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740:. The Union losses caused Northern authorities to question the necessity of further Union involvement in the militarily insignificant region of northern Florida. On the morning of 22 February, as the Union forces were still retreating to Jacksonville, the 54th Massachusetts was ordered to counter-march back to Ten-Mile Station. The locomotive of a train carrying wounded Union soldiers had broken down and the wounded were in danger of capture. When the 54th Massachusetts arrived, the men attached ropes to the engine and cars and manually pulled the train approximately three miles to Camp Finnegan, where horses were secured to help pull the train. After that, the train was pulled by both men and horses to Jacksonville for a total distance of ten miles. It took forty-two hours to pull the train that distance.
1325:) gathered in Hemming Park armed with baseball bats and ax handles. They attacked the protesters conducting sit-ins. The violence spread, and the white mob started attacking all African-Americans in sight. Rumors were rampant on both sides that the unrest was spreading around the county (in reality, the violence stayed in relatively the same location, and did not spill over into the mostly-white, upper-class Cedar Hills neighborhood, for example). A black street gang called the "Boomerangs" attempted to protect the demonstrators. Police, who had not intervened when the protesters were attacked, now became involved, arresting members of the Boomerangs and other black residents who attempted to stop the beatings.
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602:. The British built good public roads and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber. As a result of these initiatives northeastern Florida prospered economically in a way it never did under Spanish rule. Furthermore, the British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas and in the meantime they were, with the advice of councils, to establish courts. This would be the first introduction of much of the English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including
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840:. Inbound and outbound mail was fumigated in an effort to reduce contagion. Jacksonville's reputation as a healthful tourist destination suffered. The African-American population did not appear to catch the disease, leading the panicked population into erroneously believing that the black residents were "carriers" of the Yellow Fever. In fact, Black people had immunity from catching the disease earlier, as children.
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629:. Though technically not allowed by the Spanish authorities, the Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to migrate into Florida unchecked. These migrants, mixing with the already present English-speaking settlers who had lived in Florida since the British period, would be the progenitors of the population known as
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891:, which started when hot ash from a shantyhouse's chimney landed on the drying moss at Cleaveland's Fiber Factory. At half past noon most of the Cleaveland workers were at lunch, but by the time they returned the entire city block was engulfed in flames. The fire destroyed the business district and rendered 10,000 residents homeless in the course of eight hours. Florida Governor
523:. During the war the British had defeated the Spanish in Cuba and occupied the island, whereas Florida had hardly seen any fighting. As part of the negotiations between the two nations in the aftermath of the war, Spain would cede Florida to Great Britain in exchange for the return of Cuba. The British agreed and Florida was ceded to
1012:, a comedic actor and Georgia native, began his motion picture career in Jacksonville. He starred in over 36 short silent films his first year acting. With the closing of Lubin in early 1915, Oliver moved to New York then New Jersey to find film jobs. Acquiring a job with the Vim Company in early 1915, he returned to
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The battle was a devastating loss for the Union and a decisive victory for the
Confederacy. Soldiers on both sides were veterans of the great battles in the eastern and western theaters of war, but many of them remarked in letters and diaries that they had never experienced such terrible fighting.
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When he arrived, Ribault launched a naval expedition of 200 sailors and 400 soldiers to dislodge the
Spanish, but a storm at sea incapacitated them for several days and caused numerous deaths. On September 20, 1565, Menéndez marched his men overland to Fort Caroline, defended by 200 or 250 people,
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was among them. White protesters were the object of particular dislike by racists, so when the fracas began, Parker was hustled out of the area for his own protection. The police had been watching him and arrested him as an instigator, charging him with vagrancy, disorderly conduct and inciting a
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epidemics in 1886 and 1888. During the second one, nearly ten percent of the more than 4,000 victims died, including the city's mayor. In the absence of scientific knowledge concerning the cause of yellow fever, nearly half (10,000 out of 25,000) of the city's panicked residents fled despite the
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burned it to the ground. The
Spanish rebuilt the fort, but abandoned it in 1569. The Spanish next built Fort San Nicolas further upriver to protect the rear flank of St. Augustine. "San Nicolas" served as their name for the Jacksonville area, a placename which survives in the neighborhood of St.
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The naval base became a key training ground in the 1950s and 1960s and as such, the population of the city rose dramatically. More than half of the residents in
Jacksonville had some tie to the naval base, whether it be a relative stationed there, or due to employment opportunities, by 1970,
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Between 1812 and 1814 during the War of 1812 between the US and
Britain, the US Navy assisted American settlers in Florida in "The Patriot War", a covert attempt to seize control of Florida from the Spanish. They began with invasions of Fernandina and Amelia Island. Spain sold the
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On
December 29, 1963, a fire gutted the first couple of stories of the Hotel Roosevelt on Adams Street, killing 22 people, setting a record for the highest one-day death toll in Jacksonville history. The hotel was later abandoned, with most businesses inside moving to the nearby
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and other low lying neighborhoods early on
September 14; in total, nearly 80,000 Jacksonville residents left their homes. Ultimately the storm turned northward 125 miles off the coast, causing only minor damage in Jacksonville and the southeastern U.S. before making landfall in
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was hung by his thumbs for stealing from a field kitchen. The punishment led to a riot and gunfire was exchanged between black enlisted men and their white officers. The riot was put down and several soldiers were put on trial for mutiny, with 6 of them being executed.
