History of the Russian Federation

2985:. In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union devoted a quarter of its gross economic output to the defense sector (at the time most Western analysts believed that this figure was 15 percent). At the time, the military-industrial complex employed at least one of every five adults in the Soviet Union. In some regions of Russia, at least half of the workforce was employed in defense plants (the comparable U.S. figures were roughly one-sixteenth of gross national product and about one of every sixteen in the workforce). These over-reliance on the military sector made Russian industry and human capital relatively noncompetitive upon entry into a market-oriented system. Furthermore, the end of the Cold War and the cutback in military spending affected industry quite dramatically making it difficult to quickly retool equipment, retrain workers, and find new markets. In the process of economic re-tooling, an enormous body of experience, qualified specialists and know-how was lost or misallocated, as the plants were sometimes switching from, for example, producing hi-tech military equipment to making kitchen utensils. 245: 3168:. Russian voters, able to vote for opposition parties in the 1990s, often rejected economic reforms and yearned for the stability and personal security of the Soviet era. These were the groups that had enjoyed the benefits of Soviet-era state-controlled wages and prices, high state spending to subsidize priority sectors of the economy, protection from competition with foreign industries, and welfare entitlement programs. During the Yeltsin years in the 1990s, these anti-reformist groups were well organized, voicing their opposition to reform through strong trade unions, associations of directors of state-owned firms, and political parties in the popularly elected parliament whose primary constituencies were among those vulnerable to reform. A constant theme of Russian history in the 1990s was the conflict between economic reformers and those hostile to the new capitalism. 3009:" in the West. With the move to a post-Communist system, the Russian university system collapsed. Rampant credential inflation in the Russian university system made it difficult for employers to determine who was really skilled and the problems of the higher education system more generally made it difficult to remedy other issues of human capital that came from the transition to a market-oriented system, such as upskilling and re-skilling. For example, former state enterprise managers were highly skilled at coping with the demands on them under the Soviet system of planned production targets, but discouraged the risk-and-reward centered behavior of market capitalism. These managers were responsible for a broad array of social welfare functions for their employees, their families, and the population of the towns and regions where they were located. 4361: 4276: 3690:

surplus in 1999 and 2000. Another reason is that domestic industries such as food processing have benefited from the devaluation, which caused a steep increase in the prices of imported goods. Also, since Russia's economy was operating to such a large extent on barter and other non-monetary instruments of exchange, the financial collapse had far less of an impact on many producers than it would had the economy been dependent on a banking system. Finally, the economy has been helped by an infusion of cash; as enterprises were able to pay off arrears in back wages and taxes, it, in turn, allowed consumer demand for the goods and services of Russian industry to rise. For the first time in many years, unemployment in 2000 fell as enterprises added workers.

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were not paid by the employers. If all these categories of jobless, semi-employed and unpaid workers were taken into account, the 18% Russian unemployment figure cited in June 1995 by labour market expert Tatyana Maleva of the Institute of Economic Analysis seemed real. With unemployment benefits sufficient only to buy a small loaf of bread each day, trying to survive without some other income was not an option for those who lost jobs. They were toiling during the warmer months to grow food in family vegetable plots, selling newspapers or lottery tickets on the streets, busking, begging, turning to prostitution. Often they sank into the criminal underworld.

2978:, have fared slightly better than their eastern neighbors since the collapse of the Eastern bloc, while Russia itself and countries to Russia's east experienced greater difficulties and found themselves on worse footing immediately after dissolution. A major reason that Russia's transition has been so wrenching is that it is remaking both its Soviet-era political and economic institutions at once. In addition to institutional reforms designed to create a new political-economic system, Russia was also charged with remaking itself into a new national state following the disintegration of the Soviet Union. 77: 3139:), the relative impoverishment of the Russian people during this time meant only a limited number saw any significant benefit. Russians on fixed incomes (the vast majority of the workforce) saw their purchasing power drastically reduced, so while the stores might have been well stocked in the Yeltsin era, average people could now afford to buy little, if anything from these stores. By 2011, the average income has risen to more than $ 700 per month, emblematic of the mild recovery in recent years largely due to high oil prices. The growing revenue, however, has not been evenly distributed. 3491:

massive wave of strikes. The government, therefore, did not strenuously resist the tendency for voucher privatization to turn into "insider privatization," as it was termed, in which senior enterprise officials acquired the largest proportion of shares in privatized firms. Thus, Chubais allowed well-connected employees to acquire majority stakes in the enterprises. This proved to be the most widely used form of privatization in Russia. Three-quarters of privatized enterprises opted for this method, most often using vouchers. Real control thus wound up in the hands of the managers.

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in a relatively small number of big state enterprises meant that many local governments were entirely dependent on the economic health of a single employer; when the Soviet Union collapsed and the economic ties between Soviet republics and even regions were severed, the production in the whole country dropped by more than fifty percent. Roughly half of Russia's cities had only one large industrial enterprise, and three fourths had no more than four. Consequently, the decrease in production caused tremendous unemployment and underemployment.

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Meanwhile, life expectancy dropped for men from 64 years in 1990 to 57 years by 1994, while women's dropped from 74 to about 71. Both health factors and a sharp increase in deaths of the youth demographic from unnatural causes (such as murders, suicides, and accidents) have significantly contributed to this trend. Closely related to the declining life expectancy, alcohol-related deaths skyrocketed 60% in the 1990s and deaths from infectious and parasitic diseases shot up 100%, mainly because medicines were no longer affordable to the poor.

3101: 3327:(Soviet Youth League) were cashing in on their Soviet-era power and privileges. Some quietly liquidated the assets of their organization and secreted the proceeds in overseas accounts and investments. Others created banks and business in Russia, taking advantage of their insider positions to win exclusive government contracts and licenses and to acquire financial credits and supplies at artificially low, state-subsidized prices in order to transact business at high, market-value prices. Great fortunes were made almost overnight. 4164: 3261: 4033: 1235: 3941: 2744: 4176: 2666: 4218: 1078: 924: 909: 4141:

annual rate of growth. Inequalities have increased and many of the new rich are grotesquely crass and cruel, but not all the Kremlin's vast revenues from oil and gas have gone into private pockets or are being hoarded in the government's "stabilisation fund". Enough has gone into modernising schools and hospitals so that people notice a difference. Overall living standards are up. The second Chechen war, the major blight on Putin's record, is almost over".

2678: 3933:, on his victory before election results were even made official and made statements opposing the rerun of the disputed second round of elections, won by Yanukovych, amid allegations of large-scale voting fraud. The second round was ultimately rerun; Yushchenko won the round and was eventually declared the winner on 10 January 2005. In the West, the reaction to Russia's handling of, or perhaps interference in, the Ukrainian election evoked echoes of the 3793: 3030: 4660: 4589: 2613: 84: 160: 2993:

managing health, recreational, educational, and similar facilities. The towns in contrast possessed neither the apparatus nor the funds for the provision of basic social services. Industrial employees were left heavily dependent on their firms. Thus, economic transformation created severe problems in maintaining social welfare since local governments were unable to assume finance or operational responsibility for these functions.

2414: 4455: 1108: 1055: 1036: 1003: 984: 161: 3176:"). Businessmen said that they needed the "krysha" because the laws and the court system were not functioning properly in Russia. The only way for them to enforce a contract was to turn to a criminal "krysha". They also used it to intimidate competitors, collect debts or take over new markets. It was also increasingly common for businesses to turn to the "red krysha" — corrupt police who ran 3819:. The separatists demanded the immediate withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya and threatened to blow up the building if authorities attempted to enter. Three days later, Russian commandos stormed the building after the hostages had been subdued with a sleeping gas, shooting the unconscious militants, and killing over 100 civilian hostages with the sleeping gas in the process. 3652:

the government fell into a self-perpetuating trap. To pay off the interest on the loans it had taken, it needed to raise still more cash, which it did through foreign borrowing. As lenders became increasingly certain that the government could not make good on its obligations, they demanded ever-higher interest rates, deepening the trap. Ultimately the bubble burst.

173: 172: 3296:; about 25,000 Chechen civilians died under week-long air raids and artillery fire in the sealed-off city. Massive use of artillery and air-strikes remained the dominating strategy throughout the Russian campaign. Even so, Chechen forces seized thousands of Russian hostages, while inflicting humiliating losses on the demoralized and ill-equipped Russian troops. 165: 170: 168: 164: 169: 163: 167: 171: 166: 4237:, an offer Putin accepted. Given United Russia's near-total dominance of Russian politics, many observers believed that Putin was assured of a third term. The move was expected to see Medvedev stand on the United Russia ticket in the parliamentary elections in December, with a goal of becoming Prime Minister at the end of his presidential term. 3058:, in order to avoid the worst of the dissolution of the vast Soviet technological empire. Russia's economy was hit further by the financial crash of 1998 before experiencing a modest recovery in 1999–2000 as commodity prices began to rise again. According to Russian government statistics, the economic decline was far more severe than the 3513:, pay wage and pension arrears, and abolish military conscription (he did not live up to his promises after the election, except for ending the Chechen war, which was halted for 3 years). Yeltsin's campaign also got a boost from the announcement of a $ 10 billion loan to the Russian government from the International Monetary Fund. 3808:. Russia organized a vigorous but hectic attempt to save the crew, and the entire futile effort was surrounded by unexplained secrecy. This, as well as the slow initial reaction to the event and especially to the offers of foreign aid in saving the crew, brought much criticism on the government and personally on President Putin. 2874:, which they sought to avoid. Nevertheless, contrary to the government's expectations, insiders managed to acquire control over most of the assets, which remained largely dependent on government support for years to come. From 1992 to 1994, ownership of 15,000 firms was transferred from state control via the voucher program. 3204:

Soviet. Confronted with opposition to the presidential power of decree and threatened with impeachment, he "dissolved" the parliament on 21 September, in contravention of the existing constitution, and ordered new elections and a referendum on a new constitution. The parliament then declared Yeltsin deposed and appointed

3288:, Chechnya's nationalist president, was driven to take his republic out of the Russian Federation, declaring independence in 1991. Gripped by the chaos of the Soviet Union's ongoing dissolution, Chechnya initially operated as a de facto independent nation-though this status was never recognized by Russia. In 1994, the 224: 231: 232: 4088:, was shot in the lobby of her apartment building, on Putin's birthday. The death of Politkovskaya triggered international criticism, with accusations that Putin has failed to protect the country's new independent media. Putin himself said that her death caused the government more problems than her writings. 3624:, aged 35, as acting prime minister. Russian observers expressed doubts about Kiriyenko's youth and inexperience. The Duma rejected his nomination twice. Only after a month-long standoff, during which Yeltsin threatened to dissolve the legislature, did the Duma confirm Kiriyenko on a third vote on 24 April. 220: 218: 222: 5472:

The poverty line in 1993 was set at the equivalent of $ 25 per month. The difference in estimates is due to the difference in methodology. The higher poverty rate is based on a calculation of household incomes. The lower rate is based on household consumption, since households tend not to report some

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as his candidate to head the new government. Like Stepashin, Putin had a background in the secret police, having made his career in the foreign intelligence service and later as head of the FSB. Yeltsin went so far as to declare that he saw Putin as his successor as president. The Duma narrowly voted

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Early in the campaign it had been thought that Yeltsin, who was in uncertain health (after recuperating from a series of heart attacks) and whose behavior was sometimes erratic, had little chance for reelection. When campaigning opened at the beginning of 1996, Yeltsin's popularity was close to zero.

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The Yeltsin government hoped to use privatization to spread ownership of shares in former state enterprises as widely as possible to create political support for his government and his reforms. The government used a system of free vouchers as a way to give mass privatization a jump-start. But it also

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Structural reform and a severe devaluation of the ruble lowered the standard of living for most segments of the Russian population. As a result, there was powerful political opposition to reform. Democratization opened the political channels for venting these frustrations, which translated into votes

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The former Soviet Union had to deal with a number of unique obstacles during the post-Soviet transition including political reform, economic restructuring and the redrawing of political boundaries. The discomfort associated with these changes was not felt the same in each former Soviet republic. As a

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and lacked competition, being largely controlled by favored insiders with political connections or used for the benefit of the commercial banks themselves. As neither the loans nor the leased enterprises were returned in time, this effectively became a form of selling, or privatizing, state assets at

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requested that Russia use military forces "to establish legitimacy, peace, law and order, stability and defending the people of Ukraine". On the same day, Vladimir Putin requested and received authorization from the Russian Parliament to deploy Russian troops to Ukraine in response to the crisis and

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in 1991. On repeated occasions, even Vladimir Putin—Boris Yeltsin's handpicked successor — stated that the fall of Soviet rule had led to few gains and many problems for most Russian citizens. In a campaign speech in February 2004, for example, Putin called the dismantlement of the Soviet Union

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On 17 August, Kiriyenko's government and the central bank were forced to suspend payment on Russia's foreign debt for 90 days, restructure the nation's entire debt, and devalue the ruble. The ruble went into free fall as Russians sought frantically to buy dollars. Western creditors lost heavily, and

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Despite the bailout, Russia's monthly interest payments still well exceeded its monthly tax revenues. Realizing that this situation was unsustainable, investors continued to flee Russia despite the IMF bailout. Weeks later the financial crisis resumed and the value of the ruble resumed its fall, and

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In exchange for the loans, the state handed over assets worth many times as much. Under the terms of the deals, if the Yeltsin government did not repay the loans by September 1996, the lender acquired title to the stock and could then resell it or take an equity position in the enterprise. The first

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with the primary goal being to transform the formerly state-owned enterprises into profit-seeking businesses, which would not be dependent on government subsidies for their survival. To distribute property quickly and to win over popular support, the reformers decided to rely mostly on the mechanism

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in 1992–1993, the Central Bank actually tried to derail reforms by actively printing even more money during this period of inflation. After all, the Russian government was short of revenue and was forced to print money to finance its debt. As a result, inflation exploded into hyperinflation, and the

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and other treaties that served to bind its satellite states to the Soviet Union, the conversion of the world's largest state-controlled economy into a market-oriented economy would have been extraordinarily difficult regardless of the policies chosen. The policies chosen for this transition were (1)

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would disarm themselves of nuclear weapons. This affected Kazakhstan in particular, as it hosted a significant share of the world's nuclear weapons immediately following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. However, the former Soviet republics were able to maintain transnational cooperation in other

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Primakov's appointment restored political stability because he was seen as a compromise candidate able to heal the rifts between Russia's quarreling interest groups. There was popular enthusiasm for Primakov as well. Primakov promised to make the payment of wage and pension arrears his government's

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In an effort to prop up the currency and stem the flight of capital, Kiriyenko hiked interest rates to 150% in order to attract buyers for government bonds. But concerns about the financial crisis in Asia and the slump in world oil prices were already prompting investors to withdraw from Russia. By

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account for more than 80% of Russian exports, leaving the country vulnerable to swings in world prices. Oil is also a major source of government tax revenue which brought significant negative implications for Russia's fiscal situation, foreign exchange stores and ultimately, the value of the ruble.

