History of East Timor

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December 1975, saying "having heard the statements of the representatives of Portugal, as the Administering Power, concerning developments in Portuguese Timor...deplores the military intervention of the armed forces of Indonesia in Portuguese Timor and calls upon the Government of Indonesia to withdraw without delay its armed forces from the Territory...and recommends that the Security Council take urgent action to protect the territorial integrity of Portuguese Timor and the inalienable right of its people to self-determination". From 1975 to 1982, the General Assembly asserted each year the right of East Timor to self-determination. Portugal remained the recognised administering authority, and Indonesian forces were called to withdraw.

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Indonesians favoured strong, direct rule, which was never accepted by the Timorese people, who were determined to preserve their culture and national identity. By 1976 there were 35,000 Indonesian troops in East Timor. Falintil, the military wing of Fretilin, fought a guerrilla war with marked success in the first few years but weakened considerably thereafter. The cost of the brutal takeover to the East Timorese was huge; it's estimated that at least 100,000 died in the hostilities, and ensuing disease and famine. Other reported death tolls from the 24-year occupation range from 60,000 to 200,000. A detailed statistical report prepared for the

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prisoners as well as ordinary criminals. Portuguese ruled through a traditional system of liurai (local chiefs). Sandalwood remained the main export crop with coffee exports becoming significant in the mid-nineteenth century. In places where Portuguese rule was asserted, it tended to be brutal and exploitative. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering home economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies. Portuguese authorities created an administrative structure based on the existing kingdoms, while also creating a new level of administration under them, the

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disaffected Falintil troops broke out in May 2006. While unclear, the motives behind the fighting appeared to be the distribution of oil funds and the poor organisation of the Timorese army and police, which included former Indonesian-trained police and former Timorese rebels. Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri called the violence a "coup" and welcomed offers of foreign military assistance from several nations. As of 25 May 2006, Australia, Portugal, New Zealand, and Malaysia sent troops to Timor, attempting to quell the violence. At least 23 deaths occurred as a result of the violence.

157: 55: 1527: 1852: 4962: 1776: 1372: 2235: 1808:, upset Habibie, who saw it as implying Indonesia was a "colonial power". He decided in response to announce a snap referendum to be conducted within six months. Other reasons for this change of attitude include shifting priorities, greater consideration of international image, and a belief that East Timor would vote for autonomy. In his announcement of the referendum, Habibie cited "norms of democracy and justice" as a reason to allow for self-determination. 5758: 221: 1453:. Despite an expressed aversion to the use of military force, the Indonesian invasion was not seriously opposed. Indeed, there was to implicit support. The United States held joint military drills with Indonesia prior to the invasion, and at the time of the invasion around 90% of Indonesia's arms originated from the United States. Military support continued, and even increased, after the invasion. There was also little support among other countries in 1927: 5768: 1988: 1585: 1406:, he replied, "We will understand and not press you on the issue. We understand the problem and the intentions you have." The Australian government did not react to this invasion. The reason may be the existence of oil found in the waters between Indonesia and Australia. This lack of action resulted in massive protests by Australian citizens remembering the heroic actions of the Timorese during World War II. 1429:, were obstructed by the Indonesian military, which blockaded East Timor. On 31 May 1976, the government selected 37 individuals to form a 'People's Assembly' in Dili. This assembly unanimously endorsed integration into Indonesia, cementing an Indonesian narrative of union with Indonesia as an act of self-determination. On 17 July, East Timor officially became the 27th province of the Republic of Indonesia ( 420:, a campaign of pacification ensued. Although Indonesia did make substantial investment in infrastructures during its occupation in East Timor, dissatisfaction remained widespread. From 1975 to 1999, there were an estimated 102,800 conflict-related deaths (approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 'excess' deaths from hunger and illness), the majority of which occurred during the Indonesian occupation. 477:. These early settlers had high-level maritime skills, and by implication the technology needed to make ocean crossings to reach Australia and other islands, as they were catching and consuming large numbers of big deep sea fish such as tuna. One of the oldest fish hooks in the world, dated between 16,000 and 23,000 years old, was excavated at the 1749:. He urged the freeing of all East Timorese leaders in a note reading, "We can never normalize the situation in East Timor unless all political leaders, including Mr. Gusmão, are freed. They are the ones who must bring about a solution." Indonesia's government refused but did announce that it would take three months off Gusmão's 20-year sentence. 736:. This new level was created around villages, or groups of villages linked by kinship. These new administrative boundaries thus reflected family ties, and strengthened family power as villages gained administrative power. This created a permanent shift of powers from the level of the kingdom to that of the villages. 705:

government. In 1866 the territory was again put under the jurisdiction of Macau. An 1887 mutiny in Dili led to the death of the Governor at the time. The territory was separated from Macau for the last time in 1896, again coming directly under the jurisdiction of Lisbon, and becoming a full province in 1909.

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Unrest started in the country in April 2006 following riots in Dili. A rally in support of 600 East Timorese soldiers, who were dismissed for deserting their barracks, turned into rioting where five people were killed and over 20,000 fled their homes. Fierce fighting between pro-government troops and

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By 1989, Indonesia had things firmly under control and opened East Timor to tourism. Then, on 12 November 1991 Indonesian troops fired on protesters gathered at the Santa Cruz Cemetery in Dili to commemorate the killing of an independence activist. With the event captured on film and aired around the

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cited a lower range of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period 1974–1999, namely, approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 'excess' deaths from hunger and illness. There were also reports of rapes, burning and sacking of buildings. By February 1976, with troops spreading out from the capital to

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wished to retain good relations with Indonesia, the world's largest Muslim nation. Upon his arrival in East Timor, the Pope symbolically kissed a cross then pressed it to the ground, alluding to his usual practice of kissing the ground on arrival in a nation, and yet avoiding overtly suggesting East

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Portuguese Timor was handed back to Portugal after the war, but Portugal continued to neglect the colony. Very little investment was made in infrastructure, education and healthcare. The colony was declared an 'Overseas Province' of the Portuguese Republic in 1955. Locally, authority rested with the

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movement, which until the Second World War was the most influential of the left-wing movements in Portugal. The main waves of deportations to Timor were in 1896, 1927, and 1931. Some of the activists continued their resistance even in exile. After World War II, the remaining exiles were pardoned and

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enclave – had become the centre of Portuguese activities. At this time, the Portuguese began to convert the Timorese to Catholicism. Starting in 1642, a military expedition led by the Portuguese Francisco Fernandes took place. The aim of this expedition was to weaken the power of the Timor kings and

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For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post until the late nineteenth century. Investment in infrastructure, health, and education was minimal. The island was seen as a way to exile those who the government in Lisbon saw as "problems" – these included political

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process to develop institutions and local capacity, in addition to handling immediate humanitarian and security needs. Tensions existed between the mandate of effective governance, and the mandate to quickly prepare the territory for democratic self-governance. Governance was strongly centralised,

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was set up in 1973. The politicians who came to prominence at the end of Portuguese rule tended to have studied in these schools, and some cited the Viqueque rebellion as an inspiration. This "Timorisation", which resulted in greater local participation in administration and the military, remained

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saw attempts by the rebels to seek support outside their local area, although it did not overcome local rivalries. Its calls for better services and rights led to some changes in Portuguese policy such as increases in education and civil employment. Basic schooling was increased, and more advanced

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For both Portugal and the Netherlands, Timor remained a low priority with little presence outside of the cities of Dili and Kupang. Nonetheless, continuing disputes over competing spheres of influence with the Dutch led to a number of treaties aimed at formalising borders and eliminating enclaves.

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and advanced on the police station. The police opened fire and one student was killed, whose body the students carried to the National Parliament building. There they fought the police, set a supermarket on fire and plundered shops. The police opened fire again and four more students were killed.

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and Indonesian soldiers began a campaign of violence and terrorism in retaliation, "Operation Clean Sweep". Between 1,500 and 3000 Timorese were killed, and in addition to internal displacement 300,000 were forcibly pushed into West Timor as refugees. The majority of the country's infrastructure,

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This period saw the emergence of a unified national consciousness among the social elites who led the newly established political parties. The main parties all promoted freedom of expression, association, and religion, although party support was linked to the home regions of each party's leaders.

