History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)

2562: 2428: 1956: 1586: 2598: 1486: 1511: 1466: 33: 2149:. However, by the end of the century the Royal Navy completed the transition from a semi-amateur Navy Royal fighting in conjunction with private vessels into a fully professional institution. Its financial provisions were gradually regularised, it came to rely on dedicated warships only, and it developed a professional officer corps with a defined career structure, superseding an earlier mix of "gentlemen" (upper-class soldiers) and "tarpaulins" (professional seamen, who generally served on merchant or fishing vessels in peacetime). Operations under 601:, whose invasion force had been joined by 40 ship-loads of Danish mercenaries who defected from Æthelred's service. Having secured the throne, Cnut dismissed the bulk of his fleet, but maintained a standing force of 40 ships, funded by national taxation. In 1025 Cnut led an Anglo-Danish fleet to campaign against his enemies in Scandinavia, and in 1028 he conquered Norway with a force including 50 English ships. The standing fleet was in time reduced to 16 ships, but increased again after Cnut's son 1421: 1450: 2090: 1673: 6907: 1440: 690: 2706: 767:. However, this made explicitly clear that the newly conquered England under Norman rule, in effect, ceded the Irish Sea to the Irish, the Vikings of Dublin, and other Norwegians. Besides ceding away the Irish Sea, the Normans also ceded the North Sea, a major area where Nordic peoples travelled. In 1069, this lack of naval presence in the North Sea allowed for the invasion and ravaging of England by Jarl Osborn (brother of 1771:'s success was his ability to call on naval forces from the Islands. As a result of the expulsion of the Flemings from England in 1303, he gained the support of a major naval power in the North Sea. The development of naval power allowed Robert to successfully defeat English attempts to capture him in the Highlands and Islands and to blockade major English controlled fortresses at Perth and Stirling, the last forcing King 1146: 1637:, the Armada ran out of ammunition. The Spanish had expended 125,000 cannonballs against the English. Consequently, the Spanish commander decided to retreat to Spain by going north around Scotland and Ireland. The Spanish ships were dispersed by storms; their provisions gave out, and many of those who landed in Ireland were killed by English troops. Only about half the fleet reached home. An 661:, defeats which led to Gruffydd's murder by his own people in order to end the war. King Edward installed Gruffydd's half-brothers in his place, and they swore to serve him "on water and on land", suggesting that England's native naval forces could be supplemented by tributary contingents from neighbouring dependent territories as well as by foreign mercenaries. 921:. Grasping, however, that they (the barons) were outmatched by royalists and King John, the barons decided to turn to France for assistance. Realising the baron's intentions, John attempted to assemble a Navy, to prevent the arrival of the French. France, who saw this as a fortunate opportunity, decided to assist the barons, with 929:, later known as Louis VIII of France, to invade England. With John unable to swiftly build up his navy, due to the adopting of infrequent maritime operations from William the Conqueror, the French Navy under Louis invaded and landed at Sandwich unopposed in April 1216. With Louis near London, John fled to 638:("boatmen") of the Earldom of Wessex. With this fleet and an army also gathered from Wessex, Godwin came to London and confronted the king, who was supported by an army and a fleet of 50 ships. The crisis ended with the negotiated reinstatement of Godwin and his sons to their former possessions and power. 1794:

turned his attention to building up a Scottish naval capacity. This was largely focused on the west coast, with the Exchequer Rolls of 1326 recording the feudal duties of his vassals in that region to aid him with their vessels and crews. Towards the end of his reign, he supervised the building of at

1657:

The destruction of the Spanish Armada marked the high point of Elizabeth's reign, but the loss of the English Armada (or Counter Armada) the following year discouraged further joint stock adventures on such a scale. Technically, the Spanish Armada failed because Spain's over-complex strategy required

825:

reported, "The king hearing of this, blocked up every outlet on the eastern side by means of boatmen , and caused a bridge two miles long to be constructed on the western side." The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle also confirms these events. Though William used ships for blockading purposes and for important

1129:

in 1385. In the early 13th century English admirals tended to be knights or barons, and their role was essentially administrative, not operational. In 1294 Edward I divided the English Navy into three geographical 'admiralties' each assigned a fleet and each of them administered by an admiral: they

2657:

By 1697 the English Royal Navy had 323 warships, while Scotland was still dependent on merchantman and privateers. In the 1690s, two separate schemes for larger naval forces were put in motion. As usual, the larger part was played by the merchant community rather than the government. The first was

528:

in 884, which saw an entire Danish squadron of sixteen ships captured by an English force, which was then itself defeated on its way home by another fleet. In 896 Alfred had a number of new ships built to his own design, "nearly twice as long as the others, some having 60 oars, some even more", to

808:

Though William the Conqueror caused a massive decline in English naval practices, he did occasionally assemble small fleets of ships, but only for limited activities. Most of these limited actions also did not involve direct combat at sea. An example of this was when the rebellious Anglo-Saxon

986:

in the Downs. For the first time in northern waters a decisive naval battle was fought on the open sea. The battle was dominated by the English, with French losing almost all of their ships and many officers including Eustace the Monk. William Marshal was then able to isolate Louis in London,

1161:(1337–1453) included frequent cross-Channel raids, frequently unopposed due to the lack of effective communications and the limitations of naval organisation. The navy was used for reconnaissance as well as for attacks on merchantmen and warships. Prize ships and cargoes were shared out. The 2252:

The Interregnum saw a considerable expansion in the strength of the navy, both in number of ships and in internal importance within English policy. The execution of Charles I forced the rapid expansion of the navy, by multiplying England's actual and potential enemies, and many vessels were

2018:

When, as a result of the series of international treaties, Charles V declared war upon Scotland in 1544, the Scots were able to engage in a highly profitable campaign of privateering that lasted six years and the gains of which probably outweighed the losses in trade with the Low Countries.

1658:

coordination between the invasion fleet and the Spanish army on shore. But the poor design of the Spanish cannons meant they were much slower in reloading in a close-range battle, allowing England to take control. Spain and France still had stronger fleets, but England was catching up.

1255:

deserves a large share of credit for the establishment of a standing navy. Although there is no evidence for a conscious change of policy, Henry soon embarked on a programme of building larger ships than previously. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving

2529:

As a result of their defeat in the First Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch transformed their navy, largely abandoning the use of militarised merchantmen and establishing a fleet composed mainly of heavily armed, purpose-built warships, as the English had done previously. Consequently, the

564:, but amid confusion and alleged treachery the English fleet suffered heavy losses. In 1008, Æthelred ordered a new programme of naval construction, under which one warship was to be provided for every 310 hides of land in the kingdom. In 1009 the king took the new fleet out to 2460:

was also officially attached to its vessels for the first time. Nevertheless, the navy remained a national institution, rather than the personal possession of the reigning monarch, as it had been before the civil war. The administration of the navy was greatly improved by Sir

520:" which conquered about half of England during its campaigns in 865–879 operated largely by land, and no naval operations against it by the English kingdoms are recorded. However, in the following years a number of clashes are recorded between Viking raiders and the forces of 1649:

left Lisbon. The invasion fleet numbered 126 ships and carried 9,000 Spaniards and 3,000 Portuguese. The Royal Navy was unprepared, but England was saved by stormy seas that wrecked 72 ships and drowned 3,000 sailors and soldiers. The following year, in October 1597, yet

2542:(1666). The deadlock was broken not by combat but by the superiority of Dutch public finance, as in 1667 Charles II was forced to lay up the fleet in port for lack of money to keep it at sea while negotiating for peace. Disaster followed as the Dutch fleet mounted the 1535:, that allowed the ships to sail faster and manoeuvre better and permitted heavier guns. Whereas before warships had tried to grapple with each other so that soldiers could board the enemy ship, now they stood off and fired broadsides that would sink the enemy vessel. 1301:

of 600 tons. Most of the fleet was laid up after 1525 but, because of the break with the Catholic Church, 27 new ships, as well as forts and blockhouses, were built with money from the sale of the monasteries. A detailed and largely accurate contemporary document, the

576:

and lying within the sheltered offshore anchorage of the Downs, appears frequently in the sources for this period as a position where fleets were stationed on guard). However, this deployment ended in disaster due to internal dissension. Accusations against the great

496:

increased significantly in the early 9th century, and invasions became a serious menace from about 835. In 851 an unprecedentedly large force of Danes invaded southern England, carried on about 350 ships. Campaigning inland, this force was decisively defeated by King

2232:. During the war the royalist side used a number of small ships to blockade ports and for supplying their own armies. These were afterwards combined into a single force. Charles had surrendered to the Scots and conspired with them to invade England during the second 2107:

but the efficiency of the Navy declined gradually, while corruption grew until brought under control in an inquiry of 1618. James concluded a peace with Spain and privateering was outlawed. Notable construction in the early 17th century included the 1,200-ton

1916:

were largely ineffective until in 1504 the king accompanied a squadron under Wood heavily armed with artillery, which battered the MacDonald strongholds into submission. Since some of these island fortresses could only be attacked from seaward, naval historian

1369:

ordered the creation of a standing "Navy Royal", a major expansion of the fleet, and the origin of the modern institution. For the first time, it had its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of

2590:(1692) was a turning-point, marking the end of France's brief pre-eminence at sea and the beginning of an enduring English, later British, supremacy. In 1683 the "Victualling Board" was set up which fixed the ration scales. In 1655 Blake routed the 440:, permanent officers ready to levy and command fleets and provided legal jurisdiction over England's seas and coasts. A full standing navy took shape during the 16th century and finally became a regular establishment during the tumults of the 17th. 2573:

During the 1670s and 1680s, the English Royal Navy succeeded in permanently ending the threat to English shipping from the Barbary corsairs, inflicting defeats which induced the Barbary states to conclude long-lasting peace treaties. Following the

1521:

While Henry VIII had launched the Royal Navy, his successors Edward VI and Mary I had neglected it, and it was little more than a system of coastal defence. Elizabeth made naval strength a high priority. She risked war with Spain by supporting the

1185:, who appears from 1344 on as in charge of some 34 royal vessels. At one point in the mid-14th century Edward III's navy had some 700 ships in service overall. In 1364 the Northern and Western admiralties and fleets were combined commanded by the 1142:; they were each responsible for managing and enforcing admiralty jurisdiction in their respective areas and raising and administering the ships. It also allowed Edward I to mount expeditions to Brittany, Flanders or Scotland with greater ease. 596:

conquered England in 1013, the fleet remained loyal to Æthelred after the rest of the kingdom had submitted to the invader. Swein's death in 1014 led to Æthelred's brief return to power, but in 1015-16 England was again conquered by Swein's son

1731:

naval power was disrupted by conflicts between the Scandinavian kingdoms but entered a period of resurgence in the 13th century when Norwegian kings began to build some of the largest ships seen in Northern European waters. These included king

1231:

Dealing with the matter of naval administration during the 15th century the most significant development was the establishment of the first Admiralty of England. This was brought about in 1412 when the remaining geographic 'admiralties' (the

2392:(1652–1654), the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive. English tactical improvements resulted in a series of crushing victories in 1653 at 585:) led to his flight from the fleet with 20 ships manned by his supporters. A force of 80 ships sent after him was wrecked by a storm and the beached ships burnt by Wulfnoth, after which the remainder of the fleet dispersed in confusion. 1546:, at the time Europe's superpower and the leading naval power. Spain threatened England with invasion to restore Catholicism in England, at a time when England supported Dutch rebels, and raided Spanish commerce and colonies. In 1588, 1948:, the largest warship of its time (1511). The latter, built at great expense at Newhaven and launched in 1511, was 240 feet (73 m) in length, weighed 1,000 tons, had 24 cannon, and was, at that time, the largest ship in 969:

to assemble more troops for him. Up to the task, Blanche assisted in gathering forces for her husband, with a massive French force being assembled by August 1217 at the port of Calais. At the head of the French transports was

1526:", such as John Hawkins and Francis Drake, who preyed on the Spanish merchant ships carrying gold and silver from the New World. The Navy yards were leaders in technical innovation, and the captains devised new tactics. 6622: 2451:

assumed the throne. The Restoration Monarchy inherited this large navy and continued the same policy of expansion, focusing on large ships in order to provide a strong defence under Charles II. At the start of the

