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Richmond, his hometown, for most of the year. When the Court was in session in
Washington, the justices boarded together in the same rooming house, avoided outside socializing, and discussed each case intently among themselves. Decisions were usually made in a matter of days. Marshall wrote nearly half the decisions during his 33 years in office. Lawyers appearing before the court, including the most brilliant in the United States, typically gave oral arguments and did not present written briefs. The justices did not have clerks, so they listened closely to the oral arguments and decided among themselves what the decision should be. The court issued only one decision; the occasional dissenter did not issue a separate opinion.
646:(called the "court-packing bill" by its opponents) in 1937, which would have increased the size of the Supreme Court and permitted the appointment of an additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years and 6 months and refused retirement; under Roosevelt's proposal, such appointments would continue until the Court reached a maximum size of 15 justices. Ostensibly, the proposal was made to ease the burdens of the docket on the elderly justices, but Roosevelt's actual purpose was to pack the Court with justices who would support his New Deal policies and legislation. The plan quickly drew bipartisan opposition, including from Roosevelt's own vice president
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318:, who had a somewhat more limited view of the powers of the federal government. At a time when sectional tensions between the North and South were high, many of the Supreme Court's decisions—particularly those relating to slavery—met with controversy and contention. Most controversial was the Taney Court's decision in
743:, who was then governor of California, to the position of Chief Justice. Warren's term, which lasted until 1969, was arguably one of the most significant in the history of the Court. Under him, the Court made a long series of landmark decisions. Notable members of the liberal wing of the Court aside from Warren included
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520:(1833), the Bill of Rights restricted only the federal government; however, during the twentieth century, the Supreme Court held in a series of decisions the Fourteenth Amendment had the effect of applying some (but not all) provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states. The first such decision was
284:
Marshall ran a congenial court; there was seldom any bickering. The Court met in
Washington only two months a year, from the first Monday in February through the second or third week in March. Six months of the year the justices did circuit duty in the various states. Marshall was therefore based in
276:
Marshall had charm, humor, a quick intelligence, and the ability to bring men together. His sincerity and presence commanded attention. His opinions were workmanlike but not especially eloquent or subtle. His influence on learned men of the law came from the charismatic force of his personality, and
402:
credentials and had previously served
Lincoln as Secretary of the Treasury. His post-Civil War tenure featured several key decisions affirming the indestructibility of the Union. Chase was considered highly ambitious, even for a politician. In 1872, Chase, while serving on the Supreme Court, ran
665:." The balance of the Court shifted with the retirement of Justice Van Devanter 1937 and of Justice Sutherland the following year, while Justice Butler died in November 1939. By the end of 1941, Roosevelt had appointed seven Supreme Court justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to chief justice.
1488:
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To say that the intention of the instrument must prevail; that this intention must be collected from its words; that its words are to be understood in that sense in which they are generally used by those for whom the instrument was intended; that its provisions are neither to be restricted into
163:
For intending to establish three departments, co-ordinate and independent, that they might check and balance one another, it has given, according to this opinion, to one of them alone, the right to prescribe rules for the government of the others, and to that one too, which is unelected by, and
474:
In the early twentieth century, the
Supreme Court established that the Fourteenth Amendment protected the "liberty of contract." On the grounds of the Fourteenth Amendment and other provisions of the Constitution, it controversially overturned many state and federal laws designed to protect
340:, both of which prohibited slavery, for extended periods of time. Taney, however, ruled that members of the African race were not and could never become citizens of the United States. Consequently, he ruled that Scott therefore had no standing to file the lawsuit. Moreover, he held that the
272:
observed when both he and
Marshall served in the Adams administration, Marshall had the knack of "putting his own ideas into the minds of others, unconsciously to them". However, he regularly curbed his own viewpoints, preferring to arrive at decisions by consensus. He adjusted his role to
288:
While
Marshall was considered good at listening to the oral briefs and convincing the other justices of his interpretation of the law, he was not widely read in the law and seldom cited precedents. After the Court reached a decision, he would usually write it up himself. Often he asked
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ban on handguns. On June 26, 2008, the
Supreme Court ruled that "The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home."
277:
his ability to seize upon the key elements of a case and make highly persuasive arguments. Together with his vision of the future greatness of the nation, these qualities are apparent in his historic decisions and gave him the sobriquet,
1122:, that was regarded as the first important and historically significant decision on the Second Amendment to the Constitution since 1875. On March 18, 2008, the Supreme Court heard arguments concerning the constitutionality of a
209:(1819), the Court ruled that the interstate commerce clause and other clauses permitted Congress to create a national bank, even though the power to create a bank is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. Similarly, in
524:, in which the Supreme Court incorporated the protection of freedom of speech afforded by the First Amendment. Important decisions relating to incorporations were made during later decades, especially the 1960s.
2502:
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814:(1966) held that the police must inform suspects of their rights (including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney) before being interrogated. (The decision is the source of the famous
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began to shift. Justice
Roberts, who had previously voted with the conservative bloc in invalidating New Deal legislation, began to vote on the opposite side. Roberts' decision spelled the end of the
881:
in which the court ruled for fining a newspaper for revealing the identity of a judge under investigation by state commissioner H. Warrington Sharp. The Burger Court also established a moratorium on
952:
served from Burger's retirement in 1986 until his own death on
September 3, 2005. The Rehnquist Court generally took a limited view of Congress's powers under the commerce clause, as exemplified by
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controlled the balance by serving as the swing votes. Hughes, as a progressive
Republican, tended to side with the Three Musketeers, whilst Roberts was swayed to the side of the conservatives.
