291:
half of their school time in a conventional classroom. "Girls learned cooking, sewing, and bookkeeping while the boys learning metalwork, cabinetry, woodworking, painting, printing, shoemaking, and plumbing." In the Gary plan, all of the school equipment remained in use during the entire school day; Rather than opening up new schools for the overwhelming population of students, it was hoped that the "Gary Plan would save the city money by utilizing all rooms in existing schools by rotating children through classrooms, auditoriums, playgrounds, and gymnasiums."
179:
2239:
2774:
2787:
404:-Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn but, ironically, the schools in that area were among the few that were open in the entire city. The Ocean Hill-Brownsville crisis is often described as a turning point in the history of unionism and of civil rights, as it created a rift between African-Americans and the Jewish communities, two groups that were previously viewed as allied. The two sides threw accusations of racism and anti-Semitism at each other.
132:. It included both a high school and a college. There was no tuition; one goal was to provide access to a good education based on the student's merits alone. The conservative Whig Party denounced the school, while Tammany Hall and the Democrats endorsed the plan, and voters gave it 85% approval in a referendum. The Free Academy later dropped its high school and transformed into
282:, which was built by U.S. Steel corporation. Wirt began implementing his educational values in the local schools. He initiated teacher hiring standards, designed school buildings, lengthened the school day, and organized the schools according to his ideals. The core of the schools' organization in Gary centered upon the
371:
The UFT was created on March 16, 1960, and grew rapidly. On
November 7, 1960, the union organized a major strike. The strike largely failed in its main objectives but obtained some concessions, as well as bringing much popular attention to the union. After much further negotiation, the UFT was chosen
359:
The UFT was founded in 1960, largely in response to perceived unfairness in the educational system's treatment of teachers. Pensions were awarded to retired teachers only if over 65 or with 35 years of service. Female teachers faced two years of mandatory unpaid maternity leave after they gave birth.
290:
Above the primary grades, students were divided into two platoons—one platoon used the academic classrooms (which were deemphasized), while the second platoon was divided between the shops, nature studies, auditorium, gymnasium, and outdoor facilities split between girls and boys. Students spent only
219:
Immigration from
Eastern Europe soared after 1880, as did enrollments of Jews, Italians and others. Enrollment in the elementary schools soared from 250,000 in 1881 (including Brooklyn) to 494,000 in 1899, and 792,000 in 1914, when immigration ended. While the number of schools held steady at about
101:
and operated eight schools with 345 pupils, with separate departments for boys and girls. They were taught reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion. Although a private organization, the Public School
Society dominated the educational scene, enrolling thousands of pupils in a system that grew to 74
306:
was a reformer who wanted the Gary Plan on city schools. In 1914 there were 20,000 teachers handling 800,000 students in the city's public schools, which had a budget of $ 44 million. Mitchel argued the Gary Plan was ideal for the students and the community, and assured business it would lower costs
215:
By 1860, elementary teaching was a female role, especially in the
Northeast with rates of 80% of more female in both urban and rural areas, reaching 89% statewide in New York in 1915. A high school education was the normal requirement. In 1860, about 90% were under age 30, and half were under 25. By
158:
which were designed to undermine their
Catholic faith. With the Maclay Act in 1842, the New York State legislature established the New York City Board of Education. It gave the city an elective Board of Education empowered to build and supervise schools and distribute the education fund. It provided
73:
New York was one of the last major cities to set up a public school system. State funds were available, but they were distributed to private organizations running private schools. Families that could afford it hired tutors for their children. In the early
Republic, various elite societies emerged to
174:
Increasingly
American-born Irish women attended high schools and normal schools in preparation for a teaching career. The supply allowed the diocese to create many new Catholic elementary schools. After 1870 20 percent of the teachers in the city's public schools were Irish. Teaching "had status,”
294:
The platoon system gained acceptance in Gary and received national attention during the early decades of the twentieth century. In 1914, New York City hired Wirt as a part-time consultant to introduce the work-study-play system in the public schools. In the following three years, however, the Gary
242:
was founded in 1870 as the Female Normal and High School, to train young women as teachers in elementary schools. The
Industrial Education Association, formed in 1884, promoted manual training courses in the new high schools, and it emphasized the need for more advanced teacher training. It helped
31:
includes schools and schooling from the colonial era to the present. It includes public and private schools, as well as higher education. Annual city spending on public schools quadrupled from $ 250 million in 1946 to $ 1.1 billion in 1960. It reached $ 38 billion in 2022, or $ 38,000 per public
153:
supported Hughes. He argued
Catholics paid double for schools—they paid taxes to subsidize private schools they could not use and also paid for the parochial schools they did use. Catholics could not use Public School Society schools because they forced students to listen to readings from the
190:
Many of the young immigrant or
American-born women joined religious orders. French Catholic orders also established branches in the United States. The nuns were assigned to teach in parochial schools or to work in hospitals and orphanages. One prominent leader was Mother
119:
In 1829 there were 43,000 children ages 5 to 15 in a city of 200,000. About half were poor and did not get any formal schooling. About 14,000 paid tuition to attend one of the many nonsectarian private schools. Some 4,000 attended church-sponsored schools, such as the
96:
In 1805 the Free School Society, organized by philanthropists, was chartered by the state legislature to teach poor children. It received grants from the city and the state and, starting in 1815, funding from the new State Common School Fund. By 1826 it was renamed the
251:
was a highly influential professor there from 1904 until 1930. A smaller institution was the Bureau of Educational Experiments, an independent, graduate education school that opened in 1916 and became an experimental site for innovation under the leadership of
286:
or work-study-play system and Americanizing the 63.4 percent of children with parents who were immigrants. The theory behind the Gary Plan was to accommodate children's shorter attention spans, and that long hours of quiet in the classroom were not tenable.
