History of Persian domes

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35 meters from the ground. They are where windows are located. Inner shells are commonly semi-circular, semi-elliptical, pointed, or saucer shaped. The outer shell of a Persian dome reduces in thickness every 25 or 30 degrees from the base. Outer shells can be semi-circular, semi-elliptical, pointed, conical, or bulbous, and this outer shape is used to categorize them. Pointed domes can be sub-categorized as having shallow, medium, and sharp profiles, and bulbous domes as either shallow or sharp. Double domes use internal stiffeners with wooden struts between the shells, with the exception of those with conical outer shells.

1739: 1251: 20: 1587: 605: 1603: 685: 1051:, contemporary Christian buildings, and Islamic architecture from the east. There are some muqarnas domes of the Iraqi type, but most domes are slightly pointed hemispheres on either muqarnas pendentives or double zones of squinches and made of masonry, rather than brick and plaster. The domes cover single bay structures or are just a part of larger constructions. Syrian mausoleums consist of a square stone chamber with a single entrance and a mihrab and a brick lobed dome with two rows of squinches. The dome at the 637: 665: 1012: 1430:(1417–1433) and the madrasa at Ḵargerd (1436–1443), had dramatically innovative interiors. They used intersecting arches to support an inner dome narrower than the floor below, a change that may have originated with the 14th century use of small lantern domes over transverse vaulting. The madrasa of Gawhar Shad is also the first triple-shell dome. The middle dome may have been added as reinforcement. Triple-shelled domes are rare outside of the Timurid era. The dome of the 1027:. The use of stucco to form the muqarnas pattern, suspended by a wooden framework from the exterior vault, was the least common in Iraq, although it would be very popular in North Africa and Spain. Because it used two shells, however, windows were restricted to the bases of the domes. They were otherwise used frequently in this type. In Iraq, the most common form was a single shell of brick, with the reverse of the interior pattern visible on the exterior. The Damascus 862: 1231: 1766: 479:, a series of concentric arches forming a half-cone over the corner of a room, enabled the transition from the walls of a square chamber to an octagonal base for a dome. Previous transitions to a dome from a square chamber existed but were makeshift in quality and only attempted on a small scale, not being reliable enough for large constructions. The squinch enabled domes to be widely used and they moved to the forefront of Persian architecture as a result. 93: 1460:(1501–1732) are characterized by a distinctive bulbous profile and are considered to be the last generation of Persian domes. They are generally thinner than earlier domes and are decorated with a variety of colored glazed tiles and complex vegetal patterns. A popular feature of Safavid architecture was the inclusion of symmetrical pairs of key elements, including dome chambers. Extensive and colorful tilework was used in this period, including 453: 1751: 1782: 259: 498:(224–240) of the Sasanian Empire, have the earliest known examples of squinches. The three domes of the Palace of Ardashir are 45 feet in diameter and vertically elliptical, each with a central opening or oculus to admit light. They were built with local stone and mortar and covered with plaster on the interior. At the center of the palace of Shahpur, at Bishapur, there is a vertically- 1381: 1834:(1251-1253) was decorated with a mosaic of glazed tiles in an intricate geometric pattern that may have been applied a section at a time in polyhedral panels. Other patterns, such as concentric 10-pointed stars, were created by alternating horizontally-oriented plain bricks with glazed bricks rotated 90 degrees. The dome of Taş (Alaaddin) Mosque (1258) in 1212:(1351–1352) is the earliest known example in which the two shells of the dome have significantly different profiles, which spread rapidly throughout the region. The inner and outer shells had radial stiffeners and struts between them. An early example of a dome chamber almost completely covered with decorative tilework is that of the 938:, a rival of Nizam al-Mulk, built another dome at the opposite end of the same mosque with interlacing ribs forming five-pointed stars and pentagons. This is considered the landmark Seljuk dome, and may have inspired subsequent patterning and the domes of the Il-Khanate period. The five-fold geometry of this design, a spherical 1340:. Muqarnas features held in place by "slats and scaffolding anchored by mortar" were used in the interior to hide the squinches, arches, and vaults actually supporting the domes. The external zone of transition to the dome was reduced or removed, such as stepped features, polygonal drums, and galleries. 1184:

as a pilgrimage site. This did not occur and it became his own mausoleum instead. The dome measures 50 meters high and almost 25 meters in diameter and has the best surviving tile and stucco work from this period. The thin, double-shelled dome was reinforced by arches between the layers. The dome has

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are examples, before conservation efforts. The largest Seljuq domed chamber was the Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar, which had a large double shell, intersecting ribs over plain squinches, and an exterior elaborately decorated at the zone of transition with arches and stucco work. The tomb of Sultan Sanjar, who

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on eight outer round columns, open on all sides. A sixteen-sided zone of transition was used below the dome. The southern half of the dome is made of stone, indicating repairs after a partial collapse. The date of the original construction was included in a brick inscription band just below the dome,

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has been dated to perhaps the first century AD. It "shows the existence of a monumental domical tradition in Central Asia that had hitherto been unknown and which seems to have preceded Roman Imperial monuments or at least to have grown independently from them." It likely had a wooden dome. The room

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Persian domes from different historical eras can be distinguished by their transition tiers: the squinches, spandrels, or brackets that transition from the supporting structures to the circular base of a dome. Drums, after the Ilkanate era, tend to be very similar and have an average height of 30 to

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from the beginning of the thirteenth century. It has a brick pyramidal roof, usually covered in green glazed tiles. Of the five preserved examples, the finest is the shrine of Awn al-Din, which used tiny colored tiles to cover the muqarnas cells themselves and incorporates small muqarnas domes into

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built tower tombs, called "Turkish Triangles", as well as cube mausoleums covered with a variety of dome forms. Seljuk domes included conical, semi-circular, and pointed shapes in one or two shells. Shallow semi-circular domes are mainly found from the Seljuk era. The double-shell domes were either

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periods. Characteristic of these domes are the use of high drums and several types of discontinuous double-shells, and the development of triple-shells and internal stiffeners occurred at this time. Beginning in the Ilkanate, Persian domes achieved their final configuration of structural supports,

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dome chambers of Sasanian Fire Temples and consisted of three parts: the load-bearing system, the transition tier, and the dome itself. Double and triple shell domes had considerable space between the shells or could be connected and the outer shell could be conical, onion-shaped, or bulbous, with

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in the 7th century. These domes are the most numerous surviving type from the Sasanian period, with some having been converted into mosques. The later isolated dome chambers called the "kiosk mosque" type may have developed from this. Pre-Islamic domes in Persia are commonly semi-elliptical, with

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likely inherited an architectural tradition of dome-building dating back to the earliest Mesopotamian domes. In Central Asia, mudbrick domes have been documented as far back as the late third millennium BC. Buildings with domes made of un-fired bricks have been found at fourth century BC sites at

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around 1404, a timber framework on the inner dome supports the outer, bulbous dome. Radial tie-bars at the base of the bulbous dome provide additional structural support. Timber reinforcement rings and rings of stone linked by iron cramps were also used to compensate for the structural problems

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painted at Samarkand shows that bulbous cupolas were used to cover small wooden pavilions in Persia by the beginning of the 15th century. They gradually gained in popularity. The large, bulbous, fluted domes on tall drums that are characteristic of 15th century Timurid architecture were the

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describes a huge square Timurid pavilion tent with a dome at the top that resembled a castle from a distance due to its size. It measured one hundred paces on a side and was assembled from tall wooden masts stayed by ropes, with silk curtains between them. The tent had four archways and was

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of an architectural nature, indicates a possible tradition in central Asia of a funerary association with the domed form. The area of north-eastern Iran was, along with Egypt, one of two areas notable for early developments in Islamic domed mausoleums, which appear in the tenth century.

