History of surfing

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Wrightsville Beach as the birthplace of surfing in North Carolina in 2015. North Carolina has the greater weight of published verifiable accurate evidence and impacts a broader geographical area when compared to other east coast states. Burke Haywood Bridgers and the colony of surfers activities are among the earliest appearances of surfboards in the Atlantic Ocean. The early twentieth-century surfers proved that surfing migrated from Hawaii to California and North Carolina about the same time, then Florida. The Wrightsville Beach Museum Waterman Hall of Fame honors, recognizes, and inducts community members for their contributions to the island's watersport culture.

1011:, surfing became accessible along many parts of the world's coasts which were previously unthinkable or unknown as surf spots. Travelers thereby introduced the sport and equipment to the local coastal peoples of even very remote places. By the 21st century, much of the worldwide coastline has been explored and local peoples surf in nearly every country with access to waves. Yet unlike many other aspects of human expansion, there remain surf breaks as yet never ridden by humans, often in remote or treacherous corners of the globe, politically unstable areas, or around uninhabited islands, many which might yet reveal great surf spots in the future. 24: 684:

these is Malibu (both before and after Gidget). Not only is Malibu a rare world-class wave, but being adjacent to Hollywood it became the stereotype of Southern Californian surfing culture for the rest of the United States and the world. As Waikiki represented Hawaii, so Malibu represented California in the popular mindset. Both wave's quality remains intact to this day, but their local culture has gone through many shifts. Great surf epicenters often find their original surf culture quickly overrun by outside popularity, sometimes repeatedly.

812: 833:"For those not familiar with the latest craze to invade the sun-drenched Pacific coast of Southern California, here is a definition of "surfing" - a water sport in which the participant stands on a floating slab of wood, resembling an ironing board in both size and shape, and attempts to remain perpendicular while being hurtled toward the shore at a rather frightening rate of speed on the crest of a huge wave (especially recommended for teen-agers and all others without the slightest regard for either life or limb)." 967:

styles and materials based on performance, feeling, and price. Surfboard shapers can be global name-brand professionals, local artisans, or even backyard amateurs. Unlike many other sports, the high variability and subtle performance differences in the main apparatus, the surfboard, is fundamental to both the experience and history. While many other sports standardize their equipment, in surfing, diversity in craft-design played a huge part in its history and still ongoing culture.

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from the borderlands, unique social and cultural identities are formed there. This was the foundation of a continual element of surf culture, repeated around the globe innumerable times and continuing to this day: people who, for at least a time, dedicate most of their daily lives to living on or around the beach and surfing as much as they can. These groups in Hawaii, and following in Australia, California, laid the foundation for modern surf culture around the world.

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refined and coalescing into the modern shortboard just as the second large burst of broader surf-culture popularity within the mainstream was occurring. The 3-fin, 1.82 meters (6-ft-tall)"thruster" shortboard began to take over as the most popular design. A generally narrow board with rather small variance in design was being mass-produced. It nearly always has three fins, a pointed nose, a squash tail, and was approximately the height of the rider.

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surfing than the sea”. This image is very well suited to be represented in popular music, which is why so many popular teen anthems are based on the surfing craze. The Beach Boys, a group whose songs frequently involved “an endless summer filled with surfing, cruising, and beachcombing,” is only one such example. In the first half of the 1960s especially, popular music was dominated by exuberant music featuring the surf craze ("

248: 1080:"What is the purpose of surfing?" has long been philosophically debated in and out of surf culture. Often the entire endeavor has been viewed in the popular media as a waste of time, or the occupation of slackers. For the most part, surfing is agreed to be purely recreational, as it did not develop from, or turn into, a useful mode of daily transportation (as opposed to 1072:

all over the world, some regularly reaching the 12.2, 15.2, even 18.3 meters (40-, 50-, 60-ft) range. Big wave surfing bifurcated into two main branches: paddle-in and tow-in. Some waves are so big and quick it is nearly impossible to paddle fast enough to catch them, so surfers started towing behind boats and PWCs in order to catch the wave.

372:, Ghana in 1834 CE: “From the beach, meanwhile, might be seen boys swimming into the sea, with light boards under their stomachs. They waited for a surf; and came rolling like a cloud on top of it. But I was told that sharks occasionally dart in behind the rocks and ‘yam’ them.” Thomas Hutchinson provided an account of surfing in southern 1036:

sometimes construct specifically smaller boards for girls (who are often lighter and shorter, affecting weight/length requirements for paddling). Yet often they ended up surfing those small boards themselves because the style of surfing was different and mid-wave turns were growing in popularity, more easily done on shorter boards.

