History of Guinea-Bissau

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region participated in the trade with the exception of the Balantas and Jolas. Most wars were waged for the sole purpose of capturing slaves to sell to the Europeans in exchange for imported goods, such that they resembled man-hunts more than conflicts over territory or political power. The nobles and kings benefited, while the common people bore the brunt of the raiding and insecurity. If a noble was captured they were likely to be released, as the captors, whoever they were, would generally accept a ransom in exchange for their freedom. The relationship between kings and European traders was a partnership, with the two regularly making deals on how the trade was to be conducted, who was to be enslaved and who was not, and the prices of the slaves. Contemporary chroniclers Fernão Guerreiro and Mateo de Anguiano questioned multiple kings on their part in the slave trade, noting that they recognised the trade as evil but participated because the Europeans would buy no other goods from them.

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sought to influence the host societies to their benefit. Under pressure from hostile locals, the Portuguese abandoned the settlement of Buguendo near Cacheu in 1580 and Guinala in 1583, where they retreated to a fort. In 1590 they built a fort at Cacheu, which the local Manjaks unsuccessfully stormed shortly after its construction. These forts, poorly manned and provisioned, were unable to completely free the

1021:, and left-leaning African countries. Cuba also agreed to supply artillery experts, doctors, and technicians. The PAIGC even managed to acquire a significant anti-aircraft capability in order to defend itself against aerial attack. By 1973, the PAIGC was in control of many parts of Guinea, although the movement suffered a setback in January 1973 when its founder and leader 24: 2953:

denominations of their coasts, harbors, creeks, rivers, lakes, cities, towns, castles, and villages: their customs, modes, and manners, languages, religions, and inexhaustible treasure: with their governments and policy, variety of trade and barter, and also of their wonderful plants, beasts, birds, and serpents

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There were four main ways in which people were enslaved: as punishment for law breaking, selling themselves or relatives during famines, kidnapped by native marauders or European raiders, or as prisoners of war. Most slaves were bought by Europeans from local rulers or traders. Every ethnicity in the

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Bijago night raids on coastal settlements had significant impact on the societies attacked. Portuguese traders on the mainland tried to stop the raids, as they hurt the local economy, but the islanders also sold considerable numbers of slaves to the Europeans, who frequently pushed for more captives.

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Up until the late 1800s, Portuguese control of their 'colony' outside of their forts and trading posts was a fiction. African rulers held power in the countryside, and frequent attacks and assassinations against the Portuguese marked the middle decades of the century. Guinea-Bissau became the scene

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replaced de Magalhães with Gonçalo de Gamboa de Ayala. He had some success winning over local leaders and stopping Spanish ships at Cacheu. In Bissau, however, two Spanish ships entered and were afforded full protection by the King of Bissau. Ayala threatened violent repercussions, but nothing came

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swore allegiance to the Portuguese king, but were not in a position to deny the free trade that the African kings, who now saw European products as necessities, demanded. In Cacheu famine had wiped out the slave troops in charge of defending the fort, the water supply remained in Manjak hands, and

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initially hostile. The other ethnicities of the region all harboured communities of lançados, who were subject to taxation and the laws and customs of the community they lived in, including the local courts. Disputes became increasingly frequent and serious in the late 1500s as the foreign traders

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Bijago society was warlike. Men were dedicated to building boats and raiding the mainland, attacking the coastal peoples as well as other islands. Women cultivated land, constructed houses, and gathered food, and could choose their husbands, generally warriors with the best reputation. Successful

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from the southern forests, iron from the savannah-forest zone, salt and dried fish from the coast, and Mandinka cotton cloth. The products were commonly sold at markets and fairs held every seven or eight days, which several thousand buyers sometimes attended and sellers from up to 60 miles away.

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Africa: being an accurate description of the regions of Aegypt, Barbary, Lybia, and Billedulgerid, the land of Negroes, Guinee, Aethiopia, and the Abyssines, with all the adjacent islands, either in the Mediterranean, Atlantick, Southern, or Oriental Sea, belonging thereunto: with the several

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The slave trade dominated the economy, enriching the warrior classes with imported cloth, beads, metalware, and firearms. Trade networks to North Africa were dominant up to the 14th century, with coastal trade with the Europeans increasing beginning in the 15th century. In the 17th and 18th

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in Guinea, mainly to foreign companies, to increase exports. The modest increase in government income, however, did not defray the cost of the troops used to impose the taxes. Resistance continued throughout the area, but these reforms laid the groundwork for future military expansion.