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government, concerned to maintain good relations with Indonesia, had been consistently reluctant to assist a push for independence (despite popular sympathy for the East Timorese cause among many in the Australian electorate). However, the departure of President Suharto and a shift in Australian

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Nonetheless, the occupation of East Timor remained a public issue in many nations, Portugal in particular, and the UN never recognised either the regime installed by the Indonesians or the subsequent annexation. We can refer to the resolution approved by the United nations General Assembly on 12

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of East Timor by Indonesia and the occupation that followed. The movement was supported by churches, human rights groups, and peace campaigners, but developed its own organisations and infrastructure in many countries. Many demonstrations and vigils backed legislative actions to cut off military

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began in 1893. He aimed to make the territory profitable. To gain more control he reduced the power of local kings, and even eliminated smaller and more disloyal ones. Implementation of the head tax required a census, and depended on the loyalty of the local leaders who would be responsible for

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was removed from the jurisdiction of the governor of Macau, before being returned to the jurisdiction of Portuguese India in 1856. In 1863, Dili was declared a city (although the news may not have arrived to the city until the next year), and East Timor became directly subordinate to the Lisbon

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during their first term in office (1996–1998). Australian governments saw good relations and stability in Indonesia (Australia's largest neighbour) as providing an important security buffer to Australia's north. Nevertheless, Australia provided important sanctuary to East Timorese independence

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In an effort to stamp greater control over its dissident new province – whose seizure was condemned by the United Nations – Indonesia invested considerable sums in Timor-Leste leading to more rapid economic growth which averaged 6% per year over the period 1983–1997. Unlike the Portuguese, the

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The later Timorese were not seafarers, rather they were land focused people who rarely made contact with other islands. Timor was part of a region of small islands with small populations of similarly land-focused people that now make up eastern Indonesia. Contact with the outside world was via

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News of the proposal provoked a violent reaction in East Timor from pro-Indonesian militia. The Indonesian army did not intervene to restore order. At a summit in Bali John Howard told Habibie that a United Nations Peace Keeping force should oversee the process. Habibie rejected the proposal,

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in 1974, he told Suharto that an independent Portuguese Timor would be 'an unviable state, and a potential threat to the stability of the region'. While recognising the need for an act of self-determination, he considered integration with Indonesia to be in Portuguese Timor's best interests.

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movement in Indonesia led to the resignation of Suharto and his replacement by President Habibie, which brought political reform towards a more democratic system. In June 1998, facing increasing domestic and international pressure on the issue, Jakarta offered East Timor autonomy within the

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for East Timorese independence, with a similar fear of communism, as well as fear of regional instability. Malaysia provided strong support in international forums, despite previous conflicts with Indonesia, as it sought to repress its own independence movement and leave open the option of

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occupy villages to the east and south, East Timor's Indonesian-appointed deputy governor, Lopez la Cruz, admitted that 60,000 East Timorese had been killed. Troop numbers were increased and draconian controls were imposed on the population, isolating the territory from the outside world.

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which collected tax from each household, necessitating a census of the territory to count these households. The head tax was imposed by Silva's successor, Eduardo Augusto Marques, once the census was complete. The needs of the census meant power at this time also flowed to leaders of

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invasion. This Australian military intervention dragged Portuguese Timor into the Pacific War but it also slowed the Japanese expansion. When the Japanese did occupy Timor, in February 1942, a 400-strong Dutch-Australian force and large numbers of Timorese volunteers engaged them in

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These multiple waves of migrations combined with the mountainous geography of the island led to a diverse mix of languages and culture. What is now East Timor was split between up to 46 kingdoms. However, there was little influence from the large Islamic Javanese powers to the west.

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Reasons given by Indonesia for the invasion included the potential for a communist government, the need to develop the territory, national and regional security risks. Public statements denied that the invasion was aimed at taking the territory, and noted continued support for

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On 21 June 2006, President Xanana Gusmão formally requested Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri step down. A majority of Fretilin party members demanded the prime minister's resignation, accusing him of lying about distributing weapons to civilians. On 26 June 2006 Prime Minister

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and elsewhere visited the territory, and reported that the situation was stable. Nevertheless, many UDT supporters had fled across the border into Indonesian Timor, where they were coerced into supporting integration with Indonesia. In October 1975, in the border town of

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drafted a letter setting out a major change in Australian policy. The letter supported the idea of autonomy but went much further by suggesting that the East Timores be given a chance to vote on independence within a decade. The letter, which compared East Timor to

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administrators, assigning the formal responsibility of relaying government initiatives, and of mediating within their community. This formal power did not override traditional customary practices, with traditional leaders retaining acknowledged informal influence.

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for an Australian led international peace keeper force to enter East Timor to end the violence. The United States offered crucial logistical and intelligence resources and an "over-horizon" deterrent presence. Finally, on 11 September, Bill Clinton announced:

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While Fretilin had sought the return of the Portuguese governor, pointedly flying the Portuguese flag from government offices, the deteriorating situation meant that it had to make an appeal to the world for international support, independently of Portugal.

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A couple of minutes ago I called the United Nations Secretary General, Mr Kofi Annan, to inform about our readiness to accept international peacekeeping forces through the United Nations, from friendly nations, to restore peace and security in East Timor.

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played an important role in society throughout the Indonesian occupation. While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics in 1975, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion. During the occupation,

1611:, there was also widespread public outrage, and criticism of Canberra's close relationship with the Suharto regime and recognition of Jakarta's sovereignty over East Timor. This caused the Australian government embarrassment, but Foreign Minister 1019:) supported integration with Indonesia, as an autonomous province, but had little grassroots support. One of its leaders, Abílio Osório Soares, later served as the last Indonesian-appointed Governor of East Timor. Apodeti drew support from a few 1966:, further limited institutional development. Reconstruction efforts included rebuilding the education system. For this textbooks were bought in the new official language, Portuguese, despite many teachers and students being unable to speak it. 534:, which contains descriptions of the Majapahit Empire at its peak, identifies Timor as an island within Majapahit's realm. However, as Portuguese chronologist Tomé Pires wrote in the 16th century, all islands east of Java were called "Timor". 1794:

was prepared to consider a change of status for East Timor. Portugal had started to gain some political allies firstly in the EU, and after that in other places of the world to pressure Indonesia. In late 1998, the Australian Prime Minister

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was held on 30 August. It produced a clear majority (78.5%) in favour of independence, rejecting the alternative offer of being an autonomous province within Indonesia, to be known as the Special Autonomous Region of East Timor (SARET).

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A number of priests and nuns were murdered in the violence in East Timor that followed the 1999 Independence referendum. The newly independent nation declared three days of national mourning upon the death of Pope John Paul II in 2005.

1414:. Nominal elections were held under Indonesian coercion, and on 17 December Indonesia declared that an East Timorese Provisional Government would be formed that included representatives from Apodeti, UDT, KOTA, and the Labour Party. 2139:

announced in early November 2012, it would be pulling its troops out of the country, saying the country was now stable and calm. Five New Zealand troops were killed in the 13 years the country had a military presence in East Timor.

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in 1965, was alarmed by what it saw as the increasingly left-leaning Fretilin, and by the prospect of a small independent leftist state in the midst of the archipelago inspiring separatism in parts of the surrounding archipelago.

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Activists in Portugal, Australia, the United States, and elsewhere pressured their governments to take action. The violence was met with widespread public anger in Australia. The Opposition Spokesman on Foreign Affairs, Labor's

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in Portuguese). This was not recognised by either Portugal, Indonesia, or Australia; however, the UDI state received formal diplomatic recognition from six countries that were led by leftist or Marxist–Leninist parties, namely

685:. Portugal received the eastern half, together with the north coast pocket of Oecussi. There are competing views over whether this border reflected existing cultural differences. This 1859 treaty saw Portugal take control of 1402:(NSA) in December 2001, the United States gave its agreement to Indonesia for the invasion. In fact, when the Indonesian president Suharto asked the understanding of taking rapid drastic action in East Timor to US president 812:

with the enemy taking place. This assistance cost the civilian population dearly: Japanese forces burned many villages and seized food supplies. The Japanese occupation resulted in the deaths of 40,000–70,000 Timorese.

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Despite this international opposition, few actions were taken to support independence. Many states tacitly accepted Indonesian control. Australia went as far as to officially recognise the annexation, and downplay the

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networks of foreign seafaring traders from as far as China and India that served the archipelago. Outside products brought to the region included metal goods, rice, fine textiles, and coins exchanged for local spices,

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grew in Portugal, Australia, and the United States. After the massacre, the US Congress voted to cut off funding for IMET training of Indonesian military personnel. However, arms sales continued from the US to the

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Hawkins, Stuart; O'Connor, Sue; Maloney, Tim Ryan; Litster, Mirani; Kealy, Shimona; Fenner, Jack N.; Aplin, Ken; Boulanger, Clara; Brockwell, Sally; Willan, Richard; Piotto, Elena; Louys, Julien (September 2017).

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While Indonesia introduced a civilian administration, the military remained in control. Aided by secret police and civilian Timorese militia to crush dissent, reports of arrest, torture, and murder were numerous.

451:, East Timor was internationally recognised as an independent nation in 2002. It is the poorest country in Southeast Asia with a 20% unemployment rate, and approximately one third of the population is illiterate. 1580:

cut off all US military ties with the Indonesian military in 1999. The Australian government promoted a strong connection with the Indonesian military at the time of the massacre, but also cut off ties in 1999.