438:. The hall was used by the king for passing judgments and was decorated with a mosaic of blue stone to resemble the sky, with images of gods in gold. It may have been an audience tent; Philostratus described the ceiling as "constructed in the form of a dome like the heavens." 1434:(1437) has a semi-circular inner shell and an advanced system of stiffeners and wooden struts supporting a shallow pointed outer shell. Notably, the dome has a circular drum with two tiers. Another double shell dome from the early Seljuq period at the shrine complex of 1617: 1540: 893:. It is also possible, because the upper portions of both of the outer shells are missing, that some portion of the outer domes may have been wooden. These brick mausoleum domes were built without the use of centering, a technique developed in Persia. 953:(1135-1136) is the earliest existing example of the standard Iranian mosque type in which four iwans are arranged around a courtyard, with a dome behind the qibla iwan. The layout is found in a group of mosques in the region centered around Isfahan. 330:

bulbous shaped domes being the last and most influential development. The transition tiers used squinches or pendentives, and beginning in the Timurid period the curved surface was divided by a pattern of intersecting arches called an "arch net", or

1530:(1706-1714) have a similar exterior pattern against a background of light blue glazed tile. The bulbous dome of the Shah Mosque was built from 1611 to 1638 and is a discontinuous double-shell 33 meters wide and 52 meters high. The octagonal 1517:

in Isfahan (1603–1618), perhaps "the quintessential Persian dome chamber", blends the square room with the zone of transition and uses plain squinches like those of the earlier Seljuq period. On the exterior, multiple levels of glazed

577:, possibly starting from the early Sasanian empire, and are known to be part of the palatial architecture of Ardashir I. Such temples, square domed buildings with entrances at the axes, inspired the forms of early mosques after 648: 57:, a reliable method of supporting the circular base of a heavy dome upon the walls of a square chamber. Domes were built as part of royal palaces, castles, caravansaries, and temples, among other structures. 1670:. They include a network of small domes and windows to provide light to the interior. Palace gardens included open-plan domed pavilions. Safavid examples were expanded or imitated, as in the golden domes at 1362:

introduced by using such drums. Radial sections of brick walls with wooden struts were used between the shells of discontinuous double domes to provide structural stability as late at the 14th century.

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ruler was purported by a 16th century Arab historian to have been in a glass coffin suspended by chains from the ceiling, which corresponds to Buyid burial customs described in the 14th century.

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decorated their domes largely with patterns of interlocking bricks in the Persian tradition. Patterns included rotated bricks or whirling rosettes, which could include glazed bricks of black or

934:, was the largest masonry dome in the Islamic world at that time, had eight ribs, and introduced a new form of corner squinch with two quarter domes supporting a short barrel vault. In 1088 1426:

Mausoleums were rarely built as free-standing structures after the 14th century, being instead often attached to madrasas in pairs. Domes of these madrasas, such as those of the madrasa of

64:, mosque and mausoleum architecture also adopted and developed these forms. Structural innovations included pointed domes, drums, conical roofs, double and triple shells, and the use of 620: 889:

from the 11th century in Kharraqan, Iran, are the earliest known masonry double shell domes. The domes may have been modeled on earlier wooden double shell domes, such as that of the

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capital of Samarkand, nobles and rulers in the 14th and 15th centuries began building tombs with double-shelled domes containing cylindrical masonry drums between the shells. In the

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was built as an octagonal domed mausoleum with an innovative interior arrangement. One of the largest Seljuq domes, built over the site of a Sassanian Fire Temple, was that of the

902: 506:, also in Fars but later in date, shows more elaborate decoration and four windows between the corner squinches. Also called "the Temple of Anahita", the building may have been a 68:

and bulbous forms. Decorative brick patterning, interlaced ribs, painted plaster, and colorful tiled mosaics were used to decorate the exterior as well as the interior surfaces.

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discontinuous or continuous. The continuous double-shell domes separated from one another at an angle of 22.5 degrees from their base, such as the dome of the Friday mosque in

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region used a two story cubic structure covered by domes in two dissimilar shells, with a lack of structural knowledge resulting in damage to the outer pointed dome shells.

510:. Instead of using a central oculus in each dome, as at the Palace of Ardashir and as shown in the bas relief found at Kuyunjik, lighting was provided by a number of hollow 3012:

Ashkan, Maryam; Ahmad, Yahaya (2012). "Significance of conical and polyhedral domes in Persia and surrounding areas: morphology, typologies and geometric characteristics".

3440:Özgan, Sibel Yaseman; Özkar, Mine (2019), "The Dividing of the Sphere in Domes of Medieval Anatolia", in Magnaghi-Delfino, Paola; Mele, Giampiero; Norando, Tullia (eds.), 706:

Domed mausoleums contributed greatly to the development and spread of the dome in Persia early in the Islamic period. By the 10th century, domed tombs had been built for

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The movement to modern architecture meant less innovation in dome construction. Domes were built over madrasas, such as the 1848 Imam madrasa, or Sultani school, of

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of dome shells. They were frequently used in dome design. In the Timurid period, taller domes were built, often as double-shell domes, and melon domes were built in

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resulted primarily from the increased height of the zone of transition, with the addition of a sixteen-sided section above the main zone of muqarnas squinches. The

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roofing to vaulted and domed construction in the first century AD, at least in Mesopotamia. The domed sanctuary hall of the temple was preceded by a barrel vaulted

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zone of transition, drum, and shells, and subsequent evolution was restricted to variations in form and shell geometry. The construction of tomb towers decreased.

1031:(1172) and the shrine of Zumurrud Khatun in Baghdad are examples. The dome of Nur al-Din was originally hemispherical and similar to those of the mosques of the 816:. It dates to no later than 943 and is the first to have squinches create a regular octagon as a base for the dome, which then became the standard practice. The 1047:

The architecture of Syria and the Jazira includes the widest variety of forms in the medieval Islamic world, being influenced by the surviving architecture of

1570: 3698: 719: 129: 897: 1855: 3040:"Discontinuous Double-shell Domes through Islamic eras in the Middle East and Central Asia: History, Morphology, Typologies, Geometry, and Construction" 1266: 533:

and others, the dome could produce rain, and could be rotated with a sound like thunder by means of ropes pulled by horses in a basement. The castle of

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An ancient tradition of royal audience tents representing the heavens was translated into monumental stone and brick domes due to the invention of the

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in 1086-1087: once surrounded by roofless aisles on three sides, it may have been meant to be an independent structure. The congregational mosque at

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with a span of 15.2 meters. Dating from 1155, the dome interior is decorated with small pieces of turquoise tile set among carved plain brick. The

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Modern Perspectives in Western Art History: An Anthology of Twentieth-Century Writings on the Visual Arts (Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching)

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Gentry, T. Russell; Lesniewski, Anatoliusz "Tolek" (2011). "Structural Design and Construction of Brunelleschi's Duomo di Santa Maria del Fiore".

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at the optimum temperature in order to achieve the coloration. Small scale domes were included in palace architecture, utility structures, and

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Cylindrical or polygonal plan tower tombs with conical roofs over domes also exist beginning in the 11th century. The earliest example is the

1200:, sometimes have muqarnas domes, although they are usually plaster shells that hide the underlying structures. The tall proportions of the 1406: 1250: 289: 3590: 724: 1040:

the tiers of muqarnas supporting the large eight-sided star at the center. This design led to a further development at the shrine of

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Multiple written accounts from Arabic, Byzantine, and Western medieval sources describe a palace domed structure over the throne of

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held audiences and festivals in domical tents derived from the nomadic traditions of central Asia. They were likely similar to the

3304: 1826:(1247) used turquoise glazed bricks spaced between plain bricks to create a spiral pattern on the spherical surface, following 41 557:

fire temple structures with four supports arranged in a square, connected by four arches, and covered by central ovoid domes. The

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and, along with other structures at the site, hosted some sort of cult activities connected to the memory of the kings of kings."