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insignificance, nor extended to objects not comprehended in them, nor contemplated by its framers; -- is to repeat what has been already said more at large, and all that can be necessary.
218:
The Marshall Court also made several decisions restraining the actions of state governments. The notion that the Supreme Court could consider appeals from state courts was established in
1936:
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on September 29, 2005, and presided over the Court for the first time on October 3, 2005, the day the 2005–2006 session opened. On October 31, 2005, President George W. Bush nominated
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1086:(who Roberts was originally going to replace), and was confirmed on January 31, 2006. Under Roberts the Court has drifted primarily to the right in areas like the death penalty (
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2743:
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157:
1366:
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2517:
1612:. Historian Edward Corwin garbled the quotation to: "Now Story, that is the law; you find the precedents for it", and that incorrect version has been repeated. Edward Corwin,
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696:(1944) which outlawed white primaries entirely and paved the way for the first significant increases in black voter registration and voting in former Confederate states since
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led the conservative bloc. Many justices during this era were considered to be moderate and did not necessarily push the law in a more conservative or liberal direction.
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113:, in which it held that the federal judiciary could hear lawsuits against states. Soon thereafter, responding to the concerns of several states, Congress proposed the
430:
held that Congress could not prohibit racial discrimination by private individuals (as opposed to governments) on the grounds of the Fourteenth Amendment. Later, in
796:
readings in public schools. The Court also expanded and incorporated the rights of criminal defendants, on the basis of the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments. In
253:
Marshall's forceful personality allowed him to steer his fellow justices; only once did he find himself on the losing side in a constitutional case. In that case (
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Between 1943 and 1946, eight of the nine sitting justices had been appointed by President Roosevelt, the sole exceptions being Owen Roberts and his replacement
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Marshall was in the dissenting minority only eight times throughout his tenure at the Court, partly because of his influence over the associate justices. As
416:, which, among other things, prevented states from abridging the "privileges and immunities of citizens," from denying due process of law, and from denying
2209:
293:, a renowned legal scholar, to do the chore of locating precedents, saying, "There, Story; that is the law of this case; now go and find the authorities."
114:
2632:
1296:
236:, the Court held that a state could not tax an agency of the federal government. At the same time, however, the Marshall Court held in the landmark case
776:
The Warren Court also made several controversial decisions relating to the Bill of Rights. The doctrine of incorporation, which had first taken root in
891:(1972), holding that states generally awarded death sentences arbitrarily and inconsistently. The moratorium, however, was lifted four years later in
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187:(1803), Marshall held that the Supreme Court could overturn a law passed by Congress if it violated the Constitution, legally cementing the power of
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1303:
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took the oath in 1994, to Rehnquist's death in 2005, the composition of the Court remained unchanged – the longest such stretch in over 180 years.
769:(1954), in which the Court unanimously declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional, effectively reversing the precedent set earlier in
1990:
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2738:
2610:
1100:
697:
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During the 1930s, the Supreme Court contained both a solid liberal bloc and a solid conservative bloc. The four conservative Justices, known as "
420:
to any person. Many cases that came before the Court in the post–Civil War era involved interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. In the
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786:(1962), the Court declared that officially sanctioned prayer in public schools was unconstitutional under the First Amendment. Similarly, in
246:
restricted the federal government alone, and did not apply to the states. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court would in later years hold that the
50:
for most of its history, this number is set by Congress, not the Constitution. The court convened for the first time on February 2, 1790.
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of eight former Confederate states could be regulated as general elections were. This was followed up three years later by the landmark
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514:, under which provisions of the Bill of Rights were deemed to restrict the states. Originally, as Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in
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903:(1974), the court ruled that the courts have the final voice in determining constitutional questions and that no person, not even the
403:
for the Presidency, but his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. Chase continued to serve as Chief Justice until his death in 1873.
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for Supreme Court judges. However, there is some evidence that indicates that the shift towards black robes occurred earlier.
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802:(1961), the Court incorporated the Fourth Amendment and ruled that illegally seized evidence could not be used in a trial.
587:
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in a 52–48 vote on October 26, 2020, eight days prior to the same election. On June 30, 2022, Stephen Breyer retired, and
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230:(1821). In several decisions, the Marshall Court confirmed the supremacy of federal laws over state laws. For example, in
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877:
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1958:
117:, which granted states immunity from certain types of lawsuits in federal courts. The Amendment was ratified in 1795.
30:, including the Supreme Court. It was also the first act by Congress to be partially invalidated by the Supreme Court.
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676:
399:
349:
39:
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1819:
Beyerlein, Kraig and Andrews, Kenneth T.; ‘Black Voting during the Civil Rights Movement: A Micro-Level Analysis’;
1162:(who died on February 13, 2016), and he was confirmed on April 7, 2017. On July 9, 2018, President Trump nominated
1007:
620:
493:
383:
481:(1905), in which the Court overturned a New York law limiting the number of hours bakers could work each week. In
215:(1824), the Court found that the interstate commerce clause permitted Congress to regulate interstate navigation.
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2010:
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The Hughes and Stone Courts overturned many convictions of African-Americans in southern courts, most notably in
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were considered "swing votes" in the middle of the court, though Kennedy would protest that "the cases swing".
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The Burger Court largely affirmed the Warren Court's rulings, as the liberal bloc was still led by Justices
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test" for determining if legislation violates the establishment clause. Similarly, it established the "
409:, Congress increased the size of the court to consist of a chief justice and eight associate justices.
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97:
1203:, who had already been confirmed on April 7, 2022 by a 53–47 vote, was sworn in as his replacement.