1104:(and bust). Hordes of train passengers passed through Jacksonville on their way south to the new tourist destinations of South Florida, as most of the passenger trains arriving from the population centers of the North were routed through Jacksonville.
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and other eateries. They were denied service and kicked, spit at and addressed with racial slurs. This came to a head on "Ax Handle
Saturday", August 27, 1960. A group of 200 middle aged and older white men (allegedly some were also members of the
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Dora was the only storm in recorded history to affect
Jacksonville with hurricane-force winds, though the city has been affected by weaker storms as well as hurricanes that lost intensity before reaching the area. In September 1999, after
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Jacksonville's mostly conservative residents, however, objected to the hallmarks of the early movie industry, such as car chases in the streets, simulated bank robberies and fire alarms in public places, and even the occasional riot.
962:. In need of a winter headquarters, moviemakers were attracted to Jacksonville due to its warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheaper labor, earning the city the title of "The Winter Film Capital of the World."
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and occupied
Jacksonville. Throughout the war Jacksonville changed hands several times, though never with a battle. On February 20, 1864, Union soldiers from Jacksonville marched inland and confronted the Confederate Army at the
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the year before, became the first mayor of the consolidated government. Jacksonville became the largest city in Florida and the 13th largest in the United States, and has a greater land area than any other American city outside
1150:("NAS Jax") on the westside became the first navy installation in the city. This base was a major training center during World War II, with over 20,000 pilots and aircrewmen being trained there. After the war, the Navy's elite
24:, settled by British colonists. Its major development occurred in the late nineteenth century, when it became a winter vacation destination for tourists from the North and Midwest. Its development was halted or slowed by the
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on September 11, 1964, with winds of 110 mph (175 km/h), becoming the first on record to make landfall in the region. Despite the storm damage, over 20,000 fans attended a live concert the next day at the
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was sunk at Jacksonville, April 1, 1864. The U.S. Transport General Hunter was sunk in the St. John's River, April 16, 1864, close to where the Maple Leaf was sunk. In the fall of 1865, a black enlisted man in the
1169:. In 1993, the Navy decided to close NAS Cecil Field, and this was completed in 1999. The land once occupied by this installation is now known as the "Cecil Commerce Center" and contains one of the campuses of
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wrote a charter for a town government, which was approved by the Florida Legislative Council on February 9, 1832. Remembered as the city's most important founding father, Hart is memorialized with the
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and other Midwestern cities, designed exuberant local buildings with a Florida flair. While many of Klutho's buildings were demolished by the 1980s, a number of his creations remain, including the
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1126:) in the 1920s began to draw significant automobile traffic as well. An important entry point to the state since the 1870s, Jacksonville now justifiably billed itself as the "Gateway to Florida."
488:, and eventually warfare with the Utina. Ribault finally reached the fort with a relief expedition in the summer, and assumed command of the settlement. In the meantime, the Spanish admiral
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had broken out during his absence. His return to Florida was delayed as a result. Without leadership or provisions, the colonists abandoned Charlesfort. In 1564 Ribault's former lieutenant,
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had just returned to New York from a year in Europe when he read about the Jacksonville fire and, seeing a rare opportunity, he headed south. Klutho and other architects, enamored by the "
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was Executive Director of the commission and the key architect of Jacksonville's consolidated government, transition coordinator and chief administrative officer following consolidation.
1286:(JPA) for $ 2,000/acre, then installed infrastructure using over 1,000 workers. A total of $ 125 million was invested in the property and facility, however; no plants were ever built.
938:. Despite the losses of the last several decades, Jacksonville still has one of the largest collections of Prairie Style buildings (particularly residences) outside the Midwest.
32:, and the economic woes of the 1960s and 70s. Since the late 20th century, the city has experienced steady growth, with a new federal building constructed in downtown in 2003.
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units to help. Reconstruction started immediately, and the city was returned to civil authority on May 17. Despite the widespread damage, only seven deaths were reported.
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at the mouth of the St. Johns River. This port developed through World War II and today is the home port for many types of navy ships, most notably the aircraft carrier
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Even before the outbreak of war, a militia unit was raised in Jacksonville in April 1859. The unit, called the Jacksonville Light Infantry, would become Company A of the
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By the end of the war in 1865, a Union commander commented that Jacksonville had become "pathetically dilapidated, a mere skeleton of its former self, a victim of war."
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was the first to open a permanent studio in Jacksonville. Over the course of the next decade, more than 30 silent film companies established studios in town, including
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and killed everyone except for 50 women and children and 26 men who escaped. The Spanish picked up the survivors of Ribault's fleet, and summarily executed all but 20.
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were established at NAS Jax. Today NAS Jax is the third largest navy installation in the country and employs over 23,000 civilian and active-duty personnel.
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from 1995 to 26 July 2007, when Big John was towed away, eventually to be mothballed in Philadelphia. NS Mayport current employs about 14,000 personnel.