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and reached a peak during the Mughal Empire. Persian dome chambers and use of double-shelled domes had a significant influence.

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The use of tile and of plain or painted plaster to decorate dome interiors, rather than brick, increased under the Seljuks. The

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has a dome that used exposed brick placed in alternating bands of horizontal and vertical orientations for decorative effect.

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culmination of the Central Asian and Iranian tradition of tall domes with glazed tile coverings in blue and other colors. The

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Born, Wolfgang (April 1944). "The Introduction of the Bulbous Dome into Gothic Architecture and its Subsequent Development".

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Most of the examples of muqarnas domes are found in Iraq and the Jazira, dated from the middle of the twelfth century to the

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Stronach, David (1976). "On the Evolution of the Early Iranian Fire Temple". In Loicq, Jean; Duchesne-Guillemin, J. (eds.).

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style of dome-building. Where dome chambers were surrounded by axial iwans and corner rooms on an octagonal plan, as at the

1602: 1230: 144: 134: 124: 1708:(1852–1853), first appeared in the Qajar period. Domes have remained important in modern mausoleums, such as the tombs of 1301: 1409:, measuring 18.2 m in diameter. The dome exterior is covered with hexagonal green glazed tiles with gold patterns. 1189:, built a century later. The mausoleum is the only remaining important building to survive from Öljaitü's capital city. 1172:, the latter having been built to rival the former. Öljaitü was the first sovereign of Persia to declare himself of the 1438:

was changed in the Timurid period in 1300 by the addition of a third conical shell over the existing two domed shells.

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in the tenth century. An octagonal domed pavilion built in 999 under the Buyid dynasty was later incorporated into the

664: 1035:, but it has been replaced with a style of dome similar to those used in local shrines. A third type is found only in 831:, 57 meters high and spanning 9.7 meters, which was built in 1007. Although no burial has been found at the site, the 114: 3066:

Blair, Sheila S. (1983). "The Octagonal Pavilion at Natanz: A Reexamination of Early Islamic Architecture in Iran".

3146: 1113: 885:, whereas the discontinuous domes remained completely separate, such as those of the tower tombs of Kharrqan. This 3717: 1398: 1385: 1343: 926:, although domed rooms may have also been used earlier in small neighborhood mosques. The domed enclosure of the 282: 749:

governor of Mosul before 930, had a high dome supported by columns and had entrances on all sides. Reportedly,

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to these sites may have helped to spread the form. The earliest surviving example in Islamic architecture, the

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Although the Sasanians did not create monumental tombs, the domed chahar-taqi may have served as memorials. A

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Mosque, 13.5 meters wide and built from 1152 to 1157, has an unusual design similar to the dome added to the

364:. Called "Heavens", these tents emphasized the cosmic significance of the divine ruler. They were adopted by 1874: 3639:

Swoboda, Karl M. (May 1961). "The Problem of the Iconography of Late Antique and Early Mediaeval Palaces".

1915: 1851: 1087: 3147:"The Transformation of Sacred Space, Topography, and Royal Ritual in Persia and the Ancient Iranian World" 1765: 582:

pointed domes and those with conical outer shells being the majority of the domes in the Islamic periods.

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An account of a Parthian domed palace hall from around 100 AD in the city of Babylon can be found in the

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of India. The influence of Persian architecture in India, particularly in mosques, increased during the

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in Samarkand was damaged by an earthquake during Timur's lifetime. It was built between 1398 and 1405.

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Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 20th-24th January 2003

1667: 1487:(1465) had its interior covered with "dark-blue hexagonal tiles with stenciled gilding". The palace of 1309: 1205: 275: 3039: 1373: 578: 422: 396: 61: 3697:

Tappin, Stuart (2003). "The Structural Development of Masonry Domes in India". In Huerta, S. (ed.).

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Nickel, Lukas (2015), "Bricks in Ancient China and the Question of Early Cross-Asian Interaction",

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or loxodromes, that changes to a different alternating pattern near the top. The spherical dome of

1717: 965: 574: 548: 1750: 768:. The original free-standing structure was a central dome on eight piers surrounding by a vaulted 1823: 1577: 1519: 1514: 1257: 1201: 1056: 950: 927: 854: 319: 3575: 3426: 3204: 1675: 1655: 1651: 1416: 961: 828: 765: 224: 1903: 42:

have an ancient origin and a history extending to the modern era. The use of domes in ancient

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sect of Islam and built the mausoleum, with the largest Persian dome, to house the bodies of

214: 24: 1052: 1860: 1839: 1663: 1557: 1531: 1316:, included five methods of drawing an arch profile and he created methods to calculate the 1295: 1273: 1193: 1138: 1041: 981: 865: 302: 3508:"Persian Architecture: A Source of Inspiration for Mughal Imperial Mosques in North India" 3489: 8: 3206:

Eleventh North American Masonry Conference (NAMC). Minneapolis, Minnesota. June 5–8, 2011

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method for creating a variety of dome configurations using practical geometry. His book,

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kings built high domes over their tombs and the tombs of minor princes had lower domes.

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resulted in the "unusual sight of Ṣafawid-style domes topped by a cross" in that city.

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In Afghanistan, Timurid ribbed domes with glazed tiles began to be built in the 1420s.

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Acta Iranica, Encyclopédie Permanente des Études Iraniennes, Deuxième Serié, Volume XI

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In the 10th century, domed mausoleums of the domed square type became popular in the

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and gold. The dome was covered with depictions of the sun, moon, stars, planets, the

353: 347: 3518:(4). Jawa Timur, Indonesia: International Center for Islamic Architecture: 744–749. 3218: 1938:. Safavid domes were also influential on those of other Islamic styles, such as the 1156:

The two major domes of the IlKhanate period are the no-longer-existing mausoleum of

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Creswell, K. A. C. (February 1915). "Persian Domes before 1400 A.D. (conclusion)".

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was a mausoleum with a square base roofed with two shells. Domed mausoleums in the

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that rests directly on the ground and is dated to 260. The large brick dome of the

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The remains of a large domed circular hall measuring 17 meters in diameter in the

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After the Timurid period, dome architecture was developed in local styles of the

1831: 1507: 1457: 1451: 1435: 1350: 1337: 1291: 1181: 832: 738: 499: 447: 415: 387: 381: 315: 3311:, vol. 25, University of Toronto Press (published 1989), pp. 227–270, 1100:, was built with a discontinuous double-shell dome with an outer conical shell. 537:

had a domed chamber at the end of a long barrel-vaulted iwan. The late-Sasanian

3767: 1287: 1060: 1048: 1006: 977: 877: 729:, was an octagonal structure with a central dome on a drum built around 892 in 593:

appears to depict a funerary dome (possibly a tent) and this, along with a few

554: 251: 166: 3420: 3058: 1838:, Afyon, used diamonds and a 16-pointed concentric star pattern. The domes of 1468:

patterns on dome exteriors, enabled by the use of less expensive large square

3761: 3594:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 956–961. 3585: 1891: 1713: 1709: 1689:, but they have relatively simple appearances and do not use tiled mosaics. 1642: 1473: 1146: 1109: 1093: 931: 844: 750: 534: 491: 472: 425:

in Rome, its shape apparently due to the use of a light tent-like framework.