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which upheld affirmative action. Perhaps the most controversial decision made by the Court came in
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On March 16, 2020, the Supreme Court announced it would postpone oral arguments in response to the
852:
in some circumstances. The Court also made important decisions relating to the First Amendment. In
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One of the most significant events during the history of the Court was the tenure of Chief Justice
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964:(1989), which declared that flag burning was a form of speech protected by the First Amendment;
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Soon afterward, however, the ideological balance of the Supreme Court that had prevailed since
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64:, where the first meeting of the Court was held in February 1790, though with no cases to hear.
1871:
1177:, disrupting its operation for the first time in 102 years. Six months later on September 18,
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in public facilities, as long as the facilities were equal (giving rise to the infamous term "
195:. Marshall took a broad view of the powers of the federal government—in particular, the
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Marshall's tenure as chief justice has been associated with the shift towards black robes as
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1991:"The Supreme Court says it is adopting a code of ethics, but it has no means of enforcement"
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970:(1992), which declared officially sanctioned, student-led school prayers unconstitutional;
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became the first Hispanic-American to serve on the Supreme Court after being nominated by
808:(1963) established that states were required to provide attorneys to indigent defendants.
83:
The Court lacked its own building until 1935; from 1791 to 1801, it met in Philadelphia's
8:
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to set "ethics rules and principles that guide the conduct of the Members of the Court."
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567:
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477:
344:, under which Congress prohibited slavery in certain territories that formed part of the
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109:
763:(grandson of the first Justice Harlan). The first important case of Warren's tenure was
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1689:
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911:
882:
810:
752:
748:
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506:
445:
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432:
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353:
345:
226:
183:
1756:"FDR tried to pack the Supreme Court during the Depression. It was a disaster for him"
1359:"The Constitution of the United States with Index and the Declaration of Independence"
842:, who served from 1969 to 1986. The Burger Court is best remembered for its ruling in
259:
in 1827), Marshall set forth his general principles of constitutional interpretation:
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From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality
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131:
79:
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960:
893:
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616:
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211:
169:
125:
1598:, a law professor who knew Marshall personally. Parsons, "Distinguished Lawyers,"
107:(1791). Perhaps the most controversial of the Supreme Court's early decisions was
53:
46:, the Court was to be composed of six members—though the number of justices
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188:
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824:(1965), which established that the Constitution protected the right to privacy.
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had the effect of applying most provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states.
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848:(1973), which held that there is a constitutionally protected right to have an
818:.) Another significant and controversial decision made by the Warren Court was
708:
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427:
315:
269:
103:
1959:"Trump Selects Amy Coney Barrett to Fill Ginsburg's Seat on the Supreme Court"
1388:"U.S. Supreme Court Records of Earliest caselaw PDF (accessed April 24, 2009)"
412:
In the aftermath of the Civil War Congress passed and the states ratified the
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Rehnquist led a remarkably stable Court. For the eleven years following when
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61:
1933:"Supreme Court delays oral arguments, Trump tax case was set for this month"
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On November 13, 2023, for the first time in its history the court issued a
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A Court Divided: The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law
1779:"Justices, Number of", in Hall, Ely Jr., Grossman, and Wiecek (editors),
1482:
The Constitution in the Supreme Court: The First Hundred Years, 1789–1888
1143:
987:
940:
844:
740:
658:
469:
348:, was unconstitutional. The controversial decision met with outrage from
332:, sued for his freedom on the grounds that his master had taken him into
297:
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from 1819 until 1860. The room has been restored and is now known as the
1191:
as a replacement on September 26, 2020, less than two months before the
18:
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1646:
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325:
192:
191:. The Marshall Court also made several important decisions relating to
2892:
2027:
1231:
Code of Conduct for Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1150:. She was confirmed on August 7, 2010. On January 31, 2017, President
990:.") Another controversial decision of the Rehnquist court in 2003 was
68:
3447:
2923:
2372:
546:
337:
75:
List of United States Supreme Court cases prior to the Marshall Court
27:
2846:
1614:
John Marshall and the Constitution: A Chronicle of the Supreme Court
1252:
674:(1932), and laid the groundwork for postwar school desegregation in
2919:
2103:
2099:
958:(1995). The Court made numerous controversial decisions, including
849:
612:
527:
333:
329:
92:
1036:
led the Court's liberal bloc during this era. Meanwhile, Justices
359:
2083:
1003:
780:, was applied fully to most provisions of the Bill of Rights. In
128:. No major cases came before the Supreme Court during this time.
936:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
1781:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States.
1210:
led the liberal bloc during much of this court, while Justices
1181:
died at the age of 87, opening up a seat in the Supreme Court.
983:
976:(2000), which voided laws prohibiting late-term abortions; and
158:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court
2114:
1066:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court
680:(1938). In one of the last cases under Chief Justice Hughes –
1520:
Expanding Democracy, Biographies of the Robes, John Marshall.
834:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court
793:
731:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court
542:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court
534:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court
440:
determined that the equal protection clause did not prohibit
374:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court
1506:
Memoirs of the Administrations of Washington and John Adams,
538:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court
462:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court
370:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court
366:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court
310:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court
1631:"The Switch to Black: Revisiting Early Supreme Court Robes"
491:" (contracts that prohibited workers from joining unions).
466:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court
2100:
Works by History of the Supreme Court of the United States
1570:
The Great Chief Justice: John Marshall and the Rule of Law
1116:). On November 20, 2007, the Court agreed to hear a case,
1104:), the exclusionary rule for Fourth Amendment violations (
273:
accommodate other members of the court as they developed.