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During the course of 1975, Portugal became increasingly detached from political developments in its colony, becoming embroiled in civil unrest and political crises, and more concerned with decolonisation in its

1619:'s (1991–1996) first overseas trip was to Indonesia in April 1992 and sought to improve trade and cultural relations, but repression of the East Timorese continued to mar co-operation between the two nations. 2120:, a renegade soldier who died in the attack. Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed. The Australian government immediately sent reinforcements to East Timor to keep order. 2088:

resigned stating, "I declare I am ready to resign my position as prime minister of the government... so as to avoid the resignation of His Excellency the President of the Republic". In August, rebel leader

855: 1954:(UNTAET), established on 25 October, and all remaining Indonesian forces left the territory in November. The INTERFET deployment ended on 14 February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN. 1892:

It was clear that the UN did not have sufficient resources to combat the paramilitary forces directly. Instead, on 15 September the UN authorised the creation of a multinational military force known as

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The early economy was dependent on foreign funding. In 2004, three-quarters of those earning wages worked for the civil service, the UN, or NGOs. The small private sector was mostly security services.

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Destruction and violence not only destroyed the country's infrastructure and economy, but also drained its human capacity, leading to Ramos-Horta stating "we are starting from absolutely ground zero".

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was populated as part of the human migrations that have shaped Australasia more generally. As of 2019, the oldest traces of human settlement are 43,000 to 44,000 years old, and were found in the

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in 1994 details the occupation period and exposes the involvement of Western governments in providing essential weapons systems, financial aid and the political cover for the Indonesian regime.

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Portuguese Timor had been a place of exile for political and social opponents deported from the metropolis since the late nineteenth century. Among them a large proportion were members of the

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than with Portuguese Timor. Many local leaders saw independence as unrealistic, and were open to discussions with Jakarta over Portuguese Timor's incorporation into the Indonesian state.

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reported on human rights violations in period of Indonesian rule and the year before and offered the first national history of East Timor driven by Timorese oral histories. In 2008, the

3046: 1688:'s 1989 visit to East Timor exposed the occupied territory's situation to world media and provided a catalyst for independence activists to seek global support. Officially neutral, the 492:

Around 3000 BC, a second migration brought Melanesians. The earlier Veddo-Australoid peoples withdrew at this time to the mountainous interior. Finally, proto-Malays arrived from south

1349:, later president of East Timor, stated in a 2007 interview that the solidarity movement "was instrumental. They were like our peaceful foot soldiers, and fought many battles for us." 1493:

level was removed in 1977. Continuing Indonesian campaigning led to the slow capture of these territories, which this conquest being completed in 1978. Indonesia adopted the existing

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Appeals by those advocating for East Timorese independence were targeted at western citizens as well as governments, emphasising the vision of the new state as a liberal democracy.

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Indonesian military intelligence, known as BAKIN, began attempting to cause divisions between the pro-independence parties, and promote the support of Apodeti. This was known as

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Elections were held in late 2001 for a constituent assembly to draft a constitution, a task finished in February 2002. East Timor became formally independent on 20 May 2002.

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I have made clear that my willingness to support future economic assistance from the international community will depend upon how Indonesia handles the situation from today.

2031: 657:, the 'Black Portuguese', it succeeded to extend the Portuguese influence into the interior of the country. In 1702 a Governor was appointed for Solor and Timor, based in 2596:

O’Connor, Sue; McWilliam, Andrew; Fenner, Jack N.; Brockwell, Sally (May 2012). "Examining the Origin of Fortifications in East Timor: Social and Environmental Factors".

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In the mid-1990s, the pro-democracy People's Democratic Party (PRD) in Indonesia called for withdrawal from East Timor. The party's leadership was arrested in July 1996.

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on 20 May 2007, following his election win in the second round. Gusmão was sworn in as prime minister on 8 August 2007. President Ramos-Horta was critically injured in

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level, where administrative data was obtained and elections were held. 442 sukus and 2228 aldeias were formally designated in 2004, in preparation for the elections of

4273: 4095: 4929: 3810: 3454: 2198: 2062: 1951: 1917: 1728:. However, other EU countries like the UK had close economic relations with Indonesia, including arms sales, and saw no advantage in forcefully raising the issue. 1473:). In 1976 administration of these areas was divided into six sectors, each with civilian and military leadership. These sectors covered the traditional regions ( 673:. In 1769, seeking to wrest control from the Topasses, the Portuguese governor moved his administration along with 1,200 people from Lifau to what would become 828:. Only a small minority of Timorese were educated, and even fewer went on to university in Portugal (there were no universities in the territory until 2000). 1642:

in 1998 and the rise of Indonesian democracy brought a new prospect for a potential change in the dynamic between the Australian and Indonesian governments.

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Indonesia sought to portray the conflict as a civil war, which had plunged Portuguese Timor into chaos, but after only a month, aid and relief agencies from

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Early European explorers report that the island had a number of small chiefdoms or princedoms in the early 16th century. One of the most significant is the

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sultanates. A rebellion in 1725 led to a campaign by Portuguese forces and allies from the north coast, which culminated in Portuguese victory at the 1726

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Administrative borders in this period reverted again to the original Administrative post system, although much of the direct governance took place on the

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In local elections on 13 March 1975, Fretilin and UDT emerged as the largest parties, having previously formed an alliance to campaign for independence.

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lizard found in the eastern Indonesian island of the same name. Many Indonesian military figures held meetings with UDT leaders, who made it plain that

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O'Connor, S.; Ono, R.; Clarkson, C. (24 November 2011). "Pelagic Fishing at 42,000 Years Before the Present and the Maritime Skills of Modern Humans".

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The scope of the UNTAET mission exceeded previous UN peacekeeping efforts. UNTAET exercised effective sovereignty during this period, and engaged in a

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in 1998 precipitated a proposal for a referendum on the question of independence. Ongoing lobbying by the Portuguese government also provided impetus.

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with less investment in local capacity. A rapid timetable and insufficient engagement with local authorities, including limited cooperation with the

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Under Japanese rule, there were changes to the administrative structures that created larger districts (the former kingdoms) and a reduced number of

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James Scambary; Joana de Mesquita Lima (2 July 2021). "Geographies of Power: Implementing Community Driven Development in Urban Dili, Timor-Leste".

481:. It is believed that survivors from three waves of migration still live in the country. The first is described by anthropologists as people of the 4987: 2219: 1622:

Gareth Evans and Keatings gave maintenance of close relations with the Indonesian government a high priority, as did the subsequent prime minister

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Timor was a sovereign country. He spoke fervently against abuses in his sermon, whilst avoiding naming the Indonesian authorities as responsible.

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Indonesia's response was to have UDT, Apodeti, KOTA and Trabalhista leaders sign a declaration calling for integration with Indonesia called the

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Governor of East Timor during the 1980s and early 1990s, although with the demise of Indonesian rule, he would change to supporting independence.

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Timorese groups fought a campaign of resistance against Indonesian forces for the independence of East Timor, during which many atrocities and

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gained widespread respect, being awarded the Portugal's highest honour in 1993, after he had been captured and imprisoned by the Indonesians.

677:. The control of colonial administrators, largely restricted to Dili, had to rely on traditional tribal chieftains for control and influence. 5723: 4303: 4172: 2692: 2151: 4872: 4513:(Faculty of Economics, Nagasaki University, Southeast Asia Monograph Series No.36/ reprint, author, Tipografia Macau Hung Heng Ltd., Macau 2775: 79: 4551: 4355: 2331:"Oldest human occupation of Wallacea at Laili Cave, Timor-Leste, shows broad-spectrum foraging responses to late Pleistocene environments" 627: 4909: 4816: 3564: 3264: 3217: 1832:

including homes, irrigation systems, water supply systems, and schools, and nearly 100% of the country's electrical grid were destroyed.

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Fretilin restored the original administrative posts, hoping to shore up local support by more closely reflecting traditional kingdoms.

135: 1466:. Portugal, while not providing strong opposition leading up to the invasion, later led international support for self-determination. 1146:

would not tolerate a Fretilin-led administration in an independent East Timor. The coalition between Fretilin and UDT later broke up.

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against Portugal. Troops from Mozambique and naval gunfire were brought in to suppress the rebels. The definitive border was drawn by

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formed a coalition government after July 2017 parliamentary election. However, the new minority government soon fell, meaning second

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On 4 December 2002, after a student had been arrested the previous day, rioting students set fire to the house of the Prime Minister

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Dutch and Portuguese sources relate that the island was divided into two collections of kingdoms. Sixteen kingdoms were grouped into

4117: 3428: 3276: 1433:). The provisional government made appeals to the UN to have this integration recognised as a legitimate act of self-determination. 1119:, had developed a close working relationship with the Indonesian leader, and also followed events with concern. At a meeting in the 4877: 4752: 4030: 3732: 3123: 2178: 2009:

Following independence, all land that had been used by both the Portuguese and Indonesian administrations was declared state land.

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during the invasion. Such actions were caused by attempts to remain on good terms with Indonesia, especially in the context of the

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world, the embarrassed Indonesian government admitted to 19 killings, although it's estimated that over 200 died in the massacre.

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On 20 September 1999 INTERFET deployed to the country, and Indonesia withdrew both its military and its civilian administration.

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Indonesian state, although it ruled out independence, and stated that Portugal and the UN must recognise Indonesian sovereignty.