1530:

argued that the full-rigged ship was one of the greatest technological advances of the century, and permanently transformed naval warfare. In 1573 English shipwrights introduced designs, first demonstrated on the

1815:, a house for marine stores, and a workshop. King's ships were built and equipped there to be used for trade as well as war, one of which accompanied him on his expedition to the Islands in 1429. The office of 2193:

of privateers. It was probably one of Lochinvar's marque fleets that was sent to support the English Royal Navy in defending Irish waters in 1626. The manufacture and design of naval guns was improved by

465:(about 625), though warships would probably have been larger than the vessels interred there. There is little evidence of the naval activities of the English kingdoms before the mid-9th century, but King 716:

or because of some sort of leasing agreement which lasted only for the duration of the enterprise. There is no evidence that William adopted or kept the Anglo-Saxon ship mustering system, known as the

1723:. The latter took personal command of a large naval force which sailed from the Firth of Clyde and anchored off the island of Kerrera in 1249, intended to transport his army in a campaign against the 1014:

attempted to blockade Scotland, but this was ineffective. Naval expenses were considerable, with twenty 120-oared galleys being ordered in 1294 because of a fear of French invasion. In 1224 the first

886:

ordered 54 royal galleys to be constructed and between 1207 and 1211 £5000 was spent on the royal fleet. The fleet also started to have an offensive capability, as in 1213 when ships commanded by the

2721:(1702–13) were with the Dutch against the Spanish and French. They were at first focused on the acquisition of a Mediterranean base, culminating in an alliance with Portugal and the 1704 capture of 2506:

and capturing or burning many of the Navy's largest ships at their moorings. The English were also defeated at Solebay in 1672. The experience of large-scale battle was instructive to the Navy; the

1413:

from the French king. Six of their vessels were captured off Plymouth in July 1556. In 1580 Spanish and Portuguese troops were sent to Ireland, but were defeated by an English army and naval force.

2682:

in 1698, but the venture failed and only one ship returned to Scotland. In the same period, it was decided to establish a professional navy for the protection of commerce in home waters during the

1228:. A second invasion, beginning in 1419, led to the conquest of the Channel coast of France, almost eliminating any seaborne threat to England and enabling the running down of Henry's naval forces. 1558:

activity and to depose the Protestant Elizabeth I and restore Catholicism to England. Preparations, under the command of the Marqués de Santa Cruz, began in 1586 but were seriously delayed by a

6713: 2638:

itself was a gigantic effort involving 100 warships and 400 transports carrying 11,000 infantry and 4,000 horses. The English or Scottish fleets failed to intecept the Dutch invasion fleet and

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and winter storms forced the Norwegian fleet to return home, leaving the Scottish crown as the major power in the region and leading to the ceding of the Western Isles to Alexander in 1266.

805:) Edgar and rebels in Northumbria. William chased Edgar and the rebels to Scotland, but could not defeat the Danes, causing him to resort to the old Anglo-Saxon practice of paying them off. 1767:'s successful campaigns in Scotland from 1296, using largely merchant ships from England, Ireland and his allies in the Islands to transport and supply his armies. Part of the reason for 2456:, Parliament listed forty ships of the Royal Navy (not of the Summer's Guard) with a complement of 3,695 sailors. One of his first acts was to officially name the Royal Navy, The prefix 2377:" was not official usage at the time.) The new regime, isolated and threatened from all sides, dramatically expanded the Commonwealth Navy, which became the most powerful in the world. 826:

strategic engagements, his infrequent use of an established navy promoted a damaging practice of infrequent maritime operations, which his successors would practice on a frequent basis.

958:, which had a substantial number of ships. Louis was then obliged to return to France to gather reinforcements and more ships of his own. Though he succeeded, English vessels began to 2479:

processes of years past with regular programmes of supply, construction, pay, and so forth. He was responsible for introduction of the "Navy List" which fixed the order of promotion.

2034:, small ships called 'shallops' were noted between Leith and France, passing as fishermen, but bringing munitions and money. Private merchant ships were rigged at Leith, Aberdeen and 1842:

that allowed him to gain compensation for the capture of his vessels by the Portuguese by capturing ships under their colours. These letters would be repeated to his three sons John,

592:

began a devastating campaign in England. When the attackers were finally bought off and dispersed in 1012, Thorkell entered Æthelred's service with 45 ships. When the King of Denmark

676:

appearing, their provisions were exhausted and Harold was forced to dismiss them; many of the ships were wrecked on the way back to London. William was then able to cross unopposed.

628:

driven into exile, Edward sent out a force of 40 ships to Sandwich to guard against their return. However Godwin, returning with ships from Flanders, eluded them, and he and his son

1220:

estuary), and won victories in the Channel, reaching a high point in 1417 when the French fleet was destroyed. An invasion of France took place in 1415 which led to the capture of

954:, who became regent to the son of the recently deceased English king, began to regain support for the royalist cause through a regimen of compromise. Among his priorities were the 2145:

undertook a major programme of warship building, creating a small force of powerful ships, but his methods of fundraising to finance the fleet contributed to the outbreak of the

2030:

in 1567. English and Scottish naval warfare and privateering broke out sporadically in the 1550s. When Anglo-Scottish relations deteriorated again in 1557 as part of a wider

1181:

in 1350, is possibly the first major battle in the open sea in English history; the English captured 14 Spanish ships. The 14th century also saw the creation of the post of

1035: 2558:

against the Dutch, but the combined Anglo-French fleet was fought to a standstill in a series of inconclusive battles, while the French invasion by land was warded off.

1570:. The Armada consisted of 130 ships, including transports and merchantmen, and carried about 30,000 men. It was to go to Flanders and from there convoy, the army of the 1031: 905:'s campaign to recover Normandy from the French was at a breaking point, the northern barons of England began to rise in revolt. Forced by the insurrection, John signed 965:

By mid-1217, English royalists began to gain the advantage over the rebellious Barons and their French allies. Again needing more troops, Louis requested from his wife

2650:

of 1690 led to an improved version of the Fighting Instructions, and subsequent operations against French ports proved more successful, leading to decisive victory at

2236:

of 1648–51. In 1648 part of the Parliamentary fleet mutinied and joined the Royalist side. However, the Royalist fleet was driven to Spain and destroyed during the

1641:

sent to destroy the port at A Coruña and land in Lisbon in 1589 was itself defeated with 40 ships sunk and 15,000 men lost. The Spanish victory marked a revival of

5963: 2214:. In 1629, two squadrons of privateers led by Lochinvar and William Lord Alexander, sailed for Canada, taking part in the campaign that resulted in the capture of 6508: 2181:. In 1626 a squadron of three ships was bought and equipped, at a cost of least £5,200 sterling, to guard against privateers operating out of Spanish-controlled 1567: 866:(who even so had a fleet of 500 sail in an attempt to regain it), this had to become a force capable of preventing invasion and protecting traffic to and from 6513: 2404:, bringing peace on favourable terms. This was the first war fought largely, on the English side, by purpose-built, state-owned warships. It was followed by a 2473:. While it was Pepys's diary that made him the most famous of all naval bureaucrats, his nearly thirty years of administration were crucial in replacing the 524:, the last remaining English king. These included a victory over four ships by a squadron led by the king himself in 882, and operations against the Danes of 6523: 6468: 6723: 6478: 1621:

on 23 July, some 5,000 shots were discharged by the rival fleets. Spanish casualties were about 50 killed and 70 wounded. After another engagement off the

1752:, to the islands, where they were boosted by local allies to as many as 200 ships. Records indicate that Alexander had several large oared ships built at 6637: 6627: 6422: 6317: 2073:

in 1560 established a government that was friendly to England and this resulted in less military necessity to maintain a fleet of great ships. With the

6453: 6718: 6463: 1079: 588:

English naval forces were supplemented by Scandinavian mercenaries. Directly after the fiasco of 1009 a new invasion force led by the Danish warlord

1811:(1394–1437, reigned 1406–1437), took a greater interest in naval power. After his return to Scotland in 1424, he established a shipbuilding yard at 763:. In the following year of 1069, they returned with a bigger fleet which they sailed up the River Taw before being beaten back by a local earl near 6869: 6568: 6076: 101: 3630: 6001: 553:(959–975) the kings of Scotland, of Cumbria and of four other kingdoms would regularly swear to be King Edgar's faithful allies by land and sea. 1807:. In the late 14th century naval warfare with England was conducted largely by hired Scots, Flemish and French merchantmen and privateers. King 1240:) were abolished and their functions were unified under a single administrative and operational command, the Admiralty Office, later called the 6889: 5790: 2618:

of 1688 rearranged the political map of Europe, and led to a series of wars with France that lasted well over a century. This was the classic

1708:

that ratified it. From 1603 until 1707, the Royal Scots Navy and England's Royal Navy were organised as one force, though not formally merged.

6678: 4294: 2582:(1688–1697). Louis' recent shipbuilding programme had given France the largest navy in Europe. A combined Anglo-Dutch fleet was defeated at 2077:

in 1603, the incentive to rebuild a separate royal fleet for Scotland diminished further since James VI now controlled the powerful English

1901:. Scottish ships had some success against privateers, accompanied the king in his expeditions in the islands and intervened in conflicts in 5956: 6553: 6548: 6488: 6448: 6438: 5996: 3467: 2876: 5936: 950:

Paradoxically, John's death turned the tide against Louis and the rebellion in England and spurred the development of the English navy.

6543: 6214: 6021: 2384:, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the 6688: 6498: 6483: 6443: 3493: 272: 6650: 624:. In 1050 Edward reduced the standing force, then numbering 14 ships, to five. After a political crisis in 1051 saw Earl Godwin and 6645: 6563: 6538: 6458: 6412: 6312: 2622:; while the ships themselves evolved in only minor ways, technique and tactics were honed to a high degree, and the battles of the 214: 5905: 5775:

Van Vliet, Adri P. (1996), "The Influence of Dunkirk Privateering on the North Sea (Herring) Fishery during the Years 1580–1650",

6558: 6254: 5949: 2417: 1121: 437: 219: 3555: 6753: 6473: 6331: 6198: 2881: 2202:. The Scots also returned to the West Indies, with Lochinvar taking French prizes and founding the colony of Charles Island on 2138: 1116: 191: 139: 19: 5723:

Tenace, Edward (2003). "A Strategy of Reaction: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony".

546: 6758: 6668: 6589: 6375: 6182: 5839: 5818: 5462: 5347: 5067: 4852: 4809: 1559: 951: 2199: 6573: 6190: 6158: 4272: 2427: 2186: 2178: 1850:, who would play a major part in the Scottish naval effort into the 16th century. In his struggles with his nobles in 1488 1108: 338: 250: 209: 1306:, was written in 1540. It gave a nearly complete account of the English navy, which contained roughly 50 ships, including 6533: 6518: 6503: 6493: 6391: 6222: 6109: 5933:, Naval History of the 20th Century, World Wars 1, 2, post-war and Falklands War – navies, ships, ship losses, casualties 2314: 1497:

which formed the centrepiece of the three combined rolls and the illustration that displays the highest artistic quality.

