History of Sydney - Knowledge

897: 995: 1512: 1151: 2543: 30: 2039: 1307: 2388: 2581: 1699: 1265: 2151: 628:

on seafoods whereas the food of hinterland clans was more focused on forest animals and plants. The clans had distinctive sets of equipment and weapons mostly made of stone, wood, plant materials, bone and shell. They also differed in their body decorations, hairstyles, songs and dances. Aboriginal clans had a rich ceremonial life which was part of a belief system centring on ancestral, totemic and supernatural beings. People from different clans and language groups came together to participate in initiation and other ceremonies. These occasions fostered trade, marriages and clan alliances.

2323: 2566: 1422: 1091: 635:' as an Aboriginal term meaning either 'people' or 'from this place'. The clans of the Sydney area occupied land with traditional boundaries. There is debate, however, about which group or nation these clans belonged to, and the extent of differences in language, dialect and initiation rites. The major groups were the coastal Eora people, the Dharug (Darug) occupying the inland area from Parramatta to the Blue Mountains, and the Dharawal people south of Botany Bay. The Darginung and Gundungurra languages were spoken on the fringes of the Sydney area. 1319: 1500: 1948: 1241:

overseas and wealth from gold exports increased demand for housing, consumer goods, services and urban amenities. The New South Wales government also stimulated growth by investing heavily in railways, trams, roads, ports, telegraph, schools and urban services. The population of Sydney and its suburbs grew from 95,600 in 1861 to 386,900 in 1891. The city developed many of its characteristic features. The growing population packed into rows of terrace houses in narrow streets. New public buildings of sandstone abounded, including at the

939: 1543: 599: 2434: 1162: 1802: 1226: 82: 19: 2265: 2079: 5329: 1037: 489: 5339: 2555: 1776: 2021:

to the gradual closure of lines from the 1940s. Overseas transport experts were called upon to advise the city on its post-war transport issues and recommended closure of the system, but generally went against public opinion. Nevertheless, closure became Labor government policy and the system was wound down in stages, with withdrawal of the last service, to

1561:, though more modest in size than Macquarie's original vision, later began construction and, after fire and setbacks, the present St Mary's Catholic Cathedral foundation stone was laid in 1868, from which rose a towering gothic-revival landmark. Religious groups were also responsible for many of the philanthropic activities in Sydney. One of these was the 1691:, construction took place while the city was in severe recession and construction of the ornate structure helped employ out of work stonemasons, plasterers, and stained window artists. Restored in the late 20th century, the building remains a boutique shopping and dining hall. Sydney's preservation of heritage buildings, particularly Victorian 2430:

1980s, overseas immigration to Sydney grew rapidly, with Asia, the Middle East and Africa becoming major sources of immigrants. By 2021, the population of Sydney was over 5.2 million, with 40% of the population born overseas. China and India overtook England as the largest source countries for overseas-born residents.

1217:, and the more affluent residents living to its east. Free settlers, free-born residents and former convicts now represented the vast majority of the population of Sydney, leading to increasing public agitation for responsible government and an end to transportation. Transportation to New South Wales ceased in 1840. 1987:. Built in 1861, the design was compromised by the desire to haul railway freight wagons along the line to supply city businesses, in addition to passenger traffic. This resulted in a track that protruded from the road surface and damaged the wheels of wagons trying to cross it. Hard campaigning by competing 2371:

Building restrictions meant that most construction in Sydney was confined to public works deemed essential to the war effort such as the Captain Cook Graving Dock at Garden Island and the Concord Repatriation Hospital. Rationing and price controls were extended to items such as rents, food, clothing,

2290:

With the outbreak of war in September 1939, Sydney experienced a surge in industrial development to meet the needs of a wartime economy. Unemployment virtually disappeared and women moved into jobs previously male preserves. Air raid shelters were built in Hyde Park, the Sydney Domain and the railway

1752:

magazine; the first edition appeared on 31 January 1880. It was intended to be a journal of political and business commentary, with some literary content. Initially radical, nationalist, democratic, and racist, it gained wide influence and became a celebrated entry-point to publication for Australian