1204:") reporting on the conflict were killed by Indonesian forces, after they witnessed Indonesian incursions into Portuguese Timor. 1016: 4073: 3965: 3073: 5733: 4919: 1963: 1947: 1921: 1820: 1227: 709: 424: 99: 17: 2962: 2093:

escaped from Becora Prison, in Dili. Tensions were later raised after armed clashes between youth gangs forced the closure of

5355: 4829: 4654: 4578: 4545: 4451:

The Independence of East Timor: Multi-Dimensional Perspectives - Occupation, Resistance, and International Political Activism

4221: 3989:

Chega! The Report of the Timor-Leste Commission on Reception, Truth, and Reconciliation, English translation (Gramedia, 2015)

2769: 4269: 3919: 3309: 3165: 2541: 2181:

runoff against the incumbent president, Francisco Guterres . In May 2022, Ramos-Horta was sworn in as East Timor president.

808:. After the allied evacuation in February 1943 the East Timorese continued fighting the Japanese, with comparatively little 5019: 4892: 2936: 2212: 2191: 1816: 961:), was supported by the traditional elites, initially argued for a continued association with Lisbon, or as they put it in 3758: 5647: 5146: 5097: 4887: 3339: 2057: 1362: 427:, an overwhelming majority of East Timorese voted for independence from Indonesia. Immediately following the referendum, 417: 331: 178: 89: 4103: 3799: 3464: 2306: 984:(ASDT, Timorese Social Democratic Association) supported a rapid movement to independence. It later changed its name to 5029: 3850: 2037: 1258: 1176:

On 11 August 1975, the UDT mounted a coup, in a bid to halt the increasing popularity of Fretilin. Portuguese Governor

765: 515:

Several fortifications uncovered in Timor were built between 1000 and 1300. Climatic changes, in particular during the

444: 2709: 5692: 5126: 4882: 4845: 4746: 4635: 4616: 4597: 4518: 4495: 4477: 4458: 4436: 4417: 4398: 3913: 3248: 3211: 3159: 2875: 2750:"The Economic Structure of an Outpost in the Outer Islands in the Indonesian Archipelago: Portuguese Timor 1850–1975" 2580: 2535: 2248: 1943: 1358: 1315: 500:. Timorese origin myths tell of ancestors that sailed around the eastern end of Timor arriving on land in the south. 409: 145: 125: 5202: 3615: 2833: 1573: 1418: 1366: 903:

mostly limited to the aforementioned upper class, and did not substantially affect the majority of the population.

666: 4500: 4157: 3495: 5092: 4982: 4809: 1666: 764:

made Portugal a republic, especially as many Timorese kings were monarchist sympathisers. The kings now operated

3596: 2641: 927:, broke out in 1975 as UDT attempted a coup which Fretilin resisted with the help of local Portuguese military. 728:

led to trade disruptions. Economic difficulties and an inability to pay salaries led to a small revolt in 1919.

54: 5792: 5226: 4924: 4706: 2026:

Relations with Indonesia have been cordial. The two countries have defined most of their borders. In 2005, the

1725: 1568: 883: 584: 324: 171: 34: 2048:', which East Timor regards as lying within its maritime boundaries. Articles relating to this topic include: 1063:(Labour Party), but neither had any significant support. They would, however, collaborate with Indonesia. The 870:

schools that included secondary education were available to the most Portuguese individuals: those considered

724:

became the sole official currency in 1915. Difficulties in communication and logistics arising as a result of

526:, which describes various products and civilisations found outside China. In the Zhu Fan Zhi, Timor is called 5390: 5293: 5114: 4997: 805: 390:

in the region eventually resulted in an 1859 treaty for which Portugal ceded the western half of the island.

310: 3905:

Rebuilding the Education Sector in East Timor during UNTAET: International Collaboration and Timorese Agency

1262: 5482: 5278: 5141: 5051: 5024: 4992: 2113: 1841: 1108: 716:

in 1914, and it remains the international boundary between the modern states of East Timor and Indonesia.

5728: 3943:"East Timor's Land Tenure Problems: A Consideration of Land Reform Programs in South Africa and Zimbabwe" 3800:"S/RES/1264 15 September 1999 By which the Council authorized the establishment of a multinational force" 3660: 2253: 2150:

party was the president of East Timor since May 2017 until 19 May 2022. The main party of AMP coalition,

1615:

played down the killings, describing them as "an aberration, not an act of state policy". Prime Minister

891: 686: 600:. These Portuguese were traders that arrived between 1512 and 1515. However, only in 1556 did a group of 235: 2166:

in May 2018. In June 2018, former president and independence fighter Jose Maria de Vasconcelos known as

5687: 5592: 5324: 5283: 5248: 5077: 4961: 4802: 1697: 1681:

in East Timor and many priests and nuns risked their lives in defending citizens from military abuses.

1426: 1266: 721: 305: 1567:

on 12 November 1991 was a turning point for sympathy for pro-independence East Timorese. A burgeoning

740: 5192: 5177: 5121: 5102: 5087: 4946: 4914: 4730: 3459: 2268: 2044:

between the two countries. Canberra claims petroleum and natural gas fields in an area known as the '

1770: 1612: 1607:

Australia's troubled relationship with the Suharto regime was brought into focus by the Massacre. In

1399: 958: 924: 783: 761: 140: 4665: 3510: 2665:

East Timor: An Introduction to the History, Politics and Culture of Southeast Asia's Youngest Nation

1973:

was sworn in as the country's president. East Timor became a member of the UN on 27 September 2002.

681:

The border between Portuguese Timor and the Dutch East Indies was formally decided in 1859 with the

5697: 5414: 5383: 5268: 5182: 2699:

By William Henry Scott (Published in "Philippine Studies" ran by Ateneo de Manila University Press)

1700:

and José Ramos-Horta, two leading East Timorese activists for peace and independence, received the

1543: 612: 439:

campaign. The militias killed approximately 1,400 Timorese and forcibly pushed 300,000 people into

270: 4295: 4180: 2689: 894:

were important educational establishments during this time. Fatumaca College was established near

835:

did not express any interest in Portuguese Timor, despite the anti-colonial rhetoric of President

5642: 5607: 5562: 5263: 5253: 5212: 5136: 5082: 5046: 4970: 4936: 3024: 2258: 2109: 1982: 1270: 1171: 916: 866: 862:. It retained this status, with Portugal as the administering power, throughout Indonesian rule. 682: 448: 242: 2749: 2170:

of three-party coalition, Alliance of Change for Progress (AMP), became the new prime minister.

1497:

system to manage its administration, while resistance to Indonesian rules was also organised on

443:

as refugees. The majority of the country's infrastructure was destroyed during this attack. The

5532: 5527: 5422: 5288: 5065: 4723: 4527:

Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea: Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600–1800

4525: 2572: 2278: 2074: 1880: 1588:

Demonstration against Indonesian occupation of East Timor, Perth, Australia, 10 September 1999.

413: 256: 4356:"Nobel winner Jose Ramos-Horta sworn in as East Timor president to succeed Francisco Guterres" 3572: 3392:"A Piece Of The Story Of East Timor's Independence From Portugal Then Indonesia Was "annexed"" 3199: 2867: 2860: 5652: 5627: 5542: 5522: 5442: 5432: 5348: 5303: 5243: 5238: 5207: 5197: 5165: 4897: 4035: 3902:

Supit, Trina (7 October 2020). "Numbers on a Spreadsheet? East Timorese and the World Bank".

3836: 2806:"Subordinating Timor: Central authority and the origins of communal identities in East Timor" 1828: 1753: 1469:

Resistance shifted to the interior, where FRETILIN continued to hold territory (knows as the

1430: 1104: 757:

whose leaders were responsible for some tax collection and were given formal military ranks.

474: 432: 428: 249: 211: 2564: 2479: 5738: 5617: 5612: 5492: 5258: 5187: 3417: 2419: 2342: 2273: 1079:

Fretilin explicitly sought to develop an overarching national identity, which was labelled

946: 938:, who would ultimately be, as events were to prove, the last governor of Portuguese Timor. 912: 616: 3872: 1177: 935: 8: 5712: 5682: 5632: 5587: 5567: 5557: 5457: 5364: 5298: 5273: 5035: 4904: 3268: 1674: 1597: 1296: 776: 557: 284: 277: 202: 130: 3724: 3101: 3060: 3029:. New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives. Vol. 48. pp. 275–295. 2423: 2346: 2174: 2105: 1779: 1632: 1438: 1346: 5657: 5572: 5552: 5437: 5427: 5329: 4850: 4239: 3065: 2825: 2660: 2623: 2453: 2143: 1654: 1411: 460: 447:(INTERFET) was deployed to the country and brought the violence to an end. Following a 402: 300: 69: 4194: 4000: 3694: 3631: 1291:, now the country's prime minister, described this as the 'Balibohong Declaration', a 5767: 5702: 5637: 5602: 5537: 5517: 5507: 5467: 5452: 5447: 5109: 4702: 4650: 4631: 4612: 4593: 4574: 4541: 4514: 4491: 4473: 4454: 4446: 4432: 4413: 4394: 4152: 4065: 3942: 3909: 3622:, ETAN Backgrounder for 20 May Independence, East Timor and Indonesia Action Network. 3244: 3207: 3155: 3069: 3041: 2963:"Macao et Timor. La souveraineté portugaise et l'incidence de la guerre de 1914–1918" 2871: 2817: 2765: 2627: 2576: 2565: 2531: 2445: 2240: 2041: 1783: 1704:

for "their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor".

1701: 1658: 1552: 1120: 564:, Philippines) traded in East Timor in order to gather Sandalwood for export abroad. 522:

The first known mention of Timor in writing can be found in the 13th-century Chinese

387: 379: 263: 3787: 2457: 2355: 2330: 1716:

Portugal started to apply international pressure, raising the issue with its fellow

5743: 5662: 5622: 5597: 5577: 5512: 5487: 5477: 5462: 4855: 4531: 3957: 3113: 3055: 2974: 2926: 2918: 2757: 2613: 2605: 2435: 2427: 2381:"Evidence of 42,000 year old deep sea fishing revealed Article created on Saturday" 2360: 2350: 2052: 1934:(right) Australian commander of the United Nations backed peace keeping operation ( 1800: 1627: 1526: 1028: 887: 809: 701: 697: 649: 619:. Later wars further reduced Portuguese influence, with Solor falling in 1613, and 579: 573: 478: 383: 74: 2155: 2002: 1991: 1970: 1746: 1601: 1288: 1036: 5582: 5547: 5502: 5497: 5406: 4867: 4776: 4742: 4734: 4568: 4504: 3903: 3638: 3619: 3600: 3301: 3149: 2696: 2609: 2525: 2263: 2167: 2117: 2100:

In April 2007, Gusmão declined another presidential term. In the build-up to the

2090: 1864: 1837: 1383: 1375: 934:

was to appoint a new governor for the colony on 18 November 1974, in the form of

800: 662: 661:. Portuguese control over the territory was tenuous, with opposition coming from 638: 615:

reduced Portuguese control in the Malay archipelago, limiting them mostly to the

604: 601: 531: 394: 391: 156: 4647:

Scorched Earth: Peacekeeping in Timor during a campaign of death and destruction

3492:

A Report to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste

2910: 2761: 696:

In 1844 Timor, along with Macau and Solor, was removed from the jurisdiction of

693:

cultivation, in exchange for formally relinquishing claims in Solor and Flores.

4694: 3766: 2527:

The Post-Colonial Security Dilemma: Timor-Leste and the International Community

1958: 1931: 1902: 1851: 1742: 1717: 1546:

accepted in 2008 that Indonesia had been guilty of. Foreign powers such as the

1331:

and the former Portuguese colonies in Africa, but had significant force in the

1048: 1039:, a Muslim, was a prominent Fretilin leader, and became prime minister in 2002. 962: 848: 597: 542: 516: 436: 355: 4782: 3331: 1775: 1091:

Developments in Portuguese Timor during 1974 and 1975 were watched closely by

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Bitter Flowers, Sweet Flowers: East Timor, Indonesia, and the World Community

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violations by the Indonesian army were reported, which Indonesian President

824:

Portuguese Governor and the Legislative Council, as well as local chiefs or

665:

friars, the Topasses, restive vassal kingdoms, and the south Sulawesi-based

632: 3515: 2717: 2449: 1867: 1738: 1685: 1678: 1616: 1577: 1539: 919:

between supporters of Portuguese Timorese political parties, the left-wing

792: 550: 482: 470: 398: 4536: 2979: 2931: 2006:

Alkatiri called an inquiry and blamed foreign influence for the violence.

5771: 5012: 4760: 4738: 4690: 3603:, U.S. Policy toward East Timor, East Timor and Indonesia Action Network. 3485: 2922: 2136: 1796: 1623: 1446: 1403: 1328: 1201: 844: 725: 523: 375: 161: 93: 4453:. Sussex Library of Asian Studies. Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press. 3612: 2829: 2805: 5041: 4825: 4498: 4326:"Timor-Leste presidential election: José Ramos-Horta wins in landslide" 3829:"Statement by the Prime Minister the Hon J. W. Howard MP on East Timor" 2365: 1860: 1848:

to end the violence. Street protesters harried the Indonesian Embassy.

1845: 1844:

urged the Australian Government to send an armed peacekeeping force to

1596:, especially after television footage showing East Timorese praying in 1319:

supplies to Indonesia. The movement was most extensive in neighbouring

1246: 1159: 1051:

for 'Sons of the Mountain Warriors'), which sought to create a form of

1008:. The party committed itself to "the universal doctrines of socialism". 1005: 875: 840: 839:. This was partly as Indonesia was preoccupied with gaining control of 509: 486: 440: 371: 351: 109: 4794: 3565:""The Howard Years" episode 2 program transcript, "Whatever It Takes"" 2618: 2440: 1926: 1883:

relented and on 12 September, Indonesian President Habibie announced:

1827:

Before official results were announced, Indonesian military-supported

1441:

represented FRETILIN at the UN, where he campaigned for independence.

871: 408:

East Timor declared itself independent from Portugal in 1975, but was

3759:"Evolutionary Prospects for Indonesia, Part 2 Repression and Revival" 3593: 2645: 2104:

there were renewed outbreaks of violence in February and March 2007.

2045: 1608: 1547: 1391: 1320: 1192: 1096: 1092: 1072: 1068: 997: 993: 974: 832: 796: 772: 713: 497: 354:, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in 220: 5319: 3362:"East Timor: Indonesia's invasion and the long road to independence" 3022: 1065:

Associação Democrática para a Integração de Timor-Leste na Austrália

945:

was to legalise political parties in preparation for elections to a

607:

establish their missionary work in the area, settling just north in

4775:, East Timor Institute for Reconstruction Monitoring and Analysis ( 4630:. Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series. London: Routledge. 4296:"New East Timor PM pledges to bring unity after political deadlock" 3961: 3269:"Leaked documents reveal Australian Labor leader's East Timor role" 2147: 1987: 1935: 1894: 1689: 1593: 1450: 1379: 1324: 1283:, although it was drafted by Indonesian intelligence and signed in 1124: 1052: 989: 970: 920: 745: 717: 654: 593: 5375: 3488:"The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974–1999" 1786:

winner, former prime minister and current president of East Timor.

1584: 3643: 3197: 2327: 2123:

A 2009 law (Law No 3/2009) set out the legal responsibilities of

1143: 1100: 1001: 915:

saw Portugal effectively abandon the colony of Portuguese Timor.

879: 836: 359: 4611:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 4570:

Rhetoric and the Decolonization and Recolonization of East Timor

4391:

Timor-Leste: The History and Development of Asia's Newest Nation

2595: 2116:

on 11 February 2008, in a failed coup apparently perpetrated by

2028:

Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor

1507:

Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor

1390:

The Indonesian invasion of East Timor began on 7 December 1975.

1086: 370:

and Jaco. The first inhabitants are thought to be descendant of

5007: 1671: 1459: 1340: 1336: 1278: 1250: 1197: 1181: 1155: 1151: 1107:, which had effectively eliminated Indonesia's Communist Party 1032: 931: 895: 690: 620: 538: 103: 760:

The remaining power of the kings further diminished after the

5002: 4772: 3511:"Indonesia accepts guilt over East Timor human rights abuses" 3486:

Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group (9 February 2006).

2472:"About Timor-Leste – Brief History of Timor-Leste: A History" 1650: 1477:) of Portuguese rule, and were similarly divided into posts ( 1454: 1024: 1023:

in the border region, some of whom had collaborated with the

658: 645: 608: 561: 546: 493: 466: 363: 3655: 3653: 3632:"Australia should avoid ties with Indonesia military: Study" 1859:

John Howard conferred with United Nations Secretary General

1214:

Proclamation of Independence Day (East Timor) § History

3200:"As Good as It Gets? Stateness and Democracy in East Timor" 1682: 1638:

The fall of President Suharto and the arrival of President

1284: 1185: 942: 674: 637:

in the west, while in the east fifty kingdoms were part of

560:, visited Timor and they recorded that Lucoes (People from 4270:"East Timor votes in second general election in 10 months" 3494:. Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG). Archived from 1812:

believing it would have insulted the Indonesian military.

362:. The country comprises the eastern half of the island of 3650: 2158:, was in power from 2007 to 2017, but leader of Fretilin 1394:

forces launched a massive air and sea invasion, known as

1292: 1207: 906: 2571:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 2199:

United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor

2063:

Treaty on Certain Maritime Arrangements in the Timor Sea

2032:

Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship

1952:

United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor

1918:

United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor

1760: 1592:

The Massacre had a profound effect on public opinion in

720:

became part of Portuguese Timor during this period. The

382:

began to trade with Timor by the early 16th century and

4592:. New Brunswick, NJ; London: Rutgers University Press. 3535: 3026:

Rural–Urban Dichotomies and Spatial Development in Asia

2409: 4511:

New Nation: United Nations Peacebuilding in East Timor

3544:

Reluctant Saviour: Australia, Indonesia and East Timor

3418:"Memorandum: Indonesian Use of MAP Equipment in Timor" 2299:"Indonesia: From Economic Crisis to Political Turmoil" 2034:

confirmed most of the earlier Commission's findings.