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Support from the oligarchs was also crucial to Yeltsin's reelection campaign. The "loans for shares" giveaway took place in the run-up to the 1996 presidential election—at a point when it had appeared that Zyuganov might defeat Yeltsin. Yeltsin and his entourage gave the oligarchs an opportunity to

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phase and launched cash privatization, it devised a program that it thought would simultaneously speed up privatization and yield the government a much-needed infusion of cash for its operating needs. Under the scheme, which quickly became known in the West as "loans for shares," the Yeltsin regime

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leaders accumulated considerable financial resources, while on the other hand, the most successful entrepreneurs became acquainted with government officials and public politicians. The privatization of state enterprises was a unique opportunity because it gave many of those who had gained wealth in

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In the 1990s, former Soviet bureaucrats, factory directors, aggressive businessmen and criminal organizations used insider deals, bribery and simple brute force in order to grab lucrative assets, which were previously state-owned. Russia's new "capitalists" spent millions of dollars for protection.

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In 1997, at least 98,400 companies were defaulting on payments to employees. It was estimated that one out of four Russian workers, or close on 20 million people, were not paid for months. Some were paid "in kind": for example, women workers were paid in brassieres and shoes that they resold in the

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In 1995, a little over 3% of the work force was officially registered as unemployed, but, in addition to the technically jobless, 4.4% of the labour force were working only part time, while a further 3.9% had been sent on involuntary leave. Also millions of Russians turned up for work each day, but

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A second obstacle, partly related to the sheer vastness and geographical diversity of the Russian landmass, was the sizable number of "mono-industrial" regional economies (regions dominated by a single industrial employer) that Russia inherited from the Soviet Union. The concentration of production

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No.1403 approved on 17 November 1992. Vertically integrated companies were created by joining some oil-producing enterprises and refineries into open-stock companies. Starting in 1994 many former state oil companies were privatized. This privatization had been partial because the federal government

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The process of liberalization would create winners and losers, depending on how particular industries, classes, age groups, ethnic groups, regions, and other sectors of Russian society were positioned. Some would benefit by the opening of competition; others would suffer. Among the winners were the

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The president's inner circle assumed that it had only a short time in which to act on privatization; it, therefore, needed to take steps that would have a large and immediate impact, making the reversal of reform prohibitively costly for their opponents. Chubais' solution was to co-opt potentially

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a "national tragedy on an enormous scale," from which "only the elites and nationalists of the republics gained." He added, "I think that ordinary citizens of the former Soviet Union and the post-Soviet space gained nothing from this. On the contrary, people have faced a huge number of problems."

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Kiriyenko appointed a new cabinet strongly committed to stemming the fall in the value of Russia's currency. The oligarchs strongly supported Kiriyenko's efforts to maintain the exchange rate. A high exchange rate meant that they needed fewer rubles to buy imported goods, especially luxury items.

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In the spring of 1996, with Yeltsin's popularity at a low ebb, Chubais and Yeltsin recruited a team of six leading Russian financiers and media barons (all oligarchs) who bankrolled the Yeltsin campaign with $ 3 million and guaranteed coverage on television and in leading newspapers directly

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has commented on Putin's legacy: "What, then, is Putin's legacy? Stability and growth, for starters. After the chaos of the 90s, highlighted by Yeltsin's attack on the Russian parliament with tanks in 1993 and the collapse of almost every bank in 1998, Putin has delivered political calm and a 7%

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Russia bounced back from the August 1998 financial crash with surprising speed. Much of the reason for the recovery is that world oil prices rapidly rose during 1999–2000 (just as falling energy prices on the world market had deepened Russia's financial troubles) so that Russia ran a large trade

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Panic struck the Yeltsin team when opinion polls suggested that the ailing president could not win; members of his entourage urged him to cancel presidential elections and effectively rule as dictator from then on. Instead, Yeltsin changed his campaign team, assigning a key role to his daughter,

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Thus the transitional period in post-Soviet Russian politics came to an end. A new constitution was approved by referendum in December 1993. Russia was given a strongly presidential system. Radical privatization went ahead. Although the old parliamentary leaders were released without trial on 26

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The struggle for the center of power in Soviet Russia following the collapse of the Soviet Union and for the nature of the economic reforms culminated in a political crisis and bloodshed in the autumn of 1993. Yeltsin, who represented a course of radical privatization, was opposed by the Supreme

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based on both macroeconomic data and surveys of household incomes and expenditures indicate that whereas 1.5% of the population was living in poverty (defined as income below the equivalent of $ 25 per month) in the late Soviet era, by mid-1993 between 39% and 49% of the population was living in

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in the 1980s. By letting the market rather than central planners determine prices, product mixes, output levels, and the like, the reformers intended to create an incentive structure in the economy where efficiency and risk would be rewarded and waste and carelessness were punished. Removing the

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In the early period after Russia became independent, Russian foreign policy repudiated Marxism–Leninism as a putative guide to action, emphasizing cooperation with the West in solving regional and global problems, and soliciting economic and humanitarian aid from the West in support of internal

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The financial collapse produced a political crisis, as Yeltsin, with his domestic support evaporating, had to contend with an emboldened opposition in the parliament. A week later, on 23 August, Yeltsin fired Kiryenko and declared his intention of returning Chernomyrdin to office as the country

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Yeltsin campaigned energetically, dispelling concerns about his health, exploiting all the advantages of incumbency to maintain a high media profile. To assuage voters' discontent, he made the claim that he would abandon some unpopular economic reforms and boost welfare spending, end the war in

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The position of the enterprise directors to the program was essential to maintaining economic and social stability in the country. The managers represented one of the most powerful collective interests in the country; it was the enterprise managers who could ensure that labor did not erupt in a

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were held in the fall of 1995. The auctions themselves were usually held in such a way so to limit the number of banks bidding for shares and thus to keep the auction prices extremely low. By summer 1996, major packages of shares in some of Russia's largest firms had been transferred to a small

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Between 1987 and 1992, trading of natural resources and foreign currencies, as well as imports of highly demanded consumer goods and then domestic production of their rudimentary substitutes, rapidly enabled these pioneering entrepreneurs to accumulate considerable wealth. In turn, the emerging

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Thirdly, post-Soviet Russia did not inherit a system of state social security and welfare from the USSR. Instead the companies, mainly large industrial firms, were traditionally responsible for a broad range of social welfare functions—building and maintaining housing for their work forces, and

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was the liberal alternative to Yeltsin and Zyuganov. He appealed to a well-educated middle class that saw Yeltsin as an incompetent alcoholic and Zyuganov as a Soviet-era throwback. Seeing Yavlinsky as a threat, Yeltsin's inner circle of supporters worked to bifurcate political discourse, thus

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Public health indicators show a dramatic corresponding decline. Although all post-Soviet countries experience an immediate decline in birth-rates due to economic turmoil this may have been particularly acute in Russia. In 1999, total population fell by about three-quarters of a million people.

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was seen by the international press as a retaliation for Khodorkovsky's donations to both liberal and communist opponents of the Kremlin. The government said that Khodorkovsky was "corrupting" a large segment of the Duma to prevent changes to the tax code. Khodorkovsky was arrested, Yukos was

3552:(formerly Leningrad) together provided over half of the incumbent president's support, but he also did well in large cities in the Urals and in the north and northeast. Yeltsin lost to Zyuganov in Russia's southern industrial heartland. The southern stretch of the country became known as the " 233: 4714:

leader, has shown no interest in implementing Western-backed economic and political reforms and has aligned his country with Russia, and no interest in deepening ties with NATO. A union agreement between Russia and Belarus was formed on 2 April 1996. The agreement was tightened, becoming the

2740:". Shock therapy was originally used in Bolivia by notable economist Jeffery Sachs to combat inflation in the 1980s. Having achieved some major successes in Bolivia, shock therapy was then imported to the Polish context following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and Russia shortly after. 3611:

continued and accelerated due to financial instability and decreasing government capacity. This further decreased government revenues and soon, the central government found itself unable to service the massive loans it had accumulated and ultimately was even unable to pay its employees. The

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The Russians finally managed to gain control of Grozny by February 1995 after heavy fighting. In August 1996, Yeltsin agreed to a ceasefire with Chechen leaders, and a peace treaty was formally signed in May 1997. However, the conflict resumed in 1999; this time the rebellion was crushed by

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A tiny clique who used their connections built up during the last days of the Soviet years to appropriate Russia's vast resources during the rampant privatizations of the Yeltsin years, the oligarchs emerged as the most hated men in the nation. The Western world generally advocated a quick

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referendums on annexation of occupied territories of Ukraine, including the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic in Russian occupied Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine, as well as the Russian-appointed military administrations of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia

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Yeltsin, who began to lose his hold as his health deteriorated, wanted Chernomyrdin back, but the legislature refused to give its approval. After the Duma rejected Chernomyrdin's candidacy twice, Yeltsin, his power clearly on the wane, backed down. Instead, he nominated Foreign Minister

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company, formerly the largest oil producer in Russia. Putin's stand against oligarchs is generally popular with the Russian people, even though the jailing of Khodorkovsky was mainly seen as part of a takeover operation by government officials, according to another Levada-Center poll.

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were rising. Indeed, during the seven years of his presidency, real GDP grew on average 6.7% a year, average income increased 11% annually in real terms, and a consistently positive balance of the federal budget enabled the government to cut 70% of the external debt (according to the

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to record highs, raised heavy new taxes, sharply cut back on government subsidies to industry and construction, and made massive cuts in state welfare spending. These policies caused widespread hardship as many state enterprises found themselves without orders or financing. A deep

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0.5%. With no candidate securing an absolute majority, Yeltsin and Zyuganov went into a second round of voting. In the meantime, Yeltsin co-opted a large segment of the electorate by appointing Lebed to the posts of national security adviser and secretary of the Security Council.

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The rationale of the program was to squeeze the built-in inflationary pressure out of the economy so that producers would begin making sensible decisions about production, pricing and investment instead of chronically overusing resources—a problem that resulted in shortages of

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number of major banks, thus allowing a handful of powerful banks to acquire substantial ownership shares over major firms at shockingly low prices. These deals were effectively giveaways of valuable state assets to a few powerful, well-connected, and wealthy financial groups.

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excluding a middle ground—and convince voters that only Yeltsin could defeat the Communist "menace." The election became a two-man race, and Zyuganov, who lacked Yeltsin's resources and financial backing, watched helplessly as his strong initial lead was whittled away.

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government stopped making timely payment of wages, pensions, and debts to suppliers; and when workers were paid, it was often with bartered goods rather than rubles. Coal miners were especially hard hit, and for several weeks in the summer they blocked sections of the

244: 3762:, Yeltsin evidently felt confident enough in Putin that he resigned from the presidency on 31 December, six months before his term was due to expire. This made Putin acting president and gave Putin ample opportunity to position himself as the frontrunner for the 3635:

The Russian crisis caused alarm in the West. Pouring more money into the Russian economy would not be a long-term solution, but the U.S. in particular feared that Yeltsin's government would not survive a looming financial crisis without IMF help. U.S. President

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The new capitalist opportunities presented by the opening of the Russian economy in the late 1980s and early 1990s affected many people's interests. As the Soviet system was being dismantled, well-placed bosses and technocrats in the Communist Party, KGB, and

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performance on 21 February, and subsequent trial. An estimated 8,000–20,000 protesters gathered in Moscow on 6 May, when eighty people were injured in confrontations with police, and 450 were arrested, with another 120 arrests taking place the following day.

2815:, the reform architects argued, was a precondition for all other reforms: Hyperinflation would wreck both democracy and economic progress, they argued; they also argued that only by stabilizing the state budget could the government proceed to dismantle the 3888:

Putin's popularity, which stems from his reputation as a strong leader, stands in contrast to the unpopularity of his predecessor, but it hinges on a continuation of economic recovery. Putin came into office at an ideal time: after the devaluation of the

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Nevertheless, the political and social equilibrium of the country remains tenuous to this day, and power remains a highly personalized commodity. The economy remains vulnerable to downturn if, for instance, world oil prices fall at a dramatic pace.

2522:. Although the coup was ultimately averted, this situation contributed to rising instability in the Soviet Union. As the USSR was on the verge of collapse by October 1991, Yeltsin announced that Russia would proceed with radical reforms, including 3981:

would severely damage President Putin's popularity. However, shortly after the siege had ended, the Russian president enjoyed record public approval ratings – 83% of Russians declared themselves satisfied with Putin and his handling of the siege.

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serving the president's campaign strategy. The media painted a picture of a fateful choice for Russia, between Yeltsin and a "return to totalitarianism." The oligarchs even played up the threat of civil war if a Communist were elected president.

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was nearly universal, and the educational level of the Soviet population was among the highest in the world with respect to science, engineering, and some technical disciplines, although the Soviets devoted little to what would be described as

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into the former Soviet bloc nations of the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary in 1997 and, particularly, the second NATO expansion into Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia in 2004. In 1999, Russia opposed the

4107:. Following prior warnings, demonstrations in several Russian cities were met by police action, which included interfering with the travel of the protesters and the arrests of as many as 150 people who attempted to break through police lines. 3680:

Communists and trade unionists staged a nationwide strike on 7 October, and called on President Yeltsin to resign. On 9 October, Russia, which was also suffering from a bad harvest, appealed for international humanitarian aid, including food.

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a large part of Russia's fledgling banking sector was destroyed, since many banks had substantial dollar borrowings. Foreign investment rushed out of the country, and financial crisis triggered an unprecedented flight of capital from Russia.

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campaign manager. Chubais, who was not just Yeltsin's campaign manager but also the architect of Russia's privatization program, set out to use his control of the privatization program as the key instrument of Yeltsin's reelection campaign.

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in Moscow and other cities, bombings Russian authorities attributed to Chechen rebels. In response, the Russian army entered Chechnya in late September 1999, starting the Second Chechen War. The Russian public at the time, angry over the

2514:. This ensured that he would be the political leader of the Russian successor state following dissolution. This situation resulted in political turmoil as the Soviet and Russian leadership wrestled for control, which culminated in the 4323:

in June 2013. Responding to international concerns about Russia's legislation, Putin asked critics to note that the law was a "ban on the propaganda of pedophilia and homosexuality" and he stated that homosexual visitors to the

2475:

a year later. The Russian SFSR (Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) was the largest republic of the Soviet Union, but it had no significant independence before, being the only Soviet republic to not have its own branch of the

3990:, has been unpopular and caused a wave of demonstrations in various Russian cities, with thousands of retirees protesting against the loss of their benefits. This was the first time such wave of protests took place during the 3567:

Right after the election, Yeltsin's physical health and mental stability were increasingly precarious. Many of his executive functions thus devolved upon a group of advisers (most of whom had close links with the oligarchs).