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In June 1941, land in the westernmost side of Duval County was earmarked for a second naval air facility. This became NAS Cecil Field, which during the
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1084:, Norman and his contemporaries sought to create positive stories featuring African Americans in what he termed "splendidly assuming different roles."
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2677:"Florida and the Early Years of African American Film » P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History » UF Libraries » University of Florida"
1267:. Construction of the new facility was projected to cost $ 200 million and create 10,000 new jobs when completed in 1976. Contracts were signed by
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704:. The company carried a battle flag bearing the slogan "Let Us Alone" and was commanded by Dr. Holmes Steele, a former mayor of the city.
385:. At the time of contact with Europeans, most Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the
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government structure, it has the largest municipal population among Florida cities, as well as the largest land area of any city in the
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A significant part of Jacksonville's growth in the 20th century came from the presence of navy bases in the region. October 15, 1940,
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The Spanish took over Fort Caroline, renaming it as San Matteo. In 1568 the French and Spanish confronted each other again here, when
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Image Dimensions: 35.5 x 32 inches via: Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.; 7407 La Jolla Boulevard; La Jolla, CA
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to the south, reaching Palm Beach in 1894 and the Miami area in 1896. This drew tourism to the southern Atlantic Coast.
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area). Ribault intended to resupply Fort Caroline in early 1565, but was again delayed. As a result, the colony faced
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Several whites had joined the black protesters on that day. Richard Charles Parker, a 25-year-old student attending
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and the Lincoln Motion Picture Company. In contrast to the degrading parts offered in certain white films such as
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453:, launched a new expedition to found a colony on the St. Johns River. On June 22, 1564, the settlers established
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https://filminflorida.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Analysis-of-the-Florida-Film-and-Entertainment-Industry.pdf
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1448:. All areas of Duval County are considered part of Jacksonville besides the four independent municipalities of
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2991:"40 years ago this weekend, Jacksonville gave itself a national reputation for violence - Jacksonville.com"
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1680:"Narrative of Le Moyne, an Artist who Accompanied the French Expedition to Florida Under Laudonnière, 1564"
1427:. To compensate for the loss of population and tax revenue and end waste and corruption, voters elected to
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to the United States in 1821 and, by 1822, Jacksonville's current name had come into use, to honor General
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was emerging as the major movie production center, thanks in large part to the move of film pioneers like
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in order to encourage settlement. In order to induce settlers to move to the two new colonies reports of
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Randel, William (1 March 1965). "From Slate to Emerald Green: More Light on Crane's Jacksonville Visit".
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area. In the 16th century, the beginning of the historical record period, the area was inhabited by the
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has been found dating to 2500 BC, nearly the oldest in the United States and second to artifacts of the
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On May 3, 1901, downtown Jacksonville was ravaged by the Great Fire—the largest-ever urban fire in the
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Through the 1960s Jacksonville, like most other large cities in the US, suffered from the effects of
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Ste Claire, Dana (2006). Cracker: Cracker Culture in Florida History. University Press of Florida.
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The 1920s brought significant real estate development and speculation to the city during the great
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Early Filmmaking in Jacksonville, Florida -- Part 1 -- an introduction and "The Flying Ace" (1926)
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2705:"5 Points Theater - Riverside, Jacksonville, Florida - Vintage Movie Theaters on Waymarking.com"
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with PSE&G paying for the startup costs for the manufacturing facility. Westinghouse named
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to the area. These factors hastened the demise of Jacksonville as a place for film production.
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Keeping the Faith: Race, Politics, and Social Development in Jacksonville, Florida, 1940–1970.
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was elected mayor on the platform of taming the city's movie industry. By that time, southern
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rebels used Jacksonville as the center for smuggling illegal arms and supplies to the island.
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Florida Times-Union, February 4, 2008, "The story of a white man who joined the '60s sit-ins"
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began on August 13, 1960 when students asked to be served at the segregated lunch counter at
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Early Filmmaking in Jacksonville Florida -- Part 5 -- The Life and Career of Richard Norman
2474:"Lights, Camera, Jacksonville! A Brief History of Film Production in Jacksonville, Florida"
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566:. A large number of British colonists who were "energetic and of good character" moved to
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were brought across the river there. The British divided Florida into the two colonies of
433:, Protestants suffering religious persecution in France. Ribault explored the mouth of the
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711:, Jacksonville was a key supply point for hogs and cattle leaving Florida and aiding the
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The British government gave land grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the
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2328:"Want to watch some of the old silent films shot in Jacksonville? Here are 20 of them"
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maintained a blockade around Florida's ports, including Jacksonville. In October 1862
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and the British named the "Cow Ford", both names ostensibly reflecting the fact that
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2069:"Civil War Navy Sesquicentennial: Sinking of the Union transport steamer Maple Leaf"
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Early Filmmaking in Jacksonville, Florida Part 6: Oliver Hardy's Jacksonville Roots
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from 1911 (a former department store that is now Jacksonville's City Hall) and the
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in 1763. The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to
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Early Filmmaking in Jacksonville Florida Part 3 The Thanhouser Studio in Florida
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586:. This would be the first permanent English-speaking population in what is now
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U.S. Marines train by air in a downtown drill. In the foreground is the former
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December 1942 saw the addition of a third naval installation to Jacksonville:
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The British gave control of the territory back to Spain in 1783. Americans of
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By the Noble Daring of Her Sons: The Florida Brigade of the Army of Tennessee
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A History of Florida By Caroline Mays Brevard, Henry Eastman Bennett page 77
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Jacksonville's prominence as a winter resort was dealt another blow by major
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39:. The city is a thriving metropolis with over a million citizens. Due to its
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1893 bird's eye view of Jacksonville, with steamboats moving throughout the
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2401:""Lights, Camera, Action!" The Role of Jacksonville in the Silent Film Era"
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Crackers and Carpetbaggers: Moments in the History of Jacksonville, Florida
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Men of Valor: A History of Firefighting in Jacksonville, Florida 1886-1986
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Early Filmmaking in Jacksonville Florida Part 2 - Mr Gill in Jacksonville
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1658:"Historical Background Part I: French Colonization in Florida, 1562-1565"
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in the spring of 1917 before relocating to Los Angeles in October 1917.