2045:
986:. (Some commentators see these decisions as part of the "
751:(the longest-serving Justice in the Court's history) and
487:(1908), the Court overruled a federal law which forbade "
2055:
455:
1594:
A reliable statement of the quotation was recounted by
475:
employees. The first important decision of the era was
2160:
755:. The foremost conservative members of the Court were
601:
As a result, the Court continued to enforce a Federal
504:
In 1925, the Supreme Court made a landmark ruling in
1226:
were considered to be in the "middle" of the court.
1138:
and confirmed by the Senate to replace the retiring
314:
In 1836, Marshall was succeeded as Chief Justice by
1462:. Vol. II. London: Charles Knight. p. 473
1286:"History of the Supreme Court of the United States"
1277:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1059:
69:
The Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth Courts (1789–1801)
2052:with information about each case the court decided
1834:
1688:
929:
352:, and contributed to the tensions that led to the
38:is the only court specifically established by the
3904:History of the Supreme Court of the United States
3868:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
1583:The Marshall Court and Cultural Change: 1815–1835
151:
91:The first Chief Justice of the United States was
3895:
1872:"Supreme Court hears arguments on gun ownership"
528:The Hughes, Stone, and Vinson Courts (1930–1953)
827:
718:
382:First photograph of the U.S. Supreme Court, by
360:The Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts (1864–1910)
3909:History of the government of the United States
1823:, volume 87, No. 1 (September 2008), pp. 65-93
1801:The Stone Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy
1243:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
1113:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
642:In response, President Roosevelt proposed the
303:
2878:
2146:
1957:Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie (2020-09-25).
1956:
1511:
1428:A letter to Judge Spencer Roane Poplar Forest
1142:. On May 10, 2010, President Obama nominated
2779:Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court
1101:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
615:programs, which were designed to combat the
101:(1791), and its first recorded decision was
1048:as the Court's conservative bloc. Justices
982:(2003), which struck down laws prohibiting
838:Chief Justice Earl Warren was succeeded by
698:their virtually complete disenfranchisement
2885:
2871:
2153:
2139:
1418:
1337:Learn how and when to remove this message
1218:led the conservative bloc. Chief Justice
1002:(2000), which ended election recounts in
574:. Their liberal opponents on the bench –
2238:Cert. dismissed as improvidently granted
1930:
1754:Brockell, Gillian (September 24, 2020).
1753:
1628:
1363:United States Government Printing Office
939:
626:Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
607:approach, overturning many of President
545:
448:"). The sole dissenter in that case was
377:
130:
78:
52:
17:
2761:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937
2718:Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol
2065:Supreme Court Nominations, present–1789
1832:
1732:. University of Houston. Archived from
1686:
1170:. He was confirmed on October 6, 2018.
501:minimum wage law was unconstitutional.
398:to be Chief Justice. Chase had strong
3896:
3216:
1452:
1434:from the original on December 31, 2009
1400:from the original on December 11, 2017
436:(1896), the Court under Chief Justice
426:(1883), the Court under Chief Justice
120:Jay was succeeded as Chief Justice by
95:; the Court's first docketed case was
3215:
2905:
2866:
2580:Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837
2134:
1869:
1723:
1624:
1622:
1430:. From Revolution to Reconstruction.
456:The White and Taft courts (1910–1930)
181:(1801 to 1835). In the landmark case
2115:U.S. Supreme Court Decisions (v. 1+)
2032:The Supreme Court Historical Society
1275:adding citations to reliable sources
1246:
1110:), and campaign-finance regulation (
866:test" for laws banning obscenity in
619:, by 5–4 margins. Most notably, the
135:The Supreme Court met in windowless
1557:The life of John Marshall: Volume 4
878:Landmark Communications v. Virginia
789:Abington School District v. Schempp
13:
3876:
3196:
2906:
2895:Supreme Court of the United States
2162:Supreme Court of the United States
2056:audio recordings or oral arguments
1904:Supreme Court of the United States
1619:
497:(1923) involved a decision that a
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3920:
2021:
792:(1963), it struck down mandatory
677:Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada
42:, implemented in 1789; under the
40:Constitution of the United States
2845:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2723:Old Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol
2199:
2107:
2089:Supreme Court Records and Briefs
1931:Williams, Pete (16 March 2020).
1635:Journal of Supreme Court History
1585:(abridged ed. 1991) pp. 157-200.
1251:
1060:The Roberts Court (2005–present)
686:– the Court would rule that the
621:National Industrial Recovery Act
2810:United States Solicitor General
2537:Justices who served in Congress
2003:
1983:
1950:
1939:from the original on 2021-10-19
1924:
1913:from the original on 2013-03-02
1889:
1878:from the original on 2008-05-26
1863:
1826:
1813:
1793:
1773:
1747:
1717:
1680:
1669:from the original on 2021-05-15
1603:Aug. 20, 1870, pp. 126-7 online
1588:
1575:
1562:
1369:from the original on 2008-09-12
1262:needs additional citations for
930:The Rehnquist Court (1986–2005)
711:was appointed Chief Justice by
510:, establishing the doctrine of
390:In the midst of the Civil War,
26:implemented the entire federal
2739:Article III, U.S. Constitution
1783:Oxford University Press 1992,
1549:
1536:
1498:
1474:
1446:
1412:
1380:
1351:
1119:District of Columbia v. Heller
905:President of the United States
663:switch in time that saved nine
623:was overturned unanimously in
152:The Marshall Court (1801–1835)
1:
2708:Royal Exchange, New York City
2590:Judicial Circuits Act of 1866
1897:"October, 2007 Term Syllabus"
1236:
1008:presidential election of 2000
650:, and it failed in Congress.