1449:

in 1842 officially recognised the town of Sydney as a city, enabled the taxation of property owners and occupiers, and imposed a managerial structure to its administration. Men who possessed property valued at £1000 (or £50 per year) were able to stand for election. Every adult male over 21 years who

1016:

The relative isolation of the Aboriginal population for some 60,000 years meant that they had little resistance to many introduced diseases. An outbreak of smallpox in April 1789 killed about half the Aboriginal population of the Sydney region while only one death was recorded among the settlers. The

2429:

The progressive reduction in tariff protection from 1974 began the transformation of Sydney from a manufacturing centre focused on the domestic market to a "world city" providing financial, commercial, cultural and educational services to local residents and Australian and overseas markets. From the

1450:

occupied a "house warehouse counting-house or shop" valued at £25 per year was permitted to vote in one of four wards – this amounted to only around 15% of the adult population. Plural voting was prohibited by the enabling legislation. Australia's first parliamentary elections were conducted for the

627:

has shown evidence of human activity in the Sydney region from around 15,000 years ago. Prior to the arrival of the British, there were 4,000 to 8,000 Aboriginal people in the greater Sydney region. fishing, hunting, gathering plant foods and shellfish. The diet of the coastal clans was more reliant

2395:

A post-war immigration and baby boom saw a rapid increase in Sydney's population and the spread of low-density housing in suburbs throughout the Cumberland Plain. Immigrants—mostly from Britain and continental Europe—and their children accounted for over three-quarters of Sydney's population growth

2375:

The war in the Pacific made Sydney the port of choice for American servicemen on rest and recuperation leave, and about a million servicemen and women arrived in Sydney harbour. The city, Kings Cross and Lunar Park proved popular with the Americans and many intimate relationships developed with the

2020:

By the 1920s, the system had reached its maximum extent. The overcrowded and heaving trams running at a high frequency, in competition with growing private motor car and bus use, created congestion. Competition from the private car, private bus operators and the perception of traffic congestion led

1208:

Following the departure of Macquarie in 1821, official policy encouraged the emigration of free British settlers to New South Wales. Immigration to the colony increased from 900 free settlers in 1826–30 to 29,000 in 1836–40, many of whom settled in Sydney. By the 1840s Sydney exhibited a geographic

1101:

After the departure of Phillip in December 1792, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods obtained from visiting ships. Former convicts also engaged in trade and opened small businesses. Soldiers and former convicts built houses on Crown land, with or without

970:

The settlement was planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade and ship building were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated. However, the soil around the settlement proved poor and the first crops failed, leading to several years of hunger and strict

2367:

In the aftermath of the attack, the Harbour's defences were increased and the Australian population feared Japanese invasion. Amid great controversy, the bodies of the four Japanese submariners responsible for the raid were cremated with full military honors and returned to Japan. Eight days after

2129:

The Sydney Harbour Bridge, which links Sydney's northern and southern shores began construction in 1924 and took 1,400 men eight years to build at a cost of £4.2 million. Sixteen workers were killed during construction. In its first year, the average annual daily traffic was around 11,000 vehicles

1441:

arrived at Sydney and soon after began her work to alleviate the conditions for the poor women migrants. She met every immigrant ship at the docks, found positions for immigrant girls and established a Female Immigrants' Home. Later she began campaigning for legal reform to alleviate poverty and

966:

on 26 January 1788. The colony of New South Wales was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Philip described as being, 'with out exception the finest Harbour in the World Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may

2105:

of the 1930s than regional NSW or Melbourne. New building almost came to a standstill, and by 1933 the unemployment rate for male workers was 28 per cent, but over 40 per cent in working class areas such as Alexandria and Redfern. Many families were evicted from their homes and shanty towns grew

1240:

The discovery of gold in New South Wales and Victoria in 1851 initially caused some economic disruption as male workers moved to the goldfields. Melbourne soon overtook Sydney as Australia's largest city, leading to an enduring rivalry between the two cities. However, increased immigration from

927:

clan. Two Gweagal men opposed the landing party and in the confrontation one of them was shot and wounded. Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, collecting water, timber, fodder and botanical specimens and exploring the surrounding area. Cook sought to establish relations with the

2058:

in 1900 prompted the new state government to modernise the wharves and demolish inner-city slums. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 saw more Sydney males volunteer for the armed forces than the Commonwealth authorities could process, and helped reduce unemployment in the city. Those