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and the first feature-length color movie produced in the United States,
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from the newly-created United States if they accepted Catholic baptism.
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Nicholas. The fort was located on the east side of the St. Johns, where
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35 miles to the south, with the express mission to displace the French.
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1965:. Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park Citizens Support Organization
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and explorers from this period. In February 1562, French naval officer
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explorers landed in Florida and claimed their discovery for Spain (see
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2352:"The Florida Times-Union Subscription Offers, Specials, and Discounts"
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though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of
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and 150 settlers arrived seeking land for a safe haven for the French
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A History of Florida By Caroline Mays Brevard, Henry Eastman Bennett
1602:"The Spanish Claim to Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas, 1513-1821"
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2258:"Lights, Camera, Action! Jacksonville was America's first Hollywood"
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531:. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the
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Early Filmmaking in Jacksonville Florida -- Part 4: Eagle Film City
1405:. In September 2017, Jacksonville experienced record flooding from
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riot. After Parker stated that he was proud to be a member of the
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864:, was one of the many gunrunners operating out of the city. Author
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2691:"Florida History: Jacksonville's role in the silent film industry"
2377:"Florida History: Jacksonville's role in the silent film industry"
69:
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2912:"Discrimination in all its forms must be axed - Jacksonville.com"
2449:"Jacksonville Was America's First Hollywood - Visit Jacksonville"
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https://www.jaxhistory.org/portfolio-items/silent-movies-capital/
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evidence indicates 6,000 years of human habitation in the area.
2282:"Norman Studios – Preserving Jacksonville's Silent Film Legacy"
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The Confederate dead were buried at Oaklawn Cemetery in nearby
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Florida Times-Union, February 22, 1998, "Focus on: Nat Glover"
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Offshore Power Systems (OPS) was a 1970 joint venture between
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1913:. Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press. p. 19.
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became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous of the
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now stands. The fort was abandoned in the late 17th century.
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2303:"LibGuides: History of Jacksonville, FL: Silent Film in Jax"
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Fort Lee, New Jersey#America's first motion picture industry
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Since 1940, Jacksonville has also been a major port for the
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Map: Jacksonville. And Vicinity Duval County, Florida. 1913
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1804:"City had humble beginnings on the banks of the St. Johns"
649:. It first appears on a petition sent on June 15, 1822 to
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tribe, who lived upriver to the south (around what is now
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Jacksonville has been largely spared from the impacts of
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began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of
2834:"Offshore Power Systems: Big Plants for a Big Customer"
2219:"Jacksonville and the Movie Industry Historical Marker"
1347:, Judge John Santora sentenced him to 90 days in jail.
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the government of Jacksonville with the government of
914:" of architecture then being popularized by architect
421:). The first Europeans to visit the area were Spanish
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Motion picture scene at Gaumont Studios, circa 1910s.
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Laudonnière made an alliance with the local tribe of
2004:. Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from
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Bibliography of the history of Jacksonville, Florida
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Jacksonville's Main Street and boulevard, circa 1903
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Page 136, National Research Council Committee, 1980
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https://thecoastal.com/featured/jax-cinematic-past/
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https://thecoastal.com/featured/jax-cinematic-past/
1435:. The move was carried out on October 1, 1968, and
811:was held in Jacksonville and attended by President
445:. Ribault returned to France for supplies, but the
437:before moving north and establishing the colony of
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1300:Because of its high visibility and patronage, the
2897:"Ax Handle Saturday: Jacksonville's Ugliest Hour"
2087:"This Day in the American Civil War for April 16"
1660:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1304:and surrounding stores were the site of numerous
1251:, who constructed nuclear generating plants, and
1087:
3399:
2721:
1380:'s drum set had to be nailed down to the stage.
1236:
1202:'s nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (
2988:
2633:
2631:
2612:Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum (2023-12-19).
2589:Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum (2023-07-12).
2566:Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum (2023-01-28).
2543:Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum (2022-10-24).
2520:Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum (2022-08-06).
2497:Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum (2022-04-12).
2425:"The History of Film and Television in Florida"
3099:Photographic exhibit on the Great Fire of 1901
2051:
3125:
3101:; presented by the State Archives of Florida.