1352: 795:, in December 1941, Portuguese Timor was occupied by 4628:

Nation-Building and National Identity in Timor-Leste

3752: 3750: 3151:

Nation-Building and National Identity in Timor-Leste

2642:"Population Settlements in East Timor and Indonesia" 2230: 858:

to self-determination under international law, as a

401:, but Portugal resumed colonial authority after the 386:

it throughout the mid-century. Skirmishing with the

4766: 4701:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 3198:Aurel Croissant; Rebecca Abu Sharkh (21 May 2020). 2853: 2851: 1635:(who based himself in Australia during his exile). 1000:as being Marxist, its name sounding reminiscent of 949:in 1976. Three main political parties were formed: 843:, now called Papua, which had been retained by the 592:The first Europeans to arrive in the area were the 4688: 3950:Indiana International & Comparative Law Review 3102:"The East Timor Story: International Law on Trial" 2859: 2702: 1269:became the first president, while Fretilin leader 988:(Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor or 941:One of his first decrees made upon his arrival in 3788:http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P1-23049715.html 3747: 3688: 3686: 1305: 986:Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente 5784: 4509:Gunn, Geoffrey C. and Reyko Huang (2004: 2006), 4388: 3940: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3042:"Portuguese Anarchist in the 'Tropical Siberia'" 2848: 2220:United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste 1911: 4785:, Human Rights Watch publications on East Timor 4666:"The Day The Music Died: East Timor Re-Visited" 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2206:United Nations Mission of Support to East Timor 2095:Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport 1720:members as well as in wider forums such as the 1677:became one of the most prominent advocates for 1558: 930:One of the first acts of the new government in 847:after Indonesian independence. In fact, at the 3683: 3202:. In Croissant, Aurel; Hellmann, Olli (eds.). 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2556: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 1645: 530:and is noted for its sandalwood. In 1365, the 5391: 4810: 4412:(2nd ed.). London; New York: Zed Books. 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3180: 3039: 2911:"La chronologie historique de Timor Oriental" 2889: 2887: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2598:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2152:National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction 1087:Parties compete, foreign powers take interest 556:The first circumnavigation of the world, the 449:United Nations-administered transition period 332: 179: 3508: 3143: 3141: 2999: 2810:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 1075:government emphatically ruled out the idea. 4389:Abraham, Joseph; Hamaguchi, Takako (2015). 3095: 3093: 3091: 2967:Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains 2956: 2954: 2862:A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s 2732: 2652: 2486: 1976: 1897:(International Force for East Timor), with 1855:East Timorese independence referendum, 1999 5398: 5384: 4817: 4803: 3934: 3550: 3241:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 2902: 2896:The International Boundaries of East Timor 2884: 2790: 2184: 1946:repealed the law annexing East Timor. The 1767:1999 East Timorese independence referendum 1745:visited Suharto as well as the imprisoned 1287:, Indonesia not Balibo, Portuguese Timor. 644:By the seventeenth century the village of 412:. The country was later incorporated as a 339: 325: 186: 172: 4606: 4590:Three Centuries of Conflict in East Timor 4535: 4445: 4407: 4173:"East Timor May Be Becoming Failed State" 4060: 4058: 3541: 3138: 3117: 3059: 2978: 2930: 2617: 2439: 2364: 2354: 2173:The Nobel prize winner, former president 1722:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 1711: 911:The decolonisation process instigated by 799:and Dutch forces, which were expecting a 4878:Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975) 4757:Death of a Nation — The Timor Conspiracy 4523: 4066:"Australian troops arrive in East Timor" 4031:"Unrest linked to failed coup: Timor PM" 3243:(2nd ed.). MacMillan. p. 301. 3238: 3088: 2951: 2523: 2040:have been strained by disputes over the 1986: 1925: 1850: 1774: 1649: 1583: 1525: 1370: 1218:Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975) 1200:, two Australian television crews (the " 1031:. It also had some support in the small 1013:Associação Popular Democrática Timorense 782: 653:even as this expedition was made by the 583: 4824: 4663: 4332:. Agence France-Presse. 20 April 2022. 4170: 4096:"Malaysia to send troops to East Timor" 3625: 3446: 3040:Damier, Vadim; Limanov, Kirill (2019). 2857: 2747: 2644:. University of Coimbra. Archived from 2284: 1521: 1017:Timorese Popular Democratic Association 982:Associação Social Democrática Timorense 744:collection. He also sought to impose a 541:kingdom in central Timor, to which the 454: 14: 5785: 4920:United Nations Administered East Timor 4644: 4587: 4426: 4201:from the original on 14 September 2018 4055: 3826: 3756: 3606: 3587: 2908: 2893: 2803: 2658: 2562: 2524:Strating, Rebecca (20 November 2018). 1964:National Council of Maubere Resistance 1922:United Nations Administered East Timor 1228:unilateral declaration of independence 1208:Unilateral declaration of independence 1138:or 'Operation Komodo' after the giant 907:Decolonisation, coup, and independence 623:in the west of Timor falling in 1653. 5379: 4798: 4676:from the original on 17 February 2022 4664:Simmons, Graham (10 September 2003). 4625: 4566: 4472:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 4219: 4128:from the original on 12 February 2007 4043:from the original on 12 February 2007 3901: 3523:from the original on 20 December 2021 3509:Balakrishnan, Angela (15 July 2008). 3455:"Seven East Timorese Still in Danger" 3434:from the original on 22 November 2006 3398:from the original on 17 December 2021 3342:from the original on 17 December 2021 3296: 3294: 3147: 3106:European Journal of International Law 2683: 1950:was taken over by the UN through the 1829:East Timorese pro-integration militia 1761:Referendum for independence, violence 1226:On 28 November 1975, Fretilin made a 791:Although Portugal was neutral during 4118:"Timor PM likely to resign tomorrow" 3998: 3692: 3671:from the original on 2 December 2010 3452:A lot of rape were also taking place 3372:from the original on 5 December 2021 3263: 3204:Stateness and Democracy in East Asia 3099: 2960: 2213:United Nations Office in Timor Leste 2192:United Nations Mission in East Timor 1817:United Nations Mission in East Timor 1447:death of five Australian journalists 1238:República Democrática de Timor-Leste 1067:(ADITLA) advocated integration with 992:). Fretilin was regarded by many in 588:Arms of Portuguese Timor (1935–1975) 512:, deer horn, bees' wax, and slaves. 5405: 4470:Historical Dictionary of East Timor 4001:"Analysis: E Timor's security woes" 3695:"East Timor mourns 'catalyst' Pope" 3569:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3100:Drew, Catriona (1 September 2001). 3076:from the original on 8 October 2022 3061:10.32608/2305-8773-2019-22-1-78-106 2836:from the original on 5 January 2023 2710:"East Timor: flag proposal of 1967" 2671:from the original on 18 August 2020 2058:Australia-East Timor spying scandal 1942:On 15 October 1999, the Indonesian 1363:Indonesian occupation of East Timor 429:anti-independence Timorese militias 24: 4791:, Timor's Tutorial in Oil Politics 4567:Hicks, David (15 September 2014). 4410:East Timor: A Nation's Bitter Dawn 4381: 4336:from the original on 21 April 2022 3971:from the original on 27 March 2022 3922:from the original on 26 March 2023 3873:"UN takes over East Timor command" 3827:Howard, J. W. (23 November 1999). 3816:from the original on 30 July 2020. 3571:. 24 November 2008. Archived from 3291: 3220:from the original on 26 March 2023 3168:from the original on 26 March 2023 3148:Leach, Michael (8 December 2016). 2939:from the original on 16 April 2022 2909:Thomaz, Luís Filipe F. R. (2017). 2544:from the original on 26 March 2023 2387:. 26 November 2011. Archived from 1425:to visit Fretilin-held areas from 1353:Indonesian invasion and annexation 1115:Australia's Labor prime minister, 567: 445:International Force for East Timor 25: 5804: 4717: 4649:. Australia: Big Sky Publishing. 4554:from the original on 20 July 2018 4366:from the original on 19 July 2022 4156:. 25 October 2005. Archived from 4148:"Deadly clashes erupt in E Timor" 4076:from the original on 30 July 2020 4011:from the original on 2 April 2019 3883:from the original on 10 June 2011 3705:from the original on 19 June 2018 3312:from the original on 29 July 2014 3279:from the original on 6 March 2017 3047:Latin-American Historical Almanac 2987:from the original on 22 July 2021 2778:from the original on 8 April 2022 2464: 2309:from the original on 2 April 2012 2296: 2249:Timeline of East Timorese history 2102:April 2007 presidential elections 1530:A re-enactment of the Santa Cruz 1359:Indonesian invasion of East Timor 1233:Democratic Republic of East Timor 787:Portuguese soldiers in East Timor 431:– organised and supported by the 5766: 5757: 5756: 4960: 4609:East Timor: The Price of Liberty 4467: 4306:from the original on 2 June 2021 4276:from the original on 2 June 2021 4250:from the original on 31 May 2021 4220:Sabin, Brook (5 November 2012). 