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of Roman and Byzantine practice was presumably inspired by this association.

361: 171: 3624:. Belgium: Centre International d'Études Indo-iraniennes. pp. 605–628. 3524: 3404: 1704:. An exaggerated style of onion dome on a short drum, as can be seen at the 1011: 3154:

Heaven on Earth: Temples, Ritual, and Cosmic Symbolism in the Ancient World

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Wilber, Donald N. (1979). "The Timurid Court: Life in Gardens and Tents".

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impeded developments in geometry between 1000 and 1400. The mathematician

1224:. The development of taller drums also continued into the Timurid period. 1063:, with its well integrated dome of about 10 meters, is the masterpiece of 2423: 1427: 935: 923: 861: 809: 793: 507: 43: 3412: 1865:

was a cylindrical mausoleum with two shells: a dome and a conical roof.

1534:(1617–1622) uses the oldest version of the Safavid onion dome type. The 907:

has been dated to the 11th or 12th century and used brick arranged in a

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The earliest known Islamic domes in Persia, such as the Great Mosque of

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feature a central dome with smaller domes on either side and elaborate

1638: 1469: 1420: 1402: 1354: 1241: 1173: 1169: 769: 715: 711: 511: 495: 219: 176: 3660: 3603:(illustrated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press. 3274: 3245: 3195: 3174: 3098:

Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set

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Hillenbrand, R. (1989). "Architecture". In Ferrier, Ronald W. (ed.).

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Creswell, K. A. C. (January 1915). "Persian Domes before 1400 A.D.".

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surrounded by a lower attached portico or gallery on all four sides.

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was designed according to the geometric principles of mathematicians

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Tabbaa, Yasser (1985). "The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning".

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An Introduction to Shell Structures: the Art and Science of Vaulting

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Grabar, Oleg (March 1990). "From Dome of Heaven to Pleasure Dome".

3237: 3156:, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, pp. 319–372 2828: 2816: 1729: 1725: 1701: 1064: 1032: 969: 957: 882: 821: 813: 782: 452: 421:

A bulbous Parthian dome can be seen in the relief sculpture of the

311: 209: 65: 2624: 1918:(ca. 1598), they provided the model for Indian mausoleums such as 824:

between the squinches for a more unified transition to the dome.

3352:(softcover ed.). New York, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1561: 1499: 1491:

includes small domed rooms decorated with artificial vegetation.

801: 761: 730: 671: 655: 627: 594: 558: 476: 229: 54: 28: 3539:(unabridged ed.). Yale University Press. pp. 271–294. 1522:

are blended with an unglazed brick background. The domes of the

781:, suggesting that the structure was a shrine to a descendant of 529:, astrapai, and kings, including Chosroes himself. According to 3288:(unabridged ed.). Yale University Press. pp. 81–108. 2965: 2684: 2636: 2351: 1907: 1792: 1686: 1461: 1321: 1197: 1161: 1157: 919: 757: 734: 562: 526: 199: 194: 3027:

Archnet-IJAR (International Journal of Architectural Research)

1835: 258: 3599:

Stephenson, Davis; Hammond, Victoria; Davi, Keith F. (2005).

2929: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2556: 2554: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2179: 2177: 2042: 1923: 1910:

architecture of the region around Transoxiana maintained the

1358: 1333: 1329: 1036: 990: 820:, also in Transoxiana, may be dated to 977–78 and uses 742: 414:, a combination that would be used by the subsequent Persian 403: 3579: 3533:

Scarce, J. (1989). "Tilework". In Ferrier, Ronald W. (ed.).

3190:(143). The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.: 208–213. 3169:(142). The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.: 146–155. 2648: 2447: 2708: 2602: 2600: 1846:(1297-1301) used small spiral segments to create patterned 986: 869: 573:

are examples. They are numerous throughout the province of

411: 357: 352:

Although they had palaces of brick and stone, the kings of

84: 46:

was carried forward through a succession of empires in the

3647:(2). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 78–89. 3261:(1). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 15–21. 2977: 2917: 2900: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2744: 2720: 2672: 2566: 2551: 2534: 2510: 2387: 2375: 2302: 2300: 2273: 2237: 2174: 2126: 703:(976), seem to have continued the rounded Sasanian form. 406:

appears to indicate a transition from columned halls with

2953: 2941: 2804: 2756: 2696: 2612: 2498: 2486: 2474: 2363: 2317: 2315: 2285: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1772: 1380: 1208:

was built around 1340. The 7.5 meter wide double dome of

1177: 696: 589:

painting fragment from the early eighth century found at

2989: 2597: 2435: 2201: 2162: 2150: 2078: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 918:

introduced the domed enclosure in front of the mosque's

3494:, Republic of Kazakhstan National Commission for UNESCO 2411: 2297: 2189: 2102: 2030: 1930:. Some of the earliest surviving domed markets, called 1185:

been proposed as an influence on the design of that of

325:

Persian dome chambers in mosques were derived from the

2780: 2464: 2462: 2399: 2327: 2312: 2213: 985:

reigned from 1117 to 1157, was damaged in the sack of

3598: 2888: 2522: 2339: 2267: 2249: 2225: 2138: 2054: 1979: 3601:

Visions of Heaven: the Dome in European Architecture

3023:"Persian Domes: History, Morphology, and Typologies" 2876: 2732: 2660: 2090: 2066: 1955: 3446:, vol. 88, Springer Nature, pp. 165–176, 3095:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). 2768: 2459: 2114: 1967: 1650:built a series of mosques named "Masjid-i Shāh" at 514:cylinders set into the domes at regular intervals. 471:used the domed bay from the Sasanian period to the 334:, which had its culmination in the Safavid period. 314:. Due to the scarcity of wood in many areas of the 3706:. Madrid: I. Juan de Herrera. pp. 1941–1952. 3641:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 3255:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 3226:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 3376:(second ed.). Abingdon, England: Routledge. 3016:. Persian Architecture and Mathematics (275–290). 1811:The Melik Gazi tomb in Turkey was built in 1200. 1472:-painted tiles that were not dependent on firing 3759: 3202: 3053:(2). Turin, Italy: Kim Williams Books: 287–319. 2453: 1216:(1364), as well as several of the mausoleums of 1192:Tower tombs of this period, such as the tomb of 1153:shrine complex was built between 1000 and 1325. 368:after his conquest of the empire, and the domed 3021:Ashkan, Maryam; Ahmad, Yahaya (November 2009). 1879:(1369) used a discontinuous double-shell dome. 1133:, Persian architecture again flourished in the 642:Ruins of the Baze Hoor Zoroastrian temple, Iran 2792: 1906:(1535-1536) are other Shaybanid examples. The 3560:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 3491:Architectural Complex of Khodja Akhmed Yasawi 756:Free-standing domed pavilions are known from 283: 3443:Faces of Geometry. From Agnesi to Mirzakhani 3331:(2 ed.). Abingdon, England: Routledge. 1545:, begun in 1380, was completed around 1700. 942:, has led to speculation that mathematician 3399:, École française d’Extrême-Orient: 49–62, 3281: 3124:(2). Medieval Academy of America: 208–221. 3037: 3020: 3011: 2983: 2971: 2923: 2911: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2750: 2726: 2702: 2690: 2678: 2642: 2591: 2560: 2545: 2516: 2504: 2429: 2417: 2393: 2381: 2369: 2279: 2243: 2183: 2084: 2048: 1407:largest existing brick dome in Central Asia 1346:Mausoleum in Uzbekistan was built in 1400. 3439: 3418: 3094: 2959: 2947: 2935: 2630: 2618: 2492: 2480: 2024: 1302:mass killings by Mongol and Timurid troops 545:may also have led to a domed throne room. 290: 276: 130:Medieval Arabic and Western European domes 3557:The Dome: A Study in the History of Ideas 3523: 3505: 3345: 3324: 3160: 2995: 2441: 2207: 2195: 2168: 2156: 2036: 1732:remain common sights in the countryside. 3617: 3467: 3184:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 3181: 3163:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 2786: 2654: 2306: 2108: 1526:(later renamed the Imam Mosque) and the 1379: 1129:After the disruptive effects of several 1010: 922:, which would become popular in Persian 860: 848: 683: 451: 62:introduction of Islam in the 7th century 18: 3736:. Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 127–133. 3638: 3302: 3219:"The Islamic Dome, Some Considerations" 2231: 2219: 2132: 679: 3760: 3727: 3696: 3667: 3574: 3532: 3471:The Dictionary of Islamic Architecture 3390: 3366: 3252: 3216: 3144: 3038:Ashkan, Maryam; Ahmad, Yahaya (2010). 2894: 2882: 2762: 2738: 2714: 2666: 2606: 2528: 2345: 2321: 2291: 2255: 2144: 2096: 2072: 1973: 1961: 3553: 3065: 2468: 2405: 2357: 2333: 2120: 2060: 1898:was built between 1646 and 1660. The 1070: 773:making it the earliest dated dome in 3506:Saquib, Mohammad; Ali, Asif (2023). 3115: 2774: 341: 2268:Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005 777:. The ambulatory may have been for 13: 3488: 3307:, in Kleinbauer, W. Eugène (ed.), 2798: 1308:(1390-1450) further developed the 579:the Islamic conquest of the empire 441: 375: 318:, domes were an important part of 71: 14: 3784: 1854:was built between 1279 and 1280. 1623:The tomb of Amin-edin Jabrail in 1281: 1000: 626:Ruins of a Zoroastrian Temple in 553:, or "four vaults", were smaller 3474:. Abingdon, England: Routledge. 1780: 1764: 1749: 1737: 1724:in the twentieth century. Domed 1692:The covered markets or bazaars ( 1616: 1601: 1585: 1569: 1550: 1405:was never finished, but has the 1265: 1249: 1229: 1118: 1114:Mongol campaigns in Central Asia 1103: 838: 663: 647: 635: 619: 603: 257: 91: 3512:Journal of Islamic Architecture 3328:Developments in Structural Form 3004: 1441: 1399:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 1386:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 475:. The Persian invention of the 3346:Melaragno, Michele G. (1991). 3325:Mainstone, Rowland J. (2001). 3217:Grabar, Oleg (December 1963). 1: 2432:, p. 102, 104, 105, 113. 1949: 1632: 3554:Smith, Earl Baldwin (1950). 3452:10.1007/978-3-030-29796-1_15 2454:Gentry & Lesniewski 2011 1916:Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa shrine 1800: 1494:The removal of thousands of 1083:Mausoleum of Fakhreddin Razi 946:was involved in the design. 322:throughout Persian history. 16:Part of Persian architecture 7: 3145:Canepa, Matthew P. (2013), 3101:. Oxford University Press. 1210:Soltan Bakht Agha Mausoleum 1206:tomb of Hamd-allah Mustawfi 431:Life of Apollonius of Tyana 10: 3789: 3152:, in Deena Ragavan (ed.), 2360:, pp. 72, 74, 83, 89. 1804: 1636: 1445: 1285: 1122: 1107: 1074: 1004: 982:mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar 842: 445: 379: 345: 3468:Peterson, Andrew (1996). 3370:Medieval Persia 1040–1797 3059:10.1007/s00004-010-0013-9 1536:tomb of Amin-edin Jabrail 1388:in Turkistan, Kazakhstan. 1372:An account by ambassador 887:pair of brick tower tombs 829:Gonbad-e Qabus tower tomb 610:Ruins of the Zoroastrian 423:Arch of Septimius Severus 395:"contained a portrait of 145:Early modern period domes 135:Italian Renaissance domes 125:Roman and Byzantine domes 3419:O'Kane, Bernard (1995), 2633:, pp. 112, 115–116. 1850:. The patterned dome at 1532:mausoleum of Khwaja Rabi 1057:Friday Mosque of Isfahan 995:tomb of Yusif ibn Kuseir 798:Ismail Samanid mausoleum 670:Ruins of Chahar-taqi in 3591:Encyclopædia Britannica 3525:10.18860/jia.v7i4.21013 3405:10.3406/arasi.2015.1883 2984:Ashkan & Ahmad 2010 2972:Ashkan & Ahmad 2010 2912:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 2837:, p. 102, 108–109. 2835:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 2825:, p. 107–108, 114. 