644:Judiciary Reorganization Bill
494:Adkins v. Children's Hospital
2756:Code of Conduct for Justices
1687:Klarman, Michael J. (2004).
1459:The Life of Thomas Jefferson
858:(1971), it established the "
828:The Burger Court (1969–1986)
719:The Warren Court (1953–1969)
418:equal protection of the laws
7:
2774:Impeachment of Samuel Chase
2713:Old City Hall, Philadelphia
2575:Seventh Circuit Act of 1807
2191:Nomination and confirmation
2106:(public domain audiobooks)
2041:Legal Information Institute
1555:Albert Jeremiah Beveridge,
1531:Public Broadcasting Service
1424:"Limits to judicial review"
1195:. She was confirmed by the
1084:Justice Sandra Day O'Connor
907:, is completely above law.
766:Brown v. Board of Education
631:Agricultural Adjustment Act
304:The Taney Court (1836–1864)
201:Necessary and Proper Clause
10:
3925:
2197:
2046:The Supreme Court Database
1870:Mears, Bill (2008-03-18).
1843:W. W. Norton & Company
1629:Hofstedt, Matthew (2021).
1546:(1996) pp. 351-2, 422, 506
1240:
1063:
1014:to become the forty-third
933:
831:
728:
722:
531:
459:
363:
307:
197:interstate commerce clause
172:, about the Marshall Court
164:independent of the nation.
155:
72:
3874:
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3194:
2914:
2901:
2818:
2731:
2692:
2603:
2585:Tenth Circuit Act of 1863
2550:
2542:Burial places of justices
2478:
2363:
2335:
2265:
2208:
2168:
2050:Washington University Law
1833:Tushnet, Mark V. (2005).
1726:"The New Deal in Decline"
1148:Justice John Paul Stevens
944:U.S. Supreme Court, 1998.
661:and has been dubbed the "
586:, were conversely known "
550:U.S. Supreme Court, 1932.
221:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
145:Old Supreme Court Chamber
98:Van Staphorst v. Maryland
2840:United States portal
2784:Supreme Court in fiction
2075:American Bar Association
2037:Supreme Court Collection
1572:(1996) pp. 15-16, 119-23
1508:(1846), vol. II, p. 350.
1495:(Univ. of Chicago 1992).
1166:to replace the retiring
1146:to replace the retiring
1082:to replace the retiring
683:United States v. Classic
356:during the next decade.
2048:A research database by
1697:Oxford University Press
1168:Justice Anthony Kennedy
821:Griswold v. Connecticut
761:John Marshall Harlan II
737:Dwight David Eisenhower
636:United States v. Butler
590:", while Chief Justice
279:The Great Chief Justice
3881:
3201:
2700:Supreme Court Building
2080:Supreme Court Opinions
1183:President Donald Trump
1160:Justice Antonin Scalia
955:United States v. Lopez
945:
900:United States v. Nixon
875:Other rulings include
551:
484:Adair v. United States
387:
321:Dred Scott v. Sandford
266:
175:
148:
88:
65:
58:The Old Royal Exchange
31:
3880:
3200:
3048:Edward Douglass White
2795:United States Reports
2744:original jurisdiction
2628:Reporter of Decisions
2595:Judiciary Act of 1869
2570:Judiciary Act of 1802
2565:Judiciary Act of 1801
2560:Judiciary Act of 1789
2327:Ketanji Brown Jackson
2243:Grant, vacate, remand
2233:Cert. before judgment
1996:Associated Press News
1422:(September 6, 1819).
1241:Further information:
1201:Ketanji Brown Jackson
1193:2020 general election
1074:was confirmed by the
1044:joined Chief Justice
943:
922:. Meanwhile, Justice
609:Franklin D. Roosevelt
549:
381:
336:and the territory of
261:
206:McCulloch v. Maryland
161:
134:
82:
56:
44:Judiciary Act of 1789
24:Judiciary Act of 1789
21:
3080:Charles Evans Hughes
2621:Supreme Court Police
2186:Ideological leanings
2123:and U.S. Court Forms
2071:Supreme Court Briefs
1271:improve this article
1158:to replace the late
1140:Justice David Souter
1124:District of Columbia
1076:United States Senate
993:Grutter v. Bollinger
869:Miller v. California
805:Gideon v. Wainwright
707:. After Stone died,
592:Charles Evans Hughes
588:The Three Musketeers
499:District of Columbia
489:yellow dog contracts
450:John Marshall Harlan
414:Fourteenth Amendment
248:Fourteenth Amendment
3064:William Howard Taft
2789:Supreme Court leaks
2255:In-chambers opinion
2094:Cornell Law Library
2067:, US Senate website
1999:. 13 November 2023.
1799:Renstrom Peter G.;
1760:The Washington Post
1568:Charles F. Hobson,
1542:Jean Edward Smith,
1208:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
1179:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
1130:On August 8, 2009,
1095:Gonzales v. Carhart
1050:Sandra Day O'Connor
1030:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
973:Stenberg v. Carhart
735:In 1953, President
633:was struck down in
568:Willis Van Devanter
517:Barron v. Baltimore
478:Lochner v. New York
342:Missouri Compromise
239:Barron v. Baltimore
203:. For instance, in
110:Chisholm v. Georgia
3882:
3218:Associate justices
3202:
2551:Statutes affecting
2493:Associate justices
2287:Associate justices
2181:Court demographics
1963:The New York Times
1724:Mintz, S. (2007).