899:in Jacksonville and dispatched several state
723:forces captured a Confederate battery in the
333:
3043:
2852:"Floating nuclear plants may become reality"
2731:. jacksonville.com (The Florida Times-Union)
2628:
2054:The Civil War in Florida: A Military History
2026:
1522:History of African Americans in Jacksonville
1173:which now offers civil aeronautics classes.
868:travelled to Jacksonville to cover the war.
20:, began to grow in the late 18th century as
2939:
2909:
2763:
1934:Wynne, Lewis N.; Taylor, Robert A. (2001).
1026:In 1917, the first motion picture made in
958:, the motion picture industry was based in
692:Military prison in Jacksonville during the
672:of the United States. U.S. settlers led by
3132:
3118:
2066:
1396:announced the mandatory evacuation of the
1036:, was filmed on location in Jacksonville.
941:
340:
326:
2884:“ALEXANDER P. 'ZEKE' ZECHELLA: 1920-2009”
2176:
1512:List of people from Jacksonville, Florida
826:
3053:Remembering Jacksonville: By the Wayside
3049:
2255:
1908:
1563:
1133:
1091:
945:
768:
687:
404:
49:
2972:"St. Augustine Civil Rights 1960 -1965"
2846:
2844:
2842:
2769:
1984:"Battle of Olustee - The Battle Itself"
1851:The Land Policy in British East Florida
1655:
1624:"European Exploration and Colonization"
1376:". The winds were blowing so hard that
1269:Public Service Electric and Gas Company
1217:
843:
788:and afterward, Jacksonville and nearby
715:cause. Throughout most of the war, the
3400:
2969:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2800:
2182:
2155:
2107:
1957:
1955:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1470:began the "quiet revolution" with the
668:of the Florida Territory and eventual
656:, asking that Jacksonville be named a
515:France and Spain were defeated by the
3113:
2471:
1801:
1776:
1750:Jacksonville's Architectural Heritage
1721:
1719:
1289:
1278:OPS obtained 850+ acres (3.4 km2) on
1253:Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock
1074:starring black actors in the vein of
930:from 1910. The Klutho Apartments, in
876:
409:Fort Caroline shown in an old etching
2886:Florida Times-Union, August 18, 2009
2839:
2374:
1927:
1747:
1372:by the British rock-and-roll band, "
1062:In 1920, Richard Norman, founder of
764:
562:'s natural wealth were published in
3381:
3105:The Jacksonville Historical Society
2876:
2857:
2821:
2697:
2325:
2045:
2020:
1952:
1638:
1573:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 48–49.
1308:demonstrations in the 1960s. Black
860:sheriff and future state governor,
13:
3056:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 37.
2854:Boca Raton News, November 15, 1981
1716:
1694:
1672:
1616:
1594:
1190:Jacksonville is also not far from
954:In the early 20th century, before
357:
14:
3419:
3092:
2942:"Civil rights - Jacksonville.com"
2164:. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A
2110:"The Jacksonville Mutiny of 1865"
1884:"Jacksonville Historical Society"
1729:. Jacksonville Historical Society
1517:Timeline of Jacksonville, Florida
1480:Local Government Study Commission
1064:Norman Film Manufacturing Company
759:
3408:History of Jacksonville, Florida
3380:
3369:
3368:
3354:
3141:
2300:
1496:
1412:
1275:to be president of OPS in 1972.
1210:necessitating the opening of an
800:and (beginning in the 1880s) by
401:Colonial and territorial history
309:
68:
3070:
3031:
3012:
2982:
2963:
2933:
2903:
2889:
2794:
2742:
2683:
2669:
2656:
2645:
2605:
2582:
2559:
2536:
2513:
2490:
2465:
2441:
2417:
2393:
2368:
2344:
2319:
2294:
2274:
2249:
2225:
2211:
2149:
2132:
2101:
2079:
2060:
1994:
1976:
1902:
1876:
1860:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1795:
1777:Beach, William Wallace (1877).
1527:
1255:, who had recently merged with
1198:, which is home to part of the
1043:In 1917, conservative Democrat
871:
3159:Jacksonville metropolitan area
3078:"Chamber remembers Lex Hester"
2770:Brumley, Jeff (27 July 2007).
2639:"Film History in Jacksonville"
2256:Hamilton, Bruce (2022-05-05).
2156:Waymer, Jim (March 15, 2020).
1909:Sheppard, Jonathan C. (2012).
1770:
1741:
1557:
1192:Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay
1148:Naval Air Station Jacksonville
492:had established the colony of
30:Florida Land Bust of the 1920s
1:
3082:Jacksonville Business Journal
3050:Fletcher, Dorothy K. (2010).
1802:Wells, Judy (March 2, 2000).
1702:"Sacrifice of the first-born"
1626:. Florida Department of State
1550:
1350:
1249:Westinghouse Electric Company
1237:Floating nuclear power plants
1019:In 1915, Joseph Engel opened
702:3rd Florida Infantry Regiment
610:and county-based government.
443:Parris Island, South Carolina
352:
2836:Atomic Insights, August 1996
2772:"Fond farewell for Big John"
2114:Florida Historical Quarterly
2073:civilwarnavy150.blogspot.com
683:
633:. The Spanish also accepted
451:René Goulaine de Laudonnière
377:, a coastal subgroup of the
7:
2067:Seaman Rob (6 April 2014).