1938:

slowed the ferries' decline, but by 1951 the NSW State Government was forced to take over the ailing Sydney Ferries Limited. The Port Jackson company had fared better and their peak year was 1946, after which a slow decline saw it too taken over by the NSW State Government in the 1970s. Ferry

1132: 1457:

The first elected aldermen met in public houses, among their constituents, but began campaigning for a civic hall. They chose the run down site of Sydney's first official European cemetery: on George Street, in the commercial heart of the city and organised for Sydney's first royal visitor,

990:

Phillip had been given no instructions for urban development, but in July 1788 submitted a plan for the new town at Sydney Cove. It included a wide central avenue, a permanent Government House, law courts, hospital and other public buildings, but no provision for warehouses, shops, or other

934:

had been sending convicts to its American colonies for most of the eighteenth century, and the loss of these colonies in 1783 was the impetus for the decision to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay. Proponents of colonisation also pointed to the strategic importance of a new base in the

622:

The first people to inhabit the area now known as Sydney were Aboriginal Australians who had migrated from northern Australia and before that from southeast Asia. Flaked pebbles found in Western Sydney's gravel sediments might indicate human occupation from 45,000 to 50,000 years BP, while

2137:

and the sesquicentenary of European settlement in Australia. One journalist wrote, "Golden beaches. Sun tanned men and maidens...Red-roofed villas terraced above the blue waters of the harbour...Even Melbourne seems like some grey and stately city of Northern Europe compared with Sydney's

1485:. In 1851 the franchise for the Legislative Council was expanded and 1857 saw the granting of the right to vote to all male British subjects 21 years or over in New South Wales and from the 1860s onwards government in New South Wales became increasingly stable and assured. 1077:

Conflict again erupted from 1814 to 1816 with the expansion of the colony into Dharawal country in the Nepean region south-west of Sydney. Following the deaths of several settlers, Governor Macquarie despatched three military detachments into Dharawal lands, culminating in the

2412:

became suburbs of the metropolis. Manufacturing, protected by high tariffs, employed over a third of the workforce from 1945 to the 1960s. However, as the long post-war economic boom progressed, retail and other service industries became the main source of new jobs.

2421:

on development projects in historic areas such as The Rocks. Federal, State and local governments subsequently introduced a range of heritage and environmental legislation. The Sydney Opera House was also controversial for its cost and disputes between architect

3002:

British settlers each used different spellings for Indigenous words. The clan names in this list use Troy's (2019) orthography. The names and territory boundaries do not always correspond with those used by contemporary Aboriginal groups of the greater Sydney

2059:

returning from the war in 1918 were promised "homes fit for heroes" in new suburbs such as Daceyville and Matraville. "Garden suburbs" and mixed industrial and residential developments also grew along the rail and tram corridors. After the war,

971:

food rationing. The food crisis was relieved with the arrival of the Second Fleet in mid-1790 and the Third Fleet in 1791. Former convicts received small grants of land, and government and private farms spread to the more fertile lands around

4015: 887:

Clans known to be of the Sydney region but whose territory wasn't reliably recorded are the Domaragal, Doogagal, Gannalgal, Gomerigal, Gooneeowlgal, Goorunggurregal, Gorualgal, Murrooredial, Noronggerragal, Oryangsoora and Wandeandegal.

2416:

Increasing high rise development in Sydney and the expansion of suburbs beyond the "green belt" envisaged by the planners of the 1950s resulted in community protests. In the early 1970s, trade unions and resident action groups imposed

4047: 1021:; some researchers contend that it originated from contact with Indonesian fisherman in the far north and spread along Aboriginal trade routes while others argue that it is more likely to have been deliberately spread by settlers. 1120:(1806–08) imposed restrictions on trade and commerce in the town and ordered the demolition of buildings erected on Crown land, including some owned by past and serving military officers. The resulting conflict culminated in the 2736:, linking the suburb of Epping to the north-west of Sydney, opened on 26 May 2019. It is a first in Australian transportation, as no other Australian city currently has an automated underground metro. The first line serves the 1236:

The New South Wales Legislative Council was transformed into a semi-elected body in 1842. The town of Sydney was declared a city the same year, and a governing council established, elected on a restrictive property franchise.