1647:10.1111/jsch.12255
1608:2014-12-16 at the
1601:Albany Law Journal
1596:Theophilus Parsons
1581:G. Edward White,
1526:2017-09-23 at the
1491:2016-10-17 at the
1107:Hudson v. Michigan
946:
912:William J. Brennan
883:capital punishment
811:Miranda v. Arizona
778:Gitlow v. New York
771:Plessy v. Ferguson
753:William J. Brennan
749:William O. Douglas
705:Harold Hitz Burton
693:Smith v. Allwright
552:
507:Gitlow v. New York
446:separate but equal
442:racial segregation
433:Plessy v. Ferguson
423:Civil Rights Cases
388:
346:Louisiana Purchase
227:Cohens v. Virginia
184:Marbury v. Madison
149:
115:Eleventh Amendment
89:
66:
32:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3207:
3206:
3160:William Rehnquist
2860:
2859:
2479:Lists of justices
2322:Amy Coney Barrett
1420:Jefferson, Thomas
1347:
1346:
1339:
1321:
1189:Amy Coney Barrett
1175:COVID-19 pandemic
1034:John Paul Stevens
979:Lawrence v. Texas
950:William Rehnquist
924:William Rehnquist
920:John Paul Stevens
916:Thurgood Marshall
888:Furman v. Georgia
855:Lemon v. Kurtzman
773:and other cases.
757:Felix Frankfurter
671:Powell v. Alabama
648:John Nance Garner
564:George Sutherland
556:The Four Horsemen
384:Alexander Gardner
256:Ogden v. Saunders
3916:
3870:
3770:
3624:
3562:
3518:
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3144:Warren E. Burger
2952:Oliver Ellsworth
2903:
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2893:Justices of the
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2802:Lawyers' Edition
2337:Retired justices
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1906:. October 2007.
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1255:
1247:
961:Texas v. Johnson
897:(1976). Also in
894:Gregg v. Georgia
840:Warren E. Burger
629:(1935), and the
617:Great Depression
580:Benjamin Cardozo
560:James McReynolds
242:(1833) that the
212:Gibbons v. Ogden
173:
170:Thomas Jefferson
126:Oliver Ellsworth
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3706:J. M. Harlan II
3619:
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3096:Harlan F. Stone
3032:Melville Fuller
3000:Salmon P. Chase
2910:
2897:
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2828:Other countries
2814:
2727:
2688:
2599:
2552:
2546:
2525:All nominations
2480:
2474:
2463:Rehnquist Court
2385:Ellsworth Court
2359:
2345:Anthony Kennedy
2331:
2317:Brett Kavanaugh
2302:Sonia Sotomayor
2292:Clarence Thomas
2266:Current members
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2204:
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2024:
2019:
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2011:"DocumentCloud"
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1935:. Nbcnews.com.
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1730:Digital History
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1610:Wayback Machine
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1480:Currie, David.
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1224:Anthony Kennedy
1216:Clarence Thomas
1164:Brett Kavanaugh
1132:Sonia Sotomayor
1089:Kansas v. Marsh
1072:John G. Roberts
1068:
1062:
1054:Anthony Kennedy
1042:Clarence Thomas
938:
932:
836:
830:
816:Miranda warning
783:Engel v. Vitale
733:
727:
721:
713:Harry S. Truman
688:white primaries
544:
530:
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438:Melville Fuller
396:Salmon P. Chase
392:Abraham Lincoln
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328:, a slave from
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3860:(2022–present)
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3854:(2020–present)
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3848:(2018–present)
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1038:Antonin Scalia
1023:Stephen Breyer
1016:U.S. President
1012:George W. Bush
1006:following the
967:Lee v. Weisman
948:Chief Justice
931:
928:
829:
826:
723:Main article:
720:
717:
709:Fred M. Vinson
700:in the 1890s.
576:Louis Brandeis
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428:Morrison Waite
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316:Roger B. Taney
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3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:* (1972–1986)
3768:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
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3656:
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3650:
3647:
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3641:
3638:
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3623:* (1925–1941)
3622:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
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3579:
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3567:
3564:
3561:* (1910–1916)
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3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
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3538:
3535:
3532:
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3517:* (1894–1910)
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3503:
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3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:* (1790–1791)
3232:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3199:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3177:
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3017:
3014:
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2995:
2994:
2989:
2985:
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2979:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2968:John Marshall
2966:
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2962:
2957:
2953:
2950:
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2946:
2941:
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2936:John Rutledge
2934:
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2751:Camera policy
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2642:Chief Justice
2639:
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2604:Functionaries
2602:
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2500:
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2489:
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2477:
2470:
2469:Roberts Court
2467:
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2277:
2275:
2274:Chief justice
2271:
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2250:Shadow docket
2248:
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2222:
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2219:Amicus curiae
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2035:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1909:
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1866:
1858:
1856:0-393-05868-9
1852:
1848:
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1829:
1822:
1821:Social Forces
1816:
1810:
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1802:
1796:
1790:
1789:0-19-505835-6
1786:
1782:
1776:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1736:on 2008-05-05
1735:
1731:
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1712:
1710:0-19-512903-2
1706:
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1552:
1545:
1544:John Marshall
1539:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1486:pages 152-155
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1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
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1288: –
1287:
1283:
1282:Find sources:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1260:This article
1258:
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1234:
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1128:
1125:
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1103:
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1096:
1092:), abortion (
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614:
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606:
605:
604:laissez-faire
599:
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593:
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581:
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573:
572:Pierce Butler
569:
565:
561:
557:
548:
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512:incorporation
509:
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350:abolitionists
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317:
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291:Justice Story
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179:John Marshall
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122:John Rutledge
118:
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106:
105:
100:
99:
94:
86:
81:
76:
63:
62:New York City
59:
55:
51:
49:
48:has been nine
45:
41:
37:
29:
25:
20:
16:
3867:
3566:Van Devanter
3454:J. M. Harlan
3183:
3180:2005–present
3176:John Roberts
3167:
3151:
3135:
3119:
3103:
3087:
3071:
3055:
3039:
3023:
3007:
2991:
2975:
2959:
2943:
2927:
2800:
2793:
2766:
2530:unsuccessful
2498:All justices
2481:and nominees
2457:Burger Court
2451:Warren Court
2445:Vinson Court
2433:Hughes Court
2415:Fuller Court
2364:
2350:David Souter
2312:Neil Gorsuch
2297:Samuel Alito
2285:
2279:John Roberts
2272:
2226:
2218:
2127:
2121:Oyez Project
2118:
2092:
2060:Oyez Project
2005:
1994:
1985:
1974:. Retrieved
1962:
1952:
1941:. Retrieved
1926:
1915:. Retrieved
1891:
1880:. Retrieved
1865:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1815:
1800:
1795:
1780:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:
1749:
1738:. Retrieved
1734:the original
1729:
1719:
1690:
1682:
1671:. Retrieved
1641:(1): 13–41.
1638:
1634:
1613:
1600:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1559:(1919) p. 94
1556:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1481:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1458:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1427:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1382:
1371:. Retrieved
1353:
1333:
1324:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1281:
1269:Please help
1264:verification
1261:
1228:
1222:and Justice
1205:
1172:
1156:Neil Gorsuch
1152:Donald Trump
1136:Barack Obama
1129:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1080:Samuel Alito
1069:
1027:
1020:
999:Bush v. Gore
997:
991:
988:culture wars
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
909:
898:
892:
886:
876:
874:
867:
863:
859:
853:
843:
837:
819:
809:
803:
799:Mapp v. Ohio
797:
787:
781:
777:
775:
770:
764:
734:
725:Warren Court
702:
691:
681:
675:
669:
667:
654:
652:
641:
634:
624:
602:
600:
596:Owen Roberts
594:and Justice
584:Harlan Stone
553:
521:
515:
505:
503:
492:
482:
476:
473:
431:
421:
411:
405:
400:anti-slavery
389:
319:
313:
295:
287:
283:
278:
275:
267:
262:
254:
252:
237:
231:
225:
219:
217:
210:
204:
182:
176:
162:
119:
108:
102:
96:
90:
33:
15:
3818:(1994–2022)
3812:(1993–2020)
3800:(1990–2009)
3794:(1988–2018)
3788:(1986–2016)
3782:(1981–2006)
3776:(1975–2010)
3762:(1972–1987)
3756:(1970–1994)
3750:(1967–1991)
3748:T. Marshall
3744:(1965–1969)
3738:(1962–1965)
3732:(1962–1993)
3726:(1958–1981)
3720:(1957–1962)
3714:(1956–1990)
3708:(1955–1971)
3702:(1949–1956)
3696:(1949–1967)
3690:(1945–1958)
3684:(1943–1949)
3682:W. Rutledge
3678:(1941–1954)
3672:(1941–1942)
3666:(1940–1949)
3660:(1939–1975)
3654:(1939–1962)
3652:Frankfurter
3648:(1938–1957)
3642:(1937–1971)
3636:(1932–1938)
3630:(1930–1945)
3616:(1923–1930)
3610:(1923–1939)
3604:(1922–1938)
3598:(1916–1922)
3592:(1916–1939)
3586:(1914–1941)
3580:(1912–1922)
3574:(1911–1916)
3568:(1911–1937)
3554:(1910–1914)
3548:(1906–1910)
3542:(1903–1922)
3536:(1902–1932)
3530:(1898–1925)
3524:(1896–1909)
3510:(1893–1895)
3504:(1892–1903)
3498:(1891–1906)
3492:(1890–1910)
3486:(1888–1893)
3480:(1882–1893)
3474:(1882–1902)
3468:(1881–1889)
3462:(1881–1887)
3456:(1877–1911)
3450:(1873–1882)
3444:(1870–1892)
3438:(1870–1880)
3432:(1863–1897)
3426:(1862–1877)
3420:(1862–1890)
3414:(1862–1881)
3408:(1858–1881)
3402:(1853–1861)
3396:(1851–1857)
3390:(1846–1870)
3384:(1845–1851)
3378:(1845–1872)
3372:(1842–1860)
3366:(1838–1852)
3360:(1837–1865)
3354:(1836–1841)
3348:(1835–1867)
3342:(1830–1844)
3336:(1829–1861)
3330:(1826–1828)
3324:(1823–1843)
3318:(1812–1845)
3312:(1811–1835)
3306:(1807–1826)
3300:(1807–1823)
3294:(1804–1834)
3288:(1800–1804)
3282:(1798–1829)
3276:(1796–1811)
3270:(1793–1806)
3264:(1792–1793)
3258:(1790–1799)
3252:(1790–1795)
3246:(1789–1798)
3240:(1790–1810)
3231:J. Rutledge
3128:Earl Warren
2465:(1986–2005)
2459:(1969–1986)
2453:(1953–1969)
2447:(1946–1953)
2441:(1941–1946)
2439:Stone Court
2435:(1930–1941)
2429:(1921–1930)
2423:(1910–1921)
2421:White Court
2417:(1888–1910)
2411:(1874–1888)
2409:Waite Court
2405:(1864–1873)
2403:Chase Court
2399:(1836–1864)
2397:Taney Court
2393:(1801–1835)
2387:(1796–1800)
2375:(1789–1795)
2307:Elena Kagan
1518:Fox, John,
1144:Elena Kagan
1010:, allowing
845:Roe v. Wade
741:Earl Warren
659:Lochner era
470:Lochner era
298:court dress
224:(1816) and
3898:Categories
3858:K. Jackson
3676:R. Jackson
3628:O. Roberts
3602:Sutherland
3584:McReynolds
3508:H. Jackson
3478:Blatchford
3298:Livingston
3292:W. Johnson
3280:Washington
3262:T. Johnson
2553:court size
2427:Taft Court
2227:Certiorari
2210:Procedures
1976:2023-02-16
1943:2021-11-24
1917:2008-11-04
1882:2008-11-04
1845:. p.
1809:1576071537
1740:2009-10-27
1699:. p.
1673:2021-05-14
1373:2008-11-04
1297:newspapers
1237:References
1154:nominated
1064:See also:
934:See also:
832:See also:
745:Hugo Black
739:appointed
729:See also:
532:See also:
460:See also:
394:appointed
364:See also:
326:Dred Scott
308:See also:
193:federalism
156:See also:
73:See also:
3846:Kavanaugh
3828:Sotomayor
3767:Rehnquist
3718:Whittaker
3164:1986–2005
3148:1969–1986
3132:1953–1969
3116:1946–1953
3100:1941–1946
3084:1930–1941
3068:1921–1930
3052:1910–1921
3036:1888–1910
3020:1874–1888
3004:1864–1873
2988:1836–1864
2972:1801–1835
2956:1796–1800
2924:1789–1795
2633:Law clerk
2508:education
2373:Jay Court
2169:The court
2039:from the
1971:0362-4331
1803:, p. 113
1765:April 30,
1663:236746654
1655:1540-5818
1466:March 15,
1438:March 15,
1327:June 2008
1186:nominated
1046:Rehnquist
1028:Justices
354:Civil War
338:Wisconsin
233:McCulloch
85:City Hall
3810:Ginsburg
3780:O'Connor
3754:Blackmun
3736:Goldberg
3730:B. White
3590:Brandeis
3572:J. Lamar
3515:E. White
3484:L. Lamar
3466:Matthews
3406:Clifford
3400:Campbell
3382:Woodbury
3364:McKinley
3322:Thompson
3274:S. Chase
3268:Paterson
2920:John Jay
2706:Former:
2693:Location
2119:Justia,
2104:LibriVox
1937:Archived
1908:Archived
1876:Archived
1667:Archived
1606:Archived
1524:Archived
1489:Archived
1456:(1837).
1432:Archived
1404:June 27,
1395:Archived
1367:Archived
1365:. 1997.
1206:Justice
872:(1973).
850:abortion
639:(1936).
613:New Deal
558:," were
334:Illinois
330:Missouri
324:(1857).
199:and the
167:—
137:chambers
93:John Jay
3852:Barrett
3840:Gorsuch
3792:Kennedy
3774:Stevens
3724:Stewart
3712:Brennan
3658:Douglas
3634:Cardozo
3614:Sanford
3528:McKenna
3522:Peckham
3442:Bradley
3352:Barbour
3340:Baldwin
3328:Trimble
3256:Iredell
3238:Cushing
2767:Lochner
2732:Related
2682:Seat 10
2616:Marshal
2365:History
2084:FindLaw
2058:by the
2028:website
1874:. CNN.
1311:scholar
1220:Roberts
1004:Florida
655:Lochner
407:In 1869
386:, 1867.
141:Capitol
139:in the
3816:Breyer
3804:Thomas
3798:Souter
3786:Scalia
3760:Powell
3742:Fortas
3700:Minton
3688:Burton
3670:Byrnes
3664:Murphy
3608:Butler
3596:Clarke
3578:Pitney
3559:Hughes
3552:Lurton
3534:Holmes
3502:Shiras
3490:Brewer
3436:Strong
3418:Miller
3412:Swayne
3394:Curtis
3376:Nelson
3370:Daniel
3358:Catron
3334:McLean
3310:Duvall
3244:Wilson
2677:Seat 9
2672:Seat 8
2667:Seat 6
2662:Seat 4
2657:Seat 3
2652:Seat 2
2647:Seat 1
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1969:
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1197:Senate
984:sodomy
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864:Miller
540:, and
522:Gitlow
468:, and
372:, and
3834:Kagan
3822:Alito
3694:Clark
3640:Black
3621:Stone
3546:Moody
3496:Brown
3460:Woods
3430:Field
3424:Davis
3388:Grier
3346:Wayne
3316:Story
3286:Moore
3250:Blair
3185:cases
3169:cases
3153:cases
3137:cases
3121:cases
3105:cases
3089:cases
3073:cases
3057:cases
3041:cases
3025:cases
3009:cases
2993:cases
2977:cases
2961:cases
2945:cases
2929:cases
2638:lists
2611:Clerk
2503:court
2221:brief
2117:from
2091:from
2082:from
1911:(PDF)
1900:(PDF)
1659:S2CID
1398:(PDF)
1391:(PDF)
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1304:books
860:Lemon
794:Bible
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2940:1795
2513:seat
1967:ISSN
1851:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1767:2022
1705:ISBN
1651:ISSN
1468:2010
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1406:2017
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