2823:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 2751:Ashkan & Ahmad 2010 2727:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 2691:Ashkan & Ahmad 2010 2679:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 2643:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 2592:Ashkan & Ahmad 2010 2561:Ashkan & Ahmad 2010 2546:Ashkan & Ahmad 2010 2517:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 2430:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 2418:Ashkan & Ahmad 2012 2394:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 2382:Ashkan & Ahmad 2010 2280:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 2244:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 2184:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 2085:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 2049:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009 1771:Domes in the bazaar of 1744:Masjid-i Shāh in Zanjan 1578:Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque 1515:Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque 1401:, situated in southern 1374:Ruy González de Clavijo 1258:Jameh Mosque of Varamin 1202:Jameh Mosque of Varamin 1149:was built in 1289. The 1029:mausoleum of Nur al-Din 1017:mausoleum of Nur al-Din 951:Jameh Mosque of Zavareh 928:Jameh Mosque of Isfahan 691:in Bukhara, Uzbekistan. 320:vernacular architecture 264:Architecture portal 3367:Morgan, David (2016). 3303:Lehmann, Karl (1945), 2960:Özgan & Özkar 2019 2948:Özgan & Özkar 2019 2936:Özgan & Özkar 2019 2631:Bloom & Blair 2009 2619:Bloom & Blair 2009 2493:Bloom & Blair 2009 2481:Özgan & Özkar 2019 1870:Tomb of Turabek Khanum 1417:Ghiyath al-Din Naqqash 1389: 1020: 978:An anonymous mausoleum 962:Jameh Mosque of Qazvin 924:congregational mosques 873: 858: 766:Jameh Mosque of Natanz 699:(878) and the tomb of 692: 654:Zoroastrian temple in 561:Zoroastrian temple in 465: 115:Early and simple domes 32: 3576:Spiers, Richard Phené 3047:Nexus Network Journal 3014:Nexus network Journal 2996:Saquib & Ali 2023 2037:Saquib & Ali 2023 1936:Shaybanid-era Bukhara 1824:Ulu Mosque of Malatya 1805:Further information: 1637:Further information: 1594:Shah Mosque (Isfahan) 1485:Blue Mosque in Tabriz 1446:Further information: 1383: 1286:Further information: 1123:Further information: 1108:Further information: 1075:Further information: 1014: 1005:Further information: 930:, built in 1086-7 by 864: 852: 843:Further information: 687: 455: 446:Further information: 380:Further information: 346:Further information: 22: 3773:Architecture in Iran 3427:Encyclopædia Iranica 3305:"The Dome of Heaven" 2974:, pp. 293, 301. 2717:, p. 1942–1943. 2693:, pp. 295, 298. 1904:Mir-i Arab Madrassah 1852:Sâhip 'Ata Külliyesi 1840:Ince Minaret Madrasa 1558:Tomb of Khajeh Rabie 1432:Amir Chakhmaq mosque 1296:Timurid architecture 1274:Jameh Mosque of Yazd 1238:Mausoleum of Öljaitü 1194:Abdas-Samad Esfahani 1166:Mausoleum of Öljaitü 866:Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar 680:Early Islamic period 303:Persian architecture 2938:, pp. 166–167. 2765:, pp. 130–131. 2657:, p. 208, 211. 2645:, p. 105, 110. 1940:Mughal architecture 1648:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar 1609:Mādar-e Šāh madrasa 1528:Mādar-e Šāh madrasa 1214:Jame Mosque of Yazd 1151:Shaykh abd al-samad 1042:Shaykh Abd al-Samad 997:was built in 1162. 909:herringbone pattern 720:Qubbat-al Sulaibiya 612:Fire Temple of Amol 366:Alexander the Great 150:Modern period domes 79:Part of a series on 3536:The Arts of Persia 3285:The Arts of Persia 2609:, pp. 65, 67. 2294:, p. 192–194. 2135:, p. 250–251. 2051:, p. 111–113. 1934:, can be found in 1896:Tilya Kori Madrasa 1807:Persianate society 1498:Christians to the 1390: 1367:Bibi-Khanym Mosque 1365:The large dome of 1187:Florence Cathedral 1147:tomb of Ala al-Din 1077:Khwarazmian Empire 1071:Khwarazmian Empire 1021: 898:a tomb at Sangbast 874: 859: 818:Arab-Ata Mausoleum 693: 484:Palace of Ardashir 466: 402:The Sun Temple at 240:Whispering gallery 33: 3713:978-84-9728-070-9 3631:978-90-6831-002-3 3610:978-1-56898-549-7 3567:978-0-691-03875-9 3546:978-0-300-03987-0 3481:978-0-203-20387-3 3461:978-3-030-29796-1 3383:978-1-138-88629-2 3359:978-1-4757-0225-5 3338:978-0-7506-5451-7 3318:978-0-8020-6708-1 3295:978-0-300-03987-0 3108:978-0-19-530991-1 2408:, pp. 88–89. 2336:, pp. 83–84. 1722:Ruhollah Khomeini 1456:The domes of the 1314:Key of Arithmetic 1044:in Natanz, Iran. 857:in Isfahan, Iran. 689:Samanid Mausoleum 494:, Iran, built by 482:The ruins of the 354:Achaemenid Persia 348:Achaemenid Empire 342:Achaemenid Empire 300: 299: 140:South Asian domes 3780: 3753: 3724: 3722: 3716:. Archived from 3705: 3693: 3676:. BRILL: 61–74. 3664: 3635: 3614: 3595: 3583: 3571: 3550: 3529: 3527: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3485: 3464: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3415: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3342: 3321: 3299: 3278: 3249: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3199: 3178: 3157: 3151: 3141: 3112: 3091: 3074:. Brill: 69–94. 3062: 3044: 3034: 3017: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2924:Hillenbrand 1989 2921: 2915: 2909: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2871:Hillenbrand 1989 2868: 2862: 2859:Hillenbrand 1989 2856: 2850: 2847:Hillenbrand 1989 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2811:Hillenbrand 1989 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2703:Hillenbrand 1989 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2595: 2589: 2564: 2558: 2549: 2543: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2505:Hillenbrand 1989 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2370:Hillenbrand 1989 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2310: 2304: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2063:, p. 81–82. 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1894:. The Shaybanid 1892:Mughals of India 1878: 1864: 1844:Eşrefoğlu Mosque 1842:(1264-1265) and 1816:Sultanate of Rum 1784: 1768: 1758:Imam Reza shrine 1753: 1741: 1625:Kalkhuran Sheykh 1620: 1611:in Isfahan, Iran 1605: 1589: 1580:in Isfahan, Iran 1573: 1554: 1544: 1483:The dome of the 1269: 1253: 1233: 1131:Mongol invasions 1091: 974:Greater Khorasan 906: 891:Dome of the Rock 779:circumambulation 739:mausoleum of Ali 728: 701:Muhammed b. Musa 667: 651: 639: 623: 607: 504:Sarvestan Palace 458:Sarvestan Palace 390:capital city of 308:Koj Krylgan kala 292: 285: 278: 262: 261: 95: 76: 75: 23:The dome of the 3788: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3758: 3757: 3756: 3742:10.2307/4299682 3720: 3714: 3703: 3682:10.2307/1523084 3632: 3611: 3568: 3547: 3497: 3495: 3482: 3462: 3431: 3429: 3393:Arts Asiatiques 3384: 3373: 3360: 3339: 3319: 3296: 3221: 3209: 3149: 3130:10.2307/2849071 3109: 3080:10.2307/1523072 3042: 3007: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2567: 2559: 2552: 2544: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2324:, p. 1942. 2320: 2313: 2305: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2023: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1944:Delhi Sultanate 1872: 1858: 1832:Karatay Madrasa 1809: 1803: 1796: 1785: 1776: 1769: 1760: 1754: 1745: 1742: 1645: 1635: 1628: 1621: 1612: 1606: 1597: 1590: 1581: 1574: 1565: 1555: 1538: 1502:suburb city of 1458:Safavid dynasty 1454: 1452:Safavid dynasty 1444: 1436:Bayazid Bastami 1298: 1292:Timurid dynasty 1284: 1277: 1270: 1261: 1254: 1245: 1234: 1127: 1121: 1116: 1106: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1025:Mongol invasion 1009: 1003: 900: 872:, Turkmenistan. 