1963:"Battle of Olustee History"
1754:University Press of Florida
1704:. National Portrait Gallery
1489:
1284:Jacksonville Port Authority
1096:Map of Jacksonville in 1920
999:Lubin Manufacturing Company
821:Florida East Coast Railroad
10:
3424:
2662:H & W.B. Drew Company
2356:subscribe.jacksonville.com
2185:Nineteenth-Century Fiction
1531:
1419:Jacksonville Consolidation
1416:
1293:
1240:
1221:
1129:
1122:(portions of which became
889:Southeastern United States
880:
862:Napoleon Bonaparte Broward
457:atop the St. Johns Bluff.
153:American Revolutionary War
3363:
3352:
3197:Colleges and universities
3177:
3154:
2158:"Virus shakes up society"
1171:Florida Community College
965:In 1908, New York-based
852:, gunrunners helping the
725:Battle of St. Johns Bluff
205:Constitutional convention
3169:United States of America
2864:"Urban waterfront lands"
2801:Cowart, John W. (2008).
1936:Florida In The Civil War
1783:. J. Munsel. p. 125
1340:Florida State University
660:. The city is named for
510:Bishop Kenny High School
490:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
162:Spanish Rule, 1783–1821:
45:contiguous United States
41:consolidated city-county
2332:The Florida Times-Union
2091:civilwarinteractive.com
2052:Schmidt, Lewis (1995).
1808:The Florida Times-Union
1604:. National Park Service
1333:Sheriff of Jacksonville
1231:Hotel George Washington
942:Motion picture industry
745:US Transport Maple Leaf
651:U.S. Secretary of State
447:French Wars of Religion
184:U.S. Territorial Period
127:Pre-history, until 1497
2029:A Brave Black Regiment
1938:. Arcadia Publishing.
1365:St. Augustine, Florida
1243:Offshore Power Systems
1143:
1097:
1072:African American films
951:
827:Yellow fever epidemics
809:Subtropical Exposition
796:. Visitors arrived by
777:
697:
410:
393:near the mouth of the
231:Ordinance of Secession
55:
3037:Weathersbee, Tonyaa:
2989:Alliniece T. Andino.
2729:"Five Points Theatre"
2108:Fannin, J.F. (2010).
2027:Emilo, Luis. (1995).
2002:"Olustee Battlefield"
1780:The Indian Miscellany
1682:. Library of Congress
1441:mayor of Jacksonville
1259:, to create floating
1212:international airport
1178:Naval Station Mayport
1137:
1095:
1081:The Birth of a Nation
983:King Bee Film Company
949:
772:
691:
678:Isaiah D. Hart Bridge
570:, mostly coming from
556:French and Indian War
521:French and Indian War
505:Dominique de Gourgues
408:
291:Presidential Election
78:reflects the state's
53:
18:Jacksonville, Florida
3148:City of Jacksonville
2882:Kerr, Jessie-Lynne:
2752:. www.5pointsjax.com
2624:– via YouTube.
2601:– via YouTube.
2578:– via YouTube.
2555:– via YouTube.
2532:– via YouTube.
2509:– via YouTube.
2472:admin (2023-08-02).
1748:Wood, Wayne (1992).
1478:was chairman of the
1398:Jacksonville Beaches
1318:Morrison's Cafeteria
1265:Port of Jacksonville
1261:nuclear power plants
1224:Hotel Roosevelt fire
1218:Hotel Roosevelt fire
1167:Cuban Missile Crisis
1088:"Gateway to Florida"
895:declared a state of
850:Spanish–American War
844:Spanish–American War
680:over the St. Johns.
549:British West Florida
545:British East Florida
2375:Williams, Cynthia.
1988:battleofolustee.org
1363:made landfall near
893:William S. Jennings
619:Scots-Irish descent
199:Second Seminole War
3024:2017-07-01 at the
2976:drbronsontours.com
2807:. Bluefish Books.
2750:"5 Points Theater"
2709:www.waymarking.com
2453:Visit Jacksonville
2145:John Wilson Cowart
1814:on October 9, 2012
1450:Jacksonville Beach
1370:Gator Bowl Stadium
1296:Ax Handle Saturday
1290:Ax Handle Saturday
1196:St. Marys, Georgia
1144:
1118:Completion of the
1098:
987:Vim Comedy Company
981:, Majestic Films,
952:
924:St. James Building
916:Frank Lloyd Wright
883:Great Fire of 1901
877:Great Fire of 1901
778:
709:American Civil War
698:
694:American Civil War
525:the United Kingdom
411:
391:Fort George Island
316:Florida portal
223:Third Seminole War
174:First Seminole War
62:History of Florida
56:
37:United States Navy
26:Great Fire of 1901
3395:
3394:
3063:978-1-61423-138-7
3018:Pemberton, John:
2940:The Times-Union.
2910:The Times-Union.
2899:. 27 August 2019.
2782:on 5 October 2008
2056:. self-published.
2031:. Da Capo Press.
2008:on March 14, 2014
1872:978-0-8130-3028-9
1539:Bartley, Abel A.