4967: 1177:

to a budding free society. He establishing a bank, a currency and a hospital. He employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney and commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches, and public buildings.

1257:

and hotels were erected. Exotic plants such as jacarandas and frangipani were introduced in parks and gardens. Daylight bathing at Sydney's beaches was banned, but segregated bathing at designated ocean baths was popular.

2093:

The population reached one million in 1926, after Sydney had regained its position as the most populous city in Australia. The government created jobs with massive public projects such as the electrification of the

1109:, an attempt to march on Sydney, commandeer a ship, and sail to freedom. Poorly armed, and with their leader Philip Cunningham captured, the main body of insurgents were routed by about 100 troops and volunteers at 994: 2701:(2022–present). Sydney has maintained extensive political, economic and cultural influence over Australia as well as international renown in recent decades. Following the Olympics, the city hosted the 1998:

In 1879 a steam tramway was established. The System was a great success and the network expanded rapidly through the city and inner suburbs. There were also two cable tram routes, to Ocean Street (

4022: 2728:

system is currently under construction, with one line open, one under construction and two other lines announced. The project has been hailed as "transformative" by journalists. Australia's first

1264: 3913: 1869:

Ferries have played a key role in the transport and economic development of the city. Leading up to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour bridge, Sydney had the world's largest ferry fleet.

586:

of New South Wales. Sydney today is Australia's largest city and a major international centre of culture and finance. The city has played host to numerous international events, including the

4937: 4905: 4066: 1294:

Drought, the winding down of public works and a financial crisis led to economic depression in Sydney throughout most of the 1890s. Meanwhile, the Sydney-based premier of New South Wales,

1655: 3169: 4979: 1972:), and one of the largest in the world. It was extremely intensively worked, with about 1,600 cars in service at any one time at its peak during the 1930s (cf. about 500 3572:

Haines, Robin, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "Nineteenth century government-assisted and total immigration from the United Kingdom to Australia: quinquennial estimates by colony."

1391: 2720:

Sydney's population officially hit 5 million people at the 2016 census. The city has gained a reputation for diversity and is Australia's most multicultural city. In the

1930:

dramatically and permanently changed Sydney Harbour. Sydney Ferries Limited annual patronage fell from 40 million to 15 million almost immediately. The hardships of the

4706: 1197:, whom he decreed should be treated as social equals to free settlers in the colony. Against opposition, he appointed emancipists to key government positions including 999:

Captains Hunter, Collins and Johnston with Governor Phillip, Surgeon White visiting a distressed female native of New South Wales at a hut near Port Jackson 1793 -

4749: 1658:(A.A.G.P.S) was established in Sydney 1892 and interschool rugby and athletics competitions began that year, followed by cricket and rowing the following year. 2221:

removed restrictions on all-day bathing – provided neck to knee swimming costumes were worn. Arguably the world's first surf lifesaving club was founded at

2256:, a young New South Welshman of just 21 years of age, achieved the highest batting score in first-class cricket with 452 runs not out in just 415 minutes. 1271: 4724: 3917: 958:

arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788. It consisted of more than a thousand settlers, including 736 convicts. The fleet soon moved to the more suitable

1884:

and the agricultural settlements in between. By the mid-1830s, speculative ventures established regular services. From the late-nineteenth century the

5004: 4610: 4093: 2640: 1728:. It appeared irregularly between 1803 and 1842, but nonetheless provides a valuable source on the early development of the colony based at Sydney. 182: 4945: 4915: 1376:

was requisitioned and converted to accommodate the first Parliament House in 1829, as it was the largest building available in Sydney at the time.

2198:, it is awarded for "the best portrait, preferentially of some man or woman distinguished in Art, Letters, Science or Politics." Sydney's opulent 1028:

led a group of survivors of the Sydney clans into the settlement, establishing a continuous presence of Aboriginal Australians in settled Sydney.

2379:

The new Garden Island shipping dock was opened in March 1945, in time for the British Pacific Fleet to use it in its final push towards Japan.

517: 1664:

of 1879 showcased the colonial capital to the world. Some exhibits from this event were kept to constitute the original collection of the new

4887: 1357:

of 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists. Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies.