207:, a suburb of New York City. She established 14 schools, 3 of them colleges, in the United States. Her conviction of the educational value of international experience led her to establish the first study abroad program through Marymount College.
295:
system encountered resistance from students, parents, and labor leaders concerned that the plan simply trained children to work in factories and the fact that Gary's Plan was in predominantly Jewish areas. In part because of backing from the
344:
was fairly common. The ethnically and ideologically diverse teachers associations of the city made the creation of a single organized body difficult, with each association continuing to vie for its own priorities irrespective of the others.
124:, founded by the Dutch in 1628). And 5,000 attended public elementary schools. (There were no public high schools. Working-class youth who had some schooling seldom stayed after age 14, when they started work or became apprentices. The "
299:, the plan became heavily identified with the interest of big business. "In January 1916, the Board of Education released a report finding students attending Gary Plan schools performed worse than those in 'non-Garyuzed schools' ."
106:
1096:
Fass, Paula S. Outside in: Minorities and the transformation of American education. Oxford University Press, 1991; see ch.3, "'Americanizing' the High Schools: New York in the 1930s and '40s," pp 73–111.
148:
in 1840-1842 led a political battle to secure funding for the Catholic schools. He rallied support from both the Tammany Hall Democrats, and the opposition Whig Party, whose leaders, especially Governor
109:, hired an educated and moral widow as an instructor, and opened the first free school for poor white children. It grew to 750 students by 1823 and received some financial aid from the city or state.
224:(1851-1933). Adler returned to Germany for a PhD from Heidelberg University at a time only Harvard had a PhD program. He served as a professor of philosophy at Columbia University, 1902-1933. His
307:
since two platoons a day would use the buildings. Fierce opposition by the unions and the Jewish community to the Gary Plan was a major factor in defeating Mitchel's bid for reelection in 1917.
167:
Bishop Hughes turned inward: he founded an independent Catholic school system in the city. His new system included the first Catholic college in the Northeast, St. John's College, now
220:
500, the number of teachers doubled from 9,300 in 1899 to 20,000 in 1914. High school enrollment soared from 14,000 in 1899 to 68,000 in 1914. One immigrant from Germany in 1857 was
2823:
1680:
434:
412:
1055:
Burfield, Elizabeth. "History of Public Elementary Education in Staten Island, New York" (MA thesis, Fordham University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1948. 28927811).
89:. Its stated goals were to alleviate the injustices of slavery, protect the rights of Blacks, and provide them with free educational opportunities. In 1787 it set up the
1015:
Berrol, Selma Cantor. "Immigrants at School: New York City, 1898-1914" (PhD dissertation, City University of New York; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1967. 6712555).
2563:
1346:
2130:
98:
429:
17:
2816:
1314:
Ruis, Andrew R. " 'The Penny Lunch Has Spread Faster than the Measles': Children's Health and the Debate over School Lunches in New York City, 1908–1930."