2729:, before the dissolution of the USSR. While this spared Yeltsin from the prospects of bargaining and wrangling with Soviet deputies, it also eliminated any meaningful discussion of the right course of action for the country. 3985:

In 2005, the Russian government replaced the broad in-kind Soviet-era benefits, such as free transportation and subsidies for heating and other utilities for socially vulnerable groups by cash payments. The reform, known as

3586:

in July 1997, exacerbated Russia's continuing economic crisis. Given the ensuing decline in world commodity prices, countries heavily dependent on the export of raw materials such as oil were among those most severely hit.

205: 4442:

and requested that they be admitted as constituents of the Russian Federation. On 18 March 2014, Russia and Crimea signed a treaty of accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol in the Russian Federation, while the

3467:, had a strong grassroots organization, especially in the rural areas and small towns, and appealed effectively to memories of the old days of Soviet prestige on the international stage and the socialist domestic order. 697: 2784:

With inflation at double-digit rates per month as a result of printing, macroeconomic stabilization was enacted to curb this trend. Stabilization, also called structural adjustment, is a harsh austerity regime (tight

2542:, serving as either President or Prime Minister. Although the Russian economy has improved significantly under Putin's leadership following relative economic chaos under Yeltsin, Putin has also been widely accused of 207: 5638:, who managed the Communist Party's financial affairs, following the collapse of the August 1991 coup attempt, deprived future researchers of the opportunity to discover where many of the party's assets disappeared. 6683: 3702:

Yevgeny Primakov did not remain in his post long. Yeltsin grew suspicious that Primakov was gaining in strength and popularity and dismissed him in May 1999, after only eight months in office. Yeltsin then named

6713: 4203:. Russian troops entered South Ossetia and forced Georgian troops back, establishing their control on this territory. In the fall of 2008, Russia unilaterally recognized the independence of South Ossetia and 3619:

A political crisis came to a head in March when Yeltsin suddenly dismissed Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin and his entire cabinet on 23 March. Yeltsin named a virtually unknown technocrat, Energy Minister

3833:

Chechen militants responded in kind, stepping up guerrilla operations and rocket attacks on federal helicopters. Several high-profile attacks have taken place. In May 2004, Chechen separatists assassinated

3017:, however, were generally not the most prominent priorities for Soviet enterprise managers. Thus, almost no Soviet employees or managers had firsthand experience with decision-making in the conditions of a 3976:

took place in September 2004, in which hundreds died. Many in the Russian press and in the international media warned that the death of 130 hostages in the special forces' rescue operation during the 2002

3563:

austerity policies and increase public spending to help those suffering from the pain of capitalist reforms, within a month of his election, Yeltsin issued a decree canceling almost all of these promises.

3216:, and the other parliamentary supporters surrendered and were immediately arrested and jailed. The official count was 147 dead, 437 wounded (with several men killed and wounded on the presidential side). 1527: 1466: 3232:

February 1994, they would not play an open role in politics thereafter. Though its clashes with the executive would eventually resume, the remodeled Russian parliament had greatly circumscribed powers. (

3045:

After the initial turmoil and euphoria of early marketizations, Russia's economy sank into deep depression by the mid-1990s due to botched reform efforts and low commodity prices globally but not before

4248:

against alleged electoral fraud, the largest protests in Putin's time. Protesters criticized Putin and United Russia and demanded annulment of the election results. Those protests sparked the fear of a

4679:

However, although Russia's leaders now described the West as its natural ally, they grappled with defining new relations with the East European states, the new states formed upon the disintegration of

3347:. Even though initially each citizen received a voucher of equal face value, within months most of the vouchers converged in the hands of intermediaries who were ready to buy them for cash right away. 3208:

acting president on 22 September. Tensions built quickly, and matters came to a head after street riots on 2 – 3 October. On 4 October, Yeltsin ordered Special Forces and elite army units to storm the

3391:

programming for a while. Berezovsky and other ultra-wealthy, well-connected tycoons who controlled these great empires of finance, industry, energy, telecommunications, and media became known as the "

3899: 3726:

When appointed, Putin was a relatively unknown politician, but he quickly established himself both in public opinion and in Yeltsin's estimation as a trusted head of government, largely due to the

2767:, an organ under parliament, which was skeptical of Yeltsin's reforms, was short of revenue and printed money to finance its debt. This resulted in the near bankruptcy of much of Russian industry. 1451: 8045: 4809: 4537: 2297: 2276: 2255: 2234: 2146: 3665:

slipped deeper into economic turmoil. Powerful business interests, fearing another round of reforms that might cause leading concerns to fail, welcomed Kiriyenko's fall, as did the Communists.

3544:

In the end, Yeltsin's election tactics paid off. In the run-off on 3 July, with a turnout of 68.9%, Yeltsin won 53.8% of the vote and Zyuganov 40.3%, with the rest (5.9%) voting "against all".

3502:

In the outlying regions of the country, the Yeltsin campaign relied on its ties to other allies—the patron-client ties of the local governors, most of whom had been appointed by the president.

3132:

While the opening of the Russian market to imports in the early 1990s meant the nation no longer suffered from the supply shortages of consumer goods that was often characteristic of the USSR (

2850: 2130: 7914: 2866:. The Russian government believed that the open sale of state-owned assets, as opposed to the voucher program, would have likely resulted in the further concentration of ownership among the 6201: 2138: 4005:

as the "greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the Twentieth Century." Putin elaborated: "Moreover, the epidemic of disintegration infected Russia itself." The country's cradle-to-grave

7411: 3838:, the pro-Russia Chechen leader who became the president of Chechnya 8 months earlier after an election conducted by Russian authorities. On 24 August 2004, two Russian aircraft were 8693: 7999: 3505:

The Zyuganov campaign had a strong grass-roots organization, but it was simply no match for the financial resources and access to patronage that the Yeltsin campaign could marshal.

1756: 6789: 2781:. But liberalizing prices meant that the elderly and others on fixed incomes would suffer a severe drop in living standards, and people would see a lifetime of savings wiped out. 10279: 7635: 6066: 3383:

The concentration of immense financial and industrial power, which loans for shares had assisted, extended to the mass media. One of the most prominent of the financial barons

7650: 4654: 5765: 2379: 6547: 6691: 6721: 3830:) The government canceled scheduled troop withdrawals, surrounded Chechen refugee camps with soldiers, and increased the frequency of assaults on separatist positions. 7200: 5817: 2826:

was still subordinate to the conservative Supreme Soviet who continued to support socialist policies in opposition to Yeltsin and the presidency. During the height of

111: 9684: 4497: 7325: 4395:, he called an all-night meeting of his military leaders, at the end of which he ordered them to "begin the work to bring Crimea back into Russia." By 27 February, 951: 7226: 6252: 6171: 4520: 4381: 3085:

By way of a domestic comparison, the post-Soviet economic decline was about half as severe as the economic catastrophe borne out of the immediate consequence of

5500:

Kohler, Hans-Peter; Kohler, Iliana (2002). "Fertility Decline in Russia in the Early and Mid 1990s: The Role of Economic Uncertainty and Labour Market Crises".

3616:

with protests, effectively cutting the country in two. As time wore on, they added calls for the resignation of Yeltsin in addition to their demands for wages.

3528:

Voter turnout in the first round of the polling on 16 June was 69.8%. According to returns announced on 17 June, Yeltsin won 35% of the vote; Zyuganov won 32%;

4471: 4210:

Putin has said that overcoming the consequences of the world economic crisis was one of the two main achievements of his second Premiership. The other was the

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On 2 January 1992, Yeltsin—acting as his own prime minister—enacted the most comprehensive components of economic reform by decree, thereby circumventing the

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On 6 March 2014, the Crimean Parliament voted to "enter into the Russian Federation with the rights of a subject of the Russian Federation" and later held a

3873:

These confrontations have also led to Putin establishing control over Russian media outlets previously owned by the oligarchs. In 2001 and 2002, TV channels

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in society. Putin allegedly organized a number of paramilitary groups loyal to himself and to the United Russia party in the period between 2005 and 2012.

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levels eventually returned to their 1991 levels by the mid-2000s. Following Yeltsin's resignation in 1999, Russia's politics have since been dominated by

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invaded and quickly became submerged in a military quagmire. In January 1995, the Russian army and air force commenced a siege of the Chechen capital of

8527: 7860: 7754: 7728: 5791: 4925: 4610: 2630: 638: 5059: 10503: 8052:(an analysis of the state of democratic transition in Russia by Charles H. Fairbanks, Jr., a leading specialist in Russian politics published in the 7906: 4813: 4467: 4448: 3172:

However, almost every business in Russia, from curbside vendors to huge oil and gas companies, made payments to the organized crime for protection ("

10259: 7461: 2793:) for the economy in which the government seeks to control inflation. Under the stabilization program, the government let most prices float, raised 5847: 5462:

Unpaid Wages Raise the Risks of Social Instability in Russia. International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), ICFTU OnLine, 24 March 1997

3495:

scoop up some of Russia's most desirable assets in return for their help in his reelection effort. The oligarchs, in turn, reciprocated the favor.

937: 17: 7557: 9722: 3865:. Gusinsky and Berezovsky have been forced to leave Russia and give up parts of their assets. Khodorkovsky was jailed in Russia and has lost his 2126: 6743: 5898: 9526: 6040: 5924: 4343: 2882:

had obtained ownership positions in several companies and had also retained full control over the transport of oil to lucrative world markets.

2561:

were in near complete disarray by 1992, one year after dissolution. This degraded military effectiveness would become all too clear during the

2213: 2110: 809: 4575:, were seized by Wagner forces, as they begun to march towards Moscow. The following day, Wagner forces stepped down and the rebellion ended. 3050:

helped Yeltsin with "an unparalleled opportunity to change the nuclear posture of both the United States and the Soviet Union" and to end the

10721: 4328:

should "leave the children in peace" but denied there was any "professional, career or social discrimination" against homosexuals in Russia.

3644:, also feared that a Russian collapse could create a panic on world money markets (and it indeed did help bring down one major US hedge fund 2118: 2100: 1059: 822: 267: 7419: 8315: 6643: 6278: 5085: 1254: 1119: 8061: 7991: 6766: 10426: 9599: 8407: 5060:"Information about availability and distribution of land in the Russian Federation as of 1 January 2017 (by federal subjects of Russia)" 5004: 3751:

bombings, widely supported the war. The support translated into growing popularity for Putin, who had taken decisive action in Chechnya.

3055: 2442: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 7805: 5972: 4873: 4496:

stated that 300,000 reservists would be called on a compulsory basis. Following president Putin's announcement of partial mobilization,

3607:

The pressures on the ruble, reflecting the weakness of the economy, resulted in a disastrous fall in the value of the currency. Massive

10127: 8367: 6118: 4755: 4423: 3902:). Thus, many credited him with the recovery, but his ability to withstand a sudden economic downturn has been untested. Putin won the 2722: 2592: 1722: 871: 7888: 7254: 2845:

Upon the Soviet Union's collapse, the new Russian government was forced to manage the huge state enterprise sector inherited from the

7529: 6070: 5034: 4797: 3460: 3161: 2290: 1007: 7937: 7660: 7231:[The State Duma has adopted a law on 'non-traditional relationships'] (in Russian). BBC Russia. 11 June 2013. Archived from 5413: 4260:

in the first round, with 63.6% of the vote, despite widespread accusations of vote-rigging. Opposition groups accused Putin and the

3997:

The near 10-year period prior to the rise of Putin after the dissolution of Soviet rule was a time of upheaval in Russia. In a 2005

3718:

Stepashin's tenure was even shorter than Primakov's. In August 1999, Yeltsin once again abruptly dismissed the government and named

10741: 10315: 9292: 5769: 5092: 4680: 3839: 2711: 249:

Russian territory since the 2022 annexation of Ukrainian territory on the globe, with unrecognised territory shown in light green.

30:

This article is about the history of Russia after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union. For the history of Russia before 1991, see

8829: 8734: 8649: 8176: 8139:, by Mike Haynes, analyses Putin's Russia and looks at claims that the reassertion of Russian power is leading to a new Cold War. 6566: 4188: 3885:(owned by Berezovsky) were all taken over by media groups loyal to Putin. Similar takeovers have also occurred with print media. 2072: 1883: 10431: 7100:"Russia's presidential election marked by unequal campaign conditions, active citizens' engagement, international observers say" 6841: 3439:

to make way for free-market reforms but later expressed disappointment over the newfound power and corruption of the oligarchs.

2565:, and in the interim posed significant practical challenges for global security and arms control. Under Russian leadership, the 9810: 9747: 9533: 8950: 4396: 4153: 4057:

bankrupted and the company's assets were auctioned at below-market value, with the largest share acquired by the state company

3994:. The reform hurt the popularity of the Russian government, but Putin personally remained popular, with a 77% approval rating. 3151:(which has long been a world leader in the area) while regional disparities in the level of poverty continue to trend upwards. 195: 10523: 10355: 10335: 10310: 10212: 10157: 9045: 8708: 8387: 8090: 8070: 5825: 5062:Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 1 January 2017 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации) 4856: 3715:) and later been Interior Minister, to replace him. The Duma confirmed his appointment on the first ballot by a wide margin. 1899: 9429: 7074: 6891: 6869: 4133:. This victory was seen by many as an indication of strong popular support of the then Russian leadership and its policies. 2515: 10375: 10365: 9379: 9091: 8344: 6596: 5187: 4898:

Chevalier, Joan F. (2006). "Russian as the National Language: An Overview of Language Planning in the Russian Federation".

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in which Chechen separatists took 1,300 hostages. The initially high public support for the war in Chechnya has declined.

2471:

of the USSR during 1988–1991, proclaiming its sovereignty inside the Union in June 1990, and electing its first President

10411: 9742: 9322: 8266: 6520: 615: 7232: 4360: 3000:

dimension to the failure of post-Soviet reforms in Russia. The former Soviet population was not necessarily uneducated.

10380: 10207: 8824: 8443: 6256: 4391:, which the Russian government called a foreign backed proxy movement. On the same day, according to Russian president 4369: 4287:

Anti-Putin protests took place during and directly after the presidential campaign. The most notorious protest was the

4257: 4234: 3969: 3903: 3763: 3448: 3212:. With tanks thrown against the small-arms fire of the parliamentary defenders, the outcome was not in doubt. Rutskoy, 3198: 3136: 2890: 2807: 2511: 2064: 2054: 1040: 6175: 6092: 6018: 5284:

Privatization with Government Control: Evidence from the Russian Oil Sector, Daniel Berkowitz and Yadviga Semikolenova

4275: 4065:. This was underscored in July 2014 when shareholders of Yukos were awarded $ 50 billion in compensation by the 10726: 9654: 9639: 9257: 9146: 9081: 8382: 8241: 4650: 4636: 4547: 4434:. Though passed with an overwhelming majority, the results are contested by some and approved by others. Crimea and 4241: 4122: 3759: 2905:, then a deputy prime minister, whereby some of the largest state industrial assets (including state-owned shares in 2878: 2726: 2652: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 1481: 4618: 3929:, a pro-Western liberal economist. He congratulated Yanukovych, followed shortly afterwards by Belarusian president 3532:, a populist ex-general, a surprisingly high 14.5%; liberal candidate Grigory Yavlinsky 7.4%; far-right nationalist 3487:

powerful interests, including enterprise directors and regional officials, in order to ensure Yeltsin's reelection.