4532: 896: 4234: 1900:. Without a bridge connection, increasingly large fleets of steamers serviced the cross harbour routes and in the early twentieth century, 3708: 3173: 4662: 4310: 3785: 366: 4208: 1074:. A military garrison was established on the Hawkesbury in 1795. The death toll from 1794 to 1800 was 26 settlers and up to 200 Darug. 257: 177: 105: 4336: 3887: 2834: 2281: 1650:

was established and would grow to be the favourite football code of the city. In 1878 the inaugural first class cricket match at the

327: 2357:

entered Sydney Harbour to attack shipping located there. One torpedo struck the sea wall against which the converted harbour ferry

1916: 1646:

began in Sydney that year. Initially widely popular, the code would later assume secondary popularity in Sydney, when in 1907, the

1627:

worked here at this time and created some of the masterpieces of newly developing and distinctively Australian styles of painting.

3853: 1205:

as a magistrate. London judged his public works to be too expensive and society was scandalised by his treatment of emancipists.

133: 5188:

focuses on the histories of Sydney's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, in the City of Sydney from 1788 onwards.

2396:

between 1947 and 1971. The newly created Cumberland County Council oversaw low-density residential developments, the largest at

5073: 2868: 2334: 1661: 1150: 991:

commercial buildings. Phillip promptly ignored his own plan, and unplanned development became a feature of Sydney's topography.

262: 110: 4172: 1511: 1070:, burned crops, killed livestock and raided settler huts and stores in a pattern of resistance that was to be repeated as the 5147: 5118: 4710: 3958: 3506: 2844: 2632: 2426:

and government officials. However, soon after it opened in 1973 it became a major tourist attraction and symbol of the city.

1687:, was completed in 1898 on the site of the old Sydney markets. Built as a monument to the popular and long reigning monarch, 3598: 2054:

When the six colonies federated on 1 January 1901, Sydney became the capital of the State of New South Wales. The spread of

4454: 4428: 2376:

women of Sydney. Thousands of Australian war brides moved to the United States with their American husbands after the war.

2190: 1748: 1402:

principles to governance in the colony, pursuing the establishment of equality before the law, by extending jury rights to

574:. The town of Sydney was declared a city in 1842, and a local government was established. In 1901, the Australian colonies 217: 128: 123: 118: 4584: 2542: 1458:

HRH Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, to lay a foundation stone on 4 April 1868, even before colonial authorities on

5297: 2785: 2765: 2364:

was moored. The blast sank the Kuttabul, killing 19 Australian and two British naval personnel who were asleep on board.

2308: 1743: 1451: 1361: 1173:

from 1810 to 1821 and had a leading role in the social and economic development of Sydney which saw it transition from a

583: 455: 192: 157: 29: 3945: 2485: 1860: 510: 4757: 1527:'s vision for Sydney included the construction of grand public buildings and institutions fit for a colonial capital. 1186:

was completed in 1815, opening the way for large scale farming and grazing in the lightly-wooded pastures west of the

4060: 3674: 3530: 3271:"The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepang industry across two centuries" 3238: 3213: 3144: 3119: 3057: 2987: 2111: 390: 307: 5030: 5213: 3078: 2741: 2573: 2531: 1558: 1426: 1383: 1183: 332: 312: 267: 247: 227: 152: 4137: 2488:

nurtured the budding careers of actors innumerable, some of whom forged their early careers in the city. In 1998,

1553:

Macquarie set aside a large portion of land for an Anglican Cathedral and laid the foundation stone for the first

5260: 4975: 4941: 4910: 3555: 3204:

Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788-1822". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).

3135:

Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788-1822". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).

1635: 606: 197: 172: 4498: 3950: 2635:

featured a theatrical rendering of Australian history through dance and a torch lighting by Aboriginal athlete

2493: 2195: 1864: 1596: 1554: 1306: 919:

between Aboriginal people and British explorers occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at

300: 187: 91: 4732: 4283: 3448: 3475: 2616: 2397: 2038: 2003: 1897: 1532: 1106: 503: 317: 252: 242: 202: 1481:

led to further demands for "British institutions" in New South Wales, which meant an elected parliament and

5058: 4860: 4614: 4387:

The Cable Trams of Sydney and the Experiments Leading to Final Electrification of the Tramways Wylie, R.F.