1161:was designated a
1109:Riverside Theater
1102:Florida land boom
1068:European American
1023:in Jacksonville.
908:Henry John Klutho
765:Winter resort era
730:Battle of Olustee
666:military governor
654:John Quincy Adams
643:Florida Territory
617:and Americans of
350:
349:
297:COVID-19 pandemic
191:Capitol moved to
3415:
3384:
3383:
3372:
3371:
3358:
3164:State of Florida
3146:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3086:
3085:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2997:. Archived from
2995:jacksonville.com
2986:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2948:. Archived from
2946:jacksonville.com
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2918:. Archived from
2916:jacksonville.com
2907:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2861:
2855:
2850:Putnam, Walter:
2848:
2837:
2830:
2819:
2818:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2778:. Archived from
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2649:
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2642:
2635:
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2623:
2622:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
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2586:
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2563:
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2556:
2554:
2553:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2517:
2511:
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2508:
2507:
2494:
2488:
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2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2397:
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2390:
2388:
2387:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2301:Grey, Jennifer.
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2253:
2247:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2153:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2093:. Archived from
2083:
2077:
2076:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1886:. Archived from
1880:
1874:
1864:
1858:
1855:Charles L. Mowat
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1810:. Archived from
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1698:
1692:
1691:
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1670:
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1665:
1653:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1565:Milanich, Jerald
1561:
1543:(2000). 177 pp.
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1113:talking pictures
1033:The Gulf Between
936:Fresh Ministries
906:Young architect
813:Grover Cleveland
631:Florida Crackers
596:St. Johns County
383:Native Americans
342:
335:
328:
314:
313:
312:
279:6th Constitution
261:5th Constitution
255:4th Constitution
243:3rd Constitution
72:
58:
57:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3359:
3350:
3239:Fire and Rescue
3173:
3150:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3048:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3026:Wayback Machine
3017:
3013:
3004:
3002:
2987:
2983:
2968:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2881:
2877:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2815:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2776:The Times-Union
2768:
2764:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2551:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2478:Easy Edit Video
2470:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2429:Film In Florida
2423:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2326:Soergel, Matt.
2324:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2307:guides.fscj.edu
2299:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2254:
2250:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2197:10.2307/2932875
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2154:
2150:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2106:
2102:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2065:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1890:on 25 June 2012
1882:
1881:
1877:
1865:
1861:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1727:"Fort Caroline"
1725:
1724:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1673:
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1622:
1621:
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1605:
1600:
1599:
1595:
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1583:
1581:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1536:
1530:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1472:Yates Manifesto
1421:
1415:
1386:Hurricane Floyd
1353:
1298:
1292:
1245:
1239:
1226:
1220:
1184:John F. Kennedy
1163:Master Jet Base
1140:Hotel Roosevelt
1132:
1090:
995:Gaumont Studios
944:
885:
879:
874:
846:
829:
775:St. Johns River
767:
762:
686:
635:fugitive slaves
615:English descent
441:on what is now
435:St. Johns River
419:Spanish Florida
403:
395:St. Johns River
360:
358:Ancient history
355:
346:
310:
308:
303:
302:
267:Great Migration
217:, 1845–present:
121:
111:
110:
93:
83:
80:Native American
76:seal of Florida
12:
11:
5:
3421:
3411:
3410:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3377:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3346:Transportation
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
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3155:
3152:
3151:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3094:
3093:External links
3091:
3088:
3087:
3069:
3062:
3042:
3030:
3011:
2981:
2962:
2932:
2902:
2888:
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2627:
2604:
2581:
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2489:
2464:
2440:
2416:
2392:
2381:The News-Press
2367:
2343:
2318:
2293:
2273:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2224:
2210:
2191:(4): 357–368.
2175:
2148:
2131:
2100:
2097:on 2014-07-24.
2078:
2059:
2044:
2037:
2019:
1993:
1975:
1951:
1944:
1926:
1919:
1901:
1875:
1859:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1794:
1769:
1762:
1756:. p. 22.
1740:
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674:Isaiah D. Hart
662:Andrew Jackson
647:Andrew Jackson
627:South Carolina
572:South Carolina
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3227:Laura Street
3217:Demographics
3182:Architecture
3081:
3072:
3052:
3045:
3033:
3014:
3003:. Retrieved
2999:the original
2994:
2984:
2975:
2970:Gil Wilson.
2965:
2954:. Retrieved
2950:the original
2945:
2935:
2924:. Retrieved
2920:the original
2915:
2905:
2891:
2878:
2859:
2832:Adams, Rod:
2803:
2796:
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2780:the original
2775:
2765:
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2744:
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2723:
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2708:
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2161:
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2120:(3): 368–370
2117:
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2095:the original
2090:
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2062:
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2028:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2006:the original
1996:
1987:
1978:
1967:. Retrieved
1935:
1929:
1910:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:the original
1878:
1862:
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1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:the original
1807:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
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1731:. Retrieved
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1674:
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1618:
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1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1569:
1559:
1540:
1528:Bibliography
1479:
1476:J. J. Daniel
1471:
1468:Claude Yates
1466:
1437:Hans Tanzler
1433:Duval County
1425:urban sprawl
1422:
1394:John Delaney
1382:
1354:
1337:
1327:
1323:Ku Klux Klan
1306:civil rights
1302:Hemming Park
1299:
1277:
1246:
1227:
1208:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1156:
1145:
1117:
1106:
1099:
1079:
1061:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1014:Jacksonville
1007:
1003:
964:
953:
905:
886:
872:20th century
858:Duval County
847:
833:yellow fever
830:
779:
755:
742:
734:
706:
699:
639:
612:
592:Baker County
588:Duval County
553:
536:
514:
502:
498:
459:
427:Jean Ribault
423:missionaries
412:
361:
284:
213:
212:
186:, 1822–1845:
182:
181:
161:
160:
147:, 1763–1783:
145:British Rule
143:
142:
135:Spanish Rule
133:
132:
126:
125:
34:
21:
16:The city of
15:
3386:WikiProject
3331:Skyscrapers
2786:18 February
1570:The Timucua
1429:consolidate
1390:the Bahamas
1378:Ringo Starr
1374:The Beatles
1152:Blue Angels
1028:Technicolor
932:Springfield
897:martial law
848:During the
838:quarantines
713:Confederate
707:During the
478:Lake George
439:Charlesfort
381:indigenous
275:, 1925–1929
269:, 1910–1930
251:, 1865–1868
239:, 1861–1865
225:, 1855–1858
201:, 1835–1842
193:Tallahassee
176:, 1817–1818
170:, 1811–1814
168:War of 1812
155:, 1775–1783
137:, 1513–1763
3254:Government
3005:2009-10-08
2956:2009-10-08
2926:2009-10-08
2756:2010-01-02
2735:2010-01-01
2714:2024-07-26
2621:2024-07-26
2598:2024-07-26
2575:2024-07-26
2552:2024-07-26
2529:2024-07-26
2506:2024-07-26
2483:2024-07-26
2458:2024-07-26
2434:2024-07-26
2410:2024-07-26
2386:2024-07-26
2361:2024-07-26
2337:2024-07-26
2312:2024-07-26
2287:2024-07-26
2267:2024-07-26
2124:8 December
1969:2013-01-20
1551:References
1532:See also:
1484:Lex Hester
1439:, elected
1357:hurricanes
1351:Hurricanes
1329:Nat Glover
1314:Woolworths
1049:California
1004:In 1914,
794:Gilded Age
353:Early days
3271:Libraries
3249:Geography
3234:Festivals
3202:Companies
2168:March 15,
2012:March 13,
1586:August 3,
1282:from the
1206:) fleet.
1182:USS
956:Hollywood
798:steamboat
784:, during
782:Civil War
738:Lake City
684:Civil War
670:President
431:Huguenots
413:In 1513,
273:Land Boom
237:Civil War
215:Statehood
3402:Category
3374:Category
3326:Religion
3264:Timeline
3022:Archived
1787:July 12,
1733:July 28,
1708:July 28,
1686:July 28,
1664:July 28,
1630:July 28,
1608:July 28,
1567:(1999).
1490:See also
1159:Cold War
997:and the
802:railroad
750:3rd USCT
533:Seminole
486:mutinies
484:, three
476:and the
466:Saturiwa
387:Saturiwa
119:Timeline
106:Politics
102:Counties
22:Cow Ford
3341:Tourism
3321:Schools
3291:Museums
3259:History
3222:Economy
3212:Culture
3207:Council
3192:Climate
3187:Beaches
2405:SGR Law
2205:2932875
1894:18 June
1818:July 2,
1462:Baldwin
1388:struck
1310:Sit-ins
1263:at the
1257:Tenneco
1200:US Navy
1130:US Navy
1006:Oliver
973:(later
920:Chicago
901:militia
717:US Navy
623:Georgia
584:Bermuda
580:England
576:Georgia
568:Florida
564:England
560:Florida
535:called
529:Georgia
519:in the
517:British
474:Palatka
462:Timucua
415:Spanish
379:Timucua
367:Pottery
82:history
3336:Sports
3311:People
3306:Police
3060:
2869:
2811:
2203:
2035:
1942:
1917:
1870:
1760:
1577:
1460:, and
1446:Alaska
1124:U.S. 1
1008:"Babe"
541:cattle
482:famine
375:Mocama
293:, 2000
281:, 1968
263:, 1885
257:, 1868
245:, 1865
233:, 1861
207:, 1838
195:, 1824
98:Cities
91:Topics
28:, the
3301:Parks
3286:Music
3281:Media
3276:Mayor
2201:JSTOR
1345:NAACP
1010:Hardy
854:Cuban
721:Union
470:Utina
3316:Port
3244:Flag
3058:ISBN
2867:ISBN
2809:ISBN
2788:2024
2262:WJXT
2170:2020
2126:2022
2033:ISBN
2014:2014
1940:ISBN
1915:ISBN
1896:2012
1868:ISBN
1857:1940
1820:2011
1789:2011
1758:ISBN
1735:2023
1710:2023
1688:2023
1666:2023
1632:2023
1610:2023
1588:2010
1575:ISBN
1474:and
1204:SSBN
1107:The
1066:, a
1055:and
806:1888
743:The
625:and
598:and
578:and
547:and
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1853:by
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