847: 841: 745:, built by the 722: 708:Abbasid caliphs 682: 675: 668: 659: 652: 643: 640: 631: 624: 615: 608: 500:elliptical dome 488:Ghal'eh Dokhtar 450: 448:Sasanian Empire 444: 442:Sasanian Empire 416:Sasanian Empire 384: 382:Parthian Empire 378: 376:Parthian Empire 350: 344: 316:Iranian plateau 296: 256: 244: 181: 74: 72:Characteristics 17: 12: 11: 5: 3786: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3755: 3754: 3725: 3723:on 2013-10-04. 3712: 3694: 3665: 3653:10.2307/988105 3636: 3630: 3615: 3609: 3596: 3586:Chisholm, Hugh 3572: 3566: 3551: 3545: 3530: 3503: 3486: 3480: 3465: 3460: 3437: 3416: 3388: 3382: 3364: 3358: 3343: 3337: 3322: 3317: 3300: 3294: 3279: 3267:10.2307/990496 3250: 3238:10.2307/988190 3232:(4): 191–198. 3214: 3200: 3179: 3158: 3142: 3113: 3107: 3092: 3063: 3035: 3018: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2998:, p. 748. 2988: 2986:, p. 293. 2976: 2964: 2962:, p. 170. 2952: 2950:, p. 173. 2940: 2928: 2926:, p. 107. 2916: 2914:, p. 109. 2899: 2897:, p. 135. 2887: 2875: 2873:, p. 106. 2863: 2861:, p. 105. 2851: 2849:, p. 102. 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2777:, p. 208. 2767: 2755: 2753:, p. 292. 2743: 2731: 2729:, p. 112. 2719: 2707: 2695: 2683: 2681:, p. 106. 2671: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2621:, p. 112. 2611: 2596: 2594:, p. 301. 2565: 2563:, p. 291. 2550: 2548:, p. 290. 2533: 2531:, p. 275. 2521: 2519:, p. 102. 2509: 2497: 2495:, p. 450. 2485: 2483:, p. 172. 2473: 2458: 2446: 2444:, p. 124. 2442:Mainstone 2001 2434: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2396:, p. 103. 2386: 2384:, p. 294. 2374: 2362: 2350: 2348:, p. 197. 2338: 2326: 2311: 2309:, p. 208. 2296: 2284: 2282:, p. 113. 2272: 2270:, p. 162. 2260: 2258:, p. 347. 2248: 2246:, p. 100. 2236: 2224: 2222:, p. 253. 2212: 2210:, p. 150. 2208:Creswell 1915a 2200: 2196:Melaragno 1991 2188: 2186:, p. 101. 2173: 2171:, p. 149. 2169:Creswell 1915a 2161: 2159:, p. 148. 2157:Creswell 1915a 2149: 2147:, p. 130. 2137: 2125: 2113: 2111:, p. 623. 2101: 2099:, p. 345. 2089: 2077: 2075:, p. 192. 2065: 2053: 2041: 2039:, p. 746. 2029: 1978: 1966: 1964:, p. 957. 1953: 1951: 1948: 1920:Humayun's Tomb 1902:(c. 1514) and 1802: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1786: 1779: 1777: 1770: 1763: 1761: 1755: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1736: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1622: 1615: 1613: 1607: 1600: 1598: 1591: 1584: 1582: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1556: 1549: 1474:special glazes 1443: 1440: 1288:Timurid Empire 1283: 1282:Timurid Empire 1280: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1264: 1262: 1255: 1248: 1246: 1235: 1228: 1120: 1117: 1105: 1102: 1072: 1069: 1067:architecture. 1049:Late Antiquity 1007:Zengid dynasty 1002: 1001:Zengid dynasty 999: 966:Gunbad-i Surkh 840: 837: 681: 678: 677: 676: 669: 662: 660: 653: 646: 644: 641: 634: 632: 625: 618: 616: 609: 602: 443: 440: 397:Mithradates II 377: 374: 343: 340: 306:Balandy 2 and 298: 297: 295: 294: 287: 280: 272: 269: 268: 267: 266: 254: 246: 245: 243: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 191: 188: 187: 183: 182: 180: 179: 174: 169: 167:Cloister vault 163: 160: 159: 155: 154: 153: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 109: 108: 104: 103: 97: 96: 88: 87: 81: 80: 73: 70: 31:(17th century) 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3785: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3701: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3581:"Vault" 3577: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3498:September 16, 3493: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3207: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3009: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2896: 2891: 2885:, p. 19. 2884: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2848: 2843: 2836: 2831: 2824: 2819: 2813:, p. 95. 2812: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2789:, p. 68. 2788: 2787:Peterson 1996 2783: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2747: 2741:, p. 91. 2740: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2716: 2711: 2705:, p. 99. 2704: 2699: 2692: 2687: 2680: 2675: 2669:, p. 77. 2668: 2663: 2656: 2655:Creswell 1915 2651: 2644: 2639: 2632: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2507:, p. 87. 2506: 2501: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2477: 2471:, p. 81. 2470: 2465: 2463: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2372:, p. 83. 2371: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2308: 2307:Creswell 1915 2303: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2234:, p. 85. 2233: 2228: 2221: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2198:, p. 25. 2197: 2192: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2170: 2165: 2158: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2134: 2129: 2123:, p. 82. 2122: 2117: 2110: 2109:Stronach 1976 2105: 2098: 2093: 2087:, p. 99. 2086: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2038: 2033: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1976:, p. 56. 1975: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1696:) at Qom and 1695: 1690: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1643:Qajar dynasty 1640: 1626: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1478:caravanserais 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1449: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:surface areas 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1275: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1126: 1119:The Ilkhanate 1115: 1111: 1110:Mongol Empire 1104:Mongol Empire 1101: 1099: 1095: 1094:Konye-Urgench 1089: 1084: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1018: 1013: 1008: 998: 996: 992: 988: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 932:Nizam al-Mulk 929: 925: 921: 917: 916:Seljuq Empire 912: 910: 904: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 879: 871: 867: 863: 856: 851: 846: 845:Seljuk Empire 839:Seljuk Empire 836: 834: 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 752: 751:Buyid dynasty 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 726: 721: 717: 713: 709: 704: 702: 698: 690: 686: 673: 666: 661: 657: 650: 645: 638: 633: 629: 622: 617: 613: 606: 601: 600: 599: 596: 592: 588: 583: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 535:Qasr-e Shirin 532: 528: 524: 521:decorated in 520: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 492:Fars Province 489: 485: 480: 478: 474: 473:Qajar dynasty 470: 469:Caravansaries 463: 459: 456:Ruins of the 454: 449: 439: 437: 433: 432: 426: 424: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 400: 398: 393: 389: 383: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 349: 339: 335: 333: 328: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 293: 288: 286: 281: 279: 274: 273: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 253: 250: 249: 248: 247: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 190: 189: 185: 184: 178: 175: 173: 172:Geodesic dome 170: 168: 165: 164: 162: 161: 157: 156: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 120:Persian domes 118: 116: 113: 112: 111: 110: 106: 105: 102: 99: 98: 94: 90: 89: 86: 83: 82: 78: 77: 69: 67: 63: 58: 56: 51: 49: 45: 41: 40:Iranian domes 37: 36:Persian domes 30: 26: 21: 3733: 3729: 3718:the original 3699: 3673: 3669: 3644: 3640: 3620: 3600: 3589: 3556: 3535: 3515: 3511: 3496:, retrieved 3490: 3470: 3442: 3432:November 28, 3430:, retrieved 3421: 3396: 3392: 3369: 3348: 3327: 3308: 3284: 3258: 3254: 3229: 3225: 3205: 3187: 3183: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3121: 3117: 3097: 3071: 3067: 3050: 3046: 3033:(3): 98–115. 