3277:
3162:
2818:
2498:Heaven
2458:Yunnan
2365:Zhu Xi
2360:《經世大典》
2353:named
2346:奎章閣學士院
2308:Kusala
2228:《大元通制》
2156:Yunnan
2150:, and
2132:dragon
2104:Khagan
1977:Champa
1716:Hülegü
1552:sancai
1513:Mongol
1204:, and
1178:93–234
1051:period
1008:Rulers
1003:States
756:Modern
412:, and
130:, and
121:Yellow
33:on the
4294:Islam
4078:Tibet
3964:Pagan
3954:Burma
3932:Japan
3918:Yamen
3816:JSTOR
3802:(1).
3638:(PDF)
3633:大元の記憶
3600:S2CID
2608:Oirat
2572:Notes
2562:Dayan
2504:(see
2443:Henan
2392:Bayan
2252:Hebei
2168:Bayan
1957:Japan
1712:Kaidu
1602:Güyük
1590:Hebei
1198:First
181:Shang
4289:Semu
4254:Zaju
4213:Song
3781:ISBN
3762:ISBN
3743:ISBN
3720:ISBN
3699:ISBN
3679:ISBN
3667:ISBN
3617:ISBN
3569:ISBN
3548:ISBN
3529:ISBN
3485:ISBN
3462:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3420:ISBN
3401:ISBN
3382:ISBN
3356:ISBN
3275:ISBN
3160:ISBN
3129:建國號詔
3111:涌幢小品
3080:《易傳》
2816:ISBN
2616:大元可汗
2460:and
2448:The
2409:Song
2407:and
2401:Liao
2319:and
2272:coup
2242:The
2196:, a
2152:Qing
2148:Ming
2140:Dali
2128:jade
2036:Semu
2026:Qing
2024:and
2022:Ming
1999:行中書省
1965:Java
1899:建國號詔
1885:大哉乾元
1874:Qián
1789:iron
1787:and
1752:Seal
1736:seal
1695:and
1503:The
1430:1990
1408:1921
1373:1911
732:Qing
719:Ming
706:Yuan
650:Liao
609:Song
547:Tang
228:Zhou
219:BCE)
4206:Jin
3808:doi
3800:118
3650:doi
3592:doi
3588:114
3508:doi
3318:389
3137:元典章
3127:.
2405:Jin
2367:'s
2246:of
2203:尚書省
2114:).
1906:to
1804:Jin
1670:).
1667:新附軍
1644:史秉直
1626:劉黑馬
676:Jin
534:Sui
425:Jin
409:Shu
403:Wei
368:Xin
336:Han
323:Qin
157:Xia
4369::
3814:.
3798:.
3646:14
3644:.
3640:.
3598:.
3586:.
3504:50
3502:.
3273:.
3269::
3265:.
3146:^
3106:.
3085:.
3075:.
2776:^
2619:).
2489:大元
2472:.
2452:,
2403:,
2375:.
2250:,
2112:世祖
2048:上都
2009:行省
1948:.
1910:.
1855:大元
1850:.
1839:至元
1833:中統
1824:大都
1795:.
1774:,
1703:.
1691:,
1661:漢軍
1619:,
1562:,
1549:A
1526:.
1200:,
415:Wu
406:,
275:c.
234:c.
210:c.
187:c.
163:c.
124:,
104:c.
3851:e
3844:t
3837:v
3822:.
3810::
3789:.
3770:.
3751:.
3728:.
3707:.
3675:.
3656:.
3652::
3625:.
3606:.
3594::
3577:.
3556:.
3537:.
3514:.
3510::
3493:.
3470:.
3451:.
3428:.
3409:.
3390:.
3364:.
3168:.
3140:.
3083:)
2824:.
2357:(
2226:(
2134:.
2092:鈔
2089:(
2046:(
2006:(
1996:(
1894:大
1879:乾
1876:(
1758:.
1623:(
1498:.
1488:.
1470:e
1463:t
1456:v
1405:)
1401:(
1208:)
1196:(
965:e
958:t
951:v
284:)
273:(
243:)
232:(
208:(
196:)
185:(
172:)
161:(
113:)
102:(
23:.
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