897:
2954:
2645:
2635:
1565:
1820:
464:
382:, a controversial but successful organizer was president of the UFT from 1964 until 1984. He held an overlapping tenure as president of the national
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1891:
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1529:
1225:
Ment, David. "Patterns of public school segregation, 1900-1940: A comparative study of New York City, New Rochelle, and New Haven." in
232:, and a teacher training school. They promoted vocational schools that taught basic manual trades. Adler was a national leader in the
1575:
2417:
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500:
397:
389:
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1402:
Public education in the city of New York: its history, condition, and statistics : an official report to the Board of Education
2720:
2715:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2590:
2157:
1549:
1436:
National Survey of Education of the Education of Teachers. Bulletin, 1933, No. 10. Volume 2: Teacher Personnel in the United States
791:
National Survey of Education of the Education of Teachers. Bulletin, 1933, No. 10. Volume 2: Teacher Personnel in the United States
1415:
1079:
Cutler, William W. “Status, Values and the Education of the Poor: The Trustees of the New York Public School Society, 1805-1853.”
576:
William W. Cutler, "Status, values and the education of the poor: The trustees of the New York Public School Society, 1805-1853."
2693:
2080:
2058:
182:
1874 view of Female Normal and High School, founded in 1870. It was renamed Normal College of the City of New York in 1888, and
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2125:
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2424:
2407:
2179:
1518:
670:
459:
424:
244:
196:
2538:
2486:
2206:
546:
John L. Rury, "The New York African Free School, 1827-1836: Community Conflict over Community Control of Black Education,"
439:
136:. Other cities had moved much sooner to establish high schools: Boston (1829), Philadelphia (1838), and Baltimore (1839).
128:", the first public high school, was established in 1847 by a wealthy businessman and president of the Board of Education
2939:
2841:
1721:
1703:
1286:
Reyes, Luis. "The Aspira consent decree: A thirtieth-anniversary retrospective of bilingual education in New York City."
199:
who dedicated her life to establishing schools and colleges. In the early 20th century she founded 14 schools, including
93:. This school expanded over time, enrolling over 700 students by 1815. It received support from the city and the state.
364:
students, often were on double or triple sessions. Despite being college-educated professionals, often holding advanced
2516:
2376:
2349:
45:
125:
2466:
2318:
2142:
1675:
360:
Principals could discipline or fire teachers with almost no oversight. The schools, experiencing a massive influx of
247:, which became a unit of Columbia University in 1898. It gained a national and international reputation in pedagogy.
121:
1197:
1047:
Going to America, Going to School: The Jewish Immigrant Public School Encounter in Turn-of-the-Century New York City
858:
623:
2605:
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1735:
1298:
1010:
408:
257:
229:
113:
50:
There was limited public education during the British colonial period especially in the South and in rural areas.
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383:
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1988:
1835:
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1534:
494:
233:
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2600:
2354:
2201:
2120:
2113:
1815:
1137:
Jeynes, William H. "Immigration in the United States and the golden years of education: Was Ravitch right?."
1030:
History of the Public School Society of the City of New York: with portraits of the presidents of the Society
482:
452:
354:
61:, then called King’s College, was the only institution of higher education in New York City. It was one of 9
1319:
105:
By 1834, its schools were integrated into the Public School Society. In 1801, the city's Quakers formed the
2881:
2184:
1935:
1629:
200:
78:
1187:
Public Money and Parochial Education: Bishop Hughes, Governor Seward, and the New York Schools Controversy
2434:
2412:
2290:
2051:
1851:
1427:
1178:
Klepper, Rachel. "School and Community in the All-Day Neighborhood Schools of New York City, 1936-1971."
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112:
In 1853 the Free School Society became part of the new public school system when it was absorbed by the
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1886:
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33:
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328:, founded in 1935, failed to gather widespread enrollment or support. Many of the early leaders were
2238:
1324:
Shelton, Jon. "Dropping Dead: Teachers, the New York City Fiscal Crisis, and Austerity" in Shelton,
2740:
2710:
2655:
2595:
2521:
2498:
2333:
2169:
2152:
2096:
145:
133:
842:
368:, teachers drew a salary of $ 66 per week, or in 2005 dollars, the equivalent of $ 21,000 a year.
175:
explained a teacher whose parents were immigrants from Ireland. “ looked up to...like a doctor.”
2846:
2551:
2546:
1405:
1343:
Knocking at our own door: Milton A. Galamison and the struggle to integrate New York City schools
1067:
Progressives and Urban School Reform: The Public Education Association of New York City 1895-1954
275:
221:
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and shut down the school system in May and then again from September to November to protest the
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2790:
2568:
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2298:
2174:
2147:
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1998:
1685:
1481:
1484:, summary story of NYC schools since colonial era; guide to further research; well illustrated
1384:
Power, protest, and the public schools: Jewish and African American struggles in New York City
1038:
Browne, Henry. "Public Support of Catholic Education in New York 1825–1842; Some New Aspects"
2556:
2526:
2444:
2439:
2308:
2194:
1652:
1215:
Meenagh, Martin L. "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43."