10700: 10401: 10385: 9659: 9005: 8988: 8654: 8074: 7289:""Discrimination in Russia: Arrests for Violation of St. Petersburg Anti-Gay Law", Spiegel Online, April, 06, 2012" 6145: 4479: 3708: 3280:

to prevent its secession from Russia. Living 1,000 miles (1,600 km) south of Moscow, the predominantly Muslim

2311: 1857: 1845: 1746: 7118: 5564: 3770:, the Chechen capital, and a week before the election, Putin flew to Chechnya on a fighter jet, claiming victory. 3219: 10736: 10731: 10608: 10538: 10289: 10172: 10167: 9773: 9592: 8799: 8337: 6617: 6230: 4444: 4114:. Fradkov commented that it was to give the President a "free hand" in the run-up to the parliamentary election. 3755: 2500: 2468: 2435: 2050: 740: 411: 6974: 6660:

Putin's Kremlin Asserting More Control of Economy. Yukos Case Reflects Shift on Owning Assets, Notably in Energy

10446: 9737: 9404: 9030: 8463: 7678: 5599: 4735: 4614: 4268:

in polling stations, the vote was criticized by the Russian opposition and by international observers from the

4066: 3854: 3384: 2634: 1781: 1696: 988: 8028: 6744:"Anna Politkovskaya, Prominent Russian Journalist, Putin Critic and Human Rights Activist, Murdered in Moscow" 3815:

separatists took over a Moscow theater. Over 700 people inside were taken hostage in what has been called the

3766:, which he won. The Chechen War figured prominently in the campaign. In February 2000, Russian troops entered 10618: 10217: 10202: 9200: 8915: 8739: 8699: 8453: 8377: 8372: 8276: 7699:

Herszenhornmarch, David (16 March 2014). "Crimea Votes to Secede From Ukraine as Russian Troops Keep Watch."

7631: 4723: 4400: 3978: 3816: 3801: 3577: 2504: 2004: 1834: 1549: 1193: 5795: 5648: 4933: 2574:

military areas, like establishing shared responsibility for the rocket and space infrastructure such as the

76: 10528: 10493: 10483: 10441: 10254: 9486: 9466: 9369: 9020: 8970: 8834: 8679: 8644: 8327: 8144: 7148: 6914: 5377: 4805: 4801: 4490: 4439: 4316: 4280: 4137: 4096: 3973: 3843: 3822:

In the aftermath of the theater siege, Putin began renewed efforts to eliminate the Chechen insurrection. (

3645: 2248: 2227: 1718: 1159: 4233:

Congress in Moscow on 24 September 2011, Medvedev officially proposed that Putin stand for the Presidency

3556:", underscoring the resilience of the Communist Party in elections since the breakup of the Soviet Union. 3112:

Following the economic collapse of the early 1990s, Russia suffered from a sharp increase in the rates of

2510:

Prior to the dissolution of the USSR, Yeltsin had been elected President of the RSFSR in June 1991 in the

10508: 10421: 10274: 10147: 9384: 9121: 8993: 8900: 8854: 8844: 8809: 8689: 8564: 8549: 8203: 8169: 8084: 6494: 5851: 5677: 5305:

Anders Åslund, "How small is the Soviet National Income?" in Henry S. Rowen and Charles Wolf, Jr., eds.,

5137: 4983: 4731: 4716: 4463: 4351: 3779: 2846: 2816: 2703: 2483:

The RSFSR was the largest of the fifteen republics that made up the USSR, accounting for over 60% of its

2359: 2206: 2122: 1872: 1595: 1579: 1174: 1169: 835: 806: 644: 5335:, Raymond E. Zickel, ed. (Washington, D. C.: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 1989) 4264:

party of fraud. While efforts to make the elections transparent were publicized, including the usage of

3387:, who controlled major stakes in several banks and companies, exerted an extensive influence over state 10573: 10227: 10222: 9585: 9444: 9277: 9059: 9040: 8940: 8930: 8925: 8517: 8397: 5429: 4689: 4312: 4010: 3743: 3147:, for example, reaching 42% by the end of 2010. Russia's income disparities are now nearly as large as 2933:) were leased through auctions for money lent by commercial banks to the government. The auctions were 2428: 2014: 1949: 1587: 1287: 1150: 7378: 7306: 6658: 5950: 5902: 5087:Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2022 года и в среднем за 2021 год 3861:, in particular) who attained large stakes of state assets, allegedly through illegal schemes, during 3355:

auctioned off substantial packages of stock shares in some of its most desirable enterprises, such as

2981:

The first major problem facing Russia was the legacy of the Soviet Union's enormous commitment to the

10588: 9496: 9476: 9449: 9205: 8965: 8724: 8603: 8532: 8412: 6910: 6044: 5997: 5928: 4541: 4486: 4427: 2737: 2523: 2142: 2134: 1659: 1429: 621: 99: 8123: 10603: 10553: 10192: 10182: 9951: 9712: 9010: 8849: 8819: 8684: 8598: 8507: 8470: 6389: 4734:

geared toward growing Chinese energy needs. He also made a number of appearances in the media with

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The partial results of liberalization (lifting price controls) included worsening already apparent

2718: 1791: 609: 565: 480: 466: 10049: 2732:

The programs of liberalization and stabilization were designed by Yeltsin's deputy prime minister

10654: 10593: 10533: 10436: 10360: 10320: 10187: 10177: 9956: 9873: 9805: 9717: 9516: 9491: 9327: 9176: 9136: 8839: 8784: 8669: 8537: 7258: 6364: 6338: 6312: 5346: 4603: 4419: 4347: 3862: 3613: 3331:

cash-based, highly opaque markets provided a breeding ground for a large number of racket gangs.

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Some researchers assert that most Russians (as of 2007) have come to regret the collapse of the

2941:

The privatization facilitated the transfer of significant wealth to a relatively small group of

1321: 10558: 10370: 9941: 9788: 9454: 9312: 9282: 9237: 9188: 9183: 9116: 9000: 8960: 8920: 8754: 8664: 8659: 8480: 8392: 8259: 8162: 6774: 6751: 5263: 4770: 4719:

on 3 April 1997. Further strengthening of the union occurred on 25 December 1998, and in 1999.

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between 2008 and 2011 following a long period of demographic collapse that began in the 1990s.

4211: 4192: 4145: 3583: 3014: 2823: 2551: 2484: 1637: 1515: 1325: 1015: 959: 892: 754: 661: 399: 116: 8152:

Mark Hollingsworth & Stewart Lansley, Londongrad: From Russia With Cash, 2009, 4th Estate

7779: 5741:

See, e.g., Pekka Sutela, "Insider Privatization in Russia: Speculations on Systemic Changes,"

4840: 3921:. Putin had twice visited Ukraine before the election to show his support for the pro-Russian 10659: 10613: 10598: 10563: 10350: 10294: 9883: 9649: 9481: 9222: 9195: 9156: 9096: 8895: 8864: 8774: 8522: 8458: 6122: 5976: 5180: 5090:[Preliminary estimated population as of 1 January 2022 and on the average for 2021]. 4947: 4877: 4489:. He also said that his country will use "all means" to "defend itself". Later that day, the 4388: 4245: 4081: 4026: 4022: 4014: 3351: 3104:

Russians protest the economic depression caused by the reforms with the banner saying: "Jail

3079: 2859: 2670: 1937: 8129: 7675:"Hungarian Ambiance: Jobbik MEP Béla Kovács: The Crimean referendum is perfectly legitimate" 5697: 5451:

Russia: learning to live without a job. By Renfrey Clarke, Green Left Weekly, 7 October 1995

5012: 4466:, although it was described as a "special military operation" by Putin. The invasion led to 4295:

In 2012 and 2013, Putin and the United Russia party backed stricter legislation against the

3677:

first priority, and invited members of the leading parliamentary factions into his Cabinet.

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in Ukraine were establishing a blockade of the borders and Ukrainian military bases in the

4325: 4092: 4049: 3991: 3930: 3858: 3533: 3396: 3368: 3289: 3224: 3209: 2699: 2558: 2543: 2495:

and the Communist Party. As such, the Russian Federation was widely accepted as the USSR's

1911: 1714: 417: 355: 9838: 8130:

Failed Expectations, Or What Is Behind the Marshall Plan for Post-Socialist Reconstruction

8073:(Paul J. Saunders is a specialist in U.S.-Russian relations and executive director of the 3463:

had already gained ground in parliamentary voting on 17 December 1995, and its candidate,

3125:

poverty. Per capita incomes fell by another 15% by 1998, according to government figures.

2736:, a liberal economist inclined toward radical reform, and widely known as an advocate of " 456: 8: 10513: 10488: 10284: 10269: 9868: 9608: 9506: 9262: 9212: 9131: 9035: 8869: 8814: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8714: 8674: 8639: 8581: 8495: 8426: 8288: 8046:

Charles H. Fairbanks, Jr., "What Went Wrong in Russia?: The Feudalization of the State,"

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was gone and life expectancy declined in the period preceding Putin's rule. In 2005, the

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Income, Inequality, and Poverty During the Transformation from Planned to Market Economy

4110:

On 12 September 2007, Putin dissolved the government upon the request of Prime Minister

4061:. The fate of Yukos was seen as a sign of a broader shift of Russia towards a system of 3953: 3730:. Just days after Yeltsin named Putin as a candidate for prime minister, Chechen forces 10456: 10345: 10340: 10330: 10325: 9434: 9409: 9399: 9389: 9374: 9359: 9317: 9247: 9232: 9171: 9151: 9141: 9111: 9086: 9071: 9015: 8955: 8945: 8804: 8627: 8613: 8608: 8554: 8490: 8300: 8040: 7714:

Backing Ukraine's territorial integrity, UN Assembly declares Crimea referendum invalid

7255:"ГД приняла закон об усилении наказания за пропаганду гомосексуализма среди подростков" 5588: 5517: 5397: 5244: 4978: 4907: 4760: 4551:

A crowd in Rostov-on-Don watching a Wagner tank with flowers sticking out of its muzzle

4387:

On 22 February 2014, the Yanukovych government of Ukraine collapsed as a result of the

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Up for Debate: Shock Therapy: Bolivia, Poland, Russia. Same Policies-Different Results

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mid-1998, it was clear Russia would need help from IMF to maintain its exchange rate.

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Banditry Threatens the New Russia. By David Hoffman, The Washington Post, 12 May 1997

5595: 5331:

See, e.g., "State Department Background Notes on Russia in 1991-1995" excerpted from

4852: 4750: 4509: 4411: 4250: 4196: 4006: 3957: 3945: 3926: 3922: 3917:

Putin's international prestige suffered a major blow in the West during the disputed

3850: 3553: 3537: 3516: 3472: 3424: 3408: 3392: 3249: 3205: 3177: 3140: 3094: 3047: 2926: 2812: 2772: 2760: 2562: 2519: 2499:

in diplomatic affairs and it assumed the USSR's permanent membership and veto in the

2080: 2044: 2040: 1933: 1760: 1742: 1730: 1605: 1591: 1575: 1542: 1495: 1348: 1296: 594: 317: 31: 7441: 5660: 5521: 3100: 2822:

Nonetheless, radical reform continued to face some critical political barriers. The

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A new Ukrainian government was formed and scheduled new elections for May 2014. On

4300: 4222: 4062: 3704: 3670: 3621: 3549: 3464: 3404: 3400: 3317: 3285: 3181: 3144: 3059: 2942: 2898: 2547: 2036: 1895: 1813: 1770: 1563: 1553: 1067: 488: 306: 8065: 4544:. The United Nations, Ukraine, and many other countries condemned the annexation. 4500:, with estimates of hundreds of thousands of male citizens fleeing, many going to 3483:

In addition, American lobbyists spent millions of dollars to see Yeltsin elected.

10649: 10639: 10498: 10406: 9727: 9702: 9679: 9561: 9521: 9424: 9364: 9354: 9342: 9287: 9106: 8500: 8475: 8254: 8106: 8102: 7964: 7584: 7483: 7351: 6895: 6888: 6873: 6866: 6647: 6639: 6001: 5756: 5727: 4528:, the official results showed overwhelming majorities in favor of annexation. On 4365: 4168: 4163: 4149: 4111: 3529: 3476: 3436: 3428: 3416: 3260: 3105: 3038: 2902: 2854: 2786: 2566: 2496: 2492: 2176: 1710: 1648: 1626: 1505: 1398: 542: 423: 9994: 7651:"The UN's Scathing Crimea Report Suggests Russia May Have Rigged Secession Vote" 6992: 6815: 6414: 5848:"Online NewsHour: Boris Yeltsin Wins Presidential Elections — July 4, 1996" 4032: 3804:

suffered an explosion, causing the submarine to sink in the shallow area of the

10674: 10578: 10094: 10074: 9853: 9634: 9459: 9332: 8593: 8559: 8283: 8236: 7562: 7284: 5682: 5040:. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Statistics Division 4738: 4668: 4664: 4533: 4392: 4377: 4373: 4315:, that is against "homosexual propaganda" (which prohibits such symbols as the 4191:

saw a marked deterioration in Russia's relationship with the West. It also saw

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The continued criminal prosecution of Russia's then richest man, President of

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the early 1990s a chance to convert it into shares of privatized enterprises.

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Relations with the West have also been stained by Russia's relationship with

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as well as published works containing homosexual content) was adopted by the

4261: 4230: 4200: 4126: 4115: 4037: 3940: 3412: 2997: 2867: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2748: 2472: 2418: 2114: 1802: 1752: 1439: 1409: 1186: 1130: 518: 282: 269: 7141: 7119:"Pussy Riot sentenced to two years in prison colony over anti-Putin protest" 7099: 5951:"CNN - Russian Duma holds secret ballot in vote on premier - April 24, 1998" 5365:

The Russian Management Revolution: Preparing Managers for the Market Economy

4175: 2743: 2665: 10543: 10162: 10089: 10044: 9778: 9669: 9644: 9347: 8332: 8322: 8118: 8094: 7833:"Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" 7755:"EU targets Russian economy after 'deluded autocrat' Putin invades Ukraine" 7534: 7530:"Russian takeover of Crimea will not descend into war, says Vladimir Putin" 7326:"Vladimir Putin: 'I know some people who are gay, we're on friendly terms'" 6842:"Putin Dissolves Government, Nominates Viktor Zubkov as New Prime Minister" 6096: 4699:), but later joined NATO peace-keeping forces in the Balkans in June 1999. 4556: 4422:

asking the people of these regions whether they wanted to join Russia as a

4217: 4156:, only a day after handing the presidency to Medvedev, Putin was appointed 4002: 3987: 3910: 3731: 3641: 3637: 3335: 3006: 2946: 2871: 2764: 2733: 2464: 2460: 1981: 1970: 1887: 1559: 1240: 682: 491: 331: 7861:"Putin calls up reservists, warns Russia will use 'all means' for defence" 6911:

Putin's legacy is a Russia that doesn't have to curry favour with the west

3343:

allowed people to purchase shares of stock in privatized enterprises with

10142: 10029: 10004: 9946: 9908: 9898: 9768: 8542: 8349: 8226: 7556:

Yoon, Sangwon; Krasnolutska, Daryna; Choursina, Kateryna (4 March 2014).

6467: 5649:

http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/pivotal.elections/1996/russia/candidate.html

4559:, which had been assisting Russia in its invasion of Ukraine, declared a 4519:

In late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in Ukraine organized

4308: 4304: 4053: 3805: 3608: 3592: 3086: 2950: 2934: 2777: 2686: 2058: 1959: 1941: 1919: 1907: 1329: 780: 676: 655: 632: 7729:"Russia's Putin authorises 'special military operation' against Ukraine" 7174: 5235:

Sachs, Jeffrey (1987). "The Bolivian Hyperinflation and Stabilization".

4911: 10644: 10518: 10132: 9918: 9863: 9833: 9763: 8571: 8231: 8221: 7965:"Ukraine war: Russia claims win in occupied Ukraine 'sham' referendums" 5487: 5418:. Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College. 5307:

The Impoverished Superpower: Perestroika and the Soviet Military Burden

5248: 5210: 4948:"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe" 4696: 4501: 4435: 4320: 4288: 4199:, that followed Georgia's attempt to take over the breakaway region of 4180: 4130: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3560: 3388: 3364: 3121: 2851:

State Committee for State Property Management of the Russian Federation

2771:

new class of entrepreneurs and black marketeers that had emerged under

2707: 2637: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2527: 1700: 1134: 667: 9577: 6597:"BBC Russian – Россия – Путин очертил "дорожную карту" третьего срока" 6443:"On this Day December 25: Gorbachev resigns as Soviet Union breaks up" 4906:. American Councils for International Education ACTR / ACCELS: 25–36. 10684: 10478: 10197: 10137: 10019: 9629: 8216: 7865: 5067: 4848: 4659: 4070: 3894: 3748: 3648:). The IMF approved a $ 22.6 billion emergency loan on 13 July. 3029: 2954: 2802:

shut down many industries and brought about a protracted depression.

2171: 1891: 1706: 7938:"Putin's Mobilization Backfires as 370,000 Flee Russia in Two Weeks" 5973:"CNN - Yeltsin nominee confirmed as prime minister - April 24, 1998" 4588: 3972:

to the presidency for a second term, receiving 71% of the vote. The

3276:

In 1994, Yeltsin dispatched 40,000 troops to the southern region of

2669:

Russia's GDP by purchasing power parity (PPP) from 1991 to 2019 (in

2612: 10034: 10009: 9966: 9800: 9783: 9707: 7942: 7175:"СК пересчитал пострадавших полицейских во время "Марша миллионов"" 7054:(in Russian). Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation 6419: 4572: 4204: 4085: 3934: 3812: 3783: 3739: 3735: 3510: 3324: 3277: 3265: 3074:, the auto plant in Moscow, were paid in spare parts, those of the 3071: 3051: 3001: 2982: 2488: 2188: 2092: 1915: 1738: 1358: 1206: 1181: 1138: 469: 444: 373: 361: 343: 8154: 8091:

Up for Debate: Privatization: Who Wins? Russia's Reform Compromise

7992:"Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony" 7075:"Russian election: does the data suggest Putin won through fraud?" 5415:

From the Shadow of Reagan: George Bush and the End of the Cold War

3893:

in 1998, which boosted demand for domestic goods, and while world

3792: 9961: 8694:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

8576: 7837: 7610: 7521: 7462:"Ousted Ukrainian President Asked For Russian Troops, Envoy Says" 5347:"Reform in Russia: Credential Recognition and University Renewal" 5309:(San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1990), p. 49. 4703: 4513: 4454: 4431: 4058: 3998: 3376: 3113: 3075: 2971: 2918: 2690: 1923: 439: 83: 6714:"Putin's Russia failed to protect this brave woman – Joan Smith" 6309:"Russian President Vladimir Putin Arrives at Bush Home in Maine" 5318:

For example, see the discussion of this point in Anders Åslund,

4538:

annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts

9888: 8185: 7636:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

7201:"Vladimir Putin inauguration shows how popularity has crumbled" 6684:"Hague court awards $ 50 bn compensation to Yukos shareholders" 6004:. Beyond Transition. The newsletter about reforming economies. 4789: 4505: 4265: 3824:

For additional details on the war in Chechnya under Putin, see

3767: 3673:, who on 11 September was overwhelmingly approved by the Duma. 3600: 3545: 3356: 3293: 3269: 3173: 3148: 2967: 2930: 2914: 2456: 1274: 865: 349: 261: 38: 7780:"Column: Could Antiwar Protests in Russia Be Putin's Undoing?" 7558:"Russia Stays in Ukraine as Putin Channels Yanukovych Request" 5625:Москва. Осень-93: Хроника противостояния. М., 1995. С. 530—533 4655:

International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

3559:

Although Yeltsin promised that he would abandon his unpopular

862:

17,098,246 km (6,601,670 sq mi) 17,125,200 km2

7889:"Over 194,000 Russians flee call-up to neighboring countries" 7806:"Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation'" 4415:

gained complete control over Crimean Peninsula within a day.

4244:

on 4 December 2011, tens of thousands of Russians engaged in

4045: 3890: 3866: 3596: 3062:

was in the United States in terms of gross domestic product.

2910: 1903: 1389: 8071:

Paul J. Saunders, "Why "Globalization" Didn't Rescue Russia"

7549: 6119:"Online NewsHour: Russia's Crisis — September 17, 1998" 37:"Post-Soviet Russia" redirects here. You may be looking for 5899:"Online NewsHour: Russia's Economy — October 27, 1998" 4722:

Under Putin, Russia has sought to strengthen ties with the

4684: 4296: 3431:

emerged as Russia's most powerful and prominent oligarchs.

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Melander, Ingrid; Baczynska, Gabriela (24 February 2022).

5766:"Foreign Affairs - Blaming Russia First - Daniel Treisman" 3082:

porcelain factory were paid in crystal and ceramic vases.

2831:

Russian economy continued into an evermore serious slump.

2467:

gaining more political and economical autonomy amidst the

9685:

Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe

9664: 7717:. UN News Centre. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014. 7555: 5685:

on 5 August 2004 – via Western Michigan University.

3849:

Putin has confronted several very influential oligarchs (

3712: 3588: 1201: 7352:"Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot" 5590:

The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy

5294:

Privatization in Transition Economies: The Ongoing Story

5264:"Time to Rethink Privatization in Transition Economies?" 3078:

textile plants were paid in bedsheets, and those of the

7727:

Osborn, Andrew; Nikolskaya, Polina (24 February 2022).

7585:"Ukraine crisis: Crimea parliament asks to join Russia" 7442:"The new prime minister is the leader of Russian Unity" 5159:"GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Russian Federation" 4382:

Treaty on Accession of the Republic of Crimea to Russia

4221:"Northern Valley" housing estate under construction in 7377:

Higgins, Andrew; Erlanger, Steven (27 February 2014).

7192: 6019:"Commanding Heights : Robert Rubin | on PBS" 5877:"CIA Site Redirect — Central Intelligence Agency" 5322:(Washington D.C.: Blockings Institution, 1995), p. 154 4728:

Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation

4683:, and Eastern Europe. Russia opposed the expansion of 4524:. Denounced by Ukraine's government and its allies as 3210:

parliament building, the "White House" as it is called

6844:. Fox News Channel. 12 September 2007. Archived from 6335:"Presidents Bush and Putin Press Conference in Maine" 4403:, and took armed control of its regional parliament. 3582:

The global recession of 1998, which started with the

2512:

first direct presidential election in Russian history

188: 142: 7511:"Russian Parliament approves use of army in Ukraine" 7104:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

6993:Как митинг на Поклонной собрал около 140 000 человек 6384: 6382: 4835: 4741:

in which the two described each other as "friends".

4270:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

3742:. In the next month, several hundred people died in 3160:

for anti-reform candidates, especially those of the

8142:Mike Edwards: "Russia — Playing by new rules" 8025:

Putin's Russia: Economy, Defence and Foreign Policy

7228:Госдума приняла закон о 'нетрадиционных отношениях' 6950:"Russia's Putin set to return as president in 2012" 6521:"Life Expectancy in Russia Is Stagnant, Study Says" 5647:

CNN, Russian presidential candidate profiles, 1906.

4766:

Timeline of largest projects in the Russian economy

3764:

Russian presidential election held on 26 March 2000

3268:helicopter brought down by Chechen insurgents near 3234:For details on the constitution passed in 1993 see 2518:, where the Soviet military attempted to overthrow 27:

History of Russia after the dissolution of the USSR

7797: 5925:"Online NewsHour: Russia Shake Up- March 23, 1998" 5587: 8066:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 7752: 7632:"Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine" 6591: 6589: 6587: 6379: 5871: 5869: 5661:http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9602/russia_zyuganov 5393:"Bush and Yeltsin Declare Formal End to Cold War" 5005:"The Russian federation: general characteristics" 4485:On 21 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced a 2877:Privatization of the oil sector was regulated by 10713: 7726: 7476: 6767:"Vladimir Putin and Angela Merkel Work Together" 6202:"50% Good News Is the Bad News in Russian Radio" 4451:to oppose Russia's annexation of the peninsula. 4129:won 64.30% of the popular vote in their run for 4001:speech, Putin characterized the collapse of the 3442: 2309: 2002: 9723:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 7853: 7376: 7129: 6976:Russian election protests – follow live updates 5998:Excerpts from Globalization and Its Discontents 5659:CNN, Gennady Zyuganov candidate profile, 1996. 5585: 5080: 5078: 4540:of Ukraine in an address to both houses of the 4458:Graffiti on a wall in Moscow saying "No to war" 3937:, but relations with the U.S. remained stable. 3236:Constitution and government structure of Russia 3041:(2006; by 2008 the telescopes had been removed) 2966:general rule, states to Russia's west, such as 10504:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 7283: 6584: 6255:. Toronto: Theglobeandmail.com. Archived from 6041:"Online NewsHour: Russia — July 13, 1998" 5866: 4918: 4845:The Territories of the Russian Federation 2020 4555:On 23 June 2023, the private military company 4344:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation 3756:the success of political forces close to Putin 2681:Russian male life expectancy from 1980 to 2007 9593: 8170: 7825: 7412:"Ukraine sets date for presidential election" 7379:"Gunmen Seize Government Buildings in Crimea" 7149:"Russian police battle anti-Putin protesters" 7008:Frum, David (June 2014), "What Putin Wants", 6495:"Understanding the Russian Move into Ukraine" 5296:- ed. Ira W. Lieberman, Daniel J. Kopf, p.112 5130:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2021" 4080:, a journalist who exposed corruption in the 3964:and other state leaders in Moscow, 9 May 2005 3284:for centuries had gloried in defying Russia. 2893:, the government of Boris Yeltsin adopted a " 2436: 181: 135: 57: 7803: 6361:"President George W. Bush on The Ellen Show" 5499: 5344: 5075: 4874:"Crimea: Six years after illegal annexation" 3334:By the mid-1990s, the best-connected former 2586: 7484:"Putin to deploy Russian troops in Ukraine" 7047:Выборы Президента Российской Федерации 2012 5698:"Arnie's spin doctors spun for Yeltsin too" 5695: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 4617:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4212:stabilizing the size of Russia's population 3904:Russian presidential election in March 2004 3143:has risen sharply since the 1990s with the 9600: 9586: 8177: 8163: 7935: 7804:Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). 6764: 6311:. Associated Press, USA. 7 February 2007. 5586:Yergin, Daniel; Stanislaw, Joseph (1998). 5035:"World Statistics Pocketbook 2016 edition" 4756:Military history of the Russian Federation 4578: 4472:political, economic and cultural sanctions 4144:Putin was barred from a third term by the 2694:liberalization, (2) stabilization and (3) 2593:Economic history of the Russian Federation 2443: 2429: 190:Gosudarstvennyy gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii 8113:from the PBS series "Commanding Heights") 8041:Articles on Russia in the 1990s and 2000s 7989: 7502: 7247: 7219: 6968: 6676: 5405: 4897: 4637:Learn how and when to remove this message 4095:" were organized by the opposition group 3461:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 3162:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 2653:Learn how and when to remove this message 1077: 183:Государственный гимн Российской Федерации 8124:"Meet the chief exec of Kremlin inc ..." 7508: 6790:"Kasparov, Building Opposition to Putin" 6720:. London. 9 October 2006. Archived from 6624:, 15 February 2008 (issue 3843, page 8). 6518: 6390:"История президентских выборов в России" 6143: 5370: 5363:For example, see Sheila M. Puffer, ed., 5115: 5093:Russian Federal State Statistics Service 4658: 4546: 4453: 4359: 4274: 4216: 4174: 4162: 4031: 3939: 3791: 3307: 3259: 3218: 3192: 3099: 3028: 2742: 2676: 2664: 923: 908: 10128:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 9607: 8830:Collective Security Treaty Organization 8137:"The Uncertain Return of Russian Power" 7323: 7198: 6642:, nationalreview.com, 5 November 2003. 5411: 5255: 5211:"Why Did Kazakhstan Give Up Its Nukes?" 4160:, maintaining his political dominance. 4154:power-switching operation on 8 May 2008 3900:Institute for Complex Strategic Studies 2889:and in desperate need of funds for the 2849:. Privatization was carried out by the 2723:Congress of People's Deputies of Russia 14: 10714: 9811:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 9748:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 8002:from the original on 30 September 2022 7917:from the original on 25 September 2022 7648: 7527: 6765:Kolesnikov, Andrey (11 October 2006). 6635:Putin's Gamble. Where Russia is headed 6337:. Associated Press, USA. 2 July 2007. 6196: 5792:"CNN — Pivotal Elections: Russia" 5412:Maynard, Christopher Alan (May 2001). 5378:"U.S.-Soviet Nuclear Forces Reduction" 5261: 5208: 5151: 4940: 4891: 4865: 4561:rebellion against the Russian military 4438:formally declared independence as the 4331: 4118:was appointed the new prime minister. 3180:. Within this system, a sharp rise in 2960: 196:State Anthem of the Russian Federation 45:after dissolution of the Soviet Union. 10158:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights 9581: 8388:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 8158: 7990:Trevelyan, Mark (30 September 2022). 7936:van Brugen, Isabel (4 October 2022). 7929: 7116: 7092: 6932:"Putin Is Approved as Prime Minister" 6540: 6367:from the original on 11 December 2021 6341:from the original on 11 December 2021 6315:from the original on 11 December 2021 6279:"Ex-Soviet bloc states mull election" 6008:. Volume 13, Number 3, May–June 2002. 5390: 5384: 5234: 5173: 4871: 4462:On 24 February 2022, Russia launched 3906:without any significant competition. 3571: 9527:Unified Sports Classification System 8062:Post-Soviet Russia and Its Neighbors 7007: 6548:"The challenges of the Medvedev era" 6492: 5715: 5188:United Nations Development Programme 4615:adding citations to reliable sources 4582: 4189:Kosovo's declaration of independence 3919:2004 Ukrainian presidential election 3707:, who had formerly been head of the 3697: 3659: 3243: 2819:and create a new capitalist Russia. 2635:adding citations to reliable sources 2606: 8184: 7509:Radyuhin, Vladimir (1 March 2014). 6787: 6363:. TheEllenShow, USA. 2 March 2017. 6093:"CDI Russia Weekly 16 October 1998" 5696:O'Flynn, Kevin (7 September 2003). 4426:, or if they wanted to restore the 4258:2012 Russian presidential elections 4136:At the end of Putin's second term, 2862:, which was earlier implemented in 2698:. These policies were based on the 24: 8825:Commonwealth of Independent States 8017: 7649:Jacobs, Harrison (11 April 2014). 7324:Jivanda, Tomas (19 January 2014). 6816:"Garry Kasparov jailed over rally" 6493:Gold, Martin (16 September 2015). 5391:Wines, Michael (2 February 1992). 5345:Robbins, Mark; Seregelyi, Viktor. 5333:The Soviet Union-- A Country Study 5320:How Russia Became a Market Economy 4997: 4966: 4013:were launched to improve Russia's 3536:5.8%; and former Soviet president 3449:1996 Russian presidential election 3199:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 3137:Consumer goods in the Soviet Union 3056:Nunn–Lugar cash-for-weapons scheme 2808:consumer goods in the Soviet Union 2316: 25: 10753: 9655:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 9640:Criticism of communist party rule 8034: 7464:. NBC News. Reuters. 3 March 2014 6867:Russians Voted In Favour of Putin 6468:"Putin deplores collapse of USSR" 6415:Moscow siege leaves dark memories 6144:Stiglitz, Joseph (9 April 2003). 5794:. Edition.cnn.com. Archived from 4651:Anti-American sentiment in Russia 4430:and Crimea's status as a part of 4036:Putin with Chancellor of Germany 2330: 10722:History of Russia (1991–present) 10701:Human rights in the Soviet Union 9660:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 8075:Center for the National Interest 7983: 7957: 7899: 7881: 7772: 7746: 7720: 7706: 7693: 7667: 7642: 7624: 7603: 7577: 7454: 7434: 7404: 7370: 7344: 7317: 7299: 7277: 7167: 7117:Elder, Miriam (17 August 2012). 7110: 7072: 6750:. 9 October 2006. Archived from 6432:Levada Center poll of Sept. 2006 5681:. 15 August 1999. Archived from 5367:(Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1992). 5009:Federal State Statistics Service 4587: 4498:massive Russian emigration began 4464:a full-scale invasion of Ukraine 4447:voted in favor of a non-binding 4283:march in Moscow, 4 February 2012 4152:was elected his successor. In a 3877:(previously owned by Gusinsky), 2834: 2611: 2487:and over 50% of its population. 2412: 1306: 1247: 1233: 1107: 1106: 1076: 1054: 1053: 1035: 1034: 1002: 1001: 983: 982: 922: 907: 243: 203: 157: 104: 98: 82: 75: 18:History of post-communist Russia 10742:Contemporary history by country 10609:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 10539:Fall of the inner German border 7066: 7038: 7020: 7001: 6986: 6942: 6924: 6904: 6882: 6860: 6834: 6808: 6781: 6758: 6736: 6706: 6652: 6627: 6611: 6512: 6486: 6460: 6435: 6426: 6408: 6353: 6327: 6301: 6271: 6245: 6229:. Jamestown.org. Archived from 6219: 6190: 6174:. Jamestown.org. Archived from 6164: 6137: 6111: 6085: 6069:. Jamestown.org. Archived from 6059: 6033: 6011: 5991: 5965: 5943: 5917: 5891: 5840: 5824:. 23 March 1998. Archived from 5810: 5784: 5750: 5735: 5689: 5665: 5653: 5641: 5628: 5619: 5608: 5579: 5553: 5528: 5493: 5476: 5466: 5455: 5444: 5422: 5357: 5338: 5325: 5312: 5299: 5287: 5278: 5228: 5202: 5181:"Human Development Report 2020" 5052: 4872:Pifer, Steven (17 March 2020). 4445:United Nations General Assembly 4272:for procedural irregularities. 4256:On 4 March 2012, Putin won the 4103:and national-Bolshevist leader 4099:, led by former chess champion 2622:needs additional citations for 2324:Not internationally recognized. 10599:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact 9738:Terrorism and the Soviet Union 7528:Walker, Shaun (4 March 2014). 7261:. 11 June 2013. Archived from 7028:"Putin won 'rigged elections'" 5502:European Journal of Population 5473:portion on the monthly income. 5209:Kucera, Joshua (15 May 2013). 5027: 4829: 4783: 4736:President of the United States 4148:. First Deputy Prime Minister 2318: 1782:General Secretariat of Ukraine 950:8.4/km (21.8/sq mi) ( 13: 1: 10619:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 10218:Inter-regional Deputies Group 10203:National League for Democracy 8735:Political abuse of psychiatry 6788:Lee, Steven (10 March 2007). 6519:Krainova, N. (5 March 2013). 4974:"Russia - The World Factbook" 4823: 4401:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 4179:A destroyed Georgian tank in 3979:Moscow theater hostage crisis 3817:Moscow theater hostage crisis 3802:Russian submarine K-141 Kursk 3711:(the successor agency to the 3578:1998 Russian financial crisis 3443:Presidential election of 1996 3024: 2505:Russia and the United Nations 2332: 1550:Great Stand on the Ugra River 773:7 August 1999 – 30 April 2000 10529:Alexanderplatz demonstration 10494:Polish Round Table Agreement 10168:People's Movement of Ukraine 9380:Traditions and superstitions 8145:National Geographic Magazine 6983:. Retrieved 10 December 2011 5380:. C-SPAN. 27 September 1991. 5096:(in Russian). Archived from 4474:. The invasion also sparked 3974:Beslan school hostage crisis 3844:Beslan school hostage crisis 3773: 3760:1999 parliamentary elections 3646:Long-Term Capital Management 3523: 3453: 3350:As the government ended the 2897:" scheme proposed by banker 2725:, which had been elected in 2685:With the dissolution of the 7: 10574:January Events in Lithuania 10509:Hungarian Round Table Talks 10148:Democratic Party of Albania 9046:Water supply and sanitation 8087:series "Commanding Heights" 7199:Parfitt, Tom (7 May 2012). 6285:. Kvali.com. Archived from 5678:The New York Times Magazine 5138:International Monetary Fund 4984:Central Intelligence Agency 4744: 4732:Trans-Siberian oil pipeline 4717:Union of Russia and Belarus 4563:. Several cities along the 4352:Russian invasion of Ukraine 4067:Permanent Arbitration Court 3842:. This was followed by the 3780:Russia under Vladimir Putin 3744:apartment building bombings 3684: 3154: 2891:1996 presidential elections 2704:International Monetary Fund 2550:leadership, and widespread 1846:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 836:Russian invasion of Ukraine 189: 143: 10: 10758: 10228:Hungarian Democratic Forum 10223:Alliance of Free Democrats 10213:Union of Democratic Forces 6227:"The Jamestown Foundation" 6172:"The Jamestown Foundation" 6067:"The Jamestown Foundation" 5763:, November/December 2000. 5759:, "Blaming Russia First," 5262:Nellis, John (June 1999). 4814:internationally recognised 4724:People's Republic of China 4692:for more than two months ( 4690:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia 4648: 4468:international condemnation 4341: 4335: 4313:Russian gay propaganda law 4011:National Priority Projects 3925:against opposition leader 3777: 3738:, a Russian autonomy near 3575: 3459:Meanwhile, the opposition 3446: 3435:dismantling of the Soviet 3395:". Along with Berezovsky, 3311: 3253: 3247: 3196: 2838: 2763:and exacerbated after the 2590: 2581: 2530:. This caused a sustained 841:24 February 2022 – present 36: 29: 10693: 10627: 10589:1991 protests in Belgrade 10469: 10394: 10303: 10245: 10236: 10118: 9980: 9927: 9824: 9756: 9693: 9615: 9546: 9303: 9067: 9058: 8891: 8882: 8635: 8626: 8434: 8425: 8360: 8202: 8193: 6253:"globeandmail.com: Front" 6121:. Pbs.org. Archived from 6095:. Cdi.org. Archived from 6043:. Pbs.org. Archived from 5975:. Cnn.com. Archived from 5927:. Pbs.org. Archived from 5901:. Pbs.org. Archived from 5850:. Pbs.org. Archived from 5634:The purported suicide of 5536:"TASS Russia News Agency" 5268:Finance & Development 4806:Lugansk People's Republic 4802:Donetsk People's Republic 4532:2022, Russia's president 4476:protests around the world 4428:1992 Crimean constitution 3863:the privatization process 3187: 2288: 2267: 2249:Luhansk People's Republic 2246: 2228:Donetsk People's Republic 2225: 2204: 2187: 2170: 1991: 1980: 1844: 1823: 1812: 1801: 1780: 1669: 1658: 1647: 1636: 1625: 1430:Principality of Chernigov 1270: 1215: 1192: 1180: 1168: 1158: 1145: 1126: 1096: 1066: 1047: 1028: 1014: 995: 976: 958: 944: 898: 891: 878: 856: 849: 845: 832: 819: 803: 790: 777: 764: 751: 736: 723: 708: 693: 689: 675: 652: 629: 616:Constitutional Conference 605: 601: 588: 578: 574: 564: 560: 548: 536: 524: 512: 508: 498: 450: 438: 388: 330: 312: 298: 254: 242: 182: 136: 128: 71: 66: 58: 52: 10727:Modern history of Russia 10579:January Events in Latvia 10569:Reunification of Germany 10554:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 10484:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 10208:National Salvation Front 10193:Belarusian Popular Front 10183:Popular Front of Estonia 9952:Polish underground press 9713:List of socialist states 8820:Prime Minister of Russia 7227: 7046: 6646:28 December 2008 at the 5673:"The Russian Devolution" 5594:. New York: Free Press. 5237:American Economic Review 5086: 5061: 4900:Russian Language Journal 4776: 4158:Prime Minister of Russia 3732:engaged the Russian army 2747:A street flea market in 2719:Supreme Soviet of Russia 1855: 1525: 1449: 1367: 1357: 1347: 487:(1993–present) under an 10655:Economic liberalization 10594:1991 Belarusian strikes 10534:Fall of the Berlin Wall 10188:Public Against Violence 10178:Popular Front of Latvia 9957:Political demonstration 9806:Chinese economic reform 9718:People Power Revolution 9258:Social entrepreneurship 9147:Forced public apologies 9082:Anti-American sentiment 8050:(April 1999), p. 47–53. 7136:Провокация вместо марша 6499:The National Law Review 5818:"Russia Special Report" 5747:46:3 (1994), p. 420-21. 5514:10.1023/A:1019701812709 4706:. Belarusian President 4579:Relations with the West 4397:unmarked Russian troops 4348:2014 Crimean referendum 4242:parliamentary elections 3640:'s treasury secretary, 3614:Trans-Siberian railroad 3314:Privatization in Russia 2885:In 1995, facing severe 2841:Privatization in Russia 2571:former Soviet republics 2557:For the most part, the 2107:Eurasian Economic Union 1956:Parade of sovereignties 1420:Principality of Polotsk 639:Soviet of Nationalities 484:constitutional republic 144:Patrioticheskaya pesnya 10737:21st century in Russia 10732:20th century in Russia 9789:New political thinking 9006:Social security system 8989:Science and technology 8655:Classified information 8481:Central Russian Upland 6618:"How to Steal Legally" 5351:www.conferenceboard.ca 4771:Human rights in Russia 4672: 4552: 4459: 4384: 4356:Wagner Group rebellion 4284: 4226: 4184: 4172: 4146:Constitution of Russia 4123:December 2007 election 4041: 3965: 3797: 3584:Asian financial crisis 3273: 3228: 3164:and its allies in the 3109: 3042: 2817:Soviet planned economy 2752: 2682: 2674: 2526:policies to introduce 2455:The modern history of 1697:Provisional Government 1638:Grand Duchy of Finland 1516:Principality of Moscow 1039:$ 1.829 trillion ( 987:$ 4.365 trillion ( 662:Soviet of the Republic 10660:Post-Soviet conflicts 10614:Tajikistani Civil War 10564:Revolution on Granite 10524:Monday Demonstrations 10050:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 9884:Mengistu Haile Mariam 9650:Eastern Bloc politics 9467:Russian tsars regalia 8800:Intelligence agencies 8523:Great Russian Regions 8267:Expansion (1500-1800) 7913:. 23 September 2022. 6777:on 30 September 2007. 6283:Kvali Online Magazine 5723:"Yanks To The Rescue" 4878:Brookings Institution 4816:as a part of Ukraine. 4730:as well building the 4662: 4550: 4457: 4389:Revolution of Dignity 4370:Vladimir Konstantinov 4363: 4342:Further information: 4278: 4220: 4178: 4166: 4035: 3943: 3796:Vladimir Putin (2007) 3795: 3778:Further information: 3352:voucher privatization 3308:Rise of the oligarchs 3263: 3222: 3193:Constitutional crisis 3103: 3032: 2860:voucher privatization 2746: 2680: 2671:international dollars 2668: 2338:Not fully controlled. 2172:Republic of Tatarstan 2065:Constitutional crisis 880:• Water (%) 584:Boris Yeltsin (first) 460:presidential republic 302:and national language 10070:Vytautas Landsbergis 10065:Viacheslav Chornovil 9894:Denis Sassou Nguesso 9534:World Heritage sites 8911:Droughts and famines 8464:Environmental issues 8212:Proto-Indo-Europeans 8055:Journal of Democracy 8048:Journal of Democracy 8023:Rosefielde, Steven. 7895:. 27 September 2022. 7034:. 11 September 2000. 6921:. 18 September 2007. 6848:on 17 September 2012 6375:– via YouTube. 6349:– via YouTube. 6323:– via YouTube. 6146:"The ruin of Russia" 6006:The World Bank Group 5561:"The World Factbook" 5486:(Washington DC: The 4841:"Republic of Crimea" 4837:Taylor & Francis 4708:Alexander Lukashenko 4611:improve this section 4487:partial mobilization 4364:From left to right, 4326:2014 Winter Olympics 4050:Mikhail Khodorkovsky 4048:oil and gas company 3992:Putin administration 3944:Vladimir Putin with 3931:Alexander Lukashenko 3859:Mikhail Khodorkovsky 3811:On 23 October 2002, 3800:In August 2000, the 3534:Vladimir Zhirinovsky 3397:Mikhail Khodorkovsky 3290:Russian Armed Forces 3070:streets, workers of 3054:peacefully with the 2996:Finally, there is a 2700:Washington Consensus 2631:improve this article 2559:Russian armed forces 2469:imminent dissolution 2111:Annexation of Crimea 1719:Constituent Assembly 1596:Second Patriotic War 900:• 2022 estimate 755:Current constitution 590:• 2020–present 550:• 2012–present 137:Патриотическая песня 92:Bottom: Flag (1993–) 59:Российская Федерация 10514:Pan-European Picnic 10489:1988 Polish strikes 9869:Wojciech Jaruzelski 9609:Revolutions of 1989 9385:Forms of addressing 8994:Academy of Sciences 8951:Financial districts 8815:President of Russia 8740:Political divisions 8700:Freedom of assembly 8582:West Siberian Plain 8328:Great Patriotic War 8289:February Revolution 8133:, by Tanya Narozhna 7971:. 27 September 2022 7869:. 21 September 2022 7841:. 21 September 2022 7811:The Daily Telegraph 7450:. 27 February 2014. 7205:The Daily Telegraph 6956:. 24 September 2011 6898:, 3 December 2007, 6894:11 May 2011 at the 6876:, 4 December 2007, 6872:11 May 2011 at the 6754:on 10 October 2006. 6670:The Washington Post 6099:on 13 November 2008 6047:on 11 February 2009 5854:on 15 February 2009 5822:The Washington Post 5744:Europe-Asia Studies 5490:, 1998), pp.186–90. 4952:Pew Research Center 4936:on 18 January 2012. 4798:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 4491:minister of defence 4338:Russo-Ukrainian War 4332:Russo-Ukrainian War 4311:; a law called the 4093:Dissenters' Marches 4084:and its conduct in 4076:On 7 October 2006, 3421:Viktor Chernomyrdin 3120:. Estimates by the 3118:economic inequality 2961:Obstacles to reform 2879:presidential decree 2759:, initially due to 2712:Treasury Department 2576:Baikonur Cosmodrome 2501:UN Security Council 2491:also dominated the 2291:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 2123:Invasion of Ukraine 1912:Great Patriotic War 1884:Cultural revolution 1825:Transcaucasian SFSR 1693:February Revolution 1580:Emancipation reform 1478:Council of Uvetichi 1328: • 1324: • 713:Yeltsin inaugurated 325:Languages of Russia 279: / 90:Top: Flag (1991–93) 9874:Slobodan Milošević 9743:Vatican Opposition 9435:Russian given name 9021:Telecommunications 8971:Petroleum industry 8835:State of emergency 8680:Far-right politics 8645:Capital punishment 8491:Meshchera Lowlands 8345:Russian Federation 8301:October Revolution 8116:Nick Paton Walsh, 7701:The New York Times 7383:The New York Times 7313:. 25 January 2013. 6936:The New York Times 6822:. 24 November 2007 6794:The New York Times 6724:on 7 December 2008 6423:, 16 December 2002 6289:on 1 November 2007 6259:on 30 January 2009 6233:on 1 November 2007 6206:The New York Times 6178:on 1 November 2007 6125:on 8 November 2010 6073:on 1 November 2007 5931:on 9 November 2010 5482:Branko Milanovic, 5398:The New York Times 5190:. 15 December 2020 4979:The World Factbook 4761:Politics of Russia 4676:economic reforms. 4673: 4553: 4542:Russian parliament 4460: 4440:Republic of Crimea 4385: 4285: 4227: 4185: 4173: 4078:Anna Politkovskaya 4042: 3968:On 14 March 2004, 3966: 3826:Second Chechen War 3798: 3728:Second Chechen War 3723:to confirm Putin. 3572:Financial collapse 3361:telecommunications 3274: 3256:Second Chechen War 3229: 3227:after the storming 3214:Ruslan Khasbulatov 3178:protection rackets 3110: 3043: 2943:business oligarchs 2753: 2683: 2675: 2532:economic recession 2207:Republic of Crimea 2158:Russian Federation 2101:Presidential terms 1993:Karelo-Finnish SSR 1946:Chernobyl disaster 1686:Russian Revolution 1584:Russo-Japanese War 1572:1812 Patriotic War 1486:Battle of Kulikovo 1474:Council of Liubech 1024:2021 estimate 972:2021 estimate 931:(excluding Crimea) 917:(including Crimea) 886:(including swamps) 794:Russo-Georgian War 781:Union State formed 768:Second Chechen War 645:Federation Council 473:(1992–1993) under 332:Ethnic groups 318:national languages 150:The Patriotic Song 54:Russian Federation 43:Politics of Russia 10709: 10708: 10635:Colour revolution 10465: 10464: 10432:Congo-Brazzaville 10153:Democratic Russia 10110:Pope John Paul II 10105:George H. W. Bush 10055:Vladimir Bukovsky 9844:Mikhail Gorbachev 9839:Nicolae Ceaușescu 9625:Era of Stagnation 9575: 9574: 9542: 9541: 9122:Domestic violence 9054: 9053: 8976:Russian oligarchs 8901:Aircraft industry 8878: 8877: 8855:Mass surveillance 8845:Search and rescue 8810:Political parties 8690:Foreign relations 8622: 8621: 8421: 8420: 8413:Historical cities 8272:Tsardom of Russia 8099:Grigory Yavlinsky 8093:(interviews with 7517:. Chennai, India. 7447:Ukrayinska Pravda 7265:on 3 October 2013 6200:(22 April 2007). 6198:Kramer, Andrew E. 4858:978-1-003-00706-7 4812:in 2022, remains 4810:annexed by Russia 4751:Economy of Russia 4667:and Putin at the 4647: 4646: 4639: 4449:Resolution 68/262 4412:Viktor Yanukovych 4251:colour revolution 4193:South Ossetia war 4007:social safety net 3970:Putin was elected 3958:Silvio Berlusconi 3946:Junichiro Koizumi 3927:Viktor Yushchenko 3923:Viktor Yanukovych 3851:Vladimir Gusinsky 3698:Succession crisis 3660:Political fallout 3538:Mikhail Gorbachev 3517:Grigory Yavlinsky 3475:, and appointing 3473:Tatyana Dyachenko 3425:Viktor Vekselberg 3409:Vladimir Bogdanov 3393:Russian oligarchs 3250:First Chechen War 3244:First Chechen War 3223:Burned facade of 3206:Aleksandr Rutskoy 3182:contract killings 3141:Social inequality 3095:Russian Civil War 3048:George H. W. Bush 2938:very low prices. 2927:Novolipetsk Steel 2813:chronic inflation 2773:Mikhail Gorbachev 2761:monetary overhang 2663: 2662: 2655: 2520:Mikhail Gorbachev 2453: 2452: 2419:Russia portal 2347: 2346: 2041:Belavezha Accords 2023: 2022: 1934:Era of Stagnation 1900:Industrialization 1866: 1865: 1743:Soviet-Polish War 1679: 1678: 1660:Russian Manchuria 1606:Tsardom of Russia 1592:October Manifesto 1576:Decembrist Revolt 1568:Petrovian reforms 1536: 1535: 1496:Novgorod Republic 1460: 1459: 1376: 1375: 1280: 1279: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1085:medium inequality 1049:• Per capita 997:• Per capita 698:RSFSR sovereignty 595:Mikhail Mishustin 580:• 1991–1992 538:• 2008–2012 526:• 1999–2008 514:• 1991–1999 481:semi-presidential 467:semi-presidential 406:Russian Orthodoxy 299:Official language 283:55.750°N 37.617°E 234: 174: 32:History of Russia 16:(Redirected from 10749: 10584:Transnistria War 10243: 10242: 10085:Aung San Suu Kyi 10000:Alexander Dubček 9937:Civil resistance 9794:Sinatra Doctrine 9774:Demokratizatsiya 9675:Shortage economy 9602: 9595: 9588: 9579: 9578: 9555: 9502:Russian language 9445:National symbols 9065: 9064: 8984: 8941:Fishing industry 8931:Economic regions 8926:Defence industry 8889: 8888: 8633: 8632: 8587:Russian Far East 8486:Northwest Russia 8444:Cities and towns 8432: 8431: 8294:Russian Republic 8200: 8199: 8179: 8172: 8165: 8156: 8155: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8007: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7724: 7718: 7710: 7704: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7681:on 17 March 2015 7677:. Archived from 7671: 7665: 7664: 7659:. Archived from 7656:Business Insider 7646: 7640: 7639: 7638:. 15 April 2014. 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7506: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7418:. 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Archived from 6557:. 24 June 2008. 6552: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6526:The Moscow Times 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6439: 6433: 6430: 6424: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6386: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6015: 6009: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5873: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5772:on 3 August 2004 5768:. 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Archived from 4922: 4916: 4915: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4833: 4817: 4787: 4642: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4622: 4591: 4583: 4531: 4409: 4301:Saint Petersburg 4223:Saint Petersburg 4097:The Other Russia 4063:state capitalism 4052:, for fraud and 3954:Gerhard Schröder 3855:Boris Berezovsky 3758:in the December 3705:Sergei Stepashin 3671:Yevgeny Primakov 3622:Sergei Kiriyenko 3550:Saint Petersburg 3465:Gennady Zyuganov 3405:Vladimir Potanin 3401:Roman Abramovich 3385:Boris Berezovsky 3371:for bank loans. 3318:Russian oligarch 3286:Dzhokhar Dudayev 3145:Gini coefficient 3060:Great Depression 2901:and endorsed by 2899:Vladimir Potanin 2658: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2615: 2607: 2563:1994 Chechen War 2516:1991 August coup 2461:Russian Republic 2445: 2438: 2431: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2403: 2341: 2340: 2327: 2326: 2303: 2282: 2261: 2240: 2219: 2199: 2189:Chechen Republic 2182: 2165: 2154: 2153: 2051:USSR dissolution 1967: 1966: 1896:Collectivization 1814:Byelorussian SSR 1771:Russian Republic 1767: 1766: 1602: 1601: 1564:Treaty of Nystad 1492: 1491: 1406: 1405: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1310: 1300: 1282: 1281: 1251: 1250: 1237: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1217: 1216: 1154: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1087: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1057: 1056: 1038: 1037: 1021: 1005: 1004: 986: 985: 969: 932: 926: 925: 919: 918: 911: 910: 887: 869: 799:7–12 August 2008 760:12 December 1993 747:26 December 1991 743: 732:25 December 1991 728: 715: 700: 622:Federal Assembly 320: 315: 303: 294: 293: 291: 290: 289: 284: 280: 277: 276: 275: 272: 257:and largest city 247: 236: 235: 192: 186: 185: 184: 176: 175: 146: 140: 139: 138: 108: 102: 86: 79: 61: 60: 50: 49: 21: 10757: 10756: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10705: 10689: 10650:Democratization 10640:Decommunization 10623: 10559:Helsinki Summit 10499:April 9 tragedy 10471: 10461: 10390: 10299: 10247: 10238: 10232: 10120: 10114: 9982: 9976: 9929: 9923: 9879:Mathieu Kérékou 9826: 9820: 9752: 9728:Reagan Doctrine 9703:Active measures 9695: 9689: 9680:Totalitarianism 9617: 9611: 9606: 9576: 9571: 9558: 9551: 9538: 9497:Public holidays 9492:Political jokes 9477:Personification 9430:Names of Russia 9299: 9218:Life expectancy 9050: 8982: 8874: 8725:Law enforcement 8618: 8604:Protected areas 8501:Smolensk Upland 8496:Oka–Don Lowland 8476:European Russia 8417: 8356: 8242:Mongol invasion 8189: 8183: 8122:, 6 July 2005, 8107:Joseph Stiglitz 8103:Anatoly Chubais 8037: 8020: 8018:Further reading 8015: 8005: 8003: 7988: 7984: 7974: 7972: 7963: 7962: 7958: 7948: 7946: 7934: 7930: 7920: 7918: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7887: 7886: 7882: 7872: 7870: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7844: 7842: 7831: 7830: 7826: 7816: 7814: 7802: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7778: 7777: 7773: 7763: 7761: 7751: 7747: 7737: 7735: 7725: 7721: 7711: 7707: 7698: 7694: 7684: 7682: 7673: 7672: 7668: 7647: 7643: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7608: 7604: 7594: 7592: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7568: 7566: 7554: 7550: 7540: 7538: 7526: 7522: 7507: 7503: 7493: 7491: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7467: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7440: 7439: 7435: 7425: 7423: 7410: 7409: 7405: 7395: 7393: 7375: 7371: 7361: 7359: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7335: 7333: 7330:The Independent 7322: 7318: 7305: 7304: 7300: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7253: 7252: 7248: 7238: 7236: 7235:on 1 March 2014 7229: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7210: 7208: 7197: 7193: 7183: 7181: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7158: 7156: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7115: 7111: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7071: 7067: 7057: 7055: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6995:politonline.ru 6991: 6987: 6973: 6969: 6959: 6957: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6915:Jonathan Steele 6909: 6905: 6896:Wayback Machine 6887: 6883: 6874:Wayback Machine 6865: 6861: 6851: 6849: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6825: 6823: 6814: 6813: 6809: 6799: 6797: 6786: 6782: 6763: 6759: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6718:The Independent 6712: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6694:on 30 July 2014 6682: 6681: 6677: 6657: 6653: 6648:Wayback Machine 6640:Nikolas Gvosdev 6632: 6628: 6616: 6612: 6602: 6600: 6595: 6594: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6531: 6529: 6517: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6474:. 25 April 2005 6466: 6465: 6461: 6451: 6449: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6427: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6388: 6387: 6380: 6370: 6368: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6344: 6342: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6307: 6306: 6302: 6292: 6290: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6262: 6260: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6195: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6153: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6076: 6074: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6048: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6024: 6022: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6002:Joseph Stiglitz 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5979:on 9 March 2008 5971: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5934: 5932: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5908: 5906: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5882: 5880: 5875: 5874: 5867: 5857: 5855: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5764: 5761:Foreign Affairs 5757:Daniel Treisman 5755: 5751: 5740: 5736: 5731:. 15 July 1996. 5721: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5694: 5690: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5633: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5568: 5567:on 13 June 2007 5559: 5558: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5498: 5494: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5445: 5435: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5410: 5406: 5389: 5385: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5362: 5358: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5326: 5317: 5313: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5260: 5256: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5128: 5127: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5076: 5063: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5015:on 28 July 2011 5003: 5002: 4998: 4988: 4986: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4930:perepis-2010.ru 4924: 4923: 4919: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4747: 4726:by signing the 4663:U.S. President 4657: 4643: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4608: 4592: 4581: 4529: 4424:federal subject 4407: 4366:Sergey Aksyonov 4358: 4340: 4334: 4169:Dmitry Medvedev 4150:Dmitry Medvedev 4138:Jonathan Steele 4112:Mikhail Fradkov 3790: 3776: 3700: 3687: 3662: 3580: 3574: 3530:Aleksandr Lebed 3526: 3477:Anatoly Chubais 3456: 3451: 3445: 3437:planned economy 3429:Mikhail Fridman 3417:Vagit Alekperov 3320: 3312:Main articles: 3310: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3225:the White House 3201: 3195: 3190: 3157: 3039:Nizhny Novgorod 3027: 2963: 2949:, particularly 2903:Anatoly Chubais 2895:loans-for-share 2855:Anatoly Chubais 2843: 2837: 2787:monetary policy 2659: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2628: 2616: 2595: 2589: 2587:"Shock therapy" 2584: 2567:Lisbon Protocol 2497:successor state 2493:Soviet military 2478:Communist Party 2459:began with the 2449: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2329: 2328: 2315: 2301: 2280: 2259: 2238: 2217: 2197: 2180: 2163: 2152: 2147:2022 annexation 2131:Mass emigration 2119:2020 amendments 2102: 2060: 2046: 2033: 2032: 2024: 1965: 1951: 1929: 1876: 1875: 1867: 1765: 1748: 1711:Kornilov affair 1689: 1688: 1680: 1649:Congress Poland 1627:Russian America 1600: 1588:1905 Revolution 1555: 1546: 1545: 1537: 1506:Vladimir-Suzdal 1490: 1482:Mongol conquest 1470: 1469: 1461: 1404: 1399:Russkaya Pravda 1394:Baptism of Rus' 1386: 1385: 1377: 1342:pre-9th century 1320: 1318: 1298: 1291: 1248: 1234: 1211: 1149: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1101: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1071: 1050: 1031: 1019: 998: 979: 963: 947: 935: 930: 916: 915: 901: 885: 881: 863: 859: 838: 825: 823:Last amendments 812: 796: 786:8 December 1999 783: 770: 757: 744: 739: 729: 726: 716: 711: 701: 696: 685: 670: 666: 664: 658: 647: 643: 641: 635: 624: 620: 618: 614: 612: 591: 581: 551: 543:Dmitry Medvedev 539: 527: 515: 486: 478: 472: 464: 462: 434: 392: 384: 336: 316: 313: 301: 300: 287: 285: 281: 278: 273: 270: 268: 266: 265: 264: 258: 250: 238: 237: 204: 199: 193: 187: 180: 179: 178: 177: 158: 153: 147: 141: 134: 133: 124: 123: 122: 119: 118:Bottom: Coat of 117: 113: 109: 103: 95: 94: 91: 87: 80: 62: 55: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10755: 10745: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10703: 10697: 10695: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10675:Post-communism 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10631: 10629: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10475: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10398: 10396: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10307: 10305: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10265:Czechoslovakia 10262: 10257: 10251: 10249: 10248:Eastern Europe 10240: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10124: 10122: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10095:Isaias Afwerki 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10075:Zianon Pazniak 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9986: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9933: 9931: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9854:Erich Honecker 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9830: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9766: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9699: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9635:Anti-communism 9632: 9627: 9621: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9605: 9604: 9597: 9590: 9582: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9569: 9564: 9557: 9556: 9548: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9531: 9530: 9529: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9463: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9309: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9209: 9208: 9203: 9193: 9192: 9191: 9181: 9180: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9011:Space industry 9008: 9003: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8986: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8850:Urban planning 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8702: 8697: 8687: 8685:Federal budget 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8594:North Caucasus 8591: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8535: 8530: 8528:Highest points 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8473: 8471:Extreme points 8468: 8467: 8466: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8303: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8286: 8284:Russian Empire 8281: 8280: 8279: 8269: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8208: 8206: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8188: articles 8182: 8181: 8174: 8167: 8159: 8150: 8149: 8140: 8134: 8126: 8114: 8088: 8078: 8068: 8059: 8043: 8036: 8035:External links 8033: 8032: 8031: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8013: 7982: 7956: 7928: 7898: 7880: 7852: 7824: 7796: 7771: 7745: 7719: 7705: 7692: 7666: 7663:on 2 May 2014. 7641: 7623: 7602: 7591:. 6 March 2014 7576: 7563:Bloomberg News 7548: 7520: 7501: 7490:. 1 March 2014 7475: 7453: 7433: 7403: 7369: 7358:. 9 March 2015 7343: 7316: 7298: 7285:Spiegel Online 7276: 7246: 7218: 7191: 7166: 7140: 7128: 7109: 7091: 7065: 7037: 7019: 7000: 6985: 6967: 6941: 6923: 6903: 6881: 6859: 6833: 6807: 6780: 6757: 6735: 6705: 6675: 6673:, 9 July 2004. 6651: 6626: 6610: 6583: 6539: 6511: 6485: 6459: 6434: 6425: 6407: 6396:. 9 March 2012 6378: 6352: 6326: 6300: 6270: 6244: 6218: 6189: 6163: 6136: 6110: 6084: 6058: 6032: 6010: 5990: 5964: 5942: 5916: 5905:on 6 June 2008 5890: 5865: 5839: 5828:on 19 May 2011 5809: 5783: 5749: 5734: 5714: 5688: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5627: 5618: 5607: 5600: 5578: 5552: 5527: 5508:(3): 233–262. 5492: 5475: 5465: 5454: 5443: 5421: 5404: 5383: 5369: 5356: 5337: 5324: 5311: 5298: 5286: 5277: 5254: 5243:(2): 279–283. 5227: 5201: 5172: 5150: 5114: 5074: 5051: 5026: 4996: 4965: 4939: 4917: 4890: 4864: 4857: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4794:Kherson Oblast 4781: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4746: 4743: 4739:George W. Bush 4669:33rd G8 summit 4665:George W. Bush 4645: 4644: 4595: 4593: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4536:announced the 4534:Vladimir Putin 4410:, from exile, 4393:Vladimir Putin 4378:Aleksei Chalyi 4374:Vladimir Putin 4336:Main article: 4333: 4330: 4299:community, in 4105:Eduard Limonov 4101:Garry Kasparov 3962:George W. Bush 3950:Jacques Chirac 3836:Akhmad Kadyrov 3788:Vladimir Putin 3775: 3772: 3720:Vladimir Putin 3699: 3696: 3686: 3683: 3661: 3658: 3576:Main article: 3573: 3570: 3525: 3522: 3455: 3452: 3447:Main article: 3444: 3441: 3309: 3306: 3302:Vladimir Putin 3248:Main article: 3245: 3242: 3197:Main article: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3156: 3153: 3089:, the fall of 3080:Gus-Khrustalny 3037:facility near 3035:radiotelescope 3026: 3023: 3019:market economy 2976:Czech Republic 2962: 2959: 2923:Surgutneftegas 2907:Norilsk Nickel 2887:fiscal deficit 2864:Czechoslovakia 2847:Soviet economy 2839:Main article: 2836: 2833: 2828:hyperinflation 2795:interest rates 2757:hyperinflation 2661: 2660: 2643:September 2023 2619: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2601:Shock doctrine 2591:Main article: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2540:Vladimir Putin 2536:GDP per capita 2451: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2440: 2433: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2408: 2407: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2306: 2305: 2294: 2285: 2284: 2273: 2270:Kherson Oblast 2264: 2263: 2252: 2243: 2242: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2210: 2201: 2200: 2191: 2184: 2183: 2174: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2151: 2150: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2008: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1964: 1963: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1764: 1763: 1727:Bolshevik Coup 1683: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1671:Uryankhay Krai 1666: 1665: 1662: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1616:Russian Empire 1612: 1611: 1608: 1599: 1598: 1543:Tsarist Russia 1540: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1489: 1488: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1403: 1402: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1371: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1349:Rus' Khaganate 1344: 1343: 1340: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1303: 1302: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1226: 1225: 1223: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1104: 1094: 1093: 1074: 1064: 1063: 1058:$ 12,575 ( 1051: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1012: 1011: 1006:$ 30,013 ( 999: 996: 993: 992: 980: 977: 974: 973: 970: 956: 955: 948: 946:• Density 945: 942: 941: 934: 933: 928: 920: 913: 904: 902: 899: 896: 895: 889: 888: 882: 879: 876: 875: 860: 857: 854: 853: 847: 846: 843: 842: 839: 833: 830: 829: 826: 820: 817: 816: 813: 804: 801: 800: 797: 791: 788: 787: 784: 778: 775: 774: 771: 765: 762: 761: 758: 752: 749: 748: 745: 741:USSR dissolves 737: 734: 733: 730: 724: 721: 720: 717: 709: 706: 705: 702: 694: 691: 690: 687: 686: 680: 673: 672: 671:(1993–present) 659: 653: 650: 649: 648:(1993–present) 636: 630: 627: 626: 625:(1993–present) 619:(Oct–Dec 1993) 610:Supreme Soviet 607: 603: 602: 599: 598: 592: 589: 586: 585: 582: 579: 576: 575: 572: 571: 568: 566:Prime Minister 562: 561: 558: 557: 555:Vladimir Putin 552: 549: 546: 545: 540: 537: 534: 533: 531:Vladimir Putin 528: 525: 522: 521: 516: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 502: 496: 495: 494:(1999–present) 477:(Sep–Dec 1993) 475:rule by decree 454: 448: 447: 442: 436: 435: 433: 432: 426: 420: 414: 408: 402: 395: 393: 390: 386: 385: 383: 382: 376: 370: 364: 358: 352: 346: 339: 337: 334: 328: 327: 321: 310: 309: 304: 296: 295: 288:55.750; 37.617 259: 256: 252: 251: 248: 240: 239: 202: 201: 200:(2000–present) 156: 155: 126: 125: 110: 97: 96: 88: 81: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 64: 63: 56: 53: 41:itself or for 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10754: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10692: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10680:Yugoslav Wars 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10670:Neo-Stalinism 10668: 10666: 10665:Neo-Sovietism 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10626: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10549:Black January 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10468: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10393: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10244: 10241: 10235: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10117: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10100:Ronald Reagan 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10080:Zhelyu Zhelev 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10060:Boris Yeltsin 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10040:Joachim Gauck 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9987: 9985: 9979: 9973: 9972:Strike action 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9926: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9914:Todor Zhivkov 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9904:Deng Xiaoping 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9823: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9733:Soviet Empire 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9694:International 9692: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9614: 9610: 9603: 9598: 9596: 9591: 9589: 9584: 9583: 9580: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9554: 9550: 9549: 9545: 9535: 9532: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9517:Seven Wonders 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9482:Playing cards 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9302: 9294: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9185: 9182: 9178: 9177:Mental health 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9137:Ethnic groups 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8840:Civil defense 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8785:Media freedom 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8670:Criminal code 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8650:Civil Service 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8625: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8574: 8573: 8570: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8321: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8311:Russian state 8309: 8308: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8173: 8168: 8166: 8161: 8160: 8157: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8141: 8138: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8112: 8111:Jeffrey Sachs 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8049: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8021: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7986: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7932: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7884: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7856: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7828: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7800: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7734: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7715: 7709: 7702: 7696: 7680: 7676: 7670: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7612: 7606: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7552: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7505: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7463: 7457: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7422:on 7 May 2014 7421: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7331: 7327: 7320: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7234: 7230: 7222: 7206: 7202: 7195: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7137: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7113: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7080: 7076: 7073:Ball, James. 7069: 7053: 7049: 7041: 7033: 7029: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6994: 6989: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6971: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6938:. 9 May 2008. 6937: 6933: 6927: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6907: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6885: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6863: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6821: 6817: 6811: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6748:Democracy Now 6745: 6739: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6693: 6689: 6688:Russia Herald 6685: 6679: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6630: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6598: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6549: 6543: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6515: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6429: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6020: 6014: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5952: 5946: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5798:on 8 May 2008 5797: 5793: 5787: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5746: 5745: 5738: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5637: 5631: 5622: 5616: 5611: 5603: 5597: 5592: 5591: 5582: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5469: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5447: 5431: 5425: 5417: 5416: 5408: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5379: 5373: 5366: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5328: 5321: 5315: 5308: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5189: 5182: 5176: 5160: 5154: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5055: 5036: 5030: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4954:. 10 May 2017 4953: 4949: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4860: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4828: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4713: 4712:authoritarian 4709: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4641: 4638: 4630: 4627:February 2022 4620: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4596:This section 4594: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4549: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4494:Sergei Shoigu 4492: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4480:within Russia 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4456: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4413: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4290: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4262:United Russia 4259: 4254: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4235:in March 2012 4232: 4231:United Russia 4224: 4219: 4215: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4201:South Ossetia 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183:, August 2008 4182: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4127:United Russia 4124: 4119: 4117: 4116:Viktor Zubkov 4113: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040:in March 2008 4039: 4038:Angela Merkel 4034: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3695: 3691: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3672: 3666: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3617: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3579: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413:Rem Viakhirev 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3365:metallurgical 3362: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3326: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3040: 3036: 3033:An abandoned 3031: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3011:Profitability 3008: 3003: 2999: 2998:human capital 2994: 2990: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2868:Russian mafia 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2835:Privatization 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2800:credit crunch 2796: 2792: 2791:fiscal policy 2788: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2749:Rostov-on-Don 2745: 2741: 2739: 2738:shock therapy 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2696:privatization 2692: 2688: 2679: 2672: 2667: 2657: 2654: 2646: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2620:This section 2618: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2569:ensured that 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2548:authoritarian 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2524:shock therapy 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2473:Boris Yeltsin 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2352: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2202: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2115:War in Donbas 2112: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2097:Five-Days War 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069:Privatization 2066: 2062: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2030:Modern Russia 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1835:Russian State 1833: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1803:Ukrainian SSR 1800: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753:War Communism 1750: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1702:Dvoyevlastiye 1698: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1456: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1440:Rostov-Suzdal 1438: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1410:Novgorod Land 1408: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1276: 1273: 1271:Today part of 1269: 1262: 1256: 1253: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1182:ISO 3166 code 1179: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:Russian ruble 1129: 1125: 1121: 1105: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1075: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1052: 1046: 1042: 1033: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1000: 994: 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December 4958:9 September 4883:30 November 4671:, June 2007 4565:M-4 Highway 4478:as well as 4309:Novosibirsk 4305:Archangelsk 4279:Anti-Putin 4167:Putin with 4054:tax evasion 4027:agriculture 4015:health care 3806:Barents Sea 3609:tax evasion 3593:natural gas 3184:developed. 3106:the redhead 3087:World War I 2951:natural gas 2778:perestroika 2687:Warsaw Pact 2037:August Coup 1960:War of Laws 1942:Perestroika 1920:Warsaw Pact 1908:Great Purge 1871:1923–1991: 1735:White Guard 1715:Directorate 1684:1917–1923: 1541:1480–1917: 1467:Feudal Rus' 1465:1240–1480: 1338:Rus' people 1330:Early Slavs 1297:History of 1221:Preceded by 1111: 0.824 927:143,054,637 912:145,478,097 864:(including 828:4 July 2020 665:(1991–1993) 656:Lower house 642:(1991–1993) 633:Upper house 613:(1991–1993) 606:Legislature 463:(1991–1992) 418:No religion 286: / 154:(1991–2000) 112:Top: Emblem 10716:Categories 10645:Lustration 10519:Baltic Way 10470:Individual 10447:Mozambique 10386:Uzbekistan 10371:Tajikistan 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