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The Bijagos themselves were mostly safe from enslavement, out of the reach of mainland slave traders. Portuguese sources say the children made good slaves but not the adults, who were likely to commit suicide, lead rebellions aboard slave ships, or escape upon reaching the

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northeast of Cacheu. The Portuguese were never able to impose their monopolistic vision on the local and Afro-European traders, as the economic interests of the native leaders and Afro-European merchants never fully aligned with theirs. During this period the power of the

208:. Portugal claimed the region beginning in the 1450s. Portuguese control of the area was limited to several forts along the coast during most of this period. Portugal gained complete control of the mainland after the pacification campaigns of 1912–1915. The offshore 486:

was founded by the son of the king of Quinara (Guinala) who moved to the area with his pregnant sister, his six wives, and the subjects of his father's kingdom. Relations between the kingdom and the Portuguese were initially warm, but deteriorated over time.

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Despite reports that there had been an influx of arms in the weeks leading up to the election and reports of some 'disturbances during campaigning' – including attacks on the presidential palace and the Interior Ministry by as-yet-unidentified gunmen –

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in 2023 resulted in clashes between government forces and the National Guard. On 11 September 2024, President Umaro Sissoco Embaló announced that he would not seek a second term in the upcoming presidential elections scheduled for November 2025.

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attempted to intercept slavers off the coast of Guinea in the first half of the 19th century. This restriction of supply, however, only increased prices and intensified illegal slave-trading activity. Portugal abandoned slavery in 1869 and

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Dianke Walli, seeing that he would lose, ordered his troops to set the city's gunpowder on fire, killing the Mandinka defenders alongside most of the invading army. The loss of Kansala marked the end of the Kaabu empire and the rise of the

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background. They ignored Portuguese trade regulations banning entering the region or trading without a royal licence, shipping out of unauthorised ports, or assimilating into the native community. In 1520 they reduced measures against the

648:, dyes, slaves, and gold. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along the rivers. Meanwhile, local African rulers generally refused to allow Europeans into the interior, to ensure their control of trade routes. 1996: 299:

Weapons were prohibited in the marketplace, and soldiers were positioned around the area to keep order throughout the day. Market sections were allocated for specific products, except wine, which could be sold anywhere.

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migrated into the region, pushing the earlier inhabitants towards the coast. A small number of Mandinka had been present in the region as early as the 11th century, but they migrated en masse in the 13th century as

2238: 679:, leading to the attack of Portuguese possessions in Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde by Spain's enemies. French, Dutch, and English ships increasingly came to trade with the natives and the independent-minded 2697: 1009:, the PAIGC rapidly extended its control over large portions of the territory. Aided by the jungle-like terrain, it had easy access to borders with neighbouring allies and large quantities of arms from 1097:

in 1998, created hundreds of thousands of displaced persons. The president was ousted by a military junta on 7 May 1999. An interim government turned over power in February 2000 when opposition leader

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for the first time since the 2003 coup. Deposed President Ialá returned as the candidate for the PRS, claiming to be the legitimate president of the country. The election was won by former president

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and to promote trade and settlement on the mainland while restricting the sale of weapons to the locals. These efforts were largely unsuccessful. With the end of the Iberian Union in 1640, King

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pushed the party towards more militarized tactics, leaning heavily on the political mobilization of the peasantry in the countryside. After years of planning and preparing from their base in

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The kingdom strongly defended its sovereignty against the Portuguese "pacification campaigns," defeating them in 1891, 1894, and 1904. In 1915, the Portuguese, under the command of officer

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standard of 'effective occupation', the Portuguese colonial government embarked on a series of 'pacification campaigns' that were mostly military failures up until the arrival of Capt.

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the lançados (and their Africanized descendants) were no more enthused about losing customers than the locals, so Captain-Major Luis de Magalhães had no choice but to lift the embargo.

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Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some "disturbances during campaigning", including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen, foreign

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from their responsibilities to the native monarchs, their hosts, who themselves could not kick the traders out as goods that they brought in were in high demand with the upper class.

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The Balanta and Jola had weak or nonexistent institutions of kingship with an emphasis on heads of villages and families. The Mandinka, Fula, Papel, Manjak, and Biafada chiefs were

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Illegal occupation by Portuguese military forces of certain sectors of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and acts of aggression committed by them against the people of the Republic

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held in November 2008. In November 2008, President Vieira's official residence was attacked by members of the armed forces, killing a guard but leaving the president unharmed.

2532: 1350: 1256:, who had been killed in an explosion the day before. Vieira's death did not trigger widespread violence, but there were signs of turmoil in the country, according to the 983: 280:. A process of 'Mandinkization' ensued. The Fulani arrived as early as the 12th century as semi-nomadic herders, but did not have a large presence until the 15th century. 1252:

On 2 March 2009, Vieira was assassinated by what preliminary reports indicated to be a group of soldiers avenging the death of the head of joint chiefs of staff, General

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of Mandinka. Individuals from other ethnic backgrounds often became assimilated into this dominant culture, and frequent inter-ethnic marriages assisted the process.

2468: 216:, the country was controlled by a single-party system until 1991. The introduction of multi-party politics in 1991 brought the first multi-party elections in 1994. A 2230: 1859: 2855: 1052:

in the southeastern region and declared the independence of Guinea-Bissau on 24 September 1973. This was recognized by a 93–7 UN General Assembly vote in November.

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laid siege to the earthen walls of Kansala for 11 days. The Mandinka kept the Fulani from climbing the walls for a time but were eventually overwhelmed. The

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and, while it did not produce the same number of enslaved people as other regions, the impact was still significant. At first slaves were mainly sent to

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took office following two rounds of transparent presidential elections. Guinea-Bissau's transition back to democracy has been complicated by a crippled

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and retreated to Cacheu after the captain-major was captured and killed by the local king. They would not return until the 1750s. Meanwhile, the

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remained a neglected backwater, however, with administration expenses exceeding revenue. In 1951, responding to anti-colonial criticism in the

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alone. The 17th and 18th centuries saw thousands of people taken from the region every year by Portuguese, French, and British companies. The

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to kings. Their customs, rites, and ceremonies varied. Still, nobles commanded all the major positions, including the judicial system.

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People have inhabited the region now known as Guinea-Bissau for thousands of years. In the 13th century, it became a province of the

42: 1068:, Amílcar Cabral's half-brother, became president. The United States recognised Guinea Bissau's independence on 10 September 1974. 3516: 1317: 1239: 1212: 1196: 370:

in the early 16th century. Kaabu became an independent federation of kingdoms, the period's most powerful western Mandinka state..

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and native traders navigated riverways and creeks in small boats purchased from European ships or manufactured locally by trained

510:, different islands were populated by people of different ethnic origins, leading to great cultural diversity in the archipelago. 3795: 3690: 3601: 3324: 2493: 2288:"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, Since 1776: Guinea-Bissau" 1320:. At the end of his term, Vaz became the first elected president to complete his five-year mandate. He lost the 2019 election to 1246: 699:

attempted to restrict the Spanish trade in Guinea that had flourished for the previous 60 years. The Afro-Portuguese in Bissau,

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Although the Portuguese authorities initially discouraged European settlement on the mainland, this prohibition was ignored by

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to the east posed a powerful challenge to animist Kaabu. During the first half of the 19th century, civil war erupted as local

180: 2932: 2911: 1742: 605:, and trade and settlements increased on the mainland populated by the Portuguese and native traders, as well some Spanish, 3815: 3634: 3058: 3392: 3382: 3372: 2465: 1850: 1298: 1288: 1172: 1166: 3560: 3511: 2760: 3486: 3387: 3304: 2207: 1263:. Military leaders in the country pledged to respect the constitutional order of succession. National Assembly Speaker 2674: 854:

Beginning in the late 18th century, European countries gradually began slowing and/or abolishing the slave trade. The

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of military factions in October 2004 resulted in the death of the General Correia Seabra causing widespread unrest.

3555: 2737: 1324:, who took office in February 2020. Embaló is the first president to be elected without the backing of the PAIGC. 1032:

Portuguese-held (green), disputed (yellow) and rebel-held areas (red) in Portuguese-Guinea and other colonies 1970

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who assimilated into indigenous culture and customs. They were mainly from impoverished backgrounds, traders from

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The Empire of Mali declined gradually, beginning in the 14th century. Formerly secure possessions in what is now

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into the region. By the 14th century, much of Guinea-Bissau was under the administration of Mali and ruled by a

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Bowman, Joye L. (22 January 2009). "Abdul Njai: Ally and Enemy of the Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau, 1895–1919".

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region. Malian imperial history was central to Kaabu culture, maintaining its significant institutions and the

1305:, assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties. 1293:

On 9 January 2012, President Sanhá died of complications from diabetes, and Pereira was again appointed as an

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In late 1980, the government was overthrown in a coup led by prime minister and former armed forces commander

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The region's history has yet to be extensively documented in archaeological records. It had a population of

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against President Embaló. According to Embaló, the coup attempt was linked to drug trafficking. Another

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and arrested Pereira as well as a leading presidential candidate. Former vice chief of staff, General

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seeing an influx at lower volumes. In Cape Verde especially they were instrumental in developing the

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Bowman, Joye L. (1986). "Abdul Njai: Ally and Enemy of the Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau, 1895–1919".

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kingdom. However, some smaller Mandinka kingdoms survived until their absorption by the Portuguese.

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of increased European colonial competition beginning in the 1860s. The dispute over the status of

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shut down in 1706. For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a foothold on

732: 217: 3073: 2856:""Guinea-Bissau President Umaro Sissoco Embaló Declines Second Term Amid Political Uncertainty"" 2271: 1321: 1216: 1072: 406:

centuries, an estimated 700 enslaved people left the region annually, many of them from Kaabu.

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at their furthest navigable point that traded directly with the interior for resources such as

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Revoltas e resistências dos Papéis da Guiné-Bissau contra o Colonialismo Português – 1886–1915

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was seen in people's clothing and accessories, housing materials, and transportation options.

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In the early 17th century the government attempted to force all Guinean trade to go through

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Attempting to shore up domestic finances and strengthen the grip on the colony, in 1891

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in 1479–1480. The region was known to the Portuguese as 'The Guinea of Cape Verde', and

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Three years later, PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority, with 67 of 100 seats, in

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legislative and presidential elections were held. An army uprising that triggered the

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who traced their patrilineal lineage back to Tiramakhan Traore. The Nyancho were a

209: 2619:"Já foi escolhida a data para a realização das eleições presidenciais entecipadas" 1137:

took place. The presidential election resulted in a victory for opposition leader

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Meanwhile, the Portuguese monopoly was being increasingly challenged. In 1580 the

335:. According to oral tradition, Tiramakhan Traore invaded the region to punish the 4000: 3910: 3800: 2829: 2811: 2472: 2427: 1224: 920: 507: 348: 256: 229: 1676:

Schoenmakers, Hans (1987). "Old Men and New State Structures in Guinea-Bissau".

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warriors could have many wives and boats, and were entitled to one-third of the

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was the administrative capital and the source of most of its white settlers.

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in 1870, but French encroachment on Portuguese claims continued. In 1886 the

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Kaabu was first established in the 13th century. It existed as a province of

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Trade was widespread between ethnic groups. Items traded included pepper and

244: 2201: 1297:. On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged 1276: 1184: 1138: 1098: 1774:. Vol. III (Illustrated, revised ed.). Facts On File. p. 92. 1192: 1018: 855: 762: 340: 336: 240: 1308: 3289: 1223:

in a run-off election. Sanhá initially refused to concede, claiming that

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was resolved in Portugal's favor through the mediation of U.S. President

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In 1994, 20 years after independence from Portugal, the country's first

581: 3028: 1971: 1613: 1357: 1260: 951:, the Portuguese government rebranded all of their colonies, including 827:

From 1580 to 1640 many slaves from Guinea-Bissau were destined for the

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The first Europeans to reach Guinea-Bissau were the Venetian explorer

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king for having insulted Sundiata and followed by going south of the

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of it. He did successfully resettle the Afro-European community of

466:, and Bissege. The former two were important ports with significant 378:

Kaabu's ruling classes were composed of elite warriors known as the

2671:"Tiny Guinea-Bissau becomes latest West African nation hit by coup" 2231:"Africa: a continent drenched in the blood of revolutionary heroes" 620:(native African sailors, both slave and free). The main ports were 295: 2700:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 2131:

História da Guiné: portugueses e africanos na senegambia 1841–1936

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devastated by civil war and military interference in government.

2830:"Guinea-Bissau: Attempted coup was foiled, says President Embaló" 1064:, it granted independence to Guinea-Bissau on 10 September 1974. 995: 932: 911:, Minister of Marine and Colonies, reformed tax laws and granted 901: 832: 801: 700: 629: 515: 463: 383: 359: 2517:. AFP via Google.com (16 November 2008). Retrieved 22 June 2013. 422:

sought independence. This long-running conflict led to the 1867

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by 1000 AD. Agriculturists using iron tools shortly followed.

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With the region's rivers possessing no natural harbours, the

606: 313: 277: 205: 2786:"Guinea-Bissau: Former PM Embalo wins presidential election" 2026: 1735:

Ethnic groups of Africa and the Middle East: an encyclopedia

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United Nations Peacebuilding Support Office in Guinea-Bissau

1206: 386:, reputed to be excellent cavalrymen and raiders. The Kaabu 1991: 1989: 1010: 984:

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde

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and other local rulers began to assert their independence.

366:, and Guinea-Bissau were cut off by the expanding power of 324: 156:

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde

2181: 2096: 2081: 1830: 1806: 2441:"Guinea-Bissau Top General Killed in Unrest - 2004-10-06" 2193: 2014: 1924: 1877: 1267:

was appointed as an interim president until a nationwide

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replaced it that was only barely better for the workers.

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Guinea-Bissau was among the first regions touched by the

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Europeans were not accepted in all communities, with the

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Lobban, Richard Andrew Jr.; Mendy, Peter Karibe (2013).

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Volume II, Lisbon, Imprensa Universitária pp 25–6, 62–4.

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Gale Group. (2017). Guinea-Bissau. In M. S. Hill (Ed.),

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Histoire des Mandingues de l'Ouest: le royaume du Gabou

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Guinea Bissau vote goes smooth amid hopes for stability

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Presidencies of José Mário Vaz and Umaro Sissoco Embaló

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cloth that became a standard currency in West Africa.

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Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau

2046:"British Library – Endangered Archive Programme (EAP)" 1784: 632:, and each river also sported trading centers such as 2169:

Angola Under the Portuguese: The Myth and the Reality

2421:"US and UN give tacit backing to Guinea Bissau coup" 1040:, who would later become the first president of the 990:. Initially committed to peaceful methods, the 1959 986:(PAIGC) was founded in 1956 under the leadership of 2466:

GUINEA-BISSAU: Vieira officially declared president

1751: 1316:was the President of Guinea-Bissau from 2014 until 327:through the conquest of Senegambia by a general of 2695: 2430:, Wsws.org, September 2003. Retrieved 22 June 2013 1714: 831:, with an average of 3000 shipped every year from 2761:"Guinea-Bissau's leader concedes election defeat" 2621:. Bissaudigital.com. 1 April 2009. Archived from 2277: 2 November 1973. Retrieved 2008-07-01. 2253: 2171:, Berkeley, University of California Press p.xx. 1678:The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 4138: 2971:"A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545–1800" 2956:. London: Printed by Tho. Johnson for the author 2718:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2646:"Sanha wins Guinea-Bissau presidential election" 2575:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2531:. London: The Independent UK independent.co.uk. 1790:Ethnic Groups of the Senegambia: A Brief History 1537:"A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545–1800" 470:communities. They were subjects of the Mandinka 2206:. BBC Television. Event occurs at 50:00–60:0. 2144:Guinea-Bissau: Politics, economics, and society 1130:labelled the election as "calm and organized". 1116:damaged during the civil war of 1998-99 in 2007 1036:After Cabral's death, party leadership fell to 883:Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913 548:Lesser coat of arms of Portuguese Guinea-Bissau 204:that later became independent as the Empire of 37:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 2897:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. 2892: 2155: 2117: 1770:Page, Willie F. (2005). Davis, R. Hunt (ed.). 1696: 3726: 3305: 3059: 212:were not colonized until 1936. After gaining 181: 2888:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2557:. Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 1675: 962: 768:In the early 1700s the Portuguese abandoned 482:According to oral tradition, the Kingdom of 2901: 2187: 2105: 2090: 2032: 2020: 1930: 1883: 1836: 1824: 1812: 1772:Encyclopedia of African History and Culture 1120: 3733: 3719: 3319: 3312: 3298: 3066: 3052: 1279:as the presidential candidate of the PRS. 414:In the late 18th century, the rise of the 188: 174: 2906:(4th ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. 2752: 2385: 2375: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1415: 1207:Second presidency of João Bernardo Vieira 592:or people exiled from Portugal, often of 220:broke out in 1998 and lasted until 1999. 61:Learn how and when to remove this message 2591:Elections, Guinea-Bissau (27 May 2009). 2228: 1219:, deposed in the 1999 coup. Vieira beat 1107: 1027: 966: 878: 858:and, to a more half-hearted extent, the 714: 543: 302: 2886:Senegambia and the Atlantic slave trade 2758: 2736:. Rnw.nl. 15 April 2012. Archived from 2673:. Bissau. 12 April 2012. Archived from 1982:– via Cambridge University Press. 1157:election, winning 38 of the 102 seats. 751:in the region was dissipating, and the 4139: 2999: 2968: 2948: 2895:The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825-1975 2229:Brittain, Victoria (17 January 2011). 2078:(14th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 379–392). Gale. 1895: 1865:from the original on 20 September 2022 1848: 1792:. Banjul, Gambia: Sunrise Publishers. 1660: 1584: 1534: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1380: 1153:. The PRS were also victorious in the 839:and specifically the wars between the 686: 552: 390:was seated in Kansala, today known as 3740: 3714: 3293: 3047: 2920: 2883: 2593:"On the Radio Waves in Guinea-Bissau" 2529:"Coup attempt fails in Guinea-Bissau" 2526: 2210:from the original on 10 December 2016 2076:Worldmark encyclopedia of the nations 1763: 1757: 1732: 1720: 1639:"Kaabu Oral History Project Proposal" 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1195:. After being delayed several times, 1133:In January 2000, the second round of 2696:Embalo, Allen Yero (14 April 2012). 2643: 2357: 2241:from the original on 17 January 2017 1942: 1769: 1633: 1631: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1227:and electoral fraud occurred in two 1005:Unlike guerrilla movements in other 477: 17: 2969:Rodney, Walter Anthony (May 1966). 2759:Tasamba, James (29 November 2019). 1936: 1535:Rodney, Walter Anthony (May 1966). 1435: 675:unified the crowns of Portugal and 569:in the 1480s, and Flemish explorer 529: 449: 13: 3401: 2527:Balde, Assimo (24 November 2008). 1889: 1842: 1374: 1183:took place. The sitting President 14: 4158: 2987:from the original on 7 March 2020 2555:"Soldiers kill fleeing President" 2496:from the original on 27 June 2006 2486:"Army man wins G Bissau election" 2419:Smith, Brian (27 September 2003) 2298:United States Department of State 1628: 1565: 1553:from the original on 7 March 2020 1469: 1242:overall as "calm and organized". 1000:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 518:of the boat from any expedition. 162:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 4041:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 3811:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3075: 2964:– via Early English Books. 2535:from the original on 15 May 2011 2475:. irinnews.org (10 August 2005). 2319:"Guinea Bissau - Coup and After" 2142:R E Galli & J Jones (1987). 1849:Nanque, Neemias Antonio (2016). 1704:"Kaabu Empire (aka N'Gabu/Gabu)" 1213:presidential elections were held 1060:Following Portugal's April 1974 347:. This initiated a migration of 235:The oldest inhabitants were the 102: 97: 22: 2877: 2848: 2822: 2804: 2778: 2726: 2689: 2663: 2637: 2611: 2584: 2547: 2520: 2508: 2478: 2459: 2433: 2413: 2402: 2351: 2333: 2311: 2280: 2260:United Nations General Assembly 2222: 2161: 2136: 2123: 2068: 2052:. 18 March 1921. Archived from 2038: 1778: 1726: 1271:on 28 June 2009. It was won by 1231:including the capital, Bissau. 1055: 2921:Niane, Djibril Tamsir (1989). 2893:Clarence-Smith, W. G. (1975). 2644:Dabo, Alberto (29 July 2009). 2364:Frontiers in Political Science 1898:The Journal of African History 1690:10.1080/07329113.1987.10756396 1416:Corbin, Amy; Tindall, Ashley. 1409: 1383:The Journal of African History 1289:2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état 1167:2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état 927:in 1912. Supported by a large 874: 783: 609:, English, French, and Dutch. 498:, fully absorbed the kingdom. 458:inhabited the area around the 1: 2581:. news.com.au (2 March 2009). 2358:Jaló, Sumaila (11 May 2023). 2323:Economic and Political Weekly 1945:"The Early Sources on Guinea" 1367: 1175:led by Chief of Staff of the 774:Cacheu and Cape Verde Company 565:in 1456, Portuguese explorer 561:in 1455, Portuguese explorer 2595:. swisspeace. Archived from 1327:In February 2022, there was 1282: 1160: 1078: 7: 2927:. Paris, France: Karthala. 1339: 1318:2019 presidential elections 1199:were held in March 2004. A 462:in three kingdoms: Biguba, 10: 4163: 2146:, London, Pinter pp. 28–9. 1997:"HISTORY OF GUINEA-BISSAU" 1286: 1247:the parliamentary election 1187:as well as Prime Minister 1164: 1155:National People's Assembly 1082: 533: 501: 409: 373: 318: 311: 268:was incorporated into the 223: 4054: 4029: 3748: 3677: 3625: 3587: 3578: 3538: 3529: 3477: 3468: 3421: 3412: 3399: 3331: 3089: 3000:Wright, Donald R (1987). 2377:10.3389/fpos.2023.1078771 2203:Cuba! Africa! Revolution! 1910:10.1017/S0021853700023276 1585:Wright, Donald R (1987). 1395:10.1017/S0021853700023276 1346:Politics of Guinea-Bissau 1048:National Assembly met at 998:, the PAIGC launched the 963:Struggle for independence 955:, as overseas provinces ( 867:in 1888, but a system of 4147:History of Guinea-Bissau 3796:Central African Republic 2884:Barry, Boubacar (1998). 2492:. London. 28 July 2005. 2200:El Tahri, Jihan (2007). 1422:Sacred Land Film Project 1181:Verissimo Correia Seabra 1143:Party for Social Renewal 1121:Presidency of Kumba Ialá 847:provided many of these. 307: 129:Bissau-Guinean Americans 2426:27 October 2012 at the 2341:"Obituary: Luís Cabral" 2329:(52): 7–8. 5 June 2015. 2293:Office of the Historian 2275: A/RES/3061(XXVIII) 2188:Lobban & Mendy 2013 2106:Lobban & Mendy 2013 2091:Lobban & Mendy 2013 2033:Lobban & Mendy 2013 2021:Lobban & Mendy 2013 1943:Hair, P. E. H. (1994). 1931:Lobban & Mendy 2013 1884:Lobban & Mendy 2013 1837:Lobban & Mendy 2013 1825:Lobban & Mendy 2013 1813:Lobban & Mendy 2013 1733:Shoup, John A. (2011). 1456:Encyclopedia Britannica 1112:Presidential palace in 1095:Guinea-Bissau Civil War 1085:Guinea-Bissau Civil War 972:Portuguese Colonial War 957:Províncias Ultramarines 719:Flag of the Portuguese 3406: 2471:25 August 2012 at the 1786:Sonko-Godwin, Patience 1275:of the PAIGC, against 1117: 1042:Republic of Cape Verde 1033: 979: 900:region of what is now 884: 841:Imamate of Futa Jallon 723: 567:Duarte Pacheco Pareira 549: 416:Imamate of Futa Jallon 355:(commander of Kaabu). 3956:São Tomé and Príncipe 3816:Republic of the Congo 3405: 2949:Ogilby, John (1670). 2262: Session -1 2167:G. J. Bender (1978), 2129:R Pélissier, (1989). 1418:"Bijagós Archipelago" 1329:a failed coup attempt 1197:legislative elections 1111: 1031: 970: 882: 718: 547: 426:. A Fula army led by 303:Pre-colonial kingdoms 289:Social stratification 147:Independence struggle 3388:2010 military unrest 2120:, pp. 82–3, 85. 2001:www.historyworld.net 1322:Umaro Sissoco Embaló 1254:Batista Tagme Na Wai 1217:João Bernardo Vieira 1145:(PRS), who defeated 1073:João Bernardo Vieira 1062:Carnation Revolution 1002:on 23 January 1963. 904:was ceded to them.\ 790:Atlantic slave trade 728:Conselho Ultramarino 571:Eustache de la Fosse 255:peoples. Later, the 214:independence in 1974 134:Atlantic slave trade 4031:States with limited 3368:War of Independence 3351:African slave trade 2156:Clarence-Smith 1975 2118:Clarence-Smith 1975 1827:, pp. 63, 211. 1171:In September 2003, 1007:Portuguese colonies 992:Pidjiguiti massacre 925:João Teixeira Pinto 829:Spanish West Indies 687:17th–18th centuries 553:15th–16th centuries 139:Pidjiguiti massacre 3561:Telecommunications 3407: 3039:– via JSTOR. 2818:. 2 February 2022. 2740:on 12 October 2014 2625:on 21 January 2012 2599:on 8 December 2009 1708:GlobalSecurity.org 1624:– via JSTOR. 1303:Mamadu Ture Kuruma 1191:were placed under 1135:a general election 1118: 1034: 1025:was assassinated. 980: 931:army commanded by 885: 724: 550: 460:Rio Grande de Buba 41:You can assist by 4132: 4131: 4058:other territories 3831:Equatorial Guinea 3742:History of Africa 3708: 3707: 3673: 3672: 3574: 3573: 3525: 3524: 3507:Political parties 3487:Foreign relations 3464: 3463: 3356:Portuguese Guinea 3287: 3286: 3009:History in Africa 2934:978-2-86537-236-2 2913:978-0-8108-5310-2 2836:. 4 December 2023 2447:. 30 October 2009 2158:, pp. 114–7. 2035:, pp. xliii. 1952:History in Africa 1744:978-1-59884-362-0 1684:(25–26): 99–138. 1594:History in Africa 1295:interim president 1273:Malam Bacai Sanhá 1236:election monitors 1221:Malam Bacai Sanhá 1147:Malam Bacai Sanhá 1128:European monitors 1038:Aristides Pereira 976:Portuguese Guinea 953:Portuguese Guinea 945:Portuguese Guinea 909:António José Enes 812:economy, growing 798:Iberian Peninsula 721:Company of Guinea 540:Portuguese Guinea 478:Kingdom of Bissau 424:Battle of Kansala 394:, in the eastern 333:Tiramakhan Traore 274:Tiramakhan Traore 198: 197: 124:Portuguese Empire 119:Portuguese Guinea 71: 70: 63: 4154: 4119: 4118:(United Kingdom) 4114:Tristan da Cunha 4110:Ascension Island 4102: 4089: 4080: 4056:Dependencies and 3749:Sovereign states 3735: 3728: 3721: 3712: 3711: 3693: 3686: 3585: 3584: 3546: 3536: 3535: 3475: 3474: 3419: 3418: 3393:2012 coup d'état 3383:2003 coup d'état 3373:1980 coup d'état 3341:Regional history 3314: 3307: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2986: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2917: 2898: 2889: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2792:. 