1375: 2626:

entailed feats that would have been impossible for the fleets of the 17th century. Because of parliamentary opposition,

6931: 6604: 6528: 6238: 6206: 6142: 5877: 5755: 5682: 5649: 5611: 5565: 5507: 5439: 5382: 5098: 4871: 4746: 4671: 2871: 2195: 1926: 1633:

by 60 Dutch ships, was unable to come to the Armada's assistance. After an indecisive engagement with the English off

974:, Louis's best naval commander, who had previously helped Louis escape several English blockades including the one in 6848: 6779: 6763: 6663: 6380: 6347: 6150: 6026: 5630: 5481: 5305: 5264: 5226: 5169: 5150: 5121: 5048: 5029: 5008: 4989: 4922: 4901: 4723: 4642: 4477: 2326: 1112: 2038:

as men-of-war, and the regent Mary of Guise claimed English prizes, one over 200 tons, for her fleet. The re-fitted

6810: 6771: 6658: 6594: 6230: 6174: 6016: 2808: 2587: 2174: 2109: 2063: 1571: 287: 283: 5393: 2081:, which could send ships north to defend Scottish interests, and which now opened its ranks to Scottish officers. 664:

In 1066, following Edward's death and his own election as king, Harold assembled a powerful army and fleet in the

612:'s reign saw a series of large naval operations under the king's own command, including in 1045 the deployment at 6673: 6417: 6407: 6031: 5713: 3369: 2766: 752: 748: 242: 237: 2686:(1688–1697) with France, with three purpose-built warships bought from English shipbuilders in 1696. These were 2261:), officially removed or changed most names and symbols (including heraldry) associated with royalty and/or the 1585: 814: 6815: 5986: 5972: 5858: 5245: 5207: 5188: 4385: 2133:

During the early 17th century, England's relative naval power deteriorated, and there were increasing raids by

1475:, a galleass captured from the Scots and one of only three ships in the Anthony Roll which has an identifiable 913:

to excommunicate the rebellious barons and condemn Magna Carta. From this, the barons revolted, commencing the

41: 3935: 3217: 1955: 428:

much more essential. Early fleets were borrowed from the kingdom's merchants and fishers, particularly at the

6805: 6748: 6599: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6081: 5991: 4423: 2844: 2718: 2405: 1847: 1816: 1742:, built at Bergen from 1262–63, which was 260 feet (79 m) long, of 37 rooms. In 1263 Hakon responded to 1241: 1186: 144: 106: 5920: 3717: 2903: 2198:

in 1625. In 1627, the Royal Scots Navy and accompanying contingents of burgh privateers participated in the

862:

required to provide a total of 57 ships crewed by 21 sailors apiece. However, with the loss of Normandy by

436:

began maintaining a number of large ships in the king's own name and the Cinque Port wardens developed into

6337: 6066: 5911:

Download service records of officers who joined the Royal Navy between 1756–1917 from The National Archives

2866: 2857: 2796: 2647: 2583: 2507: 2055: 1629:

to replenish his empty powder and shot stocks from Parma's ammunition depots. Parma, however, blockaded in

1247:

There was no significant new construction until the 1480s, by which time ships mounted guns regularly. The

1015: 755:

conducted a "raiding-ship army" which came from Ireland, raiding across the region and to the townships of

201: 86: 3350: 2982: 2015:

were captured at Leith. The Scots still had two royal naval vessels and numerous smaller private vessels.

1952:. It marked a shift in design as it was crafted specifically to carry a main armament of heavy artillery. 412:

levies of ships allowed seaborne invasions by at least the 7th century and naval battles occurred against

6894: 6838: 6784: 6708: 6693: 5417: 5404: 2059: 2004: 1527: 421: 3337: 3292: 990:

Later in the 13th century, ships begin to be mentioned regularly as support for various campaigns under

6800: 6114: 6071: 3626: 2031: 701: 417: 413: 277: 267: 134: 96: 5915: 2802: 2293:); new vessels were often given names associated with institutions or individual officials, including 6743: 5454: 4738: 4597: 2814: 2643: 2579: 2120: 1930: 1843: 1819:

was probably founded in this period. It would soon become a hereditary office, in the control of the

1800: 1743: 983: 879: 863: 2534:(1665–1667) was a closely fought struggle between evenly matched opponents, with English victory at 2514:, both date from this period. The influence and reforms of Samuel Pepys, the Chief Secretary to the 6853: 6342: 6322: 6056: 2820: 2597: 2170: 1716: 1391: 1319: 400: 331: 195: 76: 3311: 2510:

regularising the conduct of officers and seaman, and the "Fighting Instructions" establishing the

6683: 6352: 6011: 2784: 2254: 2237: 2042:

sailed with 11 other ships against Scotland in August 1557, landing troops and six field guns on

1378:

in the civil administration of the Royal Navy, Henry VIII established a second organisation, the

616:

of a particularly big fleet to guard against an expected invasion from Norway, and a blockade of

482: 368: 5910: 4735:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

1566:

in 1587. By the time the expedition was ready Santa Cruz had died, and command was given to the

858:

kings had a regular need for cross-Channel transport and raised a naval force in 1155, with the

557: 2826: 2760: 2710: 2631: 2531: 2487: 2432: 2413: 2401: 2241: 1746:'s designs on the Hebrides by personally leading a major fleet of forty vessels, including the 1602: 1539: 582: 5916:

Download wills made by seamen of the Royal Navy between 1786- 1882 from The National Archives.

4408: 3945: 3471: 3379: 2992: 2916: 2228:

from 1642–45. At the beginning of the war the navy, then consisting of 35 vessels, sided with

1878:

by five English ships in 1489 and three more heavily armed English ships off the mouth of the

1617:

and the English 2,000 rounds, but little real damage was done to either side. In fighting off

987:

compelling him to renounce his claim to the English throne and force him to return to France.

712:

seemingly disappeared from records, possibly due to William receiving all of those ships from

506: 498: 6864: 6119: 6091: 5549: 5517: 5491: 4433: 4395: 3727: 2861: 2832: 2772: 2551: 2519: 2457: 2448: 2397: 2389: 2374: 2229: 2224:

levied "ship money" from 1634 and this unpopular tax was one of the main causes of the first

2058:. The English were repulsed by a Scottish force numbering 3000, and the English vice-admiral 1995:

under the command of John Barton, son of Robert Barton, attacked merchants and fishermen off

1976: 1918: 1851: 1776: 1510: 1379: 1371: 1366: 1284: 1174: 1166: 1158: 1087: 902: 822: 772: 740: 709: 376: 311: 306: 169: 129: 3230: 657:

invaded by land. Harold put Gruffydd to flight and destroyed his fleet and his residence at

6820: 6273: 6124: 5937:

American Vessels captured by the British During the American Revolution and the War of 1812

4768: 2790: 2748: 2539: 2221: 2142: 2070: 1972: 1871: 1867: 1831: 1772: 1768: 1724: 1523: 1355: 1252: 1233: 1139: 1131: 1047: 1023: 1007: 962:

and harass French shipping, trade, and blockaded multiple French-controlled English ports.

934: 926: 914: 776: 669: 646: 621: 609: 466: 160: 50: 3565: 3501: 1100:, the civil jurisdiction of their offices was never used, nor did they officially receive 8: 6911: 6843: 6134: 4820: 4801: 3280: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2615: 2575: 2555: 2535: 2523: 2470: 2453: 2265:. This affected the Commonwealth Navy. As early as 1646, vessels were renamed, including 2074: 2051: 1893:

in May 1504, and two years later ordering the construction of a dockyard at the Pools of

1890: 1808: 1764: 1689: 1476: 1470: 1237: 1225: 1135: 991: 922: 835: 768: 550: 388: 372: 324: 91: 5592: 4772: 4756: 4704:

Sailing Ships: The Story of Their Development from the Earliest Times to the Present Day

2185:

and other ships were armed in preparation for potential action. The acting High Admiral

6859: 5941: 5674: 5537: 5296: 5279: 4784: 2838: 2683: 2602: 2566: 2543: 2499: 2444: 2393: 2150: 2100: 1784: 1711:

There are mentions in medieval records of fleets commanded by Scottish kings including

1705: 1693: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1547: 1398: 1208:", increasing the fleet from six in 1413 to 39 in 1417/8. These included the 1,400-ton 1197: 966: 933:, where he would stay until his death on 19 October 1216, having his nine-year-old son 871: 705: 517: 392: 364: 5870:

British Warships in the Age of Sail 1603–1714: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates

1625:

on 24 July, in which the Armada lost another 50 men slain, Medina Sedonia steered for

6086: 5873: 5854: 5835: 5814: 5801:

Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World: Britain, Ireland, Europe, and America

5784: 5751: 5709: 5678: 5645: 5626: 5607: 5575: 5561: 5541: 5503: 5477: 5458: 5435: 5378: 5343: 5301: 5260: 5241: 5222: 5203: 5184: 5165: 5146: 5117: 5094: 5088: 5063: 5044: 5025: 5004: 4985: 4918: 4897: 4867: 4848: 4805: 4757:"Drake and the Tudor Navy, with a History of the Rise of England as a Maritime Power" 4742: 4719: 4667: 4638: 4473: 2778: 2742: 2679: 2515: 2233: 2225: 2207: 2146: 1913: 1839: 1820: 1402: 1330: 1211: 1182: 910: 887: 713: 589: 111: 3159: 3157: 2550:

and capturing or burning many of the Navy's largest ships at their moorings. In the

6623:

Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Aviation, Amphibious Capability & Carriers)

5732: 5583: 5529: 5291: 4776: 4694: 4690: 4298: 2662:

to found a Scottish colony in Spanish controlled America. It was undertaken by the

2547: 2503: 2491: 2462: 2322: 2190: 2169:

In the 1620s, Scotland found herself fighting a naval war as England's ally, first

2134: 1886: 1791: 1712: 1667: 1410: 1343: 971: 918: 839: 744: 654: 629: 598: 561: 521: 384: 5897:, extensive source for Royal Navy History with photos and documents. (Broken Link) 5533: 3351:"The National Archives : Trafalgar Ancestors: Glossary: Admiral of the Fleet" 6879: 6698: 6632: 6370: 6006: 5829: 5745: 5693: 5019: 4969: 4965: 4912: 4882: 4842: 4713: 3607: 3154: 2754: 2736: 2623: 2381: 2203: 2047: 1960: 1824: 1757: 1733: 1701: 1261: 1162: 1150: 1126: 1057: 979: 883: 693: 625: 593: 573: 502: 433: 425: 2642:

declared war on the Dutch just days later, a conflict which became known as the

2594:

and started a campaign against the Spanish in the Caribbean, capturing Jamaica.

1971:

During the Rough Wooing, the attempt to force a marriage between James V's heir

1783:

in 1313 and 1317 and Ireland in 1315. They were also crucial in the blockade of

6884: 6874: 5831:

Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589

2591: 2511: 2494:

was a defeat for the English but the Dutch fleet was crushed a month later off

2385: 2306: 1964: 1929:. The king acquired a total of 38 ships for the Royal Scottish Navy, including 1638: 1594: 1551: 1543: 1485: 1101: 1039: 784: 613: 565: 510: 486: 458: 383:

to the throne. The English navy began operating together with the much smaller

32: 5736: 1169:'s 160 ships (mostly hired merchant vessels) assaulting a French force in the 6925: 6703: 6101: 6061: 2886: 2659: 2483: 1943: 1922: 1622: 1618: 1563: 1515: 1351: 851: 733: 568:

to guard against the threat of invasion (this port, near the junction of the

120: 81: 5367:

A History of the Royal Navy from the Earliest Times to the Wars of the Roses

4087:, trans Aikman, vol. 2 (1827), 396, bk. 16, cap. 19: R. Holinshed, Raphael, 2177:, while simultaneously embroiled in undeclared North Sea commitments in the 1921:

has suggested this may have marked the end of medieval naval warfare in the

1465: 1420: 399:

in 1603 but only formally merged in 1707 at the establishment of the united

371:

with the modern incarnation of Royal Navy established in 1660 following the

6166: 3306: 2466: 2370: 2127: 2116: 2003:

in a creek on the coast of Brittany. In 1544, Edinburgh was attacked by an

1590: 1457: 1430: 1303: 1217: 1034:. Other men were granted the same office but styled differently: in 1264, " 999: 955: 859: 802: 429: 4325: 1449: 1386:

who acted as advisers to the Lord Admiral of England. In 1576 it moved to

700:

English naval power appears to have initially declined as a result of the

542: 406:

The history of the English navy can be traced back much further, however.