4171:Deutsch, Anthony (5 July 2007). 3735:from the original on 12 May 2019 3126:from the original on 2 July 2022 2567:Indonesia: Peoples and Histories 2233: 1994:, first president of East Timor. 1899:Security Council Resolution 1264 1574:Indonesian National Armed Forces 1419:United Nations Secretary General 1367:East Timor (Indonesian province) 219: 155: 53: 4393:. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. 4348: 4318: 4288: 4262: 4240:"East Timor profile – Timeline" 4232: 4213: 4187: 4164: 4140: 4110: 4088: 4023: 3992: 3983: 3895: 3865: 3843: 3820: 3792: 3781: 3717: 3693:Head, Jonathan (5 April 2005). 3502: 3479: 3410: 3384: 3354: 3324: 3257: 3232: 3033: 2530:. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. 2356:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.07.008 1180:fled to the offshore island of 1043:Other smaller parties included 5724:British Indian Ocean Territory 4588:Kammen, Douglas Anton (2015). 4431:. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. 3999:Head, Jonathan (24 May 2006). 3647:. Retrieved on 16 August 2007. 3206:. Cambridge University Press. 2659:Molnar, Andrea K. (May 2005), 2634: 2589: 2403: 2373: 2321: 2290: 2068: 2038:Australia–East Timor relations 1944:People's Consultative Assembly 1726:International Court of Justice 1569:East Timor solidarity movement 1312:East Timor solidarity movement 1306:East Timor solidarity movement 913:the 1974 Portuguese revolution 884:Seminary of Our Lady of Fatima 596:, who landed near present-day 13: 1: 4222:"NZ pulls out of Timor-Leste" 4102:. 25 May 2006. Archived from 3661:"Paul Keating > In office" 3463:. 5 July 1993. Archived from 3332:"Declaration of Independence" 2754:Between People and Statistics 2222:: August 2006 – December 2012 2131: 1912:United Nations administration 1667:Catholic Church in East Timor 1423:Vittorio Winspeare-Guicciardi 1382:, East Timor with a captured 806:a one-year guerrilla campaign 768:on behalf of the Portuguese. 700:. A few years later in 1850, 3725:"The Nobel Peace Prize 1996" 2756:. Springer. pp. 71–72. 2690:The Mediterranean Connection 2661:"2. a. Pre-colonial history" 2610:10.1080/15564894.2011.619245 2563:Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). 1948:administration of East Timor 1842:Catholic Church in Australia 1559:Effects of the Dili Massacre 860:Non-Self-Governing Territory 689:, where the Dutch had begun 553:ethnic groups were aligned. 7: 4769:, East Timor Action Network 4759:, written and presented by 4726:, Crisis profile East Timor 4427:Durand, Frédéric B (2017). 3833:Prime Minister of Australia 3665:Australia's Prime Ministers 3542:Fernandes, Clinton (2004). 3306:www.easttimorgovernment.com 2917:(in French) (93): 199–217. 2866:. Westview Press. pp. 2762:10.1007/978-94-009-8846-0_6 2748:Telkamp, Gerard J. (1979). 2679:– via Seasite.niu.edu 2254:List of years in East Timor 2226: 2154:, led by independence hero 1646:Role of the Catholic Church 1421:'s Special Representative, 1165: 955:União Democrática Timorense 892:Liceu Dr. Francisco Machado 10: 5809: 4988:Cities, towns and villages 4607:Kingsbury, Damien (2009). 4490:Macau: Livros do Oriente. 4488:Timor Loro Sae: 500 years. 4486:Gunn, Geoffrey C. (1999), 2335:Quaternary Science Reviews 2072: 1980: 1915: 1799:with his Foreign Minister 1764: 1698:Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo 1600:, and independence leader 1356: 1267:Francisco Xavier do Amaral 1211: 1169: 722:Portuguese Timorese pataca 577: 571: 458: 366:and the nearby islands of 5752: 5711: 5671: 5413: 5342: 5312: 5234: 5225: 5173: 5164: 5073: 5064: 4978: 4969: 4958: 4836: 4731:National Security Archive 4468:Gunn, Geoffrey C (2011). 4408:Cristalis, Irena (2009). 3941:Amy Ochoa Carson (2007). 3460:Amnesty International USA 3394:. VOI. 28 November 2019. 2269:History of Southeast Asia 2201:: October 1999 – May 2002 1790:New Indonesian President 1771:1999 East Timorese crisis 1400:National Security Archive 1378:pose in November 1975 in 1314:arose in response to the 959:Timorese Democratic Union 762:5 October 1910 revolution 5473:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5147:Supreme Court of Justice 4737:, East Timor Revisited: 3273:World Socialist Web Site 3239:Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). 3154:. Taylor & Francis. 2804:Kammen, Douglas (2010). 2215:: May 2005 – August 2006 2114:an assassination attempt 1977:The independent republic 1544:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 1184:, north of the capital, 1045:Klibur Oan Timur Asuwain 613:War with the Netherlands 416:. During the subsequent 5734:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4626:Leach, Michael (2016). 4524:Hägerdal, Hans (2012). 2432:10.1126/science.1207703 2259:List of rulers of Timor 2185:United Nations missions 1983:East Timor independence 1737:In July 1997, visiting 1271:Nicolau dos Reis Lobato 1172:East Timorese civil war 1071:, but folded after the 878:. A catholic school in 867:1959 Viqueque rebellion 741:José Celestino da Silva 425:UN-sponsored referendum 110:Contemporary East Timor 5152:United Nations mission 4898:Province of East Timor 4893:Provisional government 4691:Selden, Professor Mark 4645:Pemper, Tammy (2019). 4429:History of Timor-Leste 3637:1 October 2006 at the 3618:14 August 2007 at the 3599:5 October 2007 at the 2279:Politics of East Timor 2075:2006 East Timor crisis 1995: 1939: 1890: 1877: 1856: 1787: 1712:International lobbying 1662: 1589: 1535: 1387: 788: 753:, a smaller unit that 739:The administration of 710:East Timorese rebelled 589: 18:History of Timor-Leste 5793:History of East Timor 4888:Indonesian occupation 4537:10.1163/9789004253506 4503:15 March 2021 at the 4122:Sydney Morning Herald 4036:Sydney Morning Herald 3809:. 15 September 1999. 3119:10.1093/ejil/12.4.651 2980:10.3917/gmcc.256.0069 2894:Deeley, Neil (2001). 2208:: May 2002 – May 2005 2179:presidential election 1990: 1929: 1885: 1881:dire economic straits 1873: 1854: 1778: 1657:, winner of the 1996 1653: 1626:and foreign minister 1587: 1529: 1374: 1263:São Tomé and Príncipe 786: 587: 475:Manatuto Municipality 418:two-decade occupation 414:province of Indonesia 212:Culture of East Timor 141:2006 political crisis 136:Vote for independence 90:Indonesian occupation 5648:United Arab Emirates 5030:Administrative posts 4246:. 26 February 2018. 4197:. 11 February 2008. 4160:on 1 September 2007. 4106:on 14 February 2009. 4039:. AAP. 25 May 2006. 3861:on 13 February 2008. 3575:on 23 September 2010 3427:. 12 December 1975. 3302:"East Timor History" 2961:Reis, Célia (2014). 2923:10.4000/archipel.416 2858:Schwarz, A. (1994). 2285:Notes and references 2274:History of Indonesia 1522:Towards independence 1273:was prime minister. 1055:involving the local 947:Constituent Assembly 766:Administrative posts 648:– today part of the 617:Lesser Sunda Islands 455:Pre-colonial history 410:invaded by Indonesia 5675:limited recognition 4925:International Force 4883:Indonesian invasion 4873:Japanese occupation 4749:document 4, pp 9,10 4747:Indonesian Invasion 4183:on 13 January 2008. 3839:on 18 October 2005. 3769:on 28 February 2006 2695:19 May 2022 at the 2648:on 2 February 1999. 2482:on 29 October 2008. 2424:2011Sci...334.1117O 2418:(6059): 1117–1121. 2347:2017QSRv..171...58H 2297:Singh, Udai Bhanu. 2194:: June—October 1999 2177:won the April 2022 2108:was inaugurated as 1675:Carlos Ximenes Belo 1376:Indonesian soldiers 1061:Partido Trabalhista 1035:minority, although 923:and the right-wing 854:In 1960 East Timor 780:allowed to return. 777:anarcho-syndicalist 558:Magellan expedition 433:Indonesian military 395:occupied East Timor 131:Santa Cruz massacre 126:Indonesian invasion 85:Democratic Republic 80:Japanese occupation 5203:Telecommunications 4861:Colonial governors 4851:Pre-colonial Timor 4755:, The Documentary 4447:Fernandes, Clinton 4177:Guardian Unlimited 3368:. 29 August 2019. 2898:. IBRU. p. 8. 2714:Flags of the World 2476:Timor-Leste.gov.tl 2303:www.idsa-india.org 2144:Francisco Guterres 1996: 1940: 1857: 1788: 1663: 1655:Bishop Carlos Belo 1590: 1536: 1412:self-determination 1388: 831:During this time, 789: 590: 461:Pre-colonial Timor 403:Japanese surrender 5780: 5779: 5717:other territories 5373: 5372: 5338: 5337: 5221: 5220: 5160: 5159: 5132:Political parties 5093:Foreign relations 5060: 5059: 4868:Japanese invasion 4753:Onebigtorrent.org 4695:Shalom, Stephen R 4689:Tanter, Richard; 4656:978-1-922265-43-2 4580:978-1-317-69534-9 4547:978-90-6718-378-9 4360:www.aljazeera.com 3763:Solidarity-us.org 2771:978-94-009-8846-0 2241:East Timor portal 2097:in late October. 2042:maritime boundary 1784:Nobel Peace Prize 1702:Nobel Peace Prize 1659:Nobel Peace Prize 1553:Howard government 1427:Darwin, Australia 1310:An international 1178:Mário Lemos Pires 936:Mário Lemos Pires 671:Battle of Cailaco 349: 348: 196: 195: 100:UN administration 16:(Redirected from 5800: 5770: 5760: 5759: 5729:Christmas Island 5415:Sovereign states 5400: 5393: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5358: 5351: 5232: 5231: 5171: 5170: 5071: 5070: 4976: 4975: 4964: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4712: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4660: 4641: 4622: 4603: 4584: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4539: 4483: 4464: 4442: 4423: 4404: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4302:. 22 June 2018. 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4179:. 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(2001). 4679: 4677: 4657: 4638: 4619: 4600: 4581: 4557: 4555: 4548: 4530:. KITLV Press. 4505:Wayback Machine 4480: 4461: 4439: 4420: 4401: 4384: 4382:Further reading 4379: 4369: 4367: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4169: 4165: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4072:. 25 May 2006. 4064: 4063: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3916: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3755: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3729:The Nobel Prize 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3691: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3659: 3658: 3651: 3639:Wayback Machine 3630: 3626: 3620:Wayback Machine 3611: 3607: 3601:Wayback Machine 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3563: 3562: 3551: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3507: 3503: 3498:on 29 May 2012. 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3467:on 14 July 2007 3453: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3336:Timor-Leste gov 3330: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3214: 3196: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3162: 3146: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3098: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3038: 3034: 3021: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2959: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2907: 2903: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2856: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2802: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2772: 2746: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2720:on 8 April 2014 2708: 2707: 2703: 2697:Wayback Machine 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2657: 2653: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2538: 2522: 2487: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2264:History of Asia 2239: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2187: 2168:Taur Matan Ruak 2146:of centre-left 2134: 2118:Alfredo Reinado 2091:Alfredo Reinado 2077: 2071: 1985: 1979: 1924: 1916:Main articles: 1914: 1865:U. 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President 1838:Laurie Brereton 1773: 1765:Main articles: 1763: 1714: 1648: 1631:advocates like 1561: 1534:, November 1998 1524: 1384:Portuguese flag 1369: 1357:Main articles: 1355: 1308: 1220: 1210: 1174: 1168: 1089: 973:, later became 909: 667:Gowa and Talloq 630: 582: 576: 570: 568:Portuguese rule 532:Nagarakretagama 463: 457: 345: 316: 315: 311:National anthem 296: 295: 210: 192: 162:Asia portal 154: 75:Portuguese rule 45: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5806: 5796: 5795: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5764: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5380: 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J. Habibie 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1758: 1755: 1752:In 1998, the 1750: 1748: 1747:Xanana Gusmão 1744: 1740: 1739:South African 1735: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1640:B. J. Habibie 1636: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1602:Xanana Gusmão 1599: 1595: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1565:Dili Massacre 1556: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1532:Dili massacre 1528: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1464:fait accompli 1461: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:United States 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1316:1975 invasion 1313: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1289:Xanana Gusmão 1286: 1282: 1280: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1265:. Fretilin's 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255:Guinea-Bissau 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:Gough Whitlam 1113: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1038: 1037:Marí Alkatiri 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 951: 950: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 904: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 863: 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 827: 821: 819: 814: 811: 810:collaboration 807: 802: 798: 794: 785: 781: 778: 774: 769: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 747: 742: 737: 735: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 706: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 647: 642: 640: 634: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 603: 599: 595: 586: 581: 575: 565: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 520: 518: 513: 511: 505: 501: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 462: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 421: 419: 415: 411: 406: 404: 400: 396: 393: 389: 385: 381: 378:peoples. 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Retrieved 2302: 2292: 2172: 2142: 2135: 2124: 2122: 2099: 2082: 2078: 2036: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2000: 1997: 1968: 1956: 1941: 1907: 1891: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1868:Bill Clinton 1863:and lobbied 1858: 1834: 1826: 1814: 1810: 1789: 1751: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1715: 1706: 1695: 1686:John Paul II 1679:human rights 1664: 1637: 1621: 1617:Paul Keating 1613:Gareth Evans 1606: 1591: 1578:Bill Clinton 1576:. President 1562: 1540:human rights 1537: 1516: 1512: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1443: 1435: 1416: 1408: 1395: 1389: 1345: 1311: 1309: 1301: 1277: 1275: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1221: 1190: 1175: 1154:colonies of 1148: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1114: 1090: 1080: 1077: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1044: 1042: 1020: 1015:("Apodeti", 1012: 985: 981: 966: 954: 940: 929: 910: 899: 864: 853: 830: 825: 822: 817: 815: 793:World War II 790: 770: 759: 754: 750: 738: 733: 730: 707: 695: 679: 643: 625: 591: 555: 536: 527: 521: 514: 506: 502: 491: 464: 422: 407: 399:World War II 350: 306:Coat of arms 228: 43: 26: 5772:Asia portal 5673:States with 5593:Philippines 5533:South Korea 5528:North Korea 5423:Afghanistan 5259:Health care 5193:Foreign aid 5178:Agriculture 5115:enforcement 5088:Foreign aid 4952:2008 crisis 4947:2006 crisis 4915:1999 crisis 4761:John Pilger 4680:17 February 4670:ThingsAsian 4558:28 February 3975:27 December 3773:29 December 3527:20 December 3438:24 November 3402:17 December 3376:17 December 3346:17 December 2675:30 December 2395:6 September 2366:1885/244982 2313:11 November 2137:New Zealand 2069:2006 crisis 1797:John Howard 1624:John Howard 1431:Timor Timur 1404:Gerald Ford 1329:Philippines 1281:Declaration 1202:Balibo Five 1105:"New Order" 1027:during the 917:A civil war 845:Netherlands 726:World War I 631: [ 524:Zhu Fan Zhi 94:Timor Timur 44:History of 5653:Uzbekistan 5628:Tajikistan 5543:Kyrgyzstan 5523:Kazakhstan 5443:Bangladesh 5433:Azerbaijan 5269:Literature 5127:Parliament 5042:Tatamailau 4826:East Timor 4789:Atimes.com 4708:0742509672 4195:"BBC News" 4153:Al Jazeera 3265:Head, Mike 2840:14 January 2619:1885/65610 2441:1885/35424 2132:From 2010s 1861:Kofi Annan 1846:East Timor 1741:President 1598:Portuguese 1548:Australian 1392:Indonesian 1297:Indonesian 1259:Mozambique 1247:Cape Verde 1212:See also: 1160:Mozambique 1073:Australian 1059:, and the 1006:Mozambique 975:Indonesian 890:, and the 876:assimilado 865:The small 841:West Irian 797:Australian 594:Portuguese 578:See also: 510:sandalwood 496:and north 487:Australoid 471:Laili cave 441:West Timor 380:Portuguese 376:Melanesian 372:Australoid 352:East Timor 271:Literature 62:Chronology 46:East Timor 5739:Hong Kong 5693:Palestine 5618:Sri Lanka 5613:Singapore 5493:Indonesia 5264:Languages 5254:Education 5213:Transport 5137:President 5083:Elections 4971:Geography 4942:Tribunals 4743:Kissinger 4226:3 News NZ 4100:IOL.co.za 3887:26 August 3471:16 August 3080:8 October 3070:200077700 2822:0006-2294 2628:130822749 2341:: 58–72. 2110:president 2046:Timor Gap 1754:reformasi 1609:Australia 1475:concelhos 1327:, in the 1321:Australia 1193:Australia 1097:Australia 1093:Indonesia 1069:Australia 998:Indonesia 994:Australia 833:Indonesia 773:anarchist 714:The Hague 663:Dominican 602:Dominican 498:Indochina 384:colonised 243:Languages 5787:Category 5762:Category 5683:Abkhazia 5633:Thailand 5588:Pakistan 5568:Mongolia 5563:Maldives 5558:Malaysia 5458:Cambodia 5365:Category 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