975:. The worldwide history of surfing could easily be divided between pre-wetsuit and post-wetsuit, because it expanded the potential to surf places previously far too cold, which comprised a vast amount of un-surfed worldwide coastline. On a similar basis, surfing history could justifiably be divided between pre- 950:

make its Olympic debut, the COVID-19 pandemic caused the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games to be cancelled and then rescheduled for the year 2021. Surfing is set to appear in the 2021 Olympics with several members of the WSL as well as other amateur surfers for the first time ever at Tsurigasaki Beach in Chiba Japan.

415:...their cheif amusement was carried on by the stern of an old canoe, with this before them they swam out as far as the outermost breach, then one or two would get into it and opposing the blunt end to the breaking wave were hurried in with incredible swiftness. Sometimes they were carried almost ashore... 1146:

Fashions developed within surf culture have had a large worldwide impact numerous times from the 1960s to the present. A number of large clothing brands began as surfing brands, including but not limited to: OP, Stussy, Billabong, Quicksilver, Roxy, Hurley, O'Neill, Ripcurl, RVCA, Vans, Volcom, Reef,

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is often given credit for popularizing surfing as a "slightly strange and hedonistic lifestyle". In film specifically, the surfing image has been so popular that it inspired an entire “beach party/surf film genre”. The attention that surfing has received in popular culture has waxed and waned, much

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The variety and size of waves varies tremendously, as does surf craft, and to some degree even the medium. Harnessing the momentum of a wave for travel is the loosest definition of surfing, so in popular culture, the term is often applied to many forms of expanded "surfing". Particularly "surfing the

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Throughout the first half of the 20th century nearly all modern surfboards were longboards, generally 2.74 meters (9 ft) or longer, although after the 1930s they began to shift away from being solid dense wood and towards lighter materials like balsa wood, and eventually various forms of polystyrene,

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Surfing's development and culture was centered primarily in three locations: Hawaii, Australia, and California, although the first footage of surfing in the UK was in 1929 by Louis Rosenberg and a number of friends after being fascinated by watching some Australian surfers. In 1959 the release of the

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For over a century now intrepid North American surfers have explored and ridden innumerable rugged and unnamed waves all over the vast North American coastline, yet distinct surf cultures tend to form around special small areas of particularly consistent good surf. The most archetypal and original of

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and predates European contact. The chief (Ali'i) was traditionally the most skilled wave rider in the community with the best board made from the best wood. The ruling class had the best beaches and the best boards, and the commoners were not allowed on the same beaches, but they could gain prestige

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By the early 1970s, shorter boards began to rise dramatically in popularity, not just as novelties but as fulltime craft, so design innovation was not far behind. The number of fins and their location was experimented with. Various nose and tail shapes were tried. Then, by the 1980s, the styles were

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started the protagonist in an Arizona wave pool, then going on to Hawaii to try his luck. Both in and out of the movie this was considered basically a joke. But more recently, multiple attempts have been made to construct wave pools specifically designed for surfing. As of 2023 there are only a few

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Although the original Hawaiian surfers would ride large unbreaking ocean swells on their Olo boards, surfing a breaking wave larger than 4.5 to 6.1 meters (15–20 ft) was extremely challenging with pre-modern equipment, if it was attempted at all. But once board design began advancing rapidly in the

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A fundamental reason for longer, thicker, more buoyant surfboards generally is they paddle faster, and paddle-speed is crucial to wave catching. But in the 1960s faster waves were becoming more popular, waves with narrower take off zones, requiring more skill to drop in. If the surfer could catch a

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In 1920, Duke Kahanamoku, the "Father of Modern Surfing", proposed that the sport be included in the Olympics. Surfing was to be a part of the Olympics for the first time ever in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, allowing athletes from around the world to show their skills in the sport. Before surfing could

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Generally there are nine broadly defined continental regions, based on similar conditions: Alaskan, Cascadian, Northern California, Southern California, the Great Lakes, the Gulf Coast, East Coast of Florida, Georgia and the Carolinas, the North East, and Puerto Rico. Usually Hawaii is considered a

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Another area of popular culture where surfing has had significant influence is popular music. As many scholars recognize, a large part of surfing’s popularity is from the positively connoted image of “beach parties, rich tans, loose clothing, and surf-ready cars"; in other words, there is "more to

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Comparatively small and localized surfing cultures have repeatedly generated surprisingly large influence upon popular culture, particularly in the United States of America and Australia, as well as upon the global consciousness of surfing as a form of recreation. Since the expansion of surfing in

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the first documented successful attempt was in October 1957. Once Waimea was finally surfed, it spawned the search for other giant waves around the world, and a devotional subset of surfers who specifically desired to surf very large waves. By the 1990s there were numerous giant waves being surfed

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The ancient Hawaiians had mainly three types of board: Olo, Alaia, and Paipo. The Olo was 4.5 to 6.096 meters (15 to 20 ft) long and solid wood. They were very difficult to make and reserved for the upper classes. The Alai was only 1.82 or 2.13 meters (6 or 7 ft) long and usually much thinner. The

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In 1961 the United States Surfing Association (USSA) was founded, arguably the first proto-professional surfing contest organization. This was also about the time when surfing switched from core action: simply riding a quality wave, to a more style-oriented endeavor where turns, tricks, style, and

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Surfing has been an internationally co-developed sport since its early spread beyond Hawaii, and has been highly influenced by (and generally welcoming of) new technology. There are no standards or committees to rule surfboard design or progression. Change has been rampant. Surfers generally pick

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Surfboard riding received national exposure with the exhibitions by Hawaiian Duke Kahanamoku in the summer of 1914-1915 at several Sydney beaches. As a current Olympic sprint champion, Kahanamoku was invited to tour the Eastern states for an extensive series of swimming carnivals and at his first

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tourists how to ride waves. This was also known as the Hawaiian boarder-land, where white hegemony was uncertain and Natives inverted dominant social categories. A borderland is a place where differences converge and social norms are often fluid. Because state-sanctioned authority is often absent

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Throughout the decades, shapers had occasionally made smaller boards, often as novelties, experiments, or specifically designed for small-statured people, but the popularity of those designs was slow to rise. During the surfboard production boom of the 1960s, the predominantly male shapers would

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Much of the last century of surf history has been defined by new eras of technology which often fundamentally changed the experience. Surfers themselves have often developed, altered, or anticipated new technology to grant increased access to previously unsurfed waves and places. And unlike many

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appearance in the Domain Pool, Sydney, smashed his previous world record for 100 yards by a full second. Following the first exhibition at Freshwater on 24 December 1914, in the New Year Kahanamoku demonstrated his skill at Freshwater and Manly, followed by appearances at Dee Why and Cronulla.

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in 1909 when Burke Haywood Bridgers and a colony of surfers introduced surfing to the East Coast. The State of North Carolina honored Burke Haywood Bridgers and the colony of surfers by placing a North Carolina Highway Marker for PIONEER EAST COAST SURFING on Wrightsville Beach and designated

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board is around 275 cm (9 ft) long and requires great skill to ride and master. Aside from the preparatory stages prior to entering the water, the most skilled surfers were often of the upper class including chiefs and warriors that surfed amongst the best waves on the island. These

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This basic style of board, with many small modifications, has been the dominant craft since the 1980s and is still the approximation of the modern professional surfboard. In 21st century professional surfing the common boards have slowly become shorter and wider, with a more rounded nose and

896:. Previously there had been innumerable amateur competitions, from the ancient Hawaiians themselves who were known to wager on the outcomes, to multiple iterations of surf competition as some form of race (commonly starting from shore, paddling to a buoy, then catching a wave back to shore). 602:

tried it while visiting, then chronicled it enthusiastically in an essay entitled "A Royal Sport" published in October 1907. In 1908 Alexander Hume Ford founded the Outrigger Canoe and Surfing Club the first modern organization developed to promote surfing broadly, although it was de facto

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In Tahiti and Samoa, surfing was a popular pastime that was often used as part of warriors' training. Warriors often paddled to surf breaks and were recorded in print by early European historians as spending many hours bravely paddling head-on into large surf and riding waves. Canoes often

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began to revive surfing, and soon re-established surfing as a sport. The revival is linked to real estate development and efforts to boost tourism. The beach was historically a place where haole and Hawaiian worlds collided and violence was sometimes a substitute for mutual understanding.

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artistry began to be important. Dynamic moves, such as nose-riding, top turns, and cut-backs were becoming even more important than catching the best wave and riding it for the longest possible time, which had previously been the primary goal, and seemed self-evident to earlier surfers.

916:. But when Australians and South Africans showed up to join the Californians who had been migrating there in waves for nearly 20 years, multiple tensions arose between not only the Americans vs international surfers, but even more powerfully between the local Hawaiians and the 1099:

There are also those who view surfing in a religious context. Certainly for the ancient Hawaiians, this component was important because the ocean was viewed as a deity. Yet also in modern surfing it is common for surfing to refer to it as some form of church or mass.

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As the news of this new sport began to spread, locals in Waikiki began giving lessons and demonstrations for tourists. This was the basis of the Waikiki Beach Boys, a loose group of mostly native Hawaiians who hung out at the beach, surfed daily, and taught wealthy

522:) trees. Once selected, the surfer would dig the tree out and place fish in the hole as an offering to the gods. Selected craftsmen of the community were then hired to shape, stain, and prepare the board for the surfer. There were three primary shapes: the 489:(priest), who would aid them in a surfing prayer asking the gods to deliver great surf. Prior to entering the ocean, the priest would also aid the surfers (mainly of the upper class) in undertaking the spiritual ceremony of constructing a surfboard. 439:

accompanied surfing parties and the men would often swap between canoeing and paddling boards, and then catch fish after their recreational activities. In Hawai'i, surfing became ingrained into the very fabric of Hawaii'an religion and culture.

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became a tourist destination that surfing began a resurgence in popularity. Particularly wealthy Americans came to the beach and saw the locals occasionally surfing what had long been an established surf break, Waikiki, and wanted to try it.

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Through numerous iterations of the surf contest and small sponsorships, very few people ever made a living from surfing alone (by not teaching or producing signature model boards or clothing) until the 1970s. As described in the documentary

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as "wave sliding." The art began before entering the mysterious ocean as the Hawaiians prayed to the gods for protection and strength to undertake the powerful mystifying ocean. If the ocean was tamed, frustrated surfers would call upon the

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pier for its rededication in 1914. In 1917 Freeth moved to San Diego to work as a swimming instructor at the San Diego Rowing Club. He later worked as a lifeguard at Coronado and Ocean Beach where he also gave surfing exhibitions.

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children in Ghana: “children at Elmina learned “to swim, on bits of boards, or small bundles of rushes, fasten’d under their stomachs, which is a good diversion to the spectators.” James Alexander provided an account of surfing in

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In 1910, Tommy Walker returned to Manly Beach, Sydney, with a 300 cm (10 ft) surfboard "bought at Waikiki Beach, Hawaii, for two dollars." Walker became an expert rider and in 1912 gave several exhibitions in Sydney.

802:) as it exploded, formed most of the world's first ideas of surfing and surfers. This conception was revised again in the 1980s, with newer mainstream portrayals of surfers represented by characters like Jeff Spicoli from 891:

If a professional surfer is someone who makes money from surfing (not including teaching), then the history of professional surfing dates to perhaps 1959 when the first West Coast Surfing Championships was held in

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added one in 1935. Technology has changed surfing repeatedly and dramatically throughout its modern development, generally making the sport more accessible, cheaper, easier, and raising the level of performance.

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began, plantations were built, and immigration started. Local Hawaiians, mixed with imported workers from Asia, were put to work on sugar plantations and Protestant missionaries attempted to turn the population

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the mid-20th century, there have been numerous coastal towns that were situated near good surf breaks, whose citizens did not yet know about modern surfing, and so did not even realize it was a rare commodity.

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Regardless of its usually erroneous portrayal in the media, true surfing culture continued to evolve quietly by itself, changing decade by decade. From the 1960s fad years to the creation and evolution of the

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wrote about the sport after having attempted surfing on his visit to the islands. Surfing progressed tremendously in the 20th century, through innovations in board design and ever-increasing public exposure.

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whites-only and women weren't admitted until 1926. Local Hawaiians started their own club in 1911 called Hui Nalu, meaning "Club of the Waves". But the first surf icons who gained widespread recognition,

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separate entity from North America, subdivided by island and region. In professional surfing US mainlanders often use the American flag whereas Hawaiians (of any race) use the Hawaiian state flag.

1832: 927:) with new neon colors, increasing shortboard performance, more professional surfers, and a number of surf brands becoming trendy beyond surfing, such as Town & Country Surf Designs and 757:, and avid waterman, helped expose surfing to the world. Kahanamoku's role was later memorialized by a 2002 first class letter rate postage stamp of the United States Postal Service. Author 1678:

Sea Shore Hotel, Wrightsville Beach, NC dated March 24, 1907, The Rotograph Co., N.Y. City, Printed in Germany. New Hanover County Public Library, Robert M. Fales Collection, Wilmington, NC

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upper-class Hawaiians gained respect through their enduring ability to master the waves and this art the Hawaiians referred to as surfing. Some ancient sites still popular today include

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as their wakes roll into shallower water, and a few people have even surfed the waves caused by calving glaciers. The Wave Bristol opened in The UK as an inland artificial surf site.

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Much of this change has also come from the fact that surfing was originally, and for many decades into the modern era, primarily a tropical or summertime only warm water sport, and a

1424: 1088:, which can be both). Therefore in judging and appreciating surfing there has always been varying opinions about what is necessary, stylish, extravagant, and/or functional. 634:

In July 1885, three teenage Hawaiian princes took a break from their boarding school, St. Mathew's Hall in San Mateo, and came to cool off in Santa Cruz, California. There,

577:. While Europeans were preoccupied with exploring and later colonizing the Pacific, they defined the islands as specks of land in a faraway sea. Western diseases spread and 908:

much of the prestige and money to be made from contest surfing resided in Hawaii, specifically, the increasingly important epicenter of worldwide performance-surfing: the

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around the world open to the public, but there are numerous in development. 2018 was the first year a professional surfing contest was held at a wave pool, specifically:

931:. The pro surfers of the 1980s were able to make more money, get more exposure, and generally survive longer with no job other than contest surfing and sponsorship. 658:, who gave his name to Huntington Beach, hired Freeth as a lifeguard and to give surfing demonstrations to promote the city of Redondo Beach. Freeth surfed at the 1655: 934:

In the last few decades there are generally less than 60 men and 30 women who qualify for the highest level of the surf league each year in its modern form, the

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Archaeologists have found that the practice of riding a vessel with a wave was utilized since the pre-Inca cultures around three to five thousand years ago. The

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grows and replenishes itself, not just as a sport but as an art form, the style and quality of surf films have often tracked well the evolution of the sport.

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In America and Australia, the culture of surfing has influenced popular culture in periodic fads, starting with novels, movies, and the early-1960s TV show,

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sometimes 4-fins (very rarely 2-fins and never 1-fin), although non-professionals still regularly mix and match all those options based on personal taste.

1961: 323:, or sitting stubbornly cutting the waves of the sea, which is rough where they fish, they looked like the Tritons, or Neptunes, who paint upon the water. 1067:. As the North Shore of Oahu was being explored for all its various breaks, Waimea was seen as too fast, brutal, and difficult. As detailed in the movie 876:, there is more than one model for what constitutes a professional. There are three main contemporary modes of making money purely as an active surfer: 942:(young participants). In the last half century of competitive surfing, nearly all professionals have learned to surf as children and were essentially 376:

in 1861: “Fishermen rode small dugouts ‘no more than six feet in length, fourteen to sixteen inches in width, and from four to six inches in depth.’”

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when instructed by two Hawaiian students, Princes David Kahalepouli Kawanaankoa Piikoi and Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole Pikkoi, studying at his college.

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in the late 60s and early 70s to the performance hotdogging of the neon-drenched 1980s and the epic professional surfing of the 1990s (typified by

829:, the first album to be released on the Capitol label by The Beach Boys, include a rather tongue-in-cheek description of the sport of surfing thus: 454:

Edward Treager also confirmed Samoan terminology for surfing and surfboards in Samoa. Oral tradition confirms that surfing was also practiced in

938:. There are thousands more surfers competing in various smaller surf contests held continually around the world, the majority of them being for 646:

surfed the mouth of the San Lorenzo River on custom-shaped redwood boards, according to surf historians Kim Stoner and Geoff Dunn. In 1907

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It is true to see them go fishing in Callao de Lima, was for me a thing of great recreation, because there were many and each one in a

1212: 363:: “the parents ‘tie their children to boards and throw them into the water.’” In 1679 CE, Barbot provided an account of surfing among 1580: 1178:

is a popular type of surfing done behind a boat's wake. There are also sometimes standing waves in rivers at high flow which can be

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to attempt surfing, but generally, the waves were too small and not well-formed enough for an enjoyable experience. The 1987 movie

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To this day Caballitos de Totora are still used by local fishermen and can also be ridden by tourists for recreational purposes.

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surfed on reed watercraft for fishing and recreation up to five thousand years ago. However, standing up on what is now called a

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became an expert surfer in his youth. Matt Warshaw, however, says the King began to surf in the 1960s on a board given him by

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1950s and 1960s these larger and faster waves became more accessible. The first truly renowned big wave spot was Oahu's

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other sports, the secondary equipment became almost as important as the core surfboard, a prime example being the

3195: 3163: 2857: 1752: 1628:(Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, April 7, 1910, Image 3. Carolina Man Writes For Surfboard Instructions. 2952: 2862: 2852: 2497: 586:. Along with the suppression of traditional culture was the suppression of surfing, often viewed as frivolous. 442:

The sport was also recorded in print by other European residents and visitors who wrote about and photographed

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Interland, Peter. "Virginia Beach: Thoroughly Civil Surf" LongBoard Magazine. May/June 1998. Vol. 6, Number 2

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Quinn, Richard. "Region's First Surfboard Evokes a Wave of Nostalgia" The Virginian Pilot. August 21, 2008.

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Duke Kahanamoku's board is now on display in the Freshwater Surf Life Saving Club, Sydney, Australia.

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ranges in length from 370 to 550 cm (12 to 18 ft) and requires great skill to maneuver. The

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traveled to California from Hawaii to demonstrate surfboard riding as a publicity stunt to promote

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released in 2010, which highlights the same beachside lifestyle first popularized in the 1960s.

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Into the 1980s surfing saw its second boost of wider popular recognition (the first being from

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fast wave, then a shorter board was inherently more maneuverable (and by extension more fun).

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Hawaiians would carefully select one of three types of trees. The trees included the

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Golden State, Golden Youth : The California Image in Popular Culture, 1955-1966

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sport, making its early range quite limited. But after the arrival of mass-produced

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Paipo was even smaller and similar to a modern bodyboard. None of these had a fin.

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and Da Kine. One of the largest influences is probably the worldwide adoption of

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Defining the scope of professional surfing is difficult, because like in many

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surfing on planks and single canoe hulls; Samoans referred to surf riding as

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Freshie: Freshwater Surf Life Saving Club - A 100 year history: 1908 - 2008

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and packing many surf breaks with sudden and previously unheard of crowds.

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is thick in the middle and gradually gets thinner towards the edges. The

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Surf and Rescue: George Freeth and the Birth of California Beach Culture

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Hawaiian Royals Surf Bridlington – in 1890! - Museum of British Surfing

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and post-fin as the original Hawaiian boards did not have fins until

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of Surfing"). In 1975, professional contests started. That year

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Around the start of the 20th century, Hawaiians living close to

2231: 1540:"Hui Nalu, Beachboys, and the Surfing Boarder-lands of Hawai'i" 1513:. brochure published by Kamehameha Investment Corporation. 2008 1081: 917: 816: 485: 408: 364: 297:), with archaeological evidence showing its use around 200 CE. 207: 187: 1323:

Undercurrents of Power Aquatic Culture in the African Diaspora

2241: 616: 532: 455: 443: 369: 336: 199: 247: 1605:. Sport and society. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 913: 215: 211: 2278: 1630:

http://www.carolinabeach.net/surfing_history_changed.html

779: 654:'s resort in Venice, Venice of America. Later that year, 206:

is the oldest type of wave-catching. Undoubtedly ancient

1962:"California Dreamin', Whiteness, and the American Dream" 1319:"Cultural Meanings of Recreational Swimming and Surfing" 798:

based on surfing and Southern California beach culture (

666:

Surfing on the East Coast of the United States began in

210:

learned how to ride wave energy on many styles of early

1939:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. 1373:

Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian

1154: 961: 1103: 198:

has likely existed since humans began swimming in the

1508:"Hoʻihoʻi Kulana Wahi pana - Restoring Sacred Places" 2265:

The Surfing Heritage Foundation.org: online resource

1870: 1868: 1325:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 28–30. 1396: 1159:Since their invention, surfers have sometimes used 435:by their ability to ride the surf on their boards. 222:is a relatively recent innovation developed by the 110:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2132:"The Endurance of Surfing in 19th-century Hawaiʻi" 2005:Sound, society, and the geography of popular music 2813:Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship 1865: 1581:"Riders of the Sea Spray - Santa Cruz Good Times" 3333: 1932: 1480: 2274:East Coast Surfing History.com: online resource 1833:"Inside the Curl: Surfing's Surprising History" 724:In 1890, the pioneer in agricultural education 2255:− part of the AMERICAN ICONS Exhibition Series 1687:The Referee Thursday, 23 February 1939, p. 16. 1390: 1363: 584:from their traditional beliefs into Christians 3164: 2294: 1750: 1696:The Daily Telegraph 27 January 1912, page 21. 1022: 854:became the first female professional surfer. 823:The anonymous sleeve notes on the 1962 album 728:reputedly became the first British surfer at 2118:. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books, 2010. 1741:The St. George Call, 13 February 1915, p. 5. 1714:The Sun, Thursday 24th December 1914 page 6. 1453: 1370:Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel H. Elbert (1986). 1182:. At certain times of year on large rivers, 2903:Smirnoff World Pro-Am Surfing Championships 1578: 1403:. University of Chicago Press. p. 98. 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1254: 1213:"Caballito de Totora: pescadores a caballo" 1075: 3171: 3157: 2301: 2287: 1656:"Surfing month proclamation by Pat McRory" 1460:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 642. 1447: 1376:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63. 1265:Rafael Larco Herrera Archaeological Museum 1186:. People have also surfed alongside large 678: 426:was the site of an ancient surfing temple. 2151: 1959: 1563: 1287: 946:, as in most modern professional sports. 230:can be directly traced to the surfers of 170:Learn how and when to remove this message 68:Learn how and when to remove this message 1301: 1013: 979:and post-polystyrene surfboards, or pre- 952: 860:have been one of the main ways in which 810: 418: 181: 31:This article includes a list of general 2981:National Scholastic Surfing Association 2026:"Katy Perry Speeds To No. 1 On Hot 100" 2001:"A listener's mental map of California" 867: 355:) independently developed the skill of 3334: 1771: 1537: 1417: 1316: 1294:Historia natural y moral de las Indias 560: 430:Surfing was a central part of ancient 351:) and western Central Africans (e.g., 313:Historia natural y moral de las Indias 186:1858 illustration of "surf-riding" in 3178: 3152: 2282: 2261:(2014-2015) in San Diego, California. 2136:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 2129: 2023: 1998: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1765: 1600: 1568:– via Academic Search Complete. 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 691: 274:vessel representing a fisherman on a 2007:, Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 107–126 1297:. Casa de Juan de Leon. p. 162. 1155:Alternatives to wind-generated waves 962:Technological innovations in surfing 108:adding citations to reliable sources 79: 17: 1705:The Referee, 6 January 1915, p. 16. 1397:Patrick O'Brian (8 December 1997). 1104:Surfing's impact on popular culture 1051: 13: 2961:International Professional Surfers 2175: 1966:Journal of American Ethnic History 1919: 1524: 1032:which still dominate to this day. 474:Hawaiians referred to this art as 37:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 3363: 2966:International Surfing Association 2170: 1960:Bukowczyk, John J. (2016-01-01). 739: 598:attempted it but failed in 1866. 469: 392:, was recorded in his journal by 388:(literally, wave sliding) in the 2818:East Coast Surfing Championships 2130:Moser, Patrick (December 2016). 1902:"Surfing - Summer Olympic Sport" 1835:. August 2, 2013. Archived from 1732:The Sun, 6 February 1915 page 6. 1317:Dawson, Kevin (March 20, 2018). 1231:"What are Caballitos de Totora?" 1007:, and inexpensive international 713: 623: 264: 246: 84: 22: 2067: 2042: 2017: 1992: 1978:10.5406/jamerethnhist.35.2.0091 1953: 1906:International Olympic Committee 1894: 1857:. July 30, 2002. Archived from 1843: 1825: 1806: 1795: 1777:"Britain's original beach boys" 1751:Pauline Curby (November 2007). 1744: 1735: 1726: 1723:The Sun, 11 January 1915, p. 6. 1717: 1708: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1672: 1648: 1634: 1619: 1594: 1572: 1500: 1474: 95:needs additional citations for 1425:"Tonga's Lord High Everything" 1281: 1248: 1223: 1205: 770:, based on the life of surfer 330: 1: 2783:Australian Boardriders Battle 2218:The British Museum of Surfing 1626:Pacific Commercial Advertiser 1579:GTWebmaster (31 March 2010). 1431:. 5 June 1970. Archived from 1193: 720:Surfing in the United Kingdom 384:The art of surfing, known as 2976:International Surfing Museum 2868:Pipeline Bodysurfing Classic 2858:O'Neill World Cup of Surfing 2206:Santa Barbara Surfing Museum 2186:Huntington Beach, California 2182:International Surfing Museum 1855:United States Postal Service 1815:Legendary Surfers: The 1930s 1255:Larco Hoyle, Rafael (2001). 1198: 894:Huntington Beach, California 805:Fast Times at Ridgemont High 630:Surfing in the United States 407:, during the ship's stay in 379: 300:An early description of the 226:. The influences for modern 7: 2986:New York Surf Film Festival 2853:O'Neill Sebastian Inlet Pro 2838:Lion Foundation Surf League 2308: 2259:Mingei International Museum 1818:, Volume 3, Lulu (2012) - 1457:The Encyclopedia of Surfing 815:Surfing at Ormond Beach in 403:during the first voyage of 10: 3370: 3347:History of sports by sport 2798:Billabong Pipeline Masters 2788:Australian Open of Surfing 2153:10.15286/jps.125.4.411-432 2096: 2024:Trust, Gary (2010-06-09). 1135:’s Billboard #1 hit song “ 1055: 1023:The Short Board Revolution 717: 695: 627: 304:surfing was documented by 3201:Australian rules football 3186: 3130: 3097: 3049: 2991:Santa Cruz Surfing Museum 2971:International Surfing Day 2951: 2878:Quiksilver Pro Gold Coast 2848:Noosa Festival of Surfing 2843:MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal 2773: 2715: 2605: 2598: 2552: 2511: 2430: 2334: 2316: 2210:Santa Barbara, California 2194:Santa Cruz Surfing Museum 1933:Kirse Granat May (2002). 1481:Veronica Britton (2004). 1170:Kelly Slater's Surf Ranch 1123:like other niche sports. 753:, "Ambassador of Aloha," 644:Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole 3036:Welsh Surfing Federation 3026:The Moonshine Conspiracy 2883:Red Bull Big Wave Africa 2269:San Clemente, California 2050:"Surf Ranch Pro Results" 1812:Malcolm Gault-Williams, 1184:tidal bores are surfable 1076:Style versus performance 311:in his 1590 publication 3031:Uruguayan Surfing Union 2928:Triple Crown of Surfing 2054:www.worldsurfleague.com 1601:Moser, Patrick (2022). 1538:Walker, Isaiah (2008). 1131:"). Another example is 679:Surf Culture Epicenters 237: 52:more precise citations. 3266:Professional wrestling 3001:Surfers Against Sewage 2898:Shark Island Challenge 2803:Billabong Pro Teahupoo 2392:Standup paddleboarding 2198:Santa Cruz, California 2144:The Polynesian Society 2116:The History of Surfing 1661:. 2015. Archived from 1151:as swim gear for men. 1019: 1018:A quiver of surfboards 958: 886:social media influence 835: 820: 772:Kathy Kohner-Zuckerman 520:Erythrina sandwicensis 478:which translates into 458:, where the late king 427: 417: 325: 191: 2996:SurfAid International 2873:Quiksilver Pro France 2246:Oceanside, California 2242:Oceanside Surf Museum 1999:Romig, Kevin (2009), 1489:Interactive Media Lab 1487:University of Florida 1454:Matt Warshaw (2005). 1331:10.9783/9780812294781 1017: 956: 906:Bustin' Down the Door 858:Surfing documentaries 831: 819:, California, in 1975 814: 573:Hawaiian culture was 422: 413: 335:West Africans (e.g., 317: 185: 3196:Association football 3021:Surfing South Africa 3011:Surfrider Foundation 1861:on February 9, 2006. 1556:10.1353/cp.2008.0026 1544:Contemporary Pacific 1483:"The Sport of Kings" 1400:Joseph Banks: A Life 957:A surfer dropping in 868:Professional surfing 698:Surfing in Australia 119:"History of surfing" 104:improve this article 3122:Surfer's myelopathy 2938:World Surfing Games 2833:Ku Ikaika Challenge 1876:"Woman of the Year" 1219:. 1 September 2007. 776:underground culture 640:Edward Keliʻiahonui 561:Post-contact Hawaii 460:Taufa'ahau Tupou IV 291:caballito de totora 276:caballito de totora 255:Caballito de totora 2933:US Open of Surfing 2529:Ocean surface wave 1839:on August 6, 2013. 1668:on August 9, 2016. 1429:The New York Times 1020: 959: 821: 692:Australian surfing 668:Wrightsville Beach 509:Artocarpus altilis 432:Polynesian culture 428: 321:balsilla caballero 232:pre-contact Hawaii 192: 3352:Surfing in Hawaii 3329: 3328: 3191:American football 3180:History of sports 3146: 3145: 3064:Fictional surfers 3041:World Surf League 3016:Surfing Australia 2943:World Surf League 2769: 2768: 2236:Torquay, Victoria 2142:(4). Wellington: 2124:978-0-8118-5600-3 1946:978-0-8078-2695-9 1775:(April 9, 2012). 1612:978-0-252-05344-3 1410:978-0-226-61628-5 1383:978-0-8248-0703-0 800:Beach Party films 636:David Kawananakoa 589:It was not until 390:Hawaiian language 306:Jesuit missionary 293:(little horse of 202:. In this sense, 180: 179: 172: 154: 78: 77: 70: 3359: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3150: 3149: 2793:Beachley Classic 2746:Puerto Escondido 2603: 2602: 2382:Shoulder surfing 2303: 2296: 2289: 2280: 2279: 2165: 2155: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2036: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1930: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1882:on 6 August 2017 1878:. Archived from 1872: 1863: 1862: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1829: 1823: 1810: 1804: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1757:. 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brands 3045: 2947: 2893:Roxy Pro France 2765: 2751:Shipstern Bluff 2723:Banzai Pipeline 2711: 2594: 2590:Surfboard leash 2548: 2507: 2426: 2422:Women's surfing 2330: 2312: 2307: 2178: 2176:Surfing museums 2173: 2168: 2114:Warshaw, Matt. 2099: 2094: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2079:www.thewave.com 2073: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2034: 2032: 2022: 2018: 2010: 2008: 1997: 1993: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1931: 1920: 1911: 1909: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1796: 1786: 1784: 1770: 1766: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1665: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1642:"Marker: D-116" 1640: 1639: 1635: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1599: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1536: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1492: 1490: 1479: 1475: 1468: 1452: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1411: 1395: 1391: 1384: 1368: 1364: 1341: 1315: 1302: 1289:de Acosta, José 1286: 1282: 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