3030: 3026: 3013: 3005:Bibliography 2991: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2943: 2931: 2919: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2401: 2389: 2377: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2329: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2232:Swoboda 1961 2227: 2220:Lehmann 1945 2215: 2203: 2191: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2133:Lehmann 1945 2128: 2116: 2104: 2092: 2080: 2068: 2056: 2044: 2032: 1969: 1957: 1931: 1900:Kalan Mosque 1888:Central Asia 1881: 1867: 1856:Döner Kümbet 1813: 1810: 1789:Shah Cheragh 1756:Dome of the 1706:Shah Cheragh 1693: 1691: 1684: 1666:(1840), and 1646: 1592:Dome of the 1513:The dome of 1512: 1493: 1482: 1455: 1448:Safavid Iran 1442:Safavid Iran 1425: 1415:The tomb of 1414: 1411: 1391: 1371: 1364: 1348: 1342: 1313: 1299: 1272:Dome of the 1236:Dome of the 1218:Shah-i-Zinda 1191: 1155: 1144: 1128: 1098:Turkmenistan 1080: 1046: 1022: 1019:in Damascus. 958:Jabal-i Sang 955: 948: 944:Omar Khayyam 940:dodecahedron 913: 896:The dome of 895: 878:Seljuq Turks 875: 855:Jameh Mosque 826: 796:region. The 791: 775:central Iran 755: 705: 694: 584: 571:Darreh Shahr 566: 549: 547: 516: 481: 467: 436:Philostratus 429: 427: 420: 401: 385: 362:Mongol Khans 351: 336: 331: 326: 324: 301: 119: 59: 52: 48:Greater Iran 39: 35: 34: 2895:Morgan 2016 2883:Grabar 1990 2763:Wilber 1979 2739:Morgan 2016 2715:Tappin 2003 2667:Morgan 2016 2607:Tabbaa 1985 2529:Scarce 1989 2346:Grabar 1963 2322:Tappin 2003 2292:Grabar 1963 2256:Canepa 2013 2145:Wilber 1979 2097:Canepa 2013 2073:Grabar 1963 2025:O'Kane 1995 1974:Nickel 2015 1962:Spiers 1911 1873: [ 1859: [ 1828:rhumb lines 1822:color. The 1539: [ 1524:Shah Mosque 1428:Gawhar Shad 1357:, built by 1086: [ 989:in 1221 by 936:Tāj-al-Molk 901: [ 806:al-Khorezmi 794:Transoxiana 783:the Prophet 723: [ 567:chahar-taqi 555:Zoroastrian 550:Chahar-taqi 539:Tāq-i Kasrā 508:Fire temple 358:later tents 44:Mesopotamia 25:Shah Mosque 3762:Categories 2469:Blair 1983 2406:Blair 1983 2358:Blair 1983 2334:Blair 1983 2121:Smith 1950 2061:Smith 1950 1950:References 1884:Shaybanids 1639:Qajar Iran 1633:Qajar Iran 1508:Shah Abbas 1470:underglaze 1403:Kazakhstan 1355:Gur-e Amir 1242:Soltaniyeh 1170:Soltaniyeh 991:Tolui Khan 810:al-Fargani 770:ambulatory 716:Pilgrimage 512:terracotta 496:Ardashir I 332:rasmi sazi 327:chahar taq 220:Pendentive 177:Onion dome 107:History of 2775:Born 1944 1928:Taj Mahal 1820:turquoise 1801:Influence 1730:icehouses 1718:Reza Shah 1520:arabesque 1504:New Julfa 1466:arabesque 1394:miniature 1326:Samarqand 1222:Samarkand 1135:Ilkhanate 1125:Ilkhanate 1061:Kızıltepe 787:Imamzadeh 714:martyrs. 595:ossuaries 591:Panjakent 543:Ctesiphon 462:Sarvestan 408:trabeated 370:baldachin 235:Tholobate 101:Symbolism 60:With the 3670:Muqarnas 3578:(1911). 3413:26358183 3118:Speculum 3068:Muqarnas 1890:and the 1787:Dome of 1726:cisterns 1702:muqarnas 1668:Borujerd 1662:(1827), 1654:(1808), 1496:Armenian 1489:Ālī Qāpū 1344:Jahangir 1306:al-Kashi 1256:Dome of 1164:and the 1033:Artuqids 980:and the 970:Maragheh 883:Ardestan 822:muqarnas 814:Ibn-Sino 747:Hamdanid 587:Soghdian 565:and the 519:Chosroes 388:Parthian 252:Category 210:Muqarnas 186:Elements 66:muqarnas 50:region. 3750:4299682 3690:1523084 3588:(ed.). 3138:2849071 3088:1523072 1926:or the 1912:Timurid 1680:Mashhad 1562:Mashhad 1500:Isfahan 1351:Timurid 1349:At the 1322:volumes 1310:Buzjani 1182:Hussein 1139:Timurid 1065:Artuqid 833:Ziyarid 802:Bukhara 762:Bukhara 733:on the 731:Samarra 672:Neyasar 656:Tashvir 628:Neyasar 477:squinch 360:of the 312:Khorezm 230:Squinch 225:Rotunda 205:Lantern 55:squinch 29:Isfahan 3748: 3710: 3688: 3661:988105 3659: 3628: 3607: 3564: 3543: 3478: 3458: 3411: 3380: 3356: 3335: 3315: 3292: 3275:990496 3273: 3246:988190 3244: 3196:859962 3194: 3175:859853 3173: 3136: 3105: 3086: 2799:natcom 1932:tīmcās 1848:motifs 1795:, Iran 1793:Shiraz 1775:, Iran 1720:, and 1698:Kashan 1694:tīmcās 1687:Kashan 1678:, and 1664:Tehran 1660:Semnan 1656:Zanjan 1652:Qazvin 1627:, Iran 1596:, Iran 1564:, Iran 1462:floral 1338:Kirmān 1336:, and 1294:, and 1276:, Iran 1260:, Iran 1244:, Iran 1198:Natanz 1162:Tabriz 1158:Ghazan 1053:Silvan 993:. The 920:mihrab 812:, and 758:Shiraz 737:. The 735:Tigris 712:Shiite 674:, Iran 658:, Iran 630:, Iran 614:, Iran 563:Kashan 559:Niasar 527:zodiac 464:, Iran 215:Oculus 200:Cupola 195:Coffer 158:Styles 3768:Domes 3746:JSTOR 3721:(PDF) 3704:(PDF) 3686:JSTOR 3657:JSTOR 3584:. In 3422:Domes 3409:JSTOR 3374:(PDF) 3271:JSTOR 3242:JSTOR 3222:(PDF) 3210:(PDF) 3192:JSTOR 3171:JSTOR 3150:(PDF) 3134:JSTOR 3084:JSTOR 3043:(PDF) 1924:Delhi 1908:Uzbek 1877:] 1863:] 1714:Saʿdī 1710:Ḥāfeẓ 1543:] 1359:Timur 1334:Balkh 1330:Herat 1090:] 1037:Mosul 905:] 785:, or 743:Najaf 727:] 404:Hatra 392:Nyssa 85:Domes 3730:Iran 3708:ISBN 3626:ISBN 3605:ISBN 3562:ISBN 3541:ISBN 3500:2009 3476:ISBN 3456:ISBN 3434:2010 3378:ISBN 3354:ISBN 3333:ISBN 3313:ISBN 3290:ISBN 3103:ISBN 1868:The 1814:The 1728:and 1641:and 1576:The 1464:and 1450:and 1421:Bust 1384:The 1320:and 1300:The 1180:and 1174:Shia 1145:The 1137:and 1112:and 1081:The 1015:The 987:Merv 949:The 914:The 876:The 870:Merv 853:The 760:and 710:and 575:Pars 523:blue 486:and 412:iwan 3738:doi 3678:doi 3649:doi 3520:doi 3448:doi 3401:doi 3263:doi 3234:doi 3126:doi 3076:doi 3055:doi 1922:in 1886:of 1836:Çay 1791:in 1773:Qom 1676:Ray 1672:Qom 1560:in 1506:by 1419:in 1240:in 1220:in 1196:in 1178:Ali 1168:in 1160:in 1092:in 968:in 868:in 800:in 741:in 697:Qom 569:in 541:in 531:Ado 490:in 460:in 434:by 310:in 38:or 27:in 3764:: 3744:. 3734:17 3732:. 3684:. 3672:. 3655:. 3645:20 3643:. 3514:. 3510:. 3454:, 3425:, 3407:, 3397:70 3395:, 3269:. 3259:49 3257:. 3240:. 3230:22 3228:. 3224:. 3188:26 3186:. 3167:26 3165:. 3132:. 3122:19 3120:. 3082:. 3070:. 3051:12 3049:. 3045:. 3029:. 3025:. 2902:^ 2599:^ 2568:^ 2553:^ 2536:^ 2461:^ 2314:^ 2299:^ 2176:^ 1981:^ 1875:uz 1861:tr 1716:, 1712:, 1682:. 1674:, 1658:, 1541:fa 1480:. 1392:A 1332:, 1328:, 1290:, 1096:, 1088:tk 911:. 903:fa 808:, 789:. 725:ar 418:. 3752:. 3740:: 3692:. 3680:: 3674:3 3663:. 3651:: 3634:. 3613:. 3570:. 3549:. 3528:. 3522:: 3516:7 3484:. 3450:: 3403:: 3386:. 3362:. 3341:. 3298:. 3277:. 3265:: 3248:. 3236:: 3212:. 3198:. 3177:. 3140:. 3128:: 3111:. 3090:. 3078:: 3072:1 3061:. 3057:: 3031:3 2801:. 2456:. 2420:. 2027:. 291:e 284:t 277:v

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Knowledge

History of Persian domes

Index