1 January 2020 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2717: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2677:on 13 April 2012 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2574: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2482: 2476: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2445:Voice of America 2437: 2431: 2417: 2411: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2389: 2379: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2284: 2278: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2140: 2134: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2088: 2079: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1993: 1984: 1983: 1949: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1864: 1857: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1673: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1643: 1635: 1626: 1625: 1591: 1582: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1552: 1541: 1532: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1448: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1378: 1265:Raimundo Pereira 941:Bissagos Islands 894:Ulysses S. Grant 736: 559:Alvise Cadamosto 530:European contact 450:Biafada kingdoms 436: 428:Alpha Molo Balde 230:hunter-gatherers 190: 183: 176: 111:Colonial history 106: 101: 91: 73: 72: 66: 59: 55: 52: 46: 26: 25: 18: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4127: 4117: 4100: 4087: 4078: 4059: 4057: 4050: 4034: 4032: 4025: 3744: 3739: 3709: 3704: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3669: 3621: 3570: 3544: 3521: 3460: 3408: 3397: 3327: 3318: 3288: 3283: 3085: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3021:10.2307/3171842 3004: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2973: 2959: 2957: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2914: 2880: 2875: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2860:africanews.com/ 2854: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2795: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2711: 2710: 2703: 2701: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2589: 2585: 2568: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2473:Wayback Machine 2464: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2428:Wayback Machine 2418: 2414: 2407: 2403: 2356: 2352: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2190:, pp. 289. 2186: 2182: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2141: 2137: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2108:, pp. 300. 2104: 2097: 2093:, pp. 377. 2089: 2082: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2056:on 4 March 2016 2050:inep-bissau.org 2044: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1995: 1994: 1987: 1964:10.2307/3171882 1947: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1839:, pp. 211. 1835: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1815:, pp. 276. 1811: 1807: 1800: 1783: 1779: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1674: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1629: 1606:10.2307/3171842 1589: 1583: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1539: 1533: 1470: 1460: 1458: 1452:"Early history" 1450: 1449: 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2803: 2777: 2765:Anadolu Agency 2751: 2725: 2688: 2662: 2636: 2610: 2583: 2546: 2519: 2507: 2477: 2458: 2432: 2412: 2401: 2350: 2347:. 7 June 2009. 2332: 2310: 2279: 2252: 2221: 2192: 2180: 2160: 2148: 2135: 2122: 2110: 2095: 2080: 2067: 2037: 2025: 2023:, pp. 74. 2013: 1985: 1935: 1933:, pp. 52. 1923: 1904:(3): 463–479. 1888: 1886:, pp. 55. 1876: 1841: 1829: 1817: 1805: 1798: 1777: 1762: 1760:, pp. 21. 1750: 1743: 1725: 1723:, pp. 19. 1713: 1695: 1659: 1627: 1564: 1468: 1434: 1408: 1389:(3): 463–479. 1372: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1354: 1348: 1341: 1338: 1314:José Mário Vaz 1310: 1307: 1287:Main article: 1284: 1281: 1258:advocacy group 1238:described the 1229:constituencies 1211:In June 2005, 1208: 1205: 1165:Main article: 1162: 1159: 1149:of the ruling 1122: 1119: 1083:Main article: 1080: 1077: 1057: 1054: 1023:Amilcar Cabral 988:Amílcar Cabral 964: 961: 949:United Nations 876: 873: 869:contract labor 806:Canary Islands 785: 782: 761:, the king of 688: 685: 634:Toubaboudougou 554: 551: 536:British Guinea 531: 528: 503: 500: 492:Teixeira Pinto 479: 476: 456:Biafada people 451: 448: 411: 408: 375: 372: 368:Koli Tenguella 329:Sundiata Keita 320: 317: 312:Main article: 309: 306: 304: 301: 276:, who founded 225: 222: 196: 195: 193: 192: 185: 178: 170: 167: 166: 165: 164: 159: 154: 149: 148: 144: 143: 142: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 113: 112: 108: 107: 94: 93: 84: 83: 76: 69: 68: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4159: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4135: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 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