4097: 3498: 1647: 1562: 1411: 1338: 916: 450: 295: 3626: 3421: 2580: 2209:

was considered indecent until the early 20th century. In defiance of these restrictions, in October 1902,

4938:"3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2015–16: Media Release Sydney population hits 5 million" 3691: 2674: 2497: 2296: 2139: 2138:

sub-tropical splendours." Meanwhile, a congress of the "Aborigines of Australia", declared 26 January "A

2107: 2022: 2007: 1639: 1539:

to the "recreation and amusement of the inhabitants of the town and a field of exercises for the troops".

1523:

Over the course of the 19th-century Sydney established many of its major cultural institutions. Governor

1430: 1365: 1250: 1170: 1110: 776: 222: 1698: 1695:, has drawn comparisons to "parts of London, particularly given the predominance of the London terrace". 1466:

by architect J. H. Willson was chosen which took its inspiration from the French style of the

5363: 4401: 4388: 4375: 4362: 2780: 2585: 2409: 2312: 2014: 1999: 1796: 1214: 1045: 772: 475: 414: 378: 232: 5056:"Premier Mike Baird reveals North West Rail Link trains will run every four minutes in peak periods". 2753: 2387: 2047: 1730: 1607:

formed around the foreshores of Sydney Harbour in the 1880s and 1890s at idyllique locations such as

1589: 1454:

in 1843, again with voting rights (for males only) tied to property ownership or financial capacity.

322: 237: 162: 5163: 4750:"Remembering 1942: Sydney Under Attack: Japanese Midget Submarine [Australian War Memorial]" 4725:"Remembering 1942: Sydney Under Attack: Japanese Midget Submarine [Australian War Memorial]" 4636: 2907: 2652:"I am proud and happy to proclaim that you have presented to the world the best Olympic Games ever." 5314: 5282: 2527: 2285: 2273: 2205:

During the 19th century, Sydney's beaches had become popular seaside holiday resorts, but daylight

2013:

Electrification started in 1898, and most of the system was converted by 1910. The privately owned

1893: 1711: 1604: 1569: 1528: 1459: 1415: 1369: 1311: 1071: 976: 931: 2673:, Sydney's longest-serving mayor from 2004 – present. From 1991 to 2007, Sydneysiders governed as 2202:

opened in 1928 and after restoration in the 1990s remains one of the nation's finest auditoriums.

2110:. The Depression also exacerbated political divisions. In March 1932, when populist Labor premier 1738:

as a daily publication in 1831; it continues to be published to this day. Two Sydney journalists,

1503:

Grand Central Coffee Palace in the 1890s. At the height of the Victorian era in Australia, ornate

4536: 2316: 2199: 1680: 1676: 1467: 1387: 1018: 980: 613: 575: 212: 100: 34: 4861:"2021 Census of Population and Housing, General community profile, Greater Sydney, Table GO9(c)" 4414: 4242: 5292: 5267: 3022: 2745: 2737: 2721: 2669:, became the first woman to hold that office in 2003. She was in turn succeeded by independent 2644: 2481: 2459: 2350: 2150: 1920: 1901: 1846: 1824: 1482: 1478: 1407: 839: 617: 544: 541: 537: 4666: 4314: 2724:, 34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas. The city's first dedicated 1939:

operations were privatised in 2015 with vessels and facilities remaining in public ownership.

2608: 2547: 2514: 2489: 2471: 2249: 2130:(by the beginning of the 21st century, the figure stood at around 160,000 vehicles per day). 2115: 2086: 1927: 1725: 1651: 1342: 1283: 1229: 1125: 1011: 402: 22: 4361:

The 1861 Pitt Street Tramway and the Contemporary Horse Drawn Railway Proposals Wylie, R.F.

4212: 3888:"Our Democracy: Democracy timeline — Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House" 2740:

suburbs of the city, while a future line to open in 2024 will run under Sydney Harbour from

5206: 3759: 3453: 2939: 2775: 2710: 2702: 2662: 2628: 2624: 2358: 2292: 1965: 1885: 1782: 1581: 1471: 1399: 1242: 1187: 935:

Asia-Pacific region and its potential to provide much-needed timber and flax for the navy.