943:
373:
253:
1482:
Andy Mccarthy, "Class Act: Researching New York City Schools with Local History Collections"
1254:
1194:
New York City public schools from Brownsville to Bloomberg: Community control and its legacy
930:
Raymond A. Mohl, "Schools, Politics, and Riots: The Gary Plan in New York City, 1914-1917,"
2896:
2861:
2778:
2730:
2449:
2429:
2216:
1993:
1967:
1881:
1232:
Mohl, Raymond A. "Schools, Politics and Riots: The Gary Plan in New York CIty, 1914-1917,"
813:
Secular religion and social reform: Felix Adler's educational ideas and programs, 1876-1933
446:
401:
1268:
NYC schools under Bloomberg and Klein what parents, teachers and policymakers need to know
645:
8:
2851:
2801:
1940:
523:
Independent Budget Office of the City of New York, "Education Spending Since 1990" (2023)
365:
337:
303:
204:
192:
90:
58:
54:
1487:
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that no money should go to the schools that taught religion, so Hughes lost his battle.
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1387:
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1163:
1114:
985:
296:
168:
86:
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837:
F. M. McMurry, et al. "Theory and practice at Teachers College, Columbia University."
415:
addressed some of these complaints and gave long-serving teachers longevity benefits.
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2313:
1896:
1876:
1466:
The New York public school: being a history of free education in the city of New York
1449:
1357:
1104:
1091:
The Movement for Community Control of New York City's Schools, 1966–1970: Class Wars,
977:
952:
Reds at the Blackboard: Communism, Civil Rights, and the New York City Teachers Union
676:
666:
150:
62:
1074:
Organizing the Teaching Profession: The Story of the American Federation of Teachers
620:
The Establishment of the College of the City of New York as the Free Academy in 1847
2024:
1755:
1539:
396:
plan that was being put in place to give more neighborhoods community control. The
393:
225:
155:
1761:
1439:
1425:
Fifth Annual report of the City Superintendent of Schools for the year ending 1902
1367:
1050:
2531:
2018:
1326:
Teacher Strike! Public Education and the Making of a New American Political Order
1309:
702:
Joseph McCadden, "New York's School Crisis of 1840–1842: Its Irish Antecedents."
649:
430:
New York City Schools Chancellor § List of New York City Schools chancellors
178:
129:
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793:(Office of Education, United States Department of the Interior, 1935) p. 46-47
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2067:
1713:
1595:
1125:
981:
680:
279:
171:. By 1870 19 percent of the city's children were attending Catholic schools.
1202:
McAvoy, Thomas T. "Public Schools vs. Catholic Schools and James McMaster,"
1142:
717:
Erin's Daughters in America: Irish Immigrant Women in the Nineteenth Century
2756:
1983:
1773:
1237:
1410:
Bruere, Henry. "Mayor Mitchel's administration of the city of New York."
1227:
Schools in cities: Consensus and conflict in American educational history
1018:
Berrol, Selma C. "William Henry Maxwell and a New Educational New York."
361:
341:
1234:
Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education
989:
965:
2705:
2700:
1779:
1438:(Office of Education, United States Department of the Interior, 1935).
1207:
1152:
581:
248:
636:
Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43
551:
2578:
2267:
2255:
1791:
1667:
1621:
333:
269:
1251:
The great school wars: A history of the New York City public schools
1147:
Justice, Benjamin. "Thomas Nast and the Public School of the 1870s"
411:, some 14,000 teachers were laid off and class size soared. Another
2261:
1644:
1306:
City Teachers: Teaching and School Reform in Historical Perspective
329:
216:
1930, nearly all had started college and 22% had a college degree.
82:
1084:
1333:
United they teach; the story of the United Federation of Teachers
1160:
The Evolution of an Urban School System: New York City, 1750-1850
1023:
1005:
Berrol, Selma. "Immigrants at School: New York City, 1900-1910."
535:
The Evolution of an Urban School System: New York City, 1750-1850
283:
2036:
665:(rev. ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. p. 5.
228:
promoted numerous educational reforms in the City. They founded
2273:
1695:
1456:
How New York city administers its schools; a constructive study
1101:
Historical development of the New York State high school system
1120:
Huberman, Michael. "The professional life cycle of teachers."
1111:
Power and society: greater New York at the turn of the century
278:
became superintendent of schools in the newly planned city of
435:
List of schools in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York
1374:
Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919
503:, UFT responding to teachers fired in Ocean City-Brownsville
81:
was established in 1785 by antislavery activists, including
739:
Ourselves Alone: Women's Emigration from Ireland, 1885-1920
2831:
1364:
The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education
1354:
Tinkering toward Utopia: A Century of Public School Reform
1517:
1170:
The Dutch schools of New Netherland and colonial New York
565:
Friends of the City of New York in the Nineteenth Century
752:
Marvels of charity: History of American sisters and nuns
1434:
Evenden, Edward S., Guy C. Gamble, and Harold G. Blue.
1278:
Educating an Urban People: The New York City Experience
1155:
includes analysis of his cartoons and copies of several
107:
Association of Women Friends for the Relief of the Poor
763:
Kathleen A. Mahoney, "Butler, Mother Marie Joseph" in
1244:
Religion and Education among Latinos in New York City
467:: trade union representing supervisors in NYC schools
376:
organization for all city teachers in December 1961.
1681:
HS for Math, Science and Engineering at City College
954:
by Clarence Taylor. Columbia University Press, 2011.
1821:Council of School Supervisors & Administrators
465:Council of School Supervisors & Administrators
210:
1421:Department of Education of the City of New York.
855:A brief history: Bank Street College of Education
719:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983) pp. 96-99.
2931:
778:Women’s Work? American Schoolteachers, 1650-1920
348:
336:and so frequently met with clashes against more
904:. Vol. 12, no. 47. Seattle. p. 8
642:
2552:New York (Manhattan, the Bronx, Staten Island)
1446:A quarter century of public school development
1297:(Springer Science & Business Media, 2009)
1259:Ravitch, Diane, and Joseph P. Viteritti, eds.
263:
236:, and organized advanced studies of children.
2817:
2052:
1503:
1276:Ravitch, Diane, and Ronald K. Goodenow, eds.
1212:edited the leading Catholic newspaper in NYC.
1189:(Case Western Reserve University Press, 1968)
891:
889:
887:
885:
340:newspapers and organizations of the time, as
1295:Mayoral control of the New York City schools
2921:List of education facilities in San Antonio
1545:New York City School Construction Authority
946:Review by Peter Lamphere and Gina Sartori.
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
741:(University Press of Kentucky, 2021) ch. 5.
320:Two unions of New York schoolteachers, the
2824:
2810:
2059:
2045:
1920:New York City Science and Engineering Fair
1892:New York City Board of Education v. Tom F.
1510:
1496:
1072:Commission on Educational Reconstruction.
1060:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
882:
780:(U of Chicago Press, 2001) pp. 22, 37, 90.
2955:History of education in the United States
1887:Campaign for Fiscal Equity, Inc. v. State
74:promote education among marginal groups.
1635:HS of American Studies at Lehman College
1550:Specialized High Schools Admissions Test
864:
177:
32:school student. For recent history see
2081:Index of New York City-related articles
1328:(U of Illinois Press, 2017) pp 114–142.
950:. Issue #80. November 2011. Review of:
896:Ballard, Adele M. (November 24, 1917).
895:
660:
14:
2932:
2832:Education in the United States by city
963:
501:New York City teachers' strike of 1968
449:, elite private schools in Manhattan.
2950:New York City Department of Education
2805:
2477:John F. Kennedy International Airport
2425:Metropolitan Transportation Authority
2040:
1591:List of high schools in Staten Island
1519:New York City Department of Education
1491:
1376:(2017), a standard scholarly history
1253:(1975), a standard scholarly history
1058:Burrows, Edwin G., and Mike Wallace.
704:Thought: Fordham University Quarterly
460:Teachers College, Columbia University
425:New York City Department of Education
139:
29:history of education in New York City
18:History of Education in New York City
2487:Newark Liberty International Airport
1308:(1997) on NYC teachers in the 1920s
853:Patricia Fisher, and Anne Perryman,
776:Joel Perlmann, and Robert A. Margo,
440:List of Catholic schools in New York
315:
195:(1860-1940), an Irish-born Catholic
126:Free Academy of the City of New York
1936:New York City school boycott (1964)
1261:City Schools: Lessons from New York
1217:American Nineteenth Century History
944:A different kind of teachers union.
639:American Nineteenth Century History
162:
24:
1394:
1093:(Edwin Mellen Press, 1998). 532pp.
999:
815:(Columbia University Press, 1999).
643:10.1080/1466465042000222204 online
46:Education in the Thirteen Colonies
25:
2966:
2945:Public education in New York City
2066:
1882:Aspira v. N.Y. Board of Education
1581:List of high schools in Manhattan
1571:List of high schools in The Bronx
1566:List of public elementary schools
1475:
1132:The Encyclopedia of New York City
144:The Catholic bishop of New York,
2786:
2785:
2772:
2237:
1576:List of high schools in Brooklyn
970:The Journal of General Education
409:1975 New York City fiscal crisis
386:from 1974 to his death in 1997.
258:Bank Street College of Education
114:New York City Board of Education
1826:American Federation of Teachers
1352:Tyack, David, and Larry Cuban.
1196:(Teachers College Press, 2015)
1151:45#2 (2005), pp. 171–206.
966:"The Issues in Teacher Strikes"
957:
937:
924:
915:
847:
831:
818:
805:
796:
783:
770:
757:
744:
731:
722:
709:
696:
687:
654:
489:American Federation of Teachers
390:In 1968, the UFT went on strike
384:American Federation of Teachers
211:Progressive era, 1890s to 1920s
68:
65:founded before the Revolution.
1989:New York City Teaching Fellows
1836:New York State United Teachers
1831:National Education Association
1586:List of high schools in Queens
1535:Public Schools Athletic League
1316:History of Education Quarterly
1180:History of Education Quarterly
1149:History of Education Quarterly
1020:History of Education Quarterly
948:International Socialist Review
628:
612:
599:
586:
570:
557:
540:
527:
515:
495:New York State United Teachers
230:a high school for gifted youth
13:
1:
1816:United Federation of Teachers
1083:24#1 (1972), pp. 69–85.
663:Fordham: A History and Memoir
509:
483:United Federation of Teachers
453:Ivy Preparatory School League
398:Ocean Hill-Brownsville strike
355:United Federation of Teachers
349:United Federation of Teachers
310:
1530:Panel for Educational Policy
1051:1982 75 page version, online
661:Schroth, Raymond A. (2008).
479:(1935–1960). merged into UFT
201:Marymount School and College
79:New York Manumission Society
7:
2706:East Bronx expansion (1895)
1852:New York City Parents Union
1206:(1966) 28#1 pp. 19–46
1168:Kilpatrick, William Heard.
765:American National Biography
418:
324:, founded in 1916, and the
264:Conflict over the Gary Plan
256:(1878–1967). It became the
226:Society for Ethical Culture
39:
10:
2971:
2940:Education in New York City
2746:hybrid variant (2020–2021)
1704:Queens HS for the Sciences
1288:Harvard Educational Review
1117:pp. 258–299 on 1890s.
1040:Catholic Historical Review
964:Levine, Marvin J. (1970).
789:Edward S. Evenden, et al.
737:Quoted in Janet A. Nolan,
497:, statewide; UFT is member
352:
267:
234:battle against child labor
43:
34:Education in New York City
2917:
2837:
2765:
2654:
2621:
2497:
2385:
2342:
2289:
2246:
2235:
2089:
2076:
2011:
1976:
1960:
1953:
1928:
1912:
1905:
1864:
1844:
1808:
1801:
1734:
1712:
1694:
1666:
1643:
1620:
1609:
1558:
1525:
1412:National Municipal Review
1270:(2009) essays by experts
1130:Jackson, Kenneth T., ed.
491:nationwide; UFT is member
2779:New York City portal
1676:Fiorello H. LaGuardia HS
1345:(Lexington Books, 2001)
1042:39 (1953), pp. 1–27
550:44#3 (1983) pp. 187–197
134:City College of New York
2701:Annexed District (1874)
1122:Teachers College Record
1028:Bourne, William Oland.
839:Teachers College Record
693:Ravitch (1975) pp 3–76.
641:(2004) 5#1, pp. 34-65,
2413:Vision Zero Initiative
1999:Absent Teacher Reserve
1400:Boese, Thomas, C. ed.
1318:55.2 (2015): 190–217.
1099:Gifford, Walter John.
618:Mario Emilio Cosenza,
485:(UFT, 1960 – present)
187:
2445:Long Island Rail Road
2440:Staten Island Railway
1722:Staten Island Tech HS
1658:Brooklyn Technical HS
1290:76.3 (2006): 369–400.
1182:63.1 (2023): 107–125.
1045:Brumberg, Stephan F.
1022:8.2 (1968): 215–228.
1009:4.3 (1969): 220–230.
932:Paedagogica Historica
826:The Great School Wars
811:Ellen Salzman-Fiske,
706:41.4 (1966): 561-588.
605:Burrows and Wallace,
592:Burrows and Wallace,
374:collective bargaining
254:Lucy Sprague Mitchell
181:
99:Public School Society
44:Further information:
2907:and the metro region
2450:Metro-North Railroad
2377:Emergency Management
2180:Environmental issues
1994:Reassignment centers
1977:Non-technology based
1968:Automate the Schools
1464:Palmer, A. Emerson.
1444:Maxwell, William H.
1366:(Harvard UP, 1974).
1266:Ravitch, Diane, ed.
1236:15.1 (1975): 39-72.
1124:91.1 (1989): 31-57.
921:Weiner, 2010, p. 42.
879:Weiner, 2010, p. 35.
563:William H. S. Wood,
447:New York Interschool
2731:9/11 terror attacks
2462:Bridges and tunnels
2319:Community Districts
1630:Bronx HS of Science
1601:Empowerment Schools
1386:(Rutgers UP, 2010)
1382:Weiner, Melissa F.
1356:(Harvard UP, 1997)
1304:Rousmaniere, Kate.
1219:5.1 (2004): 34-65.
1185:Lannis, Vincent P.
1162:(Harvard UP, 1973)
1139:Educational Studies
934:15.1 (1975): 39-72.
841:5.6 (1904): 43-64.
750:George C. Stewart,
634:Martin L. Meenagh,
580:24.1 (1972): 69-85
304:John Purroy Mitchel
205:Tarrytown, New York
193:Marie Joseph Butler
91:African Free School
59:Columbia University
55:American Revolution
2636:Elementary schools
2631:Dept. of Education
2343:Emergency services
2314:Borough presidents
1872:Agostini v. Felton
1750:Meisha Ross Porter
1341:Taylor, Clarence.
1242:Pantoja, Segundo.
1204:Review of Politics
1109:Hammack, David C.
1081:American Quarterly
1062:(Oxford UP, 1999).
898:"The Gary Bugaboo"
802:Berrol pp 145-146.
754:(1994) pp.174–180.
648:2013-07-11 at the
578:American Quarterly
297:Rockefeller family
188:
169:Fordham University
140:The Catholic issue
87:Alexander Hamilton
2927:
2926:
2799:
2798:
2737:COVID-19 pandemic
2517:Community gardens
2482:LaGuardia Airport
2282:(Richmond County)
2270:(New York County)
2034:
2033:
2007:
2006:
1949:
1948:
1897:Zorach v. Clauson
1877:Aguilar v. Felton
1860:
1859:
1730:
1729:
1454:Moore, Ernest C.
1158:Kaestle, Carl F.
1049:(Praeger, 1986);
672:978-0-8232-2977-2
567:(1904) pp. 28-31.
533:Carl F. Kaestle,
316:Teachers organize
151:William H. Seward
122:Collegiate School
63:Colonial colleges
16:(Redirected from
2962:
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2777:
2776:
2775:
2539:Farmers' markets
2241:
2070:
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2038:
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2025:Mad Hot Ballroom
1961:Technology based
1958:
1957:
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1756:Richard Carranza
1618:
1617:
1540:Tweed Courthouse
1512:
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1498:
1489:
1488:
1362:Tyack, David B.
1249:Ravitch, Diane.
1192:Lewis, Heather.
994:
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366:master's degrees
245:Teachers College
163:Parochial system
156:King James Bible
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2669:Prehistory-1664
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2586:"Sixth borough"
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2114:ethnic enclaves
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2019:C. B. J. Snyder
2003:
1972:
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1395:Primary sources
1372:Wallace, Mike.
1293:Rogers, David.
1229:(1983): 67–110.
1089:Edgell, Derek.
1007:Urban education
1002:
1000:Further reading
997:
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2012:In pop culture
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1762:Carmen Fariña
1760:
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1714:Staten Island
1711:
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1686:Stuyvesant HS
1684:
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1596:School of One
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715:Hasia Diner,
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537:(1973) p. 75.
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338:right-leaning
335:
331:
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308:
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280:Gary, Indiana
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66:
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53:Prior to the
51:
47:
37:
35:
30:
19:
2892:Portland, OR
2887:Philadelphia
2770:
2769:
2757:Tammany Hall
2726:1978–present
2641:High schools
2213:Directories
2202:Demographics
2121:Architecture
2023:
1984:Delaney card
1954:Systems used
1809:Labor unions
1774:Cathie Black
1613:high schools
1465:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1424:
1411:
1401:
1383:
1373:
1363:
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1342:
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1169:
1159:
1148:
1138:
1131:
1121:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1065:Cohen, Sol.
1059:
1046:
1039:
1029:
1019:
1006:
973:
969:
959:
951:
947:
939:
931:
926:
917:
906:. Retrieved
901:
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849:
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833:
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820:
812:
807:
798:
790:
785:
777:
772:
764:
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751:
746:
738:
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689:
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619:
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559:
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529:
517:
406:
388:
378:
370:
358:
319:
301:
293:
289:
276:William Wirt
273:
238:
218:
214:
189:
173:
166:
143:
118:
111:
104:
95:
76:
72:
69:1776 to 1898
52:
49:
28:
26:
2867:Memphis, TN
2185:environment
2136:skyscrapers
1865:Legal cases
1794:(1995–1999)
1788:(2000–2002)
1782:(2002–2010)
1770:(2011–2013)
1764:(2014–2018)
1758:(2018–2021)
1736:Chancellors
1611:Specialized
976:(1): 1–18.
473:(1916–1964)
362:baby boomer
342:red-baiting
222:Felix Adler
154:Protestant
2934:Categories
2919:See also:
2847:Cincinnati
2752:Moving Day
2543:Libraries
2408:former BOT
2291:Government
1780:Joel Klein
908:2023-04-02
510:References
402:Ocean Hill
334:socialists
311:After 1917
249:John Dewey
2902:St. Louis
2882:Omaha, NE
2721:1946–1977
2716:1898–1945
2694:Civil War
2689:1855–1897
2684:1784–1854
2679:1665–1783
2623:Education
2606:landmarks
2579:Big Apple
2574:Nicknames
2399:Entities
2350:Hospitals
2304:Elections
2268:Manhattan
2256:The Bronx
2222:Manhattan
2165:Geography
2158:companies
2131:monuments
1913:Sponsored
1792:Rudy Crew
1668:Manhattan
1622:The Bronx
982:0021-3667
824:Ravitch,
681:727645703
330:pacifists
274:In 1907,
270:Gary Plan
260:in 1950.
102:schools.
2791:Category
2664:Timeline
2646:Colleges
2547:Brooklyn
2472:Airports
2324:Politics
2262:Brooklyn
2248:Boroughs
2217:Brooklyn
2126:Art Deco
2102:timeline
2090:By topic
1645:Brooklyn
990:27796193
646:Archived
419:See also
243:found a
186:in 1914.
83:John Jay
40:Colonial
2897:Seattle
2862:Houston
2656:History
2601:gardens
2596:Tourism
2564:Museums
2527:Dialect
2522:Cuisine
2499:Culture
2467:Streets
2395:History
2334:Toilets
2309:Council
2207:history
2170:Climate
2153:Economy
2097:History
1559:Schools
1468:(1905)
1458:(1913)
1448:(1912)
1404:(1869)
1335:(1974)
1280:(1981)
1172:(1912)
1113:(1982)
1103:(1922)
1032:(1870)
857:(2000)
828:p. 112.
767:(1999).
622:(1925)
607:Gotham,
594:Gotham,
372:as the
284:platoon
2852:Dallas
2733:(2001)
2591:Sports
2557:Queens
2532:accent
2430:Subway
2360:Police
2274:Queens
2227:Queens
2143:People
1906:Events
1802:Unions
1776:(2011)
1752:(2021)
1696:Queens
1470:online
1460:online
1450:online
1440:online
1428:online
1416:online
1406:online
1388:online
1378:online
1368:online
1347:online
1337:online
1320:online
1310:online
1299:online
1282:online
1272:online
1263:(2000)
1255:online
1238:online
1221:online
1198:online
1174:online
1164:online
1153:online
1143:online
1134:(2010)
1126:online
1115:online
1105:online
1085:online
1076:(1955)
1069:(1964)
1034:online
1024:online
1011:online
988:
980:
859:online
843:online
679:
669:
624:online
582:online
552:online
548:Phylon
413:strike
302:Mayor
197:sister
2741:Delta
2611:parks
2569:Music
2512:Books
2365:crime
2299:Mayor
2175:Flags
2148:Media
1941:Sing!
1358:onlne
986:JSTOR
2744:cron
2739:and
2507:Arts
2457:PATH
2355:Fire
2195:rats
978:ISSN
677:OCLC
667:ISBN
521:See
85:and
77:The
27:The
2435:Bus
2403:DOT
332:or
203:in
2936::
984:.
974:22
972:.
968:.
900:.
884:^
866:^
675:.
116:.
57:,
36:.
2825:e
2818:t
2811:v
2060:e
2053:t
2046:v
1511:e
1504:t
1497:v
1418:.
1390:.
1349:.
1301:.
992:.
911:.
861:.
683:.
554:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