5274:

Marsden, Reginald Godfrey (July 1907), "The Vice-Admirals of the Coast",

2619: 2373:" has normally been used of naval vessels before the late 17th century; " 2262: 2158: 2099:

After 1603 the English and Scottish fleets were organised together under

2023: 1910: 1902: 1897:. The upper reaches of the Forth were protected by new fortifications on 1875: 1804: 1780: 1554:

against England to end English support for Dutch rebels, to stop English

1347: 1337: 1290: 906: 818: 525: 478: 470: 454: 4664:

Gladstone Centenary Essays: Gladstone's Fourth Administration, 1892–1894

4530: 2578:

of 1688, England joined the European coalition against Louis XIV in the

2089: 1579: 6048: 5520:(2001). "Commissioned Officers' Careers in the Royal Navy, 1690–1815". 4968:(1809), "Historical Essay on the Civil Jurisdiction of the Admiralty", 4788: 3274: 2691: 2495: 2421: 2078: 1906: 1898: 1796: 1697: 1677: 1634: 1614: 1278: 1205: 1178: 975: 930: 602: 560:

led to a general muster of ships at London in 992 against the fleet of

462: 356: 67: 5900: 5283: 2153:

did not go well, with expeditions against Algerian pirates in 1620/1,

1672: 1439: 689: 5257:

Treaty Cruisers: The First International Warship Building Competition

4947:

The Spanish Navy from the Union of the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon

2722: 2526:, were important in the early professionalisation of the Royal Navy. 2424:, until their home port was captured by Anglo-French forces in 1658. 2027: 1980: 1879: 1555: 1406: 1324: 1297: 982:

took command of the English forces raised in response, prompting the

779:, and Bjorn. In addition to the ravaging of the English townships of 569: 5238:

An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army 1585–1702

5060:

Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland

4780: 4154: 2705: 2253:

constructed from the 1650s onward under a reformed institution. The

5451:

Gothic Kings of Britain: The Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers, 1016–1399

5278:, vol. 22, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 468–477, 4130: 4065: 2258: 2218:

from the French, which was handed back after the subsequent peace.

1909:. Expeditions to the Highlands to Islands to curb the power of the 1610: 1606: 1387: 1315: 1257: 1221: 1201: 1050:

was noted as "Captain of the Sailors and Mariners of the Kingdom" (

1003: 959: 909:

on 15 June 1215, in hopes of satisfying the barons to buy time for

895: 760: 658: 617: 533:

later that year saw nine of his new ships defeat six Danish ships.

474: 5392:

Oppenheim, Michael (July 1894), "The Royal Navy under Charles I",

4566: 2678:, all built or chartered in Holland and Hamburg. It sailed to the 1505: 4943:

Armada Española desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón

2409: 2211: 2182: 1936: 1835: 1307: 1145: 1019: 867: 855: 792: 788: 756: 726:"). Hardly noted after 1066, it appears that the Normans let the 673: 650: 493: 5930: 5925: 5420:(August 1996), "The 'Dreadnought' Revolution of Tudor England", 1838:

by 1449. Around 1476 the Scottish merchant John Barton received

1405:

took refuge in France and were active in the English Channel as

796: 727: 717: 633: 4681:

Brooks, Frederick William (1930). "The Battle of Damme, 1213".

3595: 3545: 3543: 2420:, but also the devastation of English merchant shipping by the 2215: 2043: 2035: 1996: 1949: 1728: 1630: 1626: 1575: 1494: 1311: 1173:

estuary and capturing 180 French ships in hand-to-hand combat.

875: 843: 810: 665: 578: 530: 2137:

on ships and English coastal communities to capture people as

1115:. The first Admiral to be granted a patent by the monarch was 5926:

Royal Navy in World War 1, Campaigns, Battles, Warship losses

5894: 4955:

Grant, James (1913), "The Old Scots Navy from 1689 to 1710",

4373: 3436: 3331: 3286: 2412:

in 1655 and successful attacks on Spanish treasure fleets in

2154: 1894: 1812: 1397:

In the 1550s English gentlemen opposed to the Catholicism of

891: 847: 780: 764: 642: 620:

in 1049, in support of a land campaign by the German Emperor

5340:

The Terror of the Seas? Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513–1713

5181:

Shaping the Stuart World, 1603–1714: The Atlantic Connection

4349: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3786: 3784: 3669: 3540: 1834:(1430–1460, reigned 1437–1460) is known to have purchased a 1064:) in 1295, and "Admiral of the Sea of the King of England" ( 1038:" as "Captain and Keeper of the Seas and Maritime Regions" ( 355:

began in 1546 with the establishment of the "Navy Royal" by

6689:

Commodore RFA and Deputy Director Royal Navy Afloat Support

4833:

Edward III and the War at Sea: The English Navy, 1327–1377'

4171: 4169: 1854:(r. 1451–88) received assistance from his two warships the 1685: 1287:, from five ships in 1509 to thirty in 1514, including the 1192: 1170: 723: 5358:

The Tudor Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation, 1485–1603

5327:

Histoire des Ducs de Normandie et des Rois d'Angleterre...

4971:

The Practice and Jurisdiction of the Court of Admiralty...

3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3118: 3106: 2728: 632:, coming from Ireland, gathered a powerful fleet from the 605:

brought a fleet from Denmark to claim the throne in 1040.

4181: 4142: 4118: 4031: 4029: 4014: 3951: 3906: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3844: 3808: 3796: 3781: 3769: 3528: 3516: 3250: 3248: 3205: 3181: 3169: 1775:

to attempt the relief that resulted at English defeat at

1753: 1645:'s naval power through the next decade. In October 1596, 5971: 4518: 4506: 4494: 4482: 4361: 4229: 4166: 3978: 3923: 3693: 3657: 3645: 3390: 3388: 1874:(r. 1488–1513), defeating an English incursion into the 1779:

in 1314. Scottish naval forces allowed invasions of the

1251:

of 1487 had 225 "serpentines", an early type of cannon.

1074:

I. In 1321 Sir Richard de Leyburn was granted the title

5921:

The service registers of Royal Naval Seamen 1873 – 1923

4949:] (in Spanish), vol. III, Madrid: Naval Museum 4635:

Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland

4451: 4193: 3990: 3856: 3820: 3745: 3094: 3082: 2084: 1790:

After the establishment of Scottish independence, King

838:

invaded Ireland while a fleet of 167 ships sailed from

4542: 4337: 4253: 4241: 4217: 4205: 4094: 4026: 3968: 3966: 3875: 3757: 3681: 3412: 3245: 3193: 3130: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3034: 3022: 1609:, on 19 July, and the first engagement took place off 556:

The renewal of serious Viking attacks in the reign of

5476:. Campaign Series. Vol. 106. Osprey Publishing. 5331:

History of the Dukes of Normandy and Kings of England

4554: 4106: 4041: 4002: 3894: 3832: 3733: 3705: 3424: 3385: 3010: 2066:

was killed, but none of the English ships were lost.

2026:

from the 1540s, joining the French in the capture of

1999:. They later blockaded a London merchant ship called 1756:, but he avoided a sea battle. Defeat on land at the 1661: 505:, but a naval action was also won by Æthelwulf's son 420:, naval expenses were initially avoided but the 1204 4578: 4313: 4053: 3448: 2970: 2922: 2908: 2906: 2702:, each of 24 guns, generally described as frigates. 2469:, both of whom began their service in 1660 with the 898:, where they burned many ships of the French fleet. 529:

counter raids along the south coast. A clash in the

6423:

List of fleets and major commands of the Royal Navy

5474:

Culloden Moor 1746: The Death of the Jacobite Cause

4439: 3963: 3571: 3400: 3222: 3220: 2958: 2946: 2934: 2141:, which the Navy had little success in countering. 1322:. The carracks included famous vessels such as the 945: 5178: 4980:Harbottle, Thomas Benfield; Bruce, George (1979). 4884:Memoirs of the Rise and Progress of the Royal Navy 4572: 3583: 3142: 2998: 2447:of the English monarchy occurred in May 1660, and 1684:The Royal Scots Navy (or Old Scots Navy) was the 1443:"Peter Pomegranate" sister ship of the "Mary Rose" 874:appears in the records as the clerk of a force of 736:was completed, it had apparently ceased to exist. 453:Some evidence of English ship construction in the 448: 1582:by storms and did not set sail again until July. 1189:, and remained so on an ad hoc basis until 1414. 1107:In 1321 Sir John de Beauchamp was also appointed 1044:capitaneus et custos maris et partium maritimarum 541:Naval operations are glimpsed again in 934, when 6923: 5140: 5130: 5041:Luxury Fleet, The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918 3549: 3442: 2609: 1613:on 21 July. In four hours the Spanish fired 720 1601:The Armada was first sighted by the English off 1165:in 1340 was a significant English victory, with 684: 672:. However, having waited all summer without the 668:to guard against the invasion being prepared by 6628:Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Capability) 6002:Second Sea Lord and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff 4818: 3561: 2666:, who created a fleet of five ships, including 1747: 1737: 1727:, but he died before the campaign could begin. 1506:Spanish Armada (1588) and English Armada (1589) 1070:) in 1297. These offices were granted by Edward 1053:Capitaneus Nautarum & Marinellorum de Regno 549:with a combined sea and land force. Under King 4979: 4940: 3675: 3500:. Portsmouth Historic Dockyard. Archived from 2538:(1665) countered by Dutch triumph in the epic 1122:High Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine 6679:Commander United Kingdom Carrier Strike Group 5957: 1870:. After the king's death Wood served his son 1056:) in 1294, "admiral of our navy of England" ( 829: 641:In 1063 Earl Harold Godwinson led a fleet to 457:period is available from the boat burials at 332: 18:For the later history of the Royal Navy, see 5114:The Development of the Battlefleet 1650–1850 4959:, vol. 44, London: Navy Records Society 4715:Tudor Sea Power: The Foundation of Greatness 3166:, pp. 308, 329, 334–339, & 340–341. 2179:Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War 1654:was sent out, but this also was blown back. 1424: 1335: 1288: 1272: 1209: 1065: 536: 6638:Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Policy) 5997:First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff 5001:The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995 3616:, pp. 238–253, 281–286, & 292–296. 3329: 3323: 3304: 3284: 3272: 3266: 2877:List of ships and sailors of the Royal Navy 2474: 2247: 1095: 1094:. Although each of these held the title of 1051: 407: 6022:Judge Advocate General of the Armed Forces 5964: 5950: 5789:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5216: 5197: 5179:MacInnes, A.I.; et al., eds. (2006), 5076: 4732: 4701: 3957: 3850: 3814: 3763: 3699: 3663: 3651: 3375: 2439: 1542:England became involved in a war with the 1283:The fleet began to increase in size under 870:. In the first years of the 13th century 432:, assembled as needed and then dispersed. 339: 325: 5774: 5391: 5141:Loades, David; et al., eds. (2016), 5131:Loades, David; et al., eds. (2013), 4998: 4866:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 4666:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 4656:, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office 4637:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 4379: 4235: 2569:in 1667 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War 443: 6646:Commander Fleet Operational Sea Training 5867: 5639: 5314: 5254: 4957:Publications of the Navy Records Society 4914:War and government in Britain, 1598-1650 4819:Coyne, J. Stirling; et al. (1841), 4654:The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th Century 4633:Barrow, Geoffrey Wallis Steuart (2005). 3996: 3775: 2704: 2596: 2560: 2426: 2327:Parliamentary victories in the civil war 2164: 2088: 1954: 1889:on a new footing, founding a harbour at 1680:, flown by ships of the Royal Scots Navy 1671: 1584: 1509: 1484: 1464: 1448: 1438: 1419: 1193:Houses of Lancaster and York (1399–1485) 1144: 940: 688: 679: 6328:History of the Royal Navy (before 1707) 5827: 5743: 5703: 5668: 5658: 5364: 5337: 5273: 5235: 5086: 4974:, Baltimore: George Dobbin & Murphy 4891: 4880: 4830: 4754: 4622: 4429: 4409:"Complement numbers of the Restoration" 4319: 4295:"General-at-Sea Robert Blake 1599-1657" 4259: 4247: 4223: 4211: 4199: 4035: 4008: 3984: 3941: 3929: 3900: 3723: 3687: 3577: 3418: 3406: 3254: 3199: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3040: 3028: 3016: 2928: 2729:Major battles of the English/Royal Navy 2486:(later New York City) resulting in the 1823:in the 15th and 16th centuries and the 1267: 1200:revived the navy, building a number of 1111:, effectively the English Navy's first 1067:Amiral de la Mer du... Roy d'Engleterre 581:thegn Wulfnoth (probably the father of 416:in the 9th. Following the 11th-century 6924: 6754:Commando Training Centre Royal Marines 5808: 5798: 5764: 5722: 5691: 5601: 5548: 5516: 5490: 5448: 5429: 5416: 5403: 5372: 5355: 5324: 5290: 5259:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Maritime. 5107: 5057: 5038: 4910: 4861: 4847:. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. 4840: 4822:The Scenery and Antiquities of Ireland 4795: 4711: 4680: 4661: 4632: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4512: 4500: 4488: 4457: 4445: 4391: 4367: 4355: 4343: 4331: 4187: 4175: 4160: 4148: 4136: 4124: 4112: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4020: 3917: 3869: 3838: 3826: 3802: 3790: 3751: 3739: 3711: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3534: 3522: 3454: 3430: 3394: 3211: 3187: 3175: 3148: 3100: 3088: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2912: 2882:Maritime history of the United Kingdom 1763:English naval power was vital to King 1295:or "Great Harry" of 1500 tons and the 1117:Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel 20:History of the Royal Navy (after 1707) 6759:Defence Academy of the United Kingdom 6724:Serving senior Royal Marines officers 6669:Commander United Kingdom Strike Force 6376:Commander United Kingdom Strike Force 5945: 5848: 5811:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War 5777:The North Sea and Culture (1550–1800) 5625:, Edinburgh: Rowman and Littlefield, 5620: 5590: 5574: 5407:(May 1988), "Why the Armada Failed", 5219:Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation 4954: 4651: 4584: 4100: 3972: 3888: 3163: 1574:, to invade England. It set out from 1149:The English and French navies at the 1076:Admiral of England, Wales and Ireland 850:. A further fleet was raised for the 5663:, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Maritime 5471: 5159: 5017: 4964: 4934:Æthelstan: The First King of England 4931: 4470:Articles of War, 1661, 1749 and 1866 4273:"Prince Rupert in the Mediterranean" 3633:from the original on 25 January 2019 3226: 3004: 2988: 2554:(1672–1674), Charles II allied with 2408:, which saw the English conquest of 2161:in 1627/8 being expensive failures. 2085:After Union of the Crowns, 1603–1707 1390:Strand, where it became part of the 1109:Admiral of the South, North and West 708:, the Norman navy that brought over 5851:The Jacobites and Russia, 1715–1750 5554:The Command of the Ocean, 1649–1815 5502:, Volume 1. London: HarperCollins. 5240:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 5081:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 4755:Corbett, Julian S. Corbett (1898), 4334:, pp. 2–3, 216–217, & 607. 4297:. National Archives. Archived from 3468:"A History of South London Suburbs" 2380:The Commonwealth's introduction of 1380:Office of the Council of the Marine 1376:Admiralty and Marine Affairs Office 1242:Admiralty and Marine Affairs Office 1216:(which still exists, buried in the 1062:amiral de nostre navie d'Engleterre 13: 6012:Commander, Allied Maritime Command 5594:The Egyptian Campaigns (1882–1885) 5496:The Safeguard of the Sea, 660–1649 3268:Pro Passagio Edmundi Fratris Regis 2872:History of the Royal Naval Reserve 1662:Medieval and Early Modern Scotland 1365:In the year following the battle, 14: 6943: 6780:Royal Corps of Naval Constructors 6348:National Museum of the Royal Navy 6027:Warrant Officer to the Royal Navy 5888: 5373:Ollard, Richard Lawrence (1984). 5365:Nicolas, Nicholas Harris (1847). 5090:The Rise and Fall of Great Powers 4982:Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles 4844:Parameters of British Naval Power 4767:(5), New York, B. Franklin: 527, 4702:Chatterton, Edward Keble (1909). 4539:, pp. 142–152 & 607–608. 2630:fled the country. The landing of 1925:, ushering in a new tradition of 1787:, which led to its fall in 1318. 6906: 6905: 6844:Chief of the Admiralty War Staff 6659:Commandant General Royal Marines 6017:Commandant General Royal Marines 5906:A Naval History of Great Britain 5424:, vol. 82, pp. 269–300 5143:Elizabethan Naval Administration 5133:The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I 4941:Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1972), 4831:Cushway, Graham Cushway (2011), 4590: 4463: 4401: 4287: 2498:. In 1667 the Dutch mounted the 1700:in 1707 as a consequence of the 1578:in May 1588 but was forced into 946:House of Plantagenet (1216–1399) 485:, sent a military expedition to 31: 6870:Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff 6674:Commander Littoral Strike Group 6418:Standing Royal Navy deployments 6408:List of active Royal Navy ships 6032:Corps Regimental Sergeant Major 5901:Royal Navy - Royal Navy History 5828:Wernham, Richard Bruce (2020). 5765:Tytler, Patrick Fraser (1829), 4917:. Manchester University Press. 4804:: Manchester University Press. 4265: 4077: 3619: 3486: 3460: 3343: 3317: 3298: 3260: 3236: 1959:An English ship battles with a 1597:in battle with English warships 1384:Chief Officers of the Admiralty 1354:and was then fought off in the 817:of Durham sought refuge on the 795:, the Danes connected with the 732:languish so that by 1086, when 449:Early English kingdoms (to 927) 6633:Director People & Training 5987:Secretary of State for Defence 5677:: Cambridge University Press, 5621:Smout, T. Christopher (1992), 5550:Rodger, Nicholas Andrew Martin 5518:Rodger, Nicholas Andrew Martin 5492:Rodger, Nicholas Andrew Martin 5411:, vol. 38, pp. 26–33 5236:Manning, Roger Burrow (2006), 4695:10.1080/00253359.1930.10655564 4163:, pp. 33–55 & 95–122. 3242:Pat. 48 Hen. III, pt. 1, m. 3. 2388:. In the early stages of this 2005:English marine force and burnt 1: 6890:Vice Chief of the Naval Staff 6806:Uniforms of the Royal Marines 6749:Britannia Royal Naval College 6308:Admiralty in the 18th century 6303:Admiralty in the 17th century 6298:Admiralty in the 16th century 5992:Minister for the Armed Forces 5698:, vol. 3, part 2, Oxford 5597:. London: Hurst and Blackett. 5534:10.1080/21533369.2001.9668314 5522:Journal for Maritime Research 5395:The English Historical Review 5079:The Spanish Armada: A History 5003:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 4911:Fissel, Mark Charles (1991). 4864:Scotland Re-Formed, 1488–1587 4652:Boxer, Charles Ralph (1974), 4139:, pp. 379–394 & 482. 4074:, pp. 67–69 & 86–87. 3470:. Ideal Homes. Archived from 2892: 2845:War of the Spanish Succession 2719:War of the Spanish Succession 2610:Glorious Revolution 1688–1707 2482:In 1664 the English captured 1187:Admiral of the North and West 1140:Admiral of the Southern Fleet 1132:Admiral of the Northern Fleet 685:House of Normandy (1066–1135) 6709:Commodore Submarine Flotilla 6338:History of the Royal Marines 6318:Historic forces and commands 5803:. New York: Checkmark Books. 5769:, vol. 2, London: Black 4984:(second ed.). Granada. 4798:The Cromwellian Protectorate 4733:Clodfelter, Michael (2017), 2897: 2867:History of the Royal Marines 2858:Articles of War (Royal Navy) 2809:Anglo-French War (1627–1629) 2646:. The English defeat at the 2032:war between Spain and France 1177:, fought in the Channel off 1136:Admiral of the Western Fleet 583:Godwin, later Earl of Wessex 545:, now ruler of all England, 469:(616/7–633/4) conquered the 202:History of the Royal Marines 7: 6895:Judge Advocate of the Fleet 6839:First Lord of the Admiralty 6785:University Royal Naval Unit 6704:Rear-Admiral, Fleet Air Arm 6694:Commander Maritime Reserves 6524:Mine countermeasure vessels 6469:Pre-dreadnought battleships 5973:His Majesty's Naval Service 5671:Privateers and Privateering 5640:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). 5325:Michel, Francisque (1840). 5198:Macdougall, Norman (1997), 5077:Hutchinson, Robert (2013), 4627:, Barnsley: Pen & Sword 4598:"Why is Gibraltar British?" 4275:. British Civil War Project 3355:www.nationalarchives.gov.uk 2851: 2189:organised as many as three 10: 6948: 6801:Uniforms of the Royal Navy 6714:Commodore Surface Flotilla 6115:Royal Marines Band Service 6072:Royal Navy Medical Service 5744:Tranter, Nigel G. (2012), 5558:A Naval History of Britain 5500:A Naval History of Britain 5449:Potter, Philip J. (2008), 5043:. London: Ashfield Press. 5039:Herwig, Holger H. (1980). 4862:Dawson, Jane E.A. (2007), 4615: 4600:. Gibraltar Heritage Trust 3357:. The National Archives UK 2200:major expedition to Biscay 2022:The Scots operated in the 1692:until its merger with the 1665: 1374:. In 1546, to support the 1276: 830:House of Anjou (1154–1216) 220:Flag officer command flags 135:Royal Marines Band Service 97:Royal Navy Medical Service 17: 6932:History of the Royal Navy 6903: 6829: 6793: 6744:Admiralty Interview Board 6732: 6613: 6582: 6431: 6400: 6361: 6286: 6266: 6133: 6100: 6047: 6040: 5979: 5725:English Historical Review 5704:Swanton, Michael (2000). 5661:Medieval Maritime Warfare 5659:Stanton, Charles (2015), 5434:. Arms and Armour Press. 5333:] (in French). Paris. 5315:Merriman, Marcus (2000), 5276:English Historical Review 5217:Macquarrie, Alan (2004), 5116:. Conway Maritime Press. 4894:Europe Divided: 1559–1598 4892:Elliott, John H. (2000). 4881:Derrick, Charles (1806), 4573:MacInnes & al. (2006) 3627:"Spanish Armada set sail" 3604:, pp. 312 & 316. 2644:War of the Grand Alliance 2580:War of the Grand Alliance 2490:(1665–1667). In 1666 the 1273:House of Tudor, 1485–1603 1183:Clerk of the King's Ships 1078:by Edward II and in 1360 880:Philip Augustus of France 537:United England (927–1066) 509:and Ealdorman Ealhere at 367:during the period of the 353:history of the Royal Navy 6854:Commander-in-Chief Fleet 6454:Amphibious warfare ships 6343:National Maritime Museum 6323:Future of the Royal Navy 6077:Nursing Service (QARNNS) 5813:. Greenwood Publishing. 5809:Wagner, John A. (2006). 5799:Wagner, John A. (2002). 5695:Ecclesiastical Memorials 5642:Naval Warfare, 1815–1914 5586:. London: Henry G. Bohn. 5560:, Volume 2. Allen Lane. 5062:, London: Random House, 4999:Heathcote, Tony (2002). 4761:The Geographical Journal 4091:, vol. 5 (1808), p. 585. 2821:Anglo-Spanish War (1654) 2797:Anglo–Spanish War (1585) 2717:Naval operations in the 2248:Commonwealth (1649–1660) 2187:John Gordon of Lochinvar 1560:surprise attack on Cádiz 1382:. This consisted of the 1048:Sir William de Leybourne 925:'s (King of France) son 842:on a crusade to capture 513:, capturing nine ships. 401:Kingdom of Great Britain 102:Nursing Service (QARNNS) 6719:Serving senior officers 6353:Naval Historical Branch 5849:Wills, Rebecca (2002). 5834:. Abingdon: Routledge. 5737:10.1093/ehr/118.478.855 5644:. New York: Routledge. 5591:Royle, Charles (1900). 5430:Pemsel, Helmut (1977). 5356:Nelson, Arthur (2001), 5338:Murdoch, Steve (2010), 5145:, Abingdon: Routledge, 5018:Helm, Peter J. (1963). 4718:. Seaforth Publishing. 4411:. British History.ac.uk 3550:Loades & al. (2013) 3443:Loades & al. (2016) 2803:Cádiz Expedition (1625) 2785:Battle of Saint-Mathieu 2694:and two smaller ships, 2586:(1690), but victory at 2440:Restoration (1660–1688) 2255:Commonwealth of England 2011:and the Scottish-built 1748: 1738: 1493:, a Mediterranean-type 1084:High Admiral of England 984:1217 Battle of Sandwich 937:as heir to the throne. 797: 728: 718: 634: 351:Properly speaking, the 6684:Commodore, Naval Staff 6655:Director General Ships 6642:Director Naval Support 6509:Gunboat and gunvessels 6313:Customs and traditions 5868:Winfield, Rif (2009). 5706:Anglo-Saxon Chronicles 5669:Statham, E.P. (2011), 5604:Anglo-Saxon Chronicles 5432:Atlas of Naval Warfare 5255:Marriott, Leo (2005). 5164:. Chatham Publishing. 5110:The Ship of the Line, 5108:Lavery, Brian (2003). 5087:Kennedy, Paul (1989). 5058:Hunter, James (2011), 4841:Davies, David (1992). 4796:Coward, Barry (2002). 4712:Childs, David (2009). 4662:Brooks, David (2000). 4625:Cromwell's Wars at Sea 4623:Barratt, John (2006), 3562:Coyne & al. (1841) 3330: 3324: 3305: 3285: 3273: 3271:(3 September 1294) in 3267: 2827:Second Anglo-Dutch War 2714: 2711:Battle of Cape Passaro 2606: 2570: 2532:Second Anglo-Dutch War 2475: 2436: 2433:Battle of Scheveningen 2096: 1968: 1681: 1598: 1568:Duke of Medina Sedonia 1518: 1498: 1480: 1460: 1444: 1434: 1425: 1358:in 1545, before which 1336: 1289: 1210: 1154: 1096: 1066: 1061: 1052: 1043: 1030:granted the office to 821:in 1071. According to 697: 477:, and another King of 444:Early Medieval England 408: 215:Customs and traditions 6865:Deputy First Sea Lord 6849:Admirals of the Fleet 6816:Ratings rank insignia 6811:Officer rank insignia 6651:Chaplain of the Fleet 6413:Royal Fleet Auxiliary 6120:Royal Marines Reserve 6092:Naval Careers Service 5747:The Story of Scotland 5692:Strype, John (1822), 5602:Savage, Anne (1996). 5472:Reid, Stuart (2002). 4358:, pp. pp. 12–16. 3676:Fernández Duro (1972) 3338:Vol. I, Pt. 3, p. 176 3325:Ordinatio apud Bruges 3293:Vol. I, Pt. 3, p. 136 2862:Armed Forces Act 2006 2833:Third Anglo-Dutch War 2815:First Anglo–Dutch War 2773:Battle of La Rochelle 2708: 2648:Battle of Beachy Head 2600: 2564: 2552:Third Anglo-Dutch War 2430: 2422:privateers of Dunkirk 2390:First Anglo-Dutch War 2165:Charles I (1625–1649) 2126:in 1637, designed by 2123:Sovereign of the Seas 2094:Sovereign of the Seas 2092: 1958: 1827:in the 17th century. 1675: 1588: 1513: 1488: 1468: 1452: 1442: 1423: 1175:Les Espagnols sur Mer 1167:Edward III of England 1148: 1080:Sir John de Beauchamp 941:Late Medieval England 823:Florence of Worcester 769:King Svein Estridsson 741:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 710:William the Conqueror 692: 680:High Medieval England 307:Royal Fleet Auxiliary 288:ratings rank insignia 170:Naval Careers Service 130:Royal Marines Reserve 6858:Commander-in-Chief, 6664:Commander Operations 6574:Historic ships names 6381:Commander Operations 6274:Special Boat Service 6125:Royal Marines Police 5623:Scotland and the Sea 5300:. Ballantine Books. 5162:The First Destroyers 5160:Lyon, David (1996). 4932:Foot, Sarah (2011), 4089:Chronicles: Scotland 2791:Battle of the Solent 2767:Battle of Winchelsea 2749:Battle of Arnemuiden 2071:Scottish Reformation 1973:Mary, Queen of Scots 1868:Andrew Wood of Largo 1725:Kingdom of the Isles 1356:Battle of the Solent 1268:Early Modern England 1226:victory at Agincourt 1113:Admiral of the Fleet 917:with the capture of 813:and his ally Bishop 653:, while his brother 647:Gruffydd ap Llywelyn 610:Edward the Confessor 558:Æthelred the Unready 467:Edwin of Northumbria 424:made control of the 161:Special Boat Service 51:British Armed Forces 6569:Royal Marines Boats 6135:Royal Naval Reserve 5767:History of Scotland 5093:. London: Fontana. 4773:1898GeogJ..11..527C 4382:, pp. 150–165. 4301:on 13 November 2008 4190:, pp. 126–127. 4151:, pp. 395–398. 4127:, pp. 349–363. 4085:History of Scotland 4023:, pp. 181–182. 3920:, pp. 166–167. 3805:, pp. 106–111. 3793:, pp. 309–310. 3537:, pp. 221–238. 3525:, pp. 221–237. 3314:(12 December 1295). 3214:, pp. 198–205. 3190:, pp. 183–185. 3178:, pp. 172–177. 3127:, pp. 202–204. 3115:, pp. 225–226. 2664:Company of Scotland 2636:Glorious Revolution 2616:Glorious Revolution 2576:Glorious Revolution 2556:Louis XIV of France 2075:Union of the Crowns 2052:St Magnus Cathedral 1979:'s son, the future 1963:and two galleys in 1809:James I of Scotland 1799:near his palace at 1690:Kingdom of Scotland 1678:Scottish Red Ensign 1032:Sir Richard de Lucy 878:to be used against 696:Norman naval forces 670:William of Normandy 608:The early years of 499:Æthelwulf of Wessex 389:Union of the Crowns 387:at the time of the 243:Current deployments 92:Royal Naval Reserve 6860:Naval Home Command 6479:Corvette and sloop 6392:3 Commando Brigade 6388:Submarine Flotilla 6110:3 Commando Brigade 6082:Chaplaincy Service 5895:Royal Navy History 5580:Flowers of History 5375:Pepys: A Biography 5369:. Richard Bentley. 5221:, Thrupp: Sutton, 3328:(8 March 1297) in 3312:24 Edw. I no. 4134 2860:superseded by the 2715: 2607: 2603:Battle of Barfleur 2571: 2567:Raid on the Medway 2544:Raid on the Medway 2500:Raid on the Medway 2437: 2375:His Majesty's Ship 2097: 1969: 1862:also known as the 1694:Kingdom of England 1682: 1599: 1548:Philip II of Spain 1519: 1499: 1481: 1461: 1445: 1435: 1426:Henry Grâce à Dieu 1346:was captured. The 1338:Henry Grâce à Dieu 1291:Henri Grâce à Dieu 1234:Northern Admiralty 1198:Henry V of England 1159:Hundred Years' War 1155: 1104:from the monarch. 1016:admiral of England 998:, most notably in 967:Blanche of Castile 872:William de Wrotham 714:feudal obligations 706:Battle of Hastings 698: 365:Parliamentary Navy 363:. This became the 298:Auxiliary services 210:Coloured squadrons 179:History and future 6919: 6918: 6549:Ships of the line 6449:Seaplane carriers 6439:Aircraft carriers 6282: 6281: 6067:Submarine Service 5931:Naval-History.Net 5841:978-1-000-34165-2 5820:978-0-313-32736-0 5708:. Phoenix Press. 5584:Giles, John Allen 5576:Roger of Wendover 5464:978-0-7864-4038-2 5349:978-90-04-18568-5 5342:, Leiden: Brill, 5317:The Rough Wooings 5183:, Leiden: Brill, 5069:978-1-78057-006-8 4854:978-0-85989-385-5 4811:978-0-7190-4317-8 4527:, pp. 88–91. 4515:, pp. 80–85. 4503:, pp. 76–77. 4491:, pp. 67–76. 4370:, pp. 16–18. 4103:, pp. 27–28. 3987:, pp. 33–34. 3958:Macdougall (1997) 3932:, pp. 19–20. 3891:, pp. i–xii. 3872:, pp. 74–90. 3851:Macquarrie (2004) 3829:, pp. 74–75. 3815:Macquarrie (2004) 3764:Hutchinson (2013) 3754:, pp. 26–33. 3700:Clodfelter (2017) 3664:Clodfelter (2017) 3652:Clodfelter (2017) 3376:Chatterton (1909) 3103:, pp. 38–39. 3091:, pp. 35–49. 2779:Battle of Margate 2743:Battle of Cadzand 2680:Isthmus of Darien 2588:Barfleur-La Hogue 2540:Four Days' Battle 2522:and subsequently 2234:English Civil War 2226:English Civil War 2208:Galapagos Islands 2147:English Civil War 1927:artillery warfare 1914:Lord of the Isles 1885:James IV put the 1840:letters of marque 1821:Earls of Bothwell 1817:Lord High Admiral 1564:Sir Francis Drake 1503: 1502: 1411:letters of marque 1331:Peter Pomegranate 1238:Western Admiralty 1097:Admiralis Angliae 1086:was appointed by 1036:Thomas de Moleton 978:in January 1217. 915:First Barons' War 911:Pope Innocent III 888:Earl of Salisbury 739:According to the 590:Thorkell the Tall 349: 348: 112:Royal Navy Police 87:Submarine Service 6939: 6909: 6908: 6385:Surface Flotilla 6045: 6044: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5943: 5942: 5883: 5864: 5845: 5824: 5804: 5794: 5788: 5780: 5770: 5760: 5740: 5719: 5699: 5687: 5664: 5655: 5635: 5617: 5598: 5587: 5582:. Translated by 5571: 5545: 5513: 5487: 5467: 5445: 5425: 5422:Mariner's Mirror 5418:Parker, Geoffrey 5412: 5405:Parker, Geoffrey 5399: 5388: 5370: 5360: 5352: 5334: 5320: 5311: 5286: 5270: 5250: 5231: 5212: 5193: 5175: 5155: 5136: 5127: 5104: 5082: 5072: 5054: 5035: 5021:Alfred the Great 5014: 4995: 4975: 4966:Hall, John Elihu 4960: 4950: 4936: 4928: 4907: 4887: 4876: 4858: 4836: 4826: 4815: 4791: 4751: 4737:(4th ed.), 4729: 4707: 4698: 4683:Mariner's Mirror 4677: 4657: 4648: 4628: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4467: 4461: 4460:, pp. 76–7. 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4405: 4399: 4389: 4383: 4380:Van Vliet (1996) 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4236:Oppenheim (1894) 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4202:, pp. 33–4. 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3873: 3867: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3779: 3778:, p. xviii. 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3383: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3310: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3278: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3224: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2910: 2713:, 11 August 1718 2700:Dumbarton Castle 2675: 2548:Chatham Dockyard 2546:, breaking into 2504:Chatham Dockyard 2502:, breaking into 2492:Four Days Battle 2488:Second Dutch War 2478: 2463:William Coventry 2435:, 10 August 1653 2323:Richard Cromwell 2290: 2135:Barbary corsairs 2104: 2001:Antony of Bruges 1887:Royal Scots Navy 1795:least one royal 1751: 1741: 1720: 1713:William the Lion 1668:Royal Scots Navy 1593:painting of the 1428: 1416: 1415: 1341: 1294: 1215: 1099: 1091: 1073: 1069: 1055: 1027: 1011: 995: 972:Eustace the Monk 919:Rochester Castle 800: 745:Harold Godwinson 731: 721: 704:. Following the 637: 547:invaded Scotland 522:Alfred the Great 492:The threat from 461:(about 550) and 422:loss of Normandy 414:invading Vikings 411: 396: 385:Royal Scots Navy 380: 360: 341: 334: 327: 54: 53: 36: 35: 27: 26: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6899: 6880:Fourth Sea Lord 6831: 6825: 6789: 6736: 6734: 6728: 6699:Naval Secretary 6615: 6609: 6595:Admiralty Board 6590:Defence Council 6578: 6444:Escort carriers 6427: 6396: 6371:Fleet Commander 6363: 6357: 6290: 6288: 6278: 6262: 6129: 6096: 6036: 6007:Fleet Commander 5975: 5970: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5861: 5842: 5821: 5782: 5781: 5758: 5750:, Neil Wilson, 5716: 5685: 5652: 5633: 5614: 5606:. Tiger Books. 5568: 5510: 5484: 5465: 5442: 5385: 5350: 5308: 5267: 5248: 5229: 5210: 5191: 5172: 5153: 5124: 5101: 5070: 5051: 5032: 5011: 4992: 4925: 4904: 4874: 4855: 4835:, Boydell Press 4812: 4781:10.2307/1774748 4749: 4726: 4674: 4645: 4618: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4346:, pp. 6–8. 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3997:Merriman (2000) 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3876: 3868: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3782: 3776:Winfield (2009) 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3504:on 4 April 2008 3492: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3474:on 15 July 2018 3466: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3386: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3322: 3318: 3303: 3299: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3225: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2911: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2854: 2849: 2839:Nine Years' War 2761:Battle of Brest 2755:Battle of Sluys 2737:Battle of Damme 2731: 2684:Nine Years' War 2673: 2624:Napoleonic Wars 2612: 2592:Barbary pirates 2520:King Charles II 2508:Articles of War 2445:The Restoration 2442: 2382:Navigation Acts 2369:. (The prefix " 2288: 2250: 2167: 2102: 2087: 2056:Bishop's Palace 2048:Kirkwall Castle 2040:Mary Willoughby 1985:Mary Willoughby 1882:the next year. 1866:, commanded by 1825:Earls of Lennox 1758:Battle of Largs 1734:Hakon Hakonsson 1718: 1702:Treaty of Union 1670: 1664: 1528:Geoffrey Parker 1508: 1281: 1275: 1270: 1195: 1163:Battle of Sluys 1151:Battle of Sluys 1127:King Richard II 1089: 1071: 1025: 1018:is recorded in 1009: 993: 980:Hubert de Burgh 952:William Marshal 948: 943: 832: 771:) and his sons 702:Norman Conquest 694:Bayeux tapestry 687: 682: 594:Swein Forkbeard 574:English Channel 562:Olaf Tryggvason 539: 503:Battle of Aclea 451: 446: 418:Norman Conquest 394: 378: 358: 345: 316: 312:Marine Services 293: 290: 273:Senior officers 247: 224: 198: 165: 149: 116: 48: 47: 46: 43: 30: 23: 12: 11: 5: 6945: 6935: 6934: 6917: 6916: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6885:Fifth Sea Lord 6882: 6877: 6875:Third Sea Lord 6872: 6867: 6862: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6833: 6827: 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6196: 6188: 6180: 6172: 6164: 6156: 6148: 6139: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6053: 6051: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5969: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5890: 5889:External links 5887: 5885: 5884: 5879:978-1848320406 5878: 5865: 5859: 5846: 5840: 5825: 5819: 5806: 5796: 5772: 5762: 5757:978-1906476687 5756: 5741: 5720: 5714: 5701: 5689: 5684:978-1108026291 5683: 5666: 5656: 5651:978-0415214780 5650: 5637: 5631: 5618: 5613:978-1855016866 5612: 5599: 5588: 5572: 5567:978-0141026909 5566: 5546: 5514: 5509:978-0140297249 5508: 5488: 5482: 5469: 5463: 5446: 5441:978-0853683513 5440: 5427: 5414: 5401: 5389: 5384:978-0689706790 5383: 5362: 5353: 5348: 5335: 5322: 5312: 5306: 5292:Massie, Robert 5288: 5271: 5265: 5252: 5246: 5233: 5227: 5214: 5208: 5195: 5189: 5176: 5170: 5157: 5151: 5138: 5128: 5122: 5105: 5100:978-0049090194 5099: 5084: 5074: 5068: 5055: 5049: 5036: 5030: 5015: 5009: 4996: 4990: 4977: 4962: 4952: 4938: 4929: 4923: 4908: 4902: 4889: 4878: 4873:978-0748614554 4872: 4859: 4853: 4838: 4828: 4816: 4810: 4793: 4752: 4748:978-0786474707 4747: 4730: 4724: 4709: 4699: 4678: 4673:978-0853239352 4672: 4659: 4649: 4643: 4630: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4589: 4577: 4575:, p. 349. 4565: 4553: 4551:, p. 134. 4541: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4493: 4481: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4430:Derrick (1806) 4422: 4400: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4348: 4336: 4324: 4320:Barratt (2006) 4312: 4286: 4264: 4262:, p. 174. 4260:Murdoch (2010) 4252: 4250:, p. 118. 4248:Manning (2006) 4240: 4238:, p. 481. 4228: 4226:, p. 168. 4224:Murdoch (2010) 4216: 4214:, p. 169. 4212:Murdoch (2010) 4204: 4200:Murdoch (2010) 4192: 4180: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4115:, p. 158. 4105: 4093: 4076: 4064: 4052: 4050:, p. 197. 4040: 4038:, p. 172. 4036:Murdoch (2010) 4025: 4013: 4009:Murdoch (2010) 4001: 3999:, p. 181. 3989: 3985:Murdoch (2010) 3977: 3962: 3960:, p. 235. 3950: 3942:Tranter (2012) 3934: 3930:Statham (2011) 3922: 3905: 3901:Murdoch (2010) 3893: 3874: 3855: 3853:, p. 153. 3843: 3841:, p. 157. 3831: 3819: 3817:, p. 147. 3807: 3795: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3742:, p. 242. 3732: 3724:Wernham (2020) 3716: 3714:, p. 882. 3704: 3692: 3690:, p. 351. 3688:Elliott (2000) 3680: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3582: 3578:Corbett (1898) 3570: 3554: 3539: 3527: 3515: 3485: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3433:, p. 322. 3423: 3421:, p. 529. 3419:Nicolas (1847) 3411: 3407:Cushway (2011) 3399: 3397:, p. 134. 3384: 3368: 3342: 3316: 3297: 3259: 3257:, p. 470. 3255:Marsden (1907) 3244: 3235: 3216: 3204: 3202:, p. 232. 3200:Stanton (2015) 3192: 3180: 3168: 3153: 3141: 3139:, p. 226. 3137:Stanton (2015) 3129: 3125:Swanton (2000) 3117: 3113:Stanton (2015) 3105: 3093: 3081: 3079:, p. 196. 3077:Swanton (2000) 3069: 3067:, p. 190. 3065:Swanton (2000) 3057: 3055:, p. 168. 3053:Swanton (2000) 3045: 3043:, p. 160. 3041:Swanton (2000) 3033: 3031:, p. 138. 3029:Swanton (2000) 3021: 3019:, p. 119. 3017:Swanton (2000) 3009: 3007:, p. 165. 2997: 2981: 2979:, p. 107. 2969: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2929:Swanton (2000) 2921: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2611: 2608: 2512:line of battle 2441: 2438: 2406:war with Spain 2386:Dutch Republic 2307:Thomas Fairfax 2249: 2246: 2175:against France 2173:and then also 2166: 2163: 2086: 2083: 2060:Sir John Clere 2046:to attack the 1666:Main article: 1663: 1660: 1652:another Armada 1647:another Armada 1639:English Armada 1595:Spanish Armada 1552:Spanish Armada 1544:Spanish Empire 1507: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1482: 1462: 1446: 1436: 1277:Main article: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1194: 1191: 1102:letters patent 1002:'s capture of 947: 944: 942: 939: 831: 828: 686: 683: 681: 678: 566:Sandwich, Kent 543:King Æthelstan 538: 535: 511:Sandwich, Kent 487:Gaelic Ireland 450: 447: 445: 442: 347: 346: 344: 343: 336: 329: 321: 318: 317: 315: 314: 309: 303: 300: 299: 295: 294: 292: 291: 282: 280: 275: 270: 264: 261: 260: 256: 255: 254: 253: 251:Historic ships 246: 245: 240: 234: 231: 230: 226: 225: 223: 222: 217: 212: 206: 205: 204: 199: 186: 181: 180: 176: 175: 174: 173: 164: 163: 157: 156: 155: 153:Special Forces 148: 147: 142: 137: 132: 126: 125: 124: 115: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 73: 72: 71: 61: 60: 56: 55: 38: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6944: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6914: 6913: 6902: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6720: 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48. 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4563:, p. 59. 4562: 4561:Pemsel (1977) 4557: 4550: 4549:Coward (2002) 4545: 4538: 4537:Rodger (2004) 4533: 4526: 4525:Rodger (2004) 4521: 4514: 4513:Rodger (2004) 4509: 4502: 4501:Rodger (2004) 4497: 4490: 4489:Rodger (2004) 4485: 4479: 4478:0-85937-275-8 4475: 4471: 4466: 4459: 4458:Rodger (2004) 4454: 4447: 4446:Rodger (2001) 4442: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4410: 4404: 4397: 4393: 4392:Davies (1992) 4388: 4381: 4376: 4369: 4368:Rodger (2004) 4364: 4357: 4356:Rodger (2004) 4352: 4345: 4344:Rodger (2004) 4340: 4333: 4332:Rodger (2004) 4328: 4321: 4316: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4274: 4268: 4261: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4213: 4208: 4201: 4196: 4189: 4188:Fissel (1991) 4184: 4177: 4176:Ollard (1984) 4172: 4170: 4162: 4161:Rodger (2004) 4157: 4150: 4149:Rodger (1997) 4145: 4138: 4137:Rodger (1997) 4133: 4126: 4125:Rodger (1997) 4121: 4114: 4113:Lavery (2003) 4109: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4086: 4083:G. Buchanan, 4080: 4073: 4072:Strype (1822) 4068: 4062:, p. 81. 4061: 4060:Strype (1822) 4056: 4049: 4048:Rodger (1997) 4044: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4022: 4021:Dawson (2007) 4017: 4011:, p. 50. 4010: 4005: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3981: 3975:, p. 45. 3974: 3969: 3967: 3959: 3954: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3919: 3918:Rodger (2004) 3914: 3912: 3910: 3903:, p. 10. 3902: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3871: 3870:Rodger (1997) 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3847: 3840: 3839:Potter (2008) 3835: 3828: 3827:Rodger (1997) 3823: 3816: 3811: 3804: 3803:Hunter (2011) 3799: 3792: 3791:Tytler (1829) 3787: 3785: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3752:Parker (1988) 3748: 3741: 3740:Wagner (2002) 3736: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3713: 3712:Tenace (2003) 3708: 3702:, p. 21. 3701: 3696: 3689: 3684: 3678:, p. 51. 3677: 3672: 3666:, p. 20. 3665: 3660: 3654:, p. 19. 3653: 3648: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3615: 3614:Rodger (1997) 3610: 3603: 3602:Rodger (1997) 3598: 3591: 3590:Parker (1996) 3586: 3579: 3574: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3536: 3535:Rodger (1997) 3531: 3524: 3523:Rodger (1997) 3519: 3503: 3499: 3497: 3489: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3457:, p. 36. 3456: 3455:Nelson (2001) 3451: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3431:Wagner (2006) 3427: 3420: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3396: 3395:Rodger (1997) 3391: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3301: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3282: 3277: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3239: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3212:Michel (1840) 3208: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3188:Michel (1840) 3184: 3177: 3176:Michel (1840) 3172: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3150: 3149:Brooks (1930) 3145: 3138: 3133: 3126: 3121: 3114: 3109: 3102: 3101:Rodger (1997) 3097: 3090: 3089:Rodger (1997) 3085: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2978: 2977:Savage (1996) 2973: 2967:, p. 93. 2966: 2965:Savage (1996) 2961: 2955:, p. 86. 2954: 2953:Savage (1996) 2949: 2943:, p. 84. 2942: 2941:Savage (1996) 2937: 2931:, p. 39. 2930: 2925: 2918: 2914: 2913:Childs (2009) 2909: 2907: 2902: 2888: 2887:Naval history 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2846: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688:Royal William 2685: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660:Darien Scheme 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2525: 2524:King James II 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2484:New Amsterdam 2480: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2191:marque fleets 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171:against Spain 2162: 2160: 2157:in 1625, and 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2095: 2091: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1945:Great Michael 1941: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1923:British Isles 1920: 1919:N.A.M. Rodger 1915: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864:Yellow Carvel 1861: 1860:King's Carvel 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1744:Alexander III 1740: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1706:Acts of Union 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623:Isle of Wight 1620: 1619:Portland Bill 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572:Duke of Parma 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1516:Francis Drake 1512: 1496: 1492: 1491:Galley Subtle 1487: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:Isle of Wight 1349: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1005: 1001: 997: 988: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 938: 936: 932: 928: 927:Dauphin Louis 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 854:in 1190. The 853: 852:Third Crusade 849: 845: 841: 837: 827: 824: 820: 816: 812: 806: 804: 799: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 735: 734:Domesday Book 730: 725: 720: 715: 711: 707: 703: 695: 691: 677: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 639: 636: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 534: 532: 527: 523: 519: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 404: 402: 398: 390: 386: 382: 374: 370: 366: 362: 354: 342: 337: 335: 330: 328: 323: 322: 320: 319: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 302: 301: 297: 296: 289: 285: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 268:The Admiralty 266: 265: 263: 262: 258: 257: 252: 249: 248: 244: 241: 239: 238:Current fleet 236: 235: 233: 232: 228: 227: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 207: 203: 200: 197: 193: 189: 185: 184: 183: 182: 178: 177: 172: 171: 167: 166: 162: 159: 158: 154: 151: 150: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 127: 123: 122: 121:Royal Marines 118: 117: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 82:Fleet Air Arm 80: 78: 77:Surface Fleet 75: 74: 70: 69: 65: 64: 63: 62: 58: 57: 52: 45: 44:Naval Service 42:His Majesty's 40: 39: 34: 29: 28: 25: 21: 16: 6910: 6773: 6765: 6605:Navy Command 6544:Royal yachts 6474:Bomb vessels 6327: 6256: 6248: 6240: 6232: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6200: 6192: 6184: 6176: 6168: 6160: 6152: 6144: 5872:. Seaforth. 5869: 5850: 5830: 5810: 5800: 5776: 5766: 5746: 5731:(478): 882. 5728: 5724: 5705: 5694: 5670: 5660: 5641: 5622: 5603: 5593: 5579: 5557: 5553: 5525: 5521: 5499: 5495: 5473: 5450: 5431: 5421: 5408: 5394: 5377:. Atheneum. 5374: 5366: 5357: 5339: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5295: 5275: 5256: 5237: 5218: 5202:, Tuckwell, 5199: 5180: 5161: 5142: 5132: 5113: 5109: 5089: 5078: 5059: 5040: 5020: 5000: 4981: 4970: 4956: 4946: 4942: 4933: 4913: 4893: 4883: 4863: 4843: 4832: 4821: 4797: 4764: 4760: 4734: 4714: 4703: 4686: 4682: 4663: 4653: 4634: 4624: 4602:. Retrieved 4592: 4585:Grant (1913) 4580: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4532: 4520: 4508: 4496: 4484: 4469: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4425: 4413:. Retrieved 4403: 4387: 4375: 4363: 4351: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4303:. Retrieved 4299:the original 4289: 4277:. Retrieved 4267: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4120: 4108: 4101:Wills (2002) 4096: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4067: 4055: 4043: 4016: 4004: 3992: 3980: 3973:Smout (1992) 3953: 3937: 3925: 3896: 3889:Grant (1913) 3846: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3798: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3635:. Retrieved 3621: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3573: 3557: 3530: 3518: 3506:. Retrieved 3502:the original 3495: 3488: 3476:. Retrieved 3472:the original 3462: 3450: 3445:, p. 8. 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3371: 3359:. Retrieved 3354: 3345: 3319: 3307:Rot. Vascon. 3300: 3262: 3238: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3164:Giles (1849) 3144: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2716: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2671: 2667: 2656: 2613: 2572: 2528: 2481: 2467:Samuel Pepys 2443: 2402:Scheveningen 2379: 2371:English ship 2366: 2362: 2358: 2355:Martson Moor 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2339:Gainsborough 2338: 2334: 2330: 2318: 2315:George Monck 2310: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2279:Royal Prince 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2251: 2242:Robert Blake 2238:Commonwealth 2220: 2168: 2132: 2128:Phineas Pett 2122: 2117:three-decker 2115:, the first 2112:Prince Royal 2111: 2098: 2093: 2068: 2039: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1970: 1961:Barbary ship 1944: 1939: 1931: 1884: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1829: 1789: 1762: 1710: 1683: 1656: 1603:Lizard Point 1600: 1591:16th-century 1537: 1532: 1520: 1490: 1471: 1458:Anthony Roll 1453: 1431:Anthony Roll 1396: 1383: 1364: 1359: 1329: 1323: 1304:Anthony Roll 1296: 1282: 1248: 1246: 1230: 1196: 1156: 1120: 1106: 1083: 1075: 1000:Luke de Tany 989: 964: 956:Cinque Ports 949: 900: 860:Cinque Ports 833: 807: 803:crown prince 738: 699: 663: 640: 607: 587: 555: 540: 516:The Danish " 515: 491: 452: 430:Cinque Ports 405: 377:King Charles 369:Commonwealth 352: 350: 286: / 194: / 190: / 187: 168: 152: 119: 66: 24: 15: 6464:Battleships 6217:King Alfred 6087:Navy Police 5853:. Dundurn. 5715:1-842120034 5297:Dreadnought 4394:, pp. 3629:. History. 3566:Ch. IV, §22 3229:, pp. 3227:Hall (1809) 3005:Foot (2011) 2989:Helm (1963) 2690:, a 32-gun 2632:William III 2620:age of sail 2584:Beachy Head 2518:under both 2471:Restoration 2454:Restoration 2398:the Gabbard 2263:high church 2196:John Browne 2159:La Rochelle 2024:West Indies 1983:, in 1542, 1903:Scandinavia 1805:River Clyde 1781:Isle of Man 1777:Bannockburn 1540:Elizabeth I 1533:Dreadnaught 1456:, from the 1429:, from the 1392:Navy Office 1350:raided the 1348:French navy 1260:in 1495 at 1206:great ships 907:Magna Carta 819:Isle of Ely 811:Earl Morcar 743:, in 1068, 635:butsecarles 526:East Anglia 479:Northumbria 471:Isle of Man 455:Anglo-Saxon 373:Restoration 188:before 1707 6832:leadership 6600:Navy Board 6554:Submarines 6489:Destroyers 6332:after 1707 6193:Flying Fox 6049:Royal Navy 6041:Components 5980:Leadership 5860:1862321426 5528:: 85–129. 5319:, Tuckwell 5247:0199261490 5209:0859766632 5190:900414711X 4802:Manchester 4432:, p. 3944:, p. 3726:, p. 3637:25 January 3478:1 February 3378:, p. 3275:Rot. Vasc. 2991:, p. 2915:, p. 2893:References 2843:1701–1713 2837:1688–1697 2831:1672–1674 2825:1665–1667 2819:1654–1660 2813:1652–1654 2807:1627–1629 2795:1585–1604 2696:Royal Mary 2692:fifth rate 2565:The Dutch 2496:Orfordness 2449:Charles II 2363:Colchester 2329:, such as 2275:Resolution 2240:period by 2230:Parliament 2079:Royal Navy 2009:Salamander 1993:Salamander 1977:Henry VIII 1935:, and the 1907:Baltic Sea 1899:Inchgarvie 1797:man-of-war 1749:Kristsúðin 1739:Kristsúðin 1698:Royal Navy 1635:Gravelines 1615:round shot 1477:figurehead 1472:Salamander 1407:privateers 1372:Henry VIII 1367:Henry VIII 1342:. In 1544 1316:galleasses 1285:Henry VIII 1279:Tudor navy 1262:Portsmouth 1212:Grace Dieu 1179:Winchelsea 976:Winchelsea 931:Winchester 923:Phillip II 882:. In 1206 603:Harthacnut 518:Great Army 463:Sutton Hoo 192:after 1707 107:Chaplaincy 68:Royal Navy 59:Components 6821:Cutlasses 6794:Equipment 6733:Personnel 6534:Ironclads 6519:Ironclads 6504:Gun-brigs 6494:Fireships 6362:Operating 6225:President 5675:Cambridge 5542:163008417 5455:Jefferson 5135:, Ashgate 5112:Volume 1: 4896:. Wiley. 4739:Jefferson 4472:/ (1982) 4305:2 January 4279:17 August 4178:, Ch. 16. 3508:2 January 3496:Mary Rose 2898:Citations 2723:Gibraltar 2668:Caledonia 2654:in 1692. 2652:La Hougue 2640:Louis XIV 2536:Lowestoft 2516:Admiralty 2331:Worcester 2295:President 2222:Charles I 2143:Charles I 2121:HMS 2110:HMS 2028:Burburuta 1981:Edward VI 1911:MacDonald 1880:River Tay 1852:James III 1773:Edward II 1717:Alexander 1643:Philip II 1550:sent the 1454:Mary Rose 1360:Mary Rose 1325:Mary Rose 1298:Mary Rose 1253:Henry VII 1202:balingers 1130:were the 1125:given by 1006:in 1282. 935:Henry III 903:King John 884:King John 864:King John 846:from the 840:Dartmouth 815:Æthelwine 798:aetheling 622:Henry III 570:North Sea 507:Æthelstan 434:King John 259:Personnel 140:Equipment 6926:Category 6912:category 6737:training 6616:officers 6529:Monitors 6499:Frigates 6484:Cruisers 6257:Wildfire 6241:Sherwood 6209:Hibernia 6169:Dalriada 6145:Calliope 5785:citation 5779:, Leiden 5578:(1849). 5552:(2004). 5494:(1997). 5294:(1992). 5200:James IV 5024:. Hale. 4604:2 August 3631:Archived 3231:vii–viii 2852:See also 2634:and the 2628:James II 2394:Portland 2359:Nantwich 2347:Langport 2281:), and 2259:republic 2204:Floreana 2054:and the 1932:Margaret 1905:and the 1891:Newhaven 1872:James IV 1858:and the 1832:James II 1801:Cardross 1792:Robert I 1769:Robert I 1765:Edward I 1704:and the 1611:Plymouth 1607:Cornwall 1580:A Coruña 1524:Sea Dogs 1388:Deptford 1344:Boulogne 1334:and the 1320:pinnaces 1308:carracks 1258:dry dock 1224:and the 1222:Harfleur 1138:and the 1020:charters 1004:Anglesey 960:blockade 896:Flanders 836:Henry II 834:In 1141 785:Sandwich 761:Somerset 747:'s sons 729:scipfyrd 719:scipfyrd 659:Rhuddlan 645:against 626:his sons 618:Flanders 614:Sandwich 572:and the 489:in 684. 483:Ecgfrith 475:Anglesey 438:admirals 278:Uniforms 145:Uniforms 6766:Raleigh 6287:History 6201:Forward 6153:Cambria 4789:1774748 4769:Bibcode 4616:Sources 4415:12 July 3361:20 June 2605:in 1692 2410:Jamaica 2351:Newbury 2343:Preston 2335:Bristol 2319:Richard 2305:(after 2303:Fairfax 2299:Speaker 2271:Charles 2267:Liberty 2212:Ecuador 2206:in the 2183:Dunkirk 2151:James I 2064:Ormesby 2013:Unicorn 1967:in 1676 1965:Tripoli 1940:Michael 1937:carrack 1836:caravel 1803:on the 1785:Berwick 1688:of the 1589:A late 1556:corsair 1312:galleys 1153:in 1340 890:raided 876:galleys 868:Gascony 793:Norwich 789:Ipswich 757:Bristol 722:("ship 674:Normans 651:Gwynedd 501:at the 494:Vikings 426:Channel 284:Officer 49:of the 6830:Former 6774:Sultan 6614:Senior 6364:forces 6291:future 6233:Scotia 6185:Ferret 6177:Eaglet 5876: 5857: 5838: 5817: 5754: 5712: 5681: 5648: 5629: 5610: 5564: 5540: 5506: 5480: 5461: 5438: 5381: 5346: 5304: 5284:549921 5282: 5263: 5244: 5225: 5206: 5187: 5168: 5149: 5120: 5097: 5066: 5047: 5028: 5007: 4988: 4921: 4900: 4870: 4851: 4808: 4787: 4745: 4722: 4670: 4641: 4476: 3283:m. 1, 3281:Edw. 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Knowledge

History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)

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