587: 443: 272: 67: 4340: 4127:. (8 March 1864). Empire (Sydney, NSW : 1850 – 1875), p. 5. Retrieved 5 February 2019 3891: 2322: 1775: 8: 5309: 5250: 4194: 3734: 2706: 2612: 2565: 2327: 1642:(or then, The Southern RU – SRU) was established in 1874, and the tradition of an annual 1585: 1546: 1504: 1421: 1353: 438: 426: 419: 407: 371: 290: 38: 3073: 2480:

in 1986 (a film which begins with scenes of Sydney) while theatre institutions like the

5243: 4288: 3327: 3292: 2805: 2368:

the first attack, two submarines lying off shore fired shells on Sydney and Newcastle.

2134: 2095: 2072: 1973: 1090: 624: 548: 4568: 3940: 1947: 1341:– although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the 5342: 5304: 5287: 5277: 5272: 5255: 5233: 5143: 5114: 4494: 4455:"Australian Historical Population Statistics, 3105.0.65.001, Population distribution" 4056: 3972: 3964: 3954: 3670: 3526: 3502: 3385:

Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".

3331: 3234: 3209: 3140: 3115: 3053: 2983: 2840: 2795: 2770: 2714: 2620: 2600: 2354: 2165: 2085:

lunges forward to beat Premier Jack Lang to the cutting of the ribbon to declare the

1832: 1669: 1624: 1577: 1573: 1536: 1524: 1499: 1494: 1438: 1379: 1246: 1144: 1062:

people intensified, reaching a peak from 1794 to 1810. Bands of Darug people, led by

938: 431: 395: 1979:

Sydney's first tram was horse-drawn, running from the old Sydney Railway station to

1531:

began to take shape as a ceremonial thoroughfare of grand buildings. He founded the

1318: 4180: 3823: 3319: 3282: 2698: 2690: 2476: 2245: 2238: 2119: 2102: 2082: 2043: 1935: 1931: 1877: 1477:

The end of convict transportation and the rapid growth of population following the

1463: 1326: 1198: 1055: 1051: 984: 493: 207: 42: 5332: 5199: 5102: 4781: 3997: 3323: 2836:

Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records

2353:

infiltrated New South Wales waters and on the night of 31 May–1 June 1942, three

2226: 2185: 2177: 2169: 2064: 1991:

owners – as well as the fatal accident involving the leading Australian musician

1959: 1739: 1616: 1373: 1287: 1202: 1179: 909: 759: 598: 571: 4432: 2462:) rose out of Sydney during the period, as did influential artists like painter 1964:

Sydney once had the largest tram system in Australia, the second largest in the

1161: 567:

of British ships in 1788 and the foundation of a penal colony by Great Britain.

4588: 3206:

The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I, Indigenous and colonial Australia

3137:

The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia

2694: 2569: 2463: 2451: 2300: 2210: 2055: 1952: 1911:

service, and its large ship-like ferries that negotiate the beam swells of the

1801: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1720: 1692: 1688: 1608: 1079: 955: 2078: 1542: 1113:. At least 39 convicts were killed in the uprising and subsequent executions. 5357: 4124: 3968: 2729: 2725: 2666: 2636: 2604: 2589: 2558: 2508: 2304: 2218: 1980: 1889: 1703: 1600: 1516: 1507:

coffee palaces were constructed as a reflection of the wealth of the country.

1395: 1254: 1225: 1136: 1121: 1117: 702: 671: 3976: 3114:(5th ed.). Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–35. 2433: 2423: 1155:

A map of the County of Cumberland in the Colony of New South Wales 1840–1860

81: 18: 5110: 3696:(7th ed.). Sydney: E. A. Petherick & Co., Sydney. pp. 311–15. 3287: 3270: 2733: 2678: 2670: 2658: 2593: 2401: 2338: 2217:

only to be escorted from the water by the police – but the following year,

2060: 1992: 1912: 1840: 1754: 1684: 1643: 1279: 1174: 1143:

Following a brief period of military rule, Bligh was succeeded by Governor

959: 901: 860: 755: 2071:

commemorations in the city to this day. The city's main war memorial, the

1429:; one of the earliest established courts in Australia, pictured alongside 1182:, linking Sydney and Parramatta, was opened in 1811 and a road across the 2800: 2686: 2682: 2455: 2447: 2346: 2253: 2222: 2214: 2206: 2154: 2106:

along coastal Sydney and Botany Bay, the largest being "Happy Valley" at

1984: 1908: 1873: 1828: 1813: 1707: 1631: 1620: 1612: 1347: 1295: 1210: 963: 951: 943: 564: 3296: 2264: 5179: 4141: 3310:

Warren Christopher (2013). "Smallpox at Sydney Cove – Who, When, Why".

2790: 2502: 2467: 2234: 1881: 1403: 1334: 1194: 1036: 972: 920: 905: 825: 801: 738: 664: 639:

Aboriginal clans of Sydney area, as recorded by early British settlers

602: 534:

is the story of the peoples of the land that has become modern Sydney.

4311:"The birth of the newspaper in Australia – Australia's Culture Portal" 3344:

Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788–1822". In

1576:

started collecting the exhibits of Australia's oldest museum–Sydney's

5135: 2418: 2405: 2123: 2068: 1919:

and its forerunners ran commuter and weekend exclusioner services to

1819: 1599:

building began construction in 1896. Inspired by the works of French

1025: 579: 167: 3828: 3811: 2982:(2nd ed.). Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 19–25. 1675:

Many grand public buildings were built during the 19th century. The

1580:–in 1826 and the current building opened to the public in 1857. The 5185: 2627:. Sydney captured global attention in the Year 2000 by hosting the 2474:

to local TV star, then global film star with his hugely successful

2181: 1656:

Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales

1364:, was created in Sydney in 1825 as an appointed body to advise the 1209:

divide between poor and working class residents living west of the

1063: 655: 570:

From 1788 to 1900, Sydney was the capital of the British colony of

556: 4111: 1102:

official permission, in what was now commonly called Sydney town.

563:

people.The modern history of the city began with the arrival of a

2749: 1807: 1082:(April 1816) in which at least 14 Aboriginal people were killed. 1067: 924: 847: 746: 2554: 1666:

Technological, Industrial and Sanitary Museum of New South Wales

1310:

The opening of Australia's first elected Parliament at Sydney's

1131: 540:

have inhabited the Sydney region for at least 30,000 years, and

5222: 4888:"SYDNEY 2000: CLOSING CEREMONY; A FOND FAREWELL FROM AUSTRALIA" 4573:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. 4264: 4004:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. 3562:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. 3482:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. 2860: 2230: 1969: 1275: 873: 552: 4337:"Henry Lawson: Australian writer – Australia's Culture Portal" 4049:

A Short Electoral History of the Sydney City Council 1842–1992

2902: 2900: 2898: 2017:

to Redbank Wharf (Duck River) steam tram remained until 1943.

1442:

assist female immigration and family support in the colonies.

1345:, thus notions of the rights and processes established by the 1058:, north-west of Sydney, conflict between the settlers and the 881:

South side of Port Jackson, from Darling Harbour to Rose Hill

4640: 2033: 1333:

The first government established in Sydney after 1788 was an

1059: 1406:, then legal protections to convicts, assigned servants and 4525: 3739:

The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library oif New South Wales

2895: 1892:

took alighting ferry passengers up the North Shore line to

632: 560: 5174: 4786:

The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales

4707:"Bradleys Head Fortification Complex, Mosman, NSW Profile" 3525:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 118–19. 3208:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–114. 2492:

opened as a major movie studio, occupying the site of the

5191: 1988: 4374:

The Inauguration of Sydney's Steam Tramways Wylie, R.F.

2500:– going on to produce such commercially viable films as 2194:, who died in 1919. Administered by the Trustees of the 2180:

was awarded in 1921. Now regarded as the most important

1470:. To this day, the Hall remains the civic office of the 1462:

had approved the plan. That same year, a design for the

4173:"AGNSW – History of the Art Gallery of New South Wales" 3851: 3651:

Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s".

3580:, www.jstor.org/stable/41110599. Accessed 20 July 2021. 2213:, wearing a neck to knee costume, entered the water at 1193:

Central to Macquarie's policy was his treatment of the

3858: