History of Birmingham

3704:

over the previous two centuries had been built on its economic diversity and its ongoing ability to adapt and innovate – attracting new businesses and developing new industries with its large supply of skilled labour and dynamic entrepreneurial culture – but this was exactly the process that government industrial location policy sought to prevent. Birmingham's existing industries grew strongly and kept the economy buoyant, but growing local fears that the city's economy was becoming over-specialised were dismissed by central government, even though danger signs were growing by the early 1970s. In 1950 Birmingham's economy could still be described as "more broadly based than that of any city of equivalent size in the world", but by 1973 the West Midlands had an above-average reliance on large firms for employment, and the small firms that remained were increasingly dependent as suppliers and sub-contractors to the few larger firms. The "City of Thousand Trades" had become over-specialised on one industry – the motor trade – much of which by the 1970s had itself consolidated into a single company –

3095: 3983: 2875: 1472: 11897: 2525: 2669: 28: 11849: 4062:, which was responsible for the Birmingham Six investigations, attracted further controversy after other convictions were questioned, and was closed down in 1989. Around 40 prosecutions collapsed due to malpractice in the 1980s, and a further 60 convictions have since been quashed, mostly because of tampering with suspects' statements, to add in 'confessions'. Many cases also depended on 'Supergrass' evidence which has since been found to be highly unreliable. Some of those wrongfully convicted alleged torture, including use of a suffocation technique known as "plastic bagging". 798: 3005: 2652:– in 1765. Further establishments followed and by 1800 the West Midlands had more banking offices per head than any other region in Britain, including London. Birmingham's booming economy gave the town a growing professional sector, with the number of physicians and lawyers increasing by 25% between 1767 and 1788. It has been estimated that between a quarter and a third of Birmingham's inhabitants could be thought of as middle class in the last quarter of the 18th century and this fuelled a large growth in the demand for tailors, 2213: 1593: 2461: 1561: 3998:– with Birmingham as its principal economic dynamo – still had the highest GDP of any in the UK outside the South East, but within five years it was lowest in England. Birmingham itself lost 200,000 jobs between 1971 and 1981, with the losses concentrated in the manufacturing sector; relative earnings in the West Midlands went from being the highest in Britain in 1970 to the lowest in 1983. By 1982 the city's unemployment rate approached 20%, and was around twice that level in inner city areas including 883: 1197: 4174: 2337: 2269: 1940: 756: 2755: 1392: 12082: 2452:, which incorporated four separate technical advances to allow it to cheaply and efficiently generate the rotary motion needed to power manufacturing machinery. Freeing the productive potential of society from the limited capacity of hand, water and animal power, this was arguably the pivotal development of the entire industrial revolution, without which the spectacular increases in economic activity of the subsequent century would have been impossible. 986: 2575: 3682:, which grew from 35% of the city's workforce in 1951 to 45% in 1966. As the commercial centre of the country's most successful regional economy, Central Birmingham was the main focus outside London for the post-war office building boom. Service sector employment in the Birmingham conurbation grew faster than in any other region between 1953 and 1964, and the same period saw 3 million sq ft of office space constructed in the city centre and 3171: 3588:. Planning, development and municipal functions were increasingly dictated by national policy and legislation; council finances came to be dominated by central government subsidies; and institutions such as gas, water and transport were taken out of the city's control. Birmingham's unrivalled size and wealth may have given it more political influence than any other provincial city, but like all such cities it was essentially subordinate to 3300:, and others – who from the late 1860s onwards began to be elected to the Town Council as Liberals, and to apply these ideas in practice. This period reached its peak during the mayoralty of Chamberlain, 1873–1876. Under his leadership, Birmingham was transformed, as the council introduced one of the most ambitious improvement schemes outside London. The council purchased the city's gas and water works, and moved to improve the 11803: 4282: 4073: 295: 4268: 3269: 599:. Alternatively early Birmingham may have been an area of scattered farmsteads with no central nucleated village, or the name may originally have referred to the wider area of the Beormingas' tribal homeland, much larger than the later manor and parish and including many surrounding settlements. Analysis of the pre-Norman linkages between parishes suggests that such an area could have extended from 2136: 2065: 2360:. 18th century Birmingham saw the widespread and systematic application of reason, experiment and scientific knowledge to manufacturing processes to an unprecedented degree, resulting in a series of technological and economic innovations that transformed the economic landscape of a wide variety of industries, laying many of the foundations for modern industrial society. In 1709 4069:

bullets that had caused her death. In 1985, John Shorthouse was arrested by West Midlands police for questioning about armed robberies in South Wales. His house was then searched. His five-year-old son, John, was shot by police searching under the child's bed. An internal inquiry was held, and as a result, use of firearms was restricted to a specialised and trained unit.

2189:, the free circulation of ideas and information among the developing pan-European and trans-Atlantic intellectual elite. The Lunar Society was "the most important private scientific association in eighteenth-century England" and the Midlands Enlightenment "dominated the English experience of enlightenment", but also maintained close links with other major centres of the 2827:, boasted in 1776 that it circulated across nine counties and was "filed by coffeehouses in practically every centre of any size from Edinburgh southwards". News from outside the town also circulated widely: Freeth's Coffeehouse in 1772 maintained an archive of all the London newspapers going back 37 years and received direct personal reports of proceedings in 3708:. Trade union organisation grew and the motor industry in particular saw industrial disputes from the 1950s onwards. A city that for most of its history had a reputation for weak trade unionism and strong cooperation between workers and management, developed a reputation for trade union militancy and industrial conflict. 2600:

Spitalfields silk weavers produced each year their new designs, and the Birmingham toy-makers their buttons, buckles, patchboxes, snuff boxes, chatelaines, watches, watch seals ... and other jewellery." Competitive pressure drove Birmingham manufacturers to adopt new products and materials: the town's first

3640:

Birmingham's economy flourished in the 30 years that followed the end of the Second World War, its economic vitality and affluence far outstripping Britain's other major provincial cities. Economic adaptation and restructuring over the previous half century had left the West Midlands well represented

3428:

within the city's boundaries provided extra space for housing developments. By 1939, the year that the Second World War broke out, almost 50,000 council houses had been built across the city within 20 years. Some 65,000 houses were also built for owner occupiers. New council estates built during this

3711:

Despite more than 150,000 houses being built in the city for both the private and public sector since 1919, 20% of the city's homes were still deemed unfit for human habitation by 1954. 37,000 council properties had been built between 1945 and 1954 to rehouse families from the slums, but by 1970 the

3464:

was demolished and moved to Edgbaston. The school had been on that site for 384 years. The site was later transformed into an office block which was destroyed in the bombing of the Second World War. It was later rebuilt and named "King Edward's House". It is used as an office block and on the ground

3327:

in 1885. The improvements introduced by Chamberlain and his colleagues were to prove the blueprint for municipal government, and were soon copied by other cities. By 1890, a visiting American journalist could describe Birmingham as "the best-governed city in the world". Although he resigned as mayor

1350:

have been identified in Birmingham up to 1347, this is not a significantly greater number of cloth-workers than that found in surrounding villages and at least some of the cloth sold on the Birmingham market had rural origins. This was the first local industry to benefit from mechanisation, however,

1025:

agriculture and excavated animal bones indicate that cattle were the dominant livestock, with some sheep but very few pigs. References in 1285 and 1306 to stolen cattle being sold in the town suggest that the size of the trade at this time was sufficient for such sales to go unnoticed. Trade through

3801:

Council house building in the first decade following the end of the Second World War was extensive; with more than 37,000 new homes being completed between then and the end of 1954. These included the first of several hundred multi-storey blocks of flats. Despite this, some 20% of the city's houses

3695:

sought "to control the growth of office accommodation in Birmingham and the rest of the Birmingham conurbation before it got out of hand, in the same way as they control the growth of industrial employment". Although the City Council had encouraged service sector expansion during the late 1950s and

3620:

in 1946, set Birmingham a target population for 1960 of 990,000, far less than its actual 1951 population of 1,113,000. This meant that 220,000 people would have to leave the city over the following 14 years, that some of the city's industries would have to be removed, and that new industries would

3392:

was founded to bring public interest to bear upon all proposals put forward by public bodies and private owners for building, new open spaces and parks, and any and all matters concerned with the amenities of the city. The society set about making suggestions for improvements in the city, sometimes

2768:

The printed word represented another expanding medium for the exchange of ideas. Georgian Birmingham was a highly literate society with at least seven booksellers by 1733, the largest in 1786 claiming a stock of 30,000 titles in several languages. These were supplemented by eight or nine commercial

2408:, pioneering the combination and mechanisation of previously separate manufacturing activities under one roof through a system known as "rational manufacture". By the end of the decade this was the largest manufacturing unit in Europe with over 1,000 employees, and the foremost icon of the emerging 2279:

Recent scholarship no longer sees the Midlands Enlightenment as primarily having an industrial or technological focus. Analysis of the subject-matter of Lunar Society meetings shows that its main concern was with pure scientific investigation rather than manufacturing, and the influence of Midlands

1861:

The concentration of iron merchants in Birmingham was significant in the development of the town's manufacturing as well as its commercial activities. Able to serve a wider market due to the town's extensive trading links, the metalworkers of Birmingham could diversify into increasingly specialised

939:

provided the Birmingham market with any local competition, and by then the success of Birmingham itself provided the model, with tenure at Solihull explicitly being granted "according to the liberties and customs merchant of the market of Birmingham". Within a century of the 1166 charter Birmingham

825:

on the market's traffic. This was one of the earliest of the two thousand such charters that would be granted in England in the two centuries up to 1350, and may have recognised a market that was already taking place, as lawsuits of 1285 and 1308 both upheld the claim that the Birmingham market had

3595:

This was to have major implications for the direction of the city's development. Up until the 1930s it had been a basic assumption of Birmingham's leaders that their role was to encourage the city's growth. Post-war national governments, however, saw Birmingham's accelerating economic success as a

2570:

when he visited Paris, observing that "each artisan in Paris ... must in his time 'play many parts', and among these many to which he is incompetent", concluding that "even supposing French artisans to be of equal ability and industry with English competitors, they are left at least a century

2264:

appointed in 1769, despite being legally barred from holding office until 1828. Despite this, Birmingham's Enlightenment was by no means a purely Nonconformist phenomenon: the members of the Lunar Society had a wide range of religious backgrounds, and Anglicans formed a majority of all sections of

2086:

Royalist revenge was exacted on Easter Monday, 3 April 1643, when Prince Rupert returned to Birmingham with 1,200 cavalry, 700 footsoldiers and 4 guns. Twice repulsed by the small force of 200 defenders behind hastily erected earthworks, the Royalist cavalry outflanked the defences and overran the

4068:

had two serious firearms incidents, in 1980 and 1985. In 1980, David Pagett held his pregnant girlfriend as hostage while resisting arrest at flats in Rubery. Officers returned fire, and shot her. Police had initially tried to claim that Pagett has shot her, but it became clear that it was police

3703:

These policies had a major structural effect on the city's economy. While government policy had limited success in preventing the growth of Birmingham's existing industries, it was much more successful in preventing new industries establishing themselves in the city. Birmingham's economic success

2548:

described trades that "spring up with the expedition of a blade of grass, and, like that, wither in the summer". In terms of manufacturing technology Birmingham was by far the most inventive town of the era: between 1760 and 1850 Birmingham residents registered over three times as many patents as

767:

From William, Richard holds four hides in Birmingham. There is land for six ploughs, in the demesne, one. There are five villagers and four smallholders with two ploughs. The woodland is half a league long and two furlongs wide. The value was and is twenty shillings. Wulfwin held it freely in the

1736:

The bewty of Bremischam, a good market towne in the extreme partes that way of Warwike-shire, is in one strete goynge up alonge almoste from the lefte ripe of the broke up a mene hille by the lengthe of a quartar of a mile. I saw but one paroche churche in the towne. There be many smithes in the

3690:

sector, as major London and international banks established themselves within the city, and professional and scientific services, finance and insurance also grew particularly strongly. However this service sector growth itself attracted government restrictions from 1965. Declaring the growth in

3674:

instead of Birmingham. Government measures also acted indirectly to deter economic development within the city: restrictions on the city's physical growth in an era of economic boom led to extremely high land prices and shortages of premises and development sites, and moves to reduce the city's

3645:

and electrical equipment – and Birmingham itself was second only to London for the creation of new jobs between 1951 and 1961. Unemployment in Birmingham between 1948 and 1966 rarely exceeded 1%, and only exceeded 2% in one year. By 1961 household incomes in the West Midlands were 13% above the

3371:

The First World War exacted a terrible human cost in Birmingham. More than 150,000 men from the city – over half of the male population – served in the armed forces of whom 13,000 were killed and 35,000 wounded. The onset of mechanised warfare also served to increase the strategic importance of

2520:

to guns and jewellery. Its economy was characterised by high wages and a diverse range of specialised skills that were not susceptible to wholesale automation. The small-scale workshop, rather than the large factory or mill, remained the typical Birmingham manufacturing unit throughout the 18th

64:

rise from market town to the fastest-growing city of the 19th century, spurred on by a combination of civic investment, scientific achievement, commercial innovation and by a steady influx of migrant workers into its suburbs. By the 20th century Birmingham had become the metropolitan hub of the

1584:

with a population of about 1,000 – a situation little changed from that two centuries earlier. Despite a series of plagues throughout the 17th century, by 1700 Birmingham's population had increased fifteenfold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales, with a nationally important

1486:

is first recorded in 1296, Moor Street was created in the late 13th century and Park Street in the early 14th century. Population growth was driven by rural migrants attracted by the opportunity of establishing themselves as traders, free from duties of agricultural labour. Analysis of rentals

3816:

tyre factory to the north-east of the city centre, was developed in the 1960s as Britain's largest postwar housing estate; featuring a total of 34 tower blocks, although 32 of them had been demolished by the end of 2003 as part of a massive regeneration of the estate brought on by the general

2582:

Innovation also extended to Birmingham's products, which were increasingly tailored to its merchants' national and international connections. During the first half of the century growth was largely driven by the domestic market and based on increased national prosperity, but foreign trade was

2557:

remarked in 1770 how "by the many mechanical contrivances and extensive apparatus wh we are possess'd of, our men are enabled to do from twice to ten times the work that can be done without the help of such contrivances". Innovation also took place in production processes, particularly in the

83: 3549:

in World War II. By the war's end 2,241 citizens had been killed by the bombing and over 3,000 seriously injured. 12,932 buildings were destroyed (including 300 factories) and thousands more damaged. The air raids also destroyed many of Birmingham's fine buildings. The council declared five

2599:

collapsed in the late 1780s, but workers transferred skills to brass or button trades. Birmingham manufacturers sought design leadership in fashionable circles in London or Paris, but then priced their goods to appeal to the emerging middle class consumer economy; "for the London season the

8449:"VOTE BIGGER STRIKE IN BRITISH PLANTS; Labor Chiefs Representing 300,000 Men Decide on Munitions Tie-up. THREAT TO DRAFT STRIKERS Government Firm In Refusal to Remove Labor Embargo Which Caused the Clash. Refuses to Suspend Embargo. Many Refuse to Join Strike. Strikers Repudiate Committee" 1858:. By 1600 Birmingham ranked alongside London as one of the two great concentrations of iron merchants in the country, flourishing from its economic freedom and its proximity to manufacturers and raw materials, while London's traders remained under the control of a powerful corporate body. 2332:

were simultaneously highly regarded both as scientists and as technologists, and in some cases also as businessmen. The intellectual climate of 18th century Birmingham was therefore unusually conducive to the transfer of knowledge from the pure sciences to the technology and processes of

1737:

towne that use to make knives and all maner of cuttynge tooles, and many lorimers that make byts, and a greate many naylors. So that a great parte of the towne is mayntayned by smithes. The smithes have there yren out of Staffordshire and Warwikeshire and see coale out of Staffordshire.

4114:

area of the city, which was built in the interwar years but was eventually completely redeveloped due to structural defects. Many of the city's 1960s council properties, mostly multi-storey flats and maisonettes, have also been demolished in similar redevelopments, including the large

1723:

trades were still major features of the Birmingham economy in the early 16th century, the increasing importance of the manufacture of iron goods, as well as the interdependence between the manufacturers of Birmingham and the raw materials of the area that later became known as the

1366:

While most manufactured goods would have been produced for a local market, there is some evidence that Birmingham was already a specialised and widely recognised centre of the jewellery trade during the medieval period. An inventory of the personal possessions of the Master of the

3000:

At the beginning of the 19th century, Birmingham had a population of around 74,000. By the end of the century it had grown to 630,000. This rapid population growth meant that by the middle of the century Birmingham had become the second largest population centre in Britain.

246:– a form characteristic of upland areas and possibly formed by the heating of stones for cooking or steam bathing purposes. Forty to fifty have been found in the Birmingham area, all but one datable to the period 1700–1000 BC. Burnt mound sites such as that discovered in 2118:. Highly active, and operating largely independently of the parliamentarian hierarchy, to Royalists Fox came to symbolise a dangerous and uncontrolled overturning of the established order, with his background in the Birmingham metal trades seeing him caricatured as a 3264:

in 1818, and a water company in 1826, to provide piped water, although clean water was only available to people who could pay. Birmingham gained its first electricity supply in 1882. Horse-drawn trams ran through Birmingham from 1873, and electric trams from 1890.

1431:

is first recorded in 1286, and by 1310 had received six major endowments of land totalling 60 acres (240,000 m) and 27 smaller endowments. The Priory was reformed in 1344 after criticism by the Bishop of Lichfield and a chantry was established in its chapel.

2950:

Due to Birmingham's vast array of industries, it was nicknamed "workshop of the World". The expansion of the population of the town and the increased prosperity led to it acquiring a library in 1779, a hospital in 1766 and a variety of recreational institutions.

1842:– the merchants who organised finance, supplied raw materials and marketed products, acting as middlemen between the smiths, their suppliers and their customers – were concentrated in the town of Birmingham itself. Birmingham ironmongers are recorded selling the 2842:– and thus votes – in their previous constituencies, giving Birmingham politics a wide electoral influence despite the town having no parliamentary representation of its own. A distinct and powerful "Birmingham interest" emerged decisively with the election of 1971:

society, and the town was widely seen as one where loyalty to the traditional hierarchies of the established church and aristocracy was weak. The first signs of Birmingham's growing political self-consciousness can be seen from the 1630s, when a series of

538:

are characteristic of primary settlements established during the early phases of Anglo-Saxon colonisation of an area, suggesting that Birmingham was probably in existence by the early 7th century at the latest. Surrounding settlements with names ending in

2562:. Contemporary sources noted that in Birmingham even simple products such as buttons would pass through between fifty and seventy different processes, performed by a similar number of different workers. The resulting competitive advantage was noticed by 926:

also increased twofold. Demand for agricultural trade was further fuelled by the increasing requirement for rents to be paid in cash rather than labour, leading tenant farmers to sell more of their produce. It would be almost a century before markets at

2660:. Trade directories reveal that there more drapers than edge tool makers in 1767, and insurance records from 1777 to 1786 suggest that well over half of local businesses were engaged in the trading or service sectors rather than directly in industry. 180:

had cleared an area of forest by burning. Flint tools from the later Mesolithic period – between 8000 and 6000 years ago – have been found near streams in the city, though these probably represent little more than hunting parties or overnight camps.

2894:. It became one of the most prestigious addresses in Birmingham. This was not the first map to show Birmingham, something that had been done in 1335, albeit showing Birmingham as a small symbol. Birmingham was again surveyed in 1750 by S. Bradford. 1762:

described the town as "swarming with inhabitants, and echoing with the noise of the anvils, for here are great numbers of smiths and of other artificers in iron and steel, whose performances in that way are greatly admired both at home and abroad".

579:– has now largely been discredited, and not a single piece of Anglo-Saxon material was found during the extensive archeological excavations that preceded the redevelopment of the Bull Ring in 2000. Other locations have been suggested including the 2901:

and parish officials, most of whom served on a part-time and honorary basis. However this system proved completely inadequate to cope with Birmingham's rapid growth. In 1768, Birmingham gained a rudimentary local government system, when a body of

2512:– often had Birmingham origins, they had little role in Birmingham's own expansion. Birmingham's relatively inaccessible location meant that its industries were dominated by the production of a wide variety of small, high value metal items – from 3653:

prohibited all industrial development over a specific size without an "Industrial Development Certificate", in the hope that companies refused permission to expand in London or Birmingham would move instead to one of the struggling cities of the

3867:

There were further waves of immigration from Ireland in the 1950s and 1980s as emigrants sought to escape the economic deprivation and unemployment in their homeland. There remains a strong Irish tradition in the city, most notably in Digbeth's

2769:

lending libraries established over the course of the 18th century, to the extent that it was claimed in the later part of the century that Birmingham's population of around 50,000 read 100,000 books per month. More specialist libraries included

3608:, aimed to prevent industrial growth in the "Congested Areas" – essentially the booming cities of London and Birmingham – instead encouraging the dispersal of industry to the economically stagnant "Development Areas" in the north and west. The 1918:

and lead. Birmingham's economic flexibility was already apparent at this early stage: workers and premises often changed trades or practised more than one, and the presence of a wide range of skilled manufacturers in the absence of restrictive

2619:

In addition to its own specialist manufacturing role, Birmingham retained its position as the commercial and mercantile centre for an integrated regional economy that included the more basic manufacturing and raw material production areas of

1542:

record a "Great Fire of Birmingham" between 1281 and 1313, an event possibly reflected in late 13th century pits containing large quantities of charcoal and charred and burnt pottery found beneath Moor Street. Famines of 1315 to 1322 and the

472:

during the later Medieval period, though the implication that they were viewed as a single route by the Romans may be misleading, and it is possible that the road from Droitwich was originally the more important of the two southern routes.

3380:

also recognised the significance of Birmingham in the allied victory, remarking how "the country, the empire and the world owe to the skill, the ingenuity and the resource of Birmingham a deep debt of gratitude". Some Birmingham men were

2095:, the resistance of a largely civilian force against the royalist cavalry, and the subsequent sack of the town, presented the Roundheads with a major propaganda boost that was eagerly exploited by a series of widely circulated pamphlets. 422:) in the north west. In many places the courses of these roads – including the points where they met – have been lost as they pass through the urban area, though a section of the route from Wall is well preserved as it passes through 1967:; had seen it develop a new form of social structure very different from that of more traditional towns and rural areas: relationships were based more around pragmatic commercial linkages than the rigid paternalism and deference of 3802:

were still reported to be unfit for human habitation. As a result, mass council house building continued for some 20 years afterwards. The existing suburbs continued to expand, while several completely new estates were developed.

2831:, while Overton's Coffeehouse in New Street in 1777 had the London papers delivered by express messenger the day after their publication, also having available all of the main country, Irish and European papers, and Parliamentary 783:

The manor-house of Birmingham was located at the foot of the eastern side of the Keuper Sandstone ridge. Originally a small house, it was later developed into a timber-framed house surrounded by a moat fed by the River Rea.

1958:

By the early 17th century Birmingham's booming economy, dominated by the self-made merchants and manufacturers of the new metal trades rather than traditional landed interests; its expanding population and high degree of

2240:, which see Protestant culture as a major factor in the rise of experimental science and industrial capitalism within Europe. Birmingham had a vigorous and confident Nonconformist community by the 1680s, at a time when 905:

between 1086 and 1348 as population growth nationally encouraged the settlement and cultivation of previously marginal land. Surviving documents record the widespread enclosure of wasteland and clearance of woodland in

4028:. Although it is actually just inside neighbouring Solihull, it was instigated, and largely owned by, Birmingham Council, and is thought by most people to be in the city. It has been expanded several times since then. 2750:

uniting leading loyalist figures in the town with prominent landowners from the surrounding counties, which played a prominent role in the emergence of a distinct "Birmingham interest" in regional politics from 1774.

776:. Other local manors recorded in the Domesday survey were Sutton, Erdington, Edgbaston, Selly, Northfield, Tessall and Rednal. A settlement called "Machitone" is also mentioned in the survey: this was to later become 1375:: small, high value items, possibly jewellery or metal ornaments, that were sufficiently well known to be referred to without explanation as far away as London. In 1343 three Birmingham men were punished for selling 1147:

were active in promoting the market, whose tolls would have formed an important part of the income from the manor of Birmingham, by then the most valuable of their estates. The establishment of a rival market at

622:

During the early Anglo-Saxon period the area of the modern city lay across a frontier separating two peoples. Birmingham itself and the parishes in the centre and north of the area were probably colonised by the

948:

were summoned to represent the town in Parliament in 1275. This event was not repeated until the 19th century, but established Birmingham as a town of comparable significance to older Warwickshire towns such as

68:

At the beginning of the 21st century, Birmingham now lies at the heart of a major post-industrial metropolis surrounded by significant educational, manufacturing, shopping, sporting and conferencing facilities.

4119:

estate in the north-east of the city, where all but two of the estate's 34 tower blocks were demolished as part of the regeneration of an estate which had been blighted by crime, unemployment and poor housing.

2499:

inherent in mechanised manufacture: the ability of a low-wage, unskilled labour force to produce bulk commodities such as cotton in huge quantities. Although the developments that enabled this transformation –

3798:. Much of the re-building of the postwar period would in later decades be regarded as mistaken, especially the large numbers of concrete buildings and ringroads which gave the city a reputation for ugliness. 3621:

need to be prevented from establishing themselves in the city. By 1957 the council had explicitly accepted that it was obliged "to restrain the growth of population and employment potential within the city".

3604:, and saw its physical expansion as a threat to its surrounding areas – "from Westminster's point of view was too large, too prosperous, and had to be held in check". A series of measures, starting with the 65:

United Kingdom's manufacturing and automotive industries, having earned itself a reputation first as a city of canals, then of cars, and most recently as a major European convention and shopping destination.

4473: 2061:. The strategic importance of Birmingham's metal trades was also significant: one report suggested that the town's main mill had manufactured 15,000 swords solely for the use of Parliamentarian forces. 4392: 1227:, as well as a demand for goods from prosperous merchants in the town and from visitors from the countryside selling produce. By 1332 the number of craftsmen in Birmingham was similar to that of other 1207:

Archaeological evidence of small-scale industries in Birmingham appears from as early as the 12th century, and the first documentary evidence of craftsmen in the town comes from 1232, when a group of

2013:

condemning the town as being "of as great fame for hearty, wilful, affected dis-loyalty to the king, as any place in England". The arrival of 400 armed men from Birmingham was decisive in securing

3697: 3167:" because of the wide variety of goods manufactured there – buttons, cutlery, nails and screws, guns, tools, jewellery, toys, locks, and ornaments were amongst the many products manufactured. 2091:, before burning 80 houses and leaving behind the naked corpses of fifteen townspeople. Although the Royalist victory was militarily insignificant, and came at the expense of the death of the 1923:

encouraged the development of entirely new industries. The range of goods produced in late-17th century Birmingham, and its international reputation, were illustrated by the French traveller

3678:

Although employment in Birmingham's restricted manufacturing sector shrank by 10% between 1951 and 1966, this was more than made up during the early post-war period for by employment in the

1538:

If the 12th and 13th centuries were a period of growth for the town, however, this ceased during the 14th century in the face of a series of calamities. The manorial court records of nearby

8448: 1931:

in 1690, finding "fine works of rock crystal, swords, heads of canes, snuff boxes, and other fine works of steel", before remarking "but they can be had better and cheaper at Birmingham".

3393:

designing and paying for improvements themselves and buying a number of open spaces and later gifting them to the city for use as parks. Also in 1918, more than 100,000 munitions workers

4503: 2532:

Rather than low wages, efficiency and scale, Birmingham's manufacturing growth was fuelled by a highly skilled workforce, specialisation, flexibility and, above all, innovation. The low

9276: 2815: 2774: 3883:

changed the face of Birmingham, with large communities from Southern Asia and the Caribbean settling in the city, turning Birmingham into one of the UK's leading multicultural cities.

3658:. At least 39,000 jobs were directly transferred out of the West Midlands by factory movement between 1960 and 1974, and planning measures were instrumental in local firms such as the 3304:

and provide clean drinking water to the city, income from these utilities also provided a healthy income for the council, which was re-invested into the city to provide new amenities.

1547:

of 1348–50 halted the growth in population and the decline in archaeological evidence of pottery from the 14th and 15th centuries may indicate a prolonged period of economic hardship.

3238:

As in many industrial towns during the 19th century, many of Birmingham's residents lived in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions. During the early-to-mid-19th century, thousands of

2735: 3584:

in British life, and this pattern continued into the post-war years: for Birmingham, this meant major decisions about the city's future tended to be made outside the city, mainly in

329:

in AD 43. In AD 70, the fort was abandoned only to be reoccupied a few years later before being abandoned again in AD 120. Remains have also been found of a civilian settlement, or

3776: 855:

on the surrounding frontages granting privileges in the market and freedom from tolls; the diversion of local trade routes towards the new site and its associated crossing of the

9382: 3196:

The industrial wealth of Birmingham allowed merchants to fund the construction of some fine institutional buildings in the city. Some buildings of the 19th century included: the

2906:" was established, who had powers to levy a rate for functions such as cleaning and street lighting. They were later given powers to provide policing and build public buildings. 2714:

commented late in the century that "the inhabitants of Birmingham are fonder of associations in clubs than almost any other place I know". Particularly notable examples included

534:, after whom the tribe was named, could have been its leader at the time of the Anglo-Saxon settlement, a shared ancestor, or a mythical tribal figurehead. Place names ending in 1096:

Birmingham was also situated on several significant overland trade routes. By the end of the 13th century the town was an important transit point for the trade in cattle along

2292:

and the invention of photography. A distinctive and significant feature of the Midlands Enlightenment, however, that partly resulted from Birmingham's unusually high level of

456:. The existence of straight road alignments coinciding with early parish boundaries suggests another Roman road may have passed through Birmingham from east to west through 9468: 3759:

In the postwar years, a massive program of slum clearances took place, and vast areas of the city were re-built, with overcrowded "back to back" housing being replaced by

3193:

rather than large factories or mills. Large factories became increasingly common towards the end of the century when engineering industries became increasingly important.

2739: 692:

The late 7th century saw the kingdom of Mercia expand, absorbing the Hwicce by the late 8th century and eventually coming to dominate most of England, but the growth of

11260: 3649:

This prosperity was achieved despite severe restrictions placed on the city's economy by central government, which explicitly sought to limit Birmingham's growth. The

2296:, was the close relationship between the practitioners of theoretical science and those of practical manufacturing. The Lunar Society included industrialists such as 3580:

The defining feature of Birmingham's politics in the post-war era was the loss of much of city's independence. World War II had seen a huge expansion in the role of

2890:

The first map of Birmingham was produced in 1731 by William Westley, though the year before, he produced the first documentation of a newly constructed square named

9130: 4055:. The convictions are now considered one of the worst British miscarriages of justice in recent times. The true perpetrators of the attacks are yet to be arrested. 514:, however, suggests that it was during this period that many of the settlements that were later to make up the city, including Birmingham itself, were established. 11233: 8041:

Money, John (March 1971), "Taverns, Coffee Houses and Clubs: Local Politics and Popular Articulacy in the Birmingham Area, in the Age of the American Revolution",

2098:

During the later years of the Civil War the subversive potential of Birmingham's manufacturing-based society was personified by the local parliamentarian colonel

897:

The following period saw the new town expand rapidly in highly favourable economic circumstances. The Birmingham market was the earliest to be established on the

11265: 2947:

linked Birmingham to the rest of the country. By 1830, some 160 miles (260 km) of canal had been constructed across the Birmingham and Black Country area.

681:

in 577. The exact boundary between the two groups may not have been precisely defined, but is likely to be indicated by the boundaries of the later dioceses of

11931: 4477: 2491:

The factors that drove Birmingham's rapid industrialisation were also different from those behind the later development of textile manufacturing towns such as

4400: 2476:

and can be traced as far back as the 1680s. Birmingham's population quadrupled between 1700 and 1750. By 1775 – before the start of the mechanisation of the

6791:

Elliott, Paul (2003), "Erasmus Darwin, Herbert Spencer, and the Origins of the Evolutionary Worldview in British Provincial Scientific Culture, 1770–1850",

2805:, founded in 1741, became "one of the most lucrative and important provincial papers" of 18th century England, and by the 1770s circulated as far afield as 2702:

as places for free association, cooperation and debate, often crossing lines of social class and status. Although the exceptional historic influence of the

1585:

economy based on the expanding and diversifying metal trades, and a reputation for political and religious radicalism firmly established by its role in the

4017:, retailing and tourism to lessen the dependence upon manufacturing. A number of initiatives were undertaken to make the city more attractive to visitors. 3629: 3609: 3541:

Birmingham's industrial importance and contribution to the war effort may have been decisive in winning the war. The city was heavily bombed by the German

3048: 3008: 2469: 2397: 117:

in 1892. Other parts of Birmingham are quite similar in this way, as people seem to have lived there for millennia . This provided the first evidence of

1330:

in pits excavated behind Park Street also suggests the early presence of working in iron. The borough rentals of 1296 provide evidence of at least four

4508:. Seminar 2: Later Prehistory: the Middle Bronze Age and Iron Age. Worcester: West Midlands Regional Research Framework for Archaeology. Archived from 2636:

with extensive international connections. During the early 18th century finance was largely provided by the iron merchants and by extensive systems of

1663:, the townspeople's resulting high degree of economic and social freedom was to be a highly significant factor in Birmingham's subsequent development. 11124: 9258: 3974:

The Birmingham City Council, further to the Local Strategic Partnership 'Be Birmingham', continue to strive towards a better, more united Birmingham.

2248:. Around 15% of households in Birmingham were members of Nonconformist congregations in the mid-18th century, compared to a national average of 4–5%. 11253: 4106:

The regeneration of the city during the 1990s and 2000s also saw many residential areas of the city substantially altered. A notable example was the

2237: 1659:, and the district as a whole was to remain an area of weak lordship throughout the following centuries. With local government remaining essentially 555:(open ground) are likely to be secondary settlements created by the later expansion of the Anglo-Saxon population, in some cases possibly on earlier 2149:

The 18th century saw the sudden emergence of Birmingham at the forefront of worldwide developments in science, technology, medicine, philosophy and

10008:, Dugdale Society Occasional papers, vol. 48, Stratford-upon-Avon: The Dugdale Society, in association with the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, 4124: 53:

into a major city. A combination of immigration, innovation and civic pride helped to bring about major social and economic reforms and create the

8464: 2789:

and the nine other printers he attracted to the town in the 1750s saw this achieve international significance. The town's first newspaper was the

6372: 2309: 9684: 2913:

system. The canals provided an efficient transport system for raw materials and finished goods, and greatly aided the town's industrial growth.

2583:

important even in the mid-century and was the dominant factor from the 1760s and 1770s, dictated by the markets and fashions of London, France,

9776: 4509: 1077:

wool merchants assemblies of 1340, 1342 and 1343, a period when at least one Birmingham merchant was trading considerable amounts of wool with

9273: 8321: 8310: 1219:. Manufacturing is likely to have been stimulated by the existence of the market, which would have provided a source of raw materials such as 12105: 11243: 7002: 3936:

Since the early 1980s, Birmingham has seen a new wave of migration, this time from communities which do not have Commonwealth roots, such as

3201: 1854:, in 1596 Birmingham men are recorded selling arms in Ireland, and by 1657 the reputation of the Birmingham metalware market had reached the 1608: 1428: 592: 2256:

in particular also had a level of influence within the town that was disproportionate to their numbers, customarily holding the position of

805:

The transformation of Birmingham from the purely rural manor recorded in Domesday Book started decisively in 1166, with the purchase by the

567:

The site of Anglo-Saxon and Domesday Birmingham is not known. The traditional view – that it was a village based around the crossing of the

11838: 11068: 9886: 9828: 4161:

that spread through the country in August 2011, resulting in extensive criminal damage in several inner city areas and three deaths in the

3592:; the days of Birmingham as a semi-autonomous city-state, with its leading citizens dictating the agenda of national politics, were over. 4084: 9443: 4897: 2480:

cotton trade – Birmingham was already the third most-populous town in England, smaller only than the older southern ports of London and

1407:

The growth of the urban economy of 13th century and early 14th century Birmingham was reflected in the development of its institutions.

468:, along the line of Ladywood Road, Belgrave Road and parts of Warwick Road. The Roman routes from Wall and Alcester were together named 9727:, West Midlands Regional Research Framework for Archaeology, Seminar 1, University of Birmingham Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity 9722: 10044:, Dugdale Society Occasional papers, vol. 30, Oxford: Printed for the Dugdale Society by D. Stanford, Printer to the University, 1878:, while Birmingham itself focused on an increasingly wide range of more specialist, higher-skilled and more lucrative activities. The 1383:

in the town in 1384 and 1460 – a trade that could not have been supported purely through local demand in a town of Birmingham's size.

1013:

Birmingham's market is likely to have remained primarily one for agricultural produce throughout the medieval period. The land of the

530:– a tribe or clan whose name literally means "Beorma's people" and which may have formed an early unit of Anglo-Saxon administration. 11307: 3782:

Due largely to bomb damage, the city centre was also extensively re-built under the supervision of the city council's chief engineer

3642: 2847: 4146:, which acted as a 'concrete collar' preventing the expansion of the city centre, a massive urban regeneration project known as the 2927:

The canal network across Birmingham and the Black Country expanded rapidly over the following decades, with most of it owned by the

10140:

Pelham, R. A. (1950), "The Growth of Settlement and Industry c.1100 – c.1700", in Kinvig, R. H.; Smith, J. G.; Wise, M. J. (eds.),

2997:, which concentrated various marketing activities upon one area close to the Bull Ring which had developed into a retail-led area. 1689: 431: 10960:, The Victoria History of the County of Warwick, vol. VII, Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 1964), pp. 251–252 10504:, The Victoria History of the County of Warwick, vol. VII, Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 1964), pp. 223–245 10482:, The Victoria History of the County of Warwick, vol. VII, Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 1964), pp. 298–317 8922: 6543:

Busch, Werner (2000), "Joseph Wright of Derby: art, science, and the validity of artistic language", in Shea, William Rene (ed.),

12043: 11982: 11431: 4538: 3348: 3122: 2791: 2760: 2595:. The adaptability and speed to market of the Birmingham economy allowed it to be heavily influenced by fashion – the market for 1644: 9476: 2742:

played a prominent role in the growing expression of popular political consciousness within the town; and the more conservative

3836: 9979:

Thorpe, H. (1950), "The Growth of Settlement before the Norman Conquest", in Kinvig, R. H.; Smith, J. G.; Wise, M. J. (eds.),

2553:, most of these developments are better characterised as part of a continuous flow of small-scale technological improvements. 11109: 10941: 10907: 10882: 10864: 10824: 10769: 10742: 10720: 10696: 10678: 10653: 10619: 10594: 10574: 10549: 10525: 10456: 10394: 10369: 10349: 10331: 10306: 10222: 10149: 10111: 10049: 10031: 10013: 9988: 9970: 9952: 9766: 9748: 9697: 9667: 9620: 9602: 9582: 9301: 9241: 9203: 8799: 8639: 8385: 8227: 8186: 8026: 7781: 7708: 7137: 6952: 6552: 6425: 6281: 6132: 4939: 4644: 3060: 3037: 2879: 2092: 1679: 1596: 1448:, which also maintained a school. The parish of Birmingham gained its own religious guild with the foundation in 1392 of the 969:

of 1327 and 1332 show Birmingham to have overtaken all of these towns to become the third largest in the county, behind only

11896: 11816: 4051:, who became known later as the Birmingham Six and sentenced to life imprisonment, who were acquitted after 16 years by the 2578:

Birmingham button of the 18th century, with a mother-of-pearl body, gilt- and silvered-copper inlaid discs and a brass shank

2053:, and the King's baggage train attacked by Birmingham townspeople and his personal possessions plundered and transported to 3625: 3075: 2979: 1671: 1616: 1487:

suggest that two-thirds came from within 10 miles (16 km) of the town, but others came from further afield, including

1476: 1449: 318: 9172: 1874:

trades – producing basic iron goods for local agricultural markets – moved west to the towns that would later make up the

1682:, born in Deritend in 1500, became the town's first notable literary figure when he compiled and partially translated the 11921: 11881: 9492: 4052: 3457: 3320: 2993:

The Birmingham Manor House and its moat were demolished and removed in 1816. The site was constructed upon to create the

2916:

The first canal to be built into Birmingham, was opened in November 1769 and connected Birmingham with the coal mines at

1675: 8821:

Tyler, Peter (March 1980), "The Impact of Regional Policy on a Prosperous Region: The Experience of the West Midlands",

2352:

The Midlands Enlightenment therefore occupies a key cultural position linking the expansion of knowledge of the earlier

1607:

The principal institutions of medieval Birmingham collapsed within the space of eleven years between 1536 and 1547. The

12085: 9943:

Kinvig, R. H. (1950), "The Birmingham District in Domesday Times", in Kinvig, R. H.; Smith, J. G.; Wise, M. J. (eds.),

9519: 3397:

to oppose an embargo placed by the British government. This prompted the British government to threaten to draft them.

3394: 2006: 3257:, although only new houses were connected to it, and many older houses had to wait decades until they were connected. 3148:. This allowed Birmingham to have its first elected town council. The council initially worked alongside the existing 2244:

for Nonconformists nationally had yet to be granted; and by the 1740s this had developed into an influential group of

1156:

had led them to acquire the hamlet by 1270, and the family is recorded enforcing the payment of tolls by traders from

11616: 9429: 9159: 8253: 7108: 4059: 4036: 3956: 3829: 3808:, which grew into a new town, was developed approximately six miles to the east of the town centre during the 1960s. 3650: 3605: 3477: 3324: 3227: 3209: 3041: 1708: 3967:

and Handsworth regions of the city, with street battles between black and Asian gangs, caused by an unsubstantiated

3700:

to the Birmingham conurbation from 1965, effectively banning all further office development for almost two decades.

3408:

across the city to rehouse families from inner city slums. Recent boundary expansions which brought areas including

3376:

describing the war at its outset as "a battle between Krupps and Birmingham". At the war's close the Prime Minister

3284:

began to promote a doctrine of social responsibility and enlightened municipal improvement that became known as the

3242:

were built to house the growing population, many of which were poorly built and badly drained, and many soon became

12110: 12058: 11831: 11061: 6705:

Dick, Malcolm McKinnon; Watts, Ruth (July 2008), "Eighteenth-century education: discourses and informal agencies",

4563: 3581: 3205: 3114: 3052: 2843: 2828: 2528:

Portrait of a leading 18th century Birmingham manufacturer, with illustrations of some of his technical innovations

2038: 1307: 18:

This article is about the history of the English city. For the history of the city in the US state of Alabama, see

7927:, Dugdale Society occasional papers, vol. 8, Oxford: Printed for the Dugdale Society by C. Batey, p. 7, 1698:

New Almanacke and Prognostication calculated exactly for the faire and populous Towne of Birmicham in Warwickshire

1495:, Hampshire and even Paris. There is also some evidence that the town may have had a Jewish population before the 11649: 11297: 11248: 11148: 11131: 10843:, The Victoria History of the County of Warwick, vol. VII, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 140–208 10435:, The Victoria History of the County of Warwick, vol. VII, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 209–222 10413:, The Victoria History of the County of Warwick, vol. VII, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 270–297 8311:

The First Manufacturing Town: Industry in Birmingham in the mid-19th Century, The New Illustrated Directory, 1858

3740: 3692: 3624:

With the city's power over its own destiny reduced, Birmingham's lost most of its political distinctiveness. The

3149: 3145: 3064: 2903: 2261: 2224:

This "miracle birth" has traditionally been seen as a result of Birmingham's status as a stronghold of religious

1640: 1250:

Analysis of craftsmen's names in medieval records suggests that the major industries of medieval Birmingham were

335:, alongside the Roman fort. Excavations at Parson's Hill in Kings Norton and at Mere Green have revealed a Roman 19: 10634:

Adams, David. "Everyday experiences of the modern city: remembering the post‐war reconstruction of Birmingham."

10279:, The Victoria History of the County of Warwick, vol. VII, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 81–139 3315:, which soon became a fashionable shopping street. He was instrumental in building of the Council House and the 2440:. The most notable technological innovation of the Midlands Enlightenment, however, was the 1775 development by 1886:

in the town increasing from 69 to 202, but the later figures also show a far wider variety of trades, including

830:. Its significance remains, however, as Peter followed the investment with the deliberate creation of a planned 12063: 12028: 11886: 11876: 11871: 11709: 11327: 11322: 11292: 11119: 10168:, The Victoria History of the County of Warwick, vol. VII, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 73–80 4313: 4307: 4295: 3373: 3312: 2932: 2770: 1612: 879:

twenty three years later, its location was no longer "his castle at Birmingham", but "the town of Birmingham".

487: 11031: 3140:

In 1838, local government reform meant that Birmingham was one of the first new towns to be incorporated as a

3094: 1527:

but "to the bailiffs and good men of the town of Bermyngeham". The town thus remained free of the restrictive

12008: 11977: 11739: 11456: 3277: 3033: 2260:– the most powerful position in the town's local government – from 1733, and making up over a quarter of the 2225: 1674:

in New Street, together with property worth £21 per year from its estate, was saved for the establishment of

1636: 1433: 1211:

negotiating to be released from their obligation to help with the Lord's haymaking are listed as including a

772:

At the time of the Domesday survey, Birmingham was far smaller than other villages in the area, most notably

686: 6504: 4448: 2484:

and growing faster than any of its rivals. As early as 1791 Birmingham was being described by the economist

2122:. By 1649 his national notoriety was such that he was widely rumoured to have been Charles I's executioner. 720:. The Birmingham area again found itself a border region, with the parish of Birmingham forming part of the 12018: 11972: 11586: 11476: 11317: 11282: 9255: 4092: 3872:

and in the annual St Patrick's Day parade, claimed to be the third-largest in the world after New York and

3852: 3787: 3160:

Birmingham's growth and prosperity was based upon metal industries, of which many different kinds existed.

2936: 2928: 2801: 2719: 2245: 1342:

return of 1379 and seven more are documented in the following century. Although fifteen to twenty weavers,

8017:

Wilson, Adrian (2002), "The Birmingham General Hospital and its Public, 1765–79", in Sturdy, Steve (ed.),

6547:, European Studies in Science History and the Arts, Canton, MA: Science History Publications, p. 33, 1700:. Finally 1652 marks the first record of a Birmingham bookseller and the first Birmingham-published book: 1017:, particularly the unenclosed area of the manor of Birmingham to the west of the town, was more suited to 12048: 11911: 11824: 11516: 11085: 11054: 4240: 4132: 3982: 3825: 3617: 2703: 2563: 2158: 2143: 1452:, which provided a social and political focus for the elite of the town as well as supporting chaplains, 231:

axes used by the area's first farmers over 5,000 years ago have been found within the city and the first

10342:

Industrial Enlightenment: Science, technology and culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760–1820

8021:, Routledge Studies in the Social History of Medicine, vol. 16, London: Routledge, pp. 90–91, 2710:

described hundreds of such associations in Birmingham with thousands of members, and the German visitor

1766:

Birmingham itself operated as the commercial hub for manufacturing activity which took place across the

11998: 11916: 11744: 11556: 11531: 11526: 11446: 11386: 11104: 10873:

Sutcliffe, Anthony (1986), "The 'Midland Metropolis': Birmingham, 1890–1980", in Gordon, George (ed.),

4021: 3987: 3126: 3102: 3098: 3083: 2707: 2645: 2545: 2333:

manufacturing, and the feeding back of the results of this to create a "chain reaction of innovation".

2034: 1948: 1667: 1620: 1445: 1408: 1400: 1368: 891: 872: 423: 303: 250:

also show evidence of wider settlements, with clearances in the woodland and grazing animals. Possible

91: 11141: 10916:

Gelling, Margaret (1956), "Some notes on the place-names of Birmingham and the surrounding district",

1850:

as early as 1514; by the 1550s Birmingham merchants were trading as far afield as London, Bristol and

801:

Enrolment of the charters of 1166 and 1189 granting and confirming Birmingham's right to hold a market

11606: 11596: 11521: 11491: 11451: 11391: 10999: 9703: 9404: 4319: 4003: 3795: 3659: 3413: 3175: 2944: 1795: 1396: 670: 638: 365: 326: 9784: 6765:

Ruston, Sharon (2007), "Shelley's Links to the Midlands Enlightenment: James Lind and Adam Walker",

2874: 2521:

century, and the use of steam power was not economically significant in Birmingham until the 1830s.

2316:

communicated basic Newtonian principles widely to the town's manufacturing classes; and men such as

1085:

records for 1397 give some indication of the size of Birmingham's textile trade at the time, the 44

12033: 11952: 11704: 11576: 11561: 11471: 11466: 11348: 8245: 4301: 4088: 3772: 3768: 3389: 3281: 2832: 2715: 2680: 2567: 2524: 2401: 1991:

provides the first evidence of conflict with the country gentlemen who dominated local government.

1835: 1732:

when he travelled through in 1538, providing the town's earliest surviving eyewitness description.

923: 580: 10706: 4131:

was opened following a three-year project. In 2003, the city failed in its bid to become the 2008

1580:

eras marked a period of transition for Birmingham. In the 1520s the town was the third largest in

1471: 11967: 11957: 11936: 11581: 11496: 11371: 11189: 10994: 10855:

Spencer, Ken; Taylor, Andy; Smith, Barbara; Mawson, John; Flynn, Norman; Batley, Richard (1986),

10785:

Lee, Sabine (2002), "Birmingham – London – Los Alamos – Hiroshima: Britain and the atomic bomb",

9131:"Tamworth Borough Council / West Midlands Combined Authority – Key Economic Linkages August 2015" 6417:

The concise encyclopedia of the revolutions and wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639–1660

4324: 4032: 3994:

The collapse of Birmingham's industrial economy was sudden and catastrophic. As late as 1976 the

3880: 3821: 3724: 3382: 2668: 2464:

Street plan of Birmingham from 1731 by William Westley (the top of the map is oriented westwards)

1742: 1729: 1577: 1232: 1188:

and in 1439 the then lord negotiated for the town to be free of the presence of royal purveyors.

1136:

as forming part of one of the "Four Great Royal Roads" of England, running from Worcester to the

962: 954: 435: 9925: 9867: 1750:

The importance of the iron trades increased further as the century progressed, with most of the

875:. By the time Peter's son William de Birmingham sought confirmation of the market's status from 164:

of the last ice age, and the next evidence of human habitation within Birmingham dates from the

12053: 11759: 11629: 11591: 11536: 11436: 11312: 11153: 11022: 9642:, The Victoria History of the County of Warwick, vol. VII, Oxford: Oxford University Press 6505:"Both Sides of the Moon: Erasmus Darwin, Joseph Priestley and the West Midlands' Enlightenment" 3995: 3968: 3891: 3461: 3425: 3079: 3021: 2994: 2891: 2883: 2839: 2795:

founded in 1732; it was short-lived but notable as the vehicle for the first published work of

2649: 2313: 2241: 2194: 2154: 1483: 864: 777: 650: 608: 596: 375: 283: 193: 10535: 10208: 7698: 7094: 6942: 6739:

Rousseau, George (June 2007), "'Brainomania': Brain, Mind and Soul in the Long 18th century",

6271: 2157:. By the second half of the century the town's leading thinkers – particularly members of the 12013: 11962: 11846: 11754: 11734: 11714: 11694: 11669: 11654: 11546: 11506: 11486: 11411: 10730: 10292: 9340: 8347: 7127: 6411: 6349: 6122: 4128: 3960: 3791: 3071: 2987: 2485: 2389: 2357: 2353: 1807: 1666:

The period was also one of significant cultural development. Although the dissolution of the

1500: 1173: 1109: 848: 576: 351: 275: 54: 32: 27: 10951: 10834: 10495: 10473: 10426: 10404: 10270: 10159: 10106:, Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1688:, the first complete authorised edition of the Bible to appear in the English language. The 1057:

By the 14th century Birmingham seems to have been established as a particular centre of the

11779: 11764: 11749: 11689: 11679: 11601: 11461: 11376: 8361: 8134: 8123:"Our Waterways: A History of Inland Navigation Considered as a Branch of Water Conservancy" 8094: 4151: 4065: 4040: 3848: 3524: 3496: 3197: 3183: 3179: 2855: 2743: 2727: 2691: 2676: 2417: 2202: 2190: 2088: 2018: 1985: 1952: 1632: 1631:

lost possession of the manor of Birmingham in 1536, probably as a result of a feud between

1628: 1311: 1144: 887: 876: 797: 682: 674: 556: 491: 3691:

population and employment within Birmingham to be a "threatening situation", the incoming

2838:

Birmingham's booming economy attracted immigrants from a wide area, many of whom retained

1770:, which itself formed the centre of a network of iron forges and furnaces stretching from 125:, an area previously thought to have been sterile and uninhabitable before the end of the 8: 12068: 12038: 11784: 11774: 11724: 11659: 11634: 11551: 11401: 11396: 11363: 11204: 11172: 11094: 10955: 10838: 10499: 10477: 10430: 10408: 10274: 10163: 9724:

Lost but not forgotten: the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic occupation of the West Midlands

9637: 3886:

The developments were not welcomed by everyone however – the right-wing Wolverhampton MP

3715:

During the 1960s and 1970s Birmingham entered into agreements with the existing towns of

3613: 3421: 3344: 3316: 3239: 2924:. Within a year of the canal opening, the price of coal in Birmingham had fallen by 50%. 2629: 2289: 2186: 2030: 1831: 1355:

mills existed in the Birmingham area by the end of the 14th century, many converted from

1240: 1216: 958: 911: 818: 810: 584: 499: 385: 168:

period. A 10,400-year-old settlement – the oldest within the city – was excavated in the

154: 142: 126: 42: 41:

has seen 1400 years of growth, during which time it has evolved from a small 7th century

10241:(1948), "Thomas Attwood and the Economic Background of the Birmingham Political Union", 9799:

Foard-Colby, A (2006). "The Old Bowling Green, Parsons Hill, Kings Norton, Birmingham".

8138: 8122: 3331:

Birmingham's water problems were not fully solved through the creation of reservoirs in

3328:

to become an MP, Chamberlain took close interest in the city for many years afterwards.

1980:

and had a widespread influence throughout surrounding counties. A 1640 puritan-inspired

12023: 11769: 11699: 11644: 11639: 11566: 11541: 11511: 11406: 11381: 11343: 11302: 11199: 11077: 10814: 10802: 10258: 10059: 9917: 9859: 8838: 8834: 8523: 8515: 8160: 8066: 8058: 7165: 7152:

Musson, A. E. (August 1976), "Industrial Motive Power in the United Kingdom, 1800–70",

6824: 6808: 6778: 6752: 6722: 6580: 4158: 4025: 3377: 3289: 3216: 3134: 3130: 3004: 2983: 2975: 2851: 2612:

in 1772, foreshadowing the Birmingham invention of plastics the following century, the

2559: 2496: 2297: 2281: 1767: 1496: 1121: 1078: 1014: 898: 235:

axes date from around 4,000 years ago. Pottery dating back to 2700BC has been found in

3739:

to develop them to accommodate 'overspill' population and industry from the city. The

2850:

by-election of 1769, and over following decades candidates for seats as far afield as

2549:

those of any other town or city. Despite the landmark inventions of engineers such as

2125: 1034:

are mentioned in early 13th century deeds, and a legal dispute involving traders from

12003: 11719: 11684: 11571: 11501: 11426: 11421: 11184: 11114: 11026: 10977: 10937: 10921: 10903: 10878: 10860: 10820: 10806: 10765: 10738: 10716: 10692: 10674: 10649: 10615: 10590: 10570: 10545: 10521: 10452: 10390: 10365: 10345: 10327: 10302: 10218: 10189: 10145: 10107: 10045: 10027: 10009: 9984: 9966: 9948: 9921: 9909: 9863: 9851: 9762: 9744: 9693: 9663: 9659: 9616: 9598: 9578: 9515: 9297: 9294:

Representing Black Britain: A History of Black and Asian Images on British Television

9237: 9199: 9155: 8795: 8635: 8527: 8456: 8381: 8249: 8223: 8182: 8070: 8022: 7928: 7777: 7704: 7133: 7104: 6948: 6816: 6726: 6548: 6421: 6366: 6277: 6128: 5800: 5548: 4935: 4640: 3898: 3663: 3535: 3372:

Birmingham as a centre of industrial production, with the British Commander-in-Chief

3356: 3297: 3215:

The mid-19th century saw major immigration into the city from Ireland, following the

3141: 2966:

visited Birmingham. Nelson was fêted, and visited Matthew Boulton on his sick-bed at

2940: 2605: 2592: 2533: 2513: 2509: 2449: 2437: 2229: 2178: 1995: 1977: 1924: 1656: 1586: 1524: 1315: 1279: 806: 588: 118: 10541:

Enlightenment, passion, modernity: historical essays in European thought and culture

9108: 7744:"Freeth, John (pseud. John Free) (1731–1808), innkeeper and political ballad writer" 6828: 4173: 2212: 1592: 901:– an area which accounted for most of the doubling or tripling of the population of 821:

permitting him to hold a weekly market "at his castle at Birmingham", and to charge

11729: 11674: 11664: 11441: 11416: 11238: 11194: 10794: 10250: 10082: 10074: 9901: 9843: 9808: 9218: 8830: 8507: 8164: 8155: 8150: 8142: 8050: 7161: 7123: 6800: 6774: 6748: 6714: 6576: 4534: 4014: 3840: 3736: 3687: 3655: 3597: 3546: 3527: 3508: 2971: 2863: 2786: 2723: 2633: 2473: 2429: 2405: 2305: 2273: 2217: 2162: 2050: 1799: 1565: 1251: 1157: 1097: 936: 907: 705: 678: 654: 616: 612: 495: 259: 173: 122: 10127:

Pelham, R. A. (1943), "The trade relations of Birmingham during the Middle Ages",

9965:, Studies in the early history of Britain, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 3897:

On the other hand, some arts prospered, especially music: Birmingham had thriving

3113:

Also in the 1830s, due to its growing size and importance, Birmingham was granted

1976:

lectureships provided a focus for questioning the doctrines and structures of the

11789: 11481: 11287: 11167: 11136: 10759: 10710: 10643: 10584: 10539: 10359: 10296: 10212: 10180:

Watts, Lorna (1980), "Birmingham Moat, its History, Topography and Destruction",

10101: 10060:"'Tinker' Fox and the Politics of Garrison Warfare in the West Midlands, 1643–50" 9280: 9262: 8789: 8629: 8217: 7771: 7098: 6415: 4505:

Burnt mounds and beyond: the later prehistory of Birmingham and the Black Country

3805: 3783: 3705: 3531: 3405: 3118: 3074:(GWR) arrived in Birmingham, and opened their own station in central Birmingham, 3056: 2711: 2613: 2574: 2554: 2541: 2537: 2501: 2445: 2393: 2361: 2345: 2317: 2293: 2285: 2170: 2150: 1960: 1863: 1843: 1512: 1255: 1236: 1208: 998: 945: 922:

during the 13th century, a period over which the cultivated area of the manor of

827: 700:, while the western part, including the Birmingham area, came to be dominated by 604: 469: 427: 299: 99: 87: 46: 9094: 8348:

Environment Probe: The Power of Property Rights to Preserve Our Lakes and Rivers

3839:

reorganisation, Birmingham expanded again, this time taking over the borough of

3051:. However, in the 1840s, these early railway companies had merged to become the 2460: 2106:

from 1643. From there he attacked and removed the Royalist garrison from nearby

1560: 490:

in Birmingham is slight and documentary records of the era are limited to seven

11807: 11353: 10536:"The Bourgeois Experience as Political Culture: The Chamberlains of Birmingham" 9512:

The Lost Paragons: The story of the notorious West Midlands Serious Crime Squad

9154:

Greenall, R. L (1999). Daventry Past. Pages 109-122. Phillimore & Co. LTD.

8268:

Urban Change and Planning: a history of urban development in Britain since 1750

4287: 4100: 4077: 4048: 3949: 3844: 3720: 3679: 3520: 3516: 3293: 3250: 3223: 2959: 2796: 2625: 2505: 2421: 2409: 2301: 2182: 2111: 2103: 2054: 2025:

as a Parliamentarian stronghold. The march of the King and his army south from

1895: 1775: 1759: 1437: 1275: 941: 882: 733: 717: 642: 630: 279: 228: 150: 138: 10798: 10254: 8511: 8298:

English Local Government from the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act

8054: 7743: 6718: 3311:

were cleared. And through the city-centre a new thoroughfare was constructed,

1196: 12099: 11926: 11228: 11223: 11179: 11099: 10925: 10193: 10078: 9913: 9855: 9366:

The Birmingham Framework -Six Innocent Men Framed for the Birmingham Bombings

8460: 5804: 5552: 4273: 4147: 4096: 3926: 3902: 3869: 3728: 3512: 3500: 3430: 3352: 2963: 2921: 2687: 2641: 2621: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2249: 2233: 2206: 2198: 1875: 1847: 1725: 1693: 1684: 1670:

in Deritend saw the closure of its associated school, the former hall of the

1648: 1379:

items while asserting they were silver, and there is documentary evidence of

1303: 1200: 1181: 1133: 1070: 868: 852: 814: 760: 745: 729: 600: 314: 11017: 11011: 9905: 9847: 9741:

Beneath the Bull Ring: The Archaeology of Life and Death in Early Birmingham

7700:

British Clubs and Societies 1580–1800: The Origins of an Associational World

4072: 4013:

The City Council undertook a policy of diversifying the city's economy into

3189:

For most of the 19th century, industry in Birmingham was dominated by small

2201:

in London, and scientists, philosophers and academicians in France, Sweden,

2102:, who recruited a garrison of 200 men from the Birmingham area and occupied 1427:

were endowed in the church by wealthy local merchants in 1330 and 1347. The

1089:

sold being a tiny fraction of the 3,000 sold in the major textile centre of

940:

had grown into a prosperous town of craftsmen and merchants. The signing of

11211: 11162: 10981: 7932: 6820: 4927: 4162: 4044: 4039:. The bombings were the worst terror attacks in Great Britain up until the 3910: 3906: 3887: 3879:

In the years following World War II, a major influx of immigrants from the

3856: 3489: 3480:

car plant switched to production of munitions and military equipment, from

3473: 3450: 3340: 3336: 3301: 3285: 3261: 2731: 2637: 2413: 2336: 2329: 2268: 2075: 2042: 2022: 1988: 1939: 1903: 1581: 1573: 1492: 1339: 1259: 1228: 1062: 966: 902: 755: 725: 666: 440: 414: 360: 331: 310: 201: 109:

about 100 millimetres (3.9 in) long, discovered in the gravels of the

10816:

Second City Politics: Democratic Process and Decision Making in Birmingham

10295:, in Davenport-Hines, Richard Peter Treadwell; Liebenau, Jonathan (eds.), 10024:

A Medieval Society: The West Midlands at the End of the Thirteenth Century

5247: 3790:

position which was held by several people. Emblematic of this was the new

3646:

national average, exceeding even than those of London and the South East.

2754: 944:

indicate visits by the King to Birmingham in 1189, 1235 and 1237, and two

358:) suggests that it may have been the site of a significant Romano-British 11216: 7006: 6508: 4154:

district which is undergoing work which is expected to total £6 billion.

4116: 4024:(NEC) was built, 10 miles (16 km) southeast of the centre, close to 3922: 3918: 3813: 3809: 3794:. Birmingham also became a centre of the national motorway network, with 3760: 3667: 3585: 3469: 3401: 3360: 3347:

to help ease the problems. The problems were finally solved, however, by

3106: 2898: 2747: 2699: 2468:

The explosive industrial growth of Birmingham started before that of the

2396:– the "one novel idea of the first importance" in the development of the 2381: 2280:

Enlightenment thinkers can be seen in areas as diverse as education, the

2130: 1964: 1920: 1855: 1771: 1660: 1544: 1391: 1220: 1093:, but making up almost a third of the trade of the rest of Warwickshire. 1074: 990: 844: 831: 721: 634: 518: 449: 343: 267: 243: 213: 177: 10645:

Power and city governance: comparative perspectives on urban development

4567: 689:

established after the 7th century conversion of Mercia to Christianity.

11852: 11848: 10262: 10238: 9577:, History of Birmingham, vol. 3, London: Oxford University Press, 9543: 9369: 9341:"Britain 'defiant' as bombers kill 52 in attack on the heart of London" 8842: 8519: 8062: 6812: 6567:

Budge, Gavin (2007), "Science and Soul in the Midlands Enlightenment",

4899:

Birmingham in the Domesday Book, Catalogue reference: E 31/2/2, f. 243r

4502:

Hodder, Mike (23 September 2002). Hurst, Derek; Jackson, Robin (eds.).

4143: 4107: 4087:(ICC) opened in central Birmingham in the early 1990s. The area around 4007: 3748: 3712:

housing crisis was being eased as that figure had now exceeded 80,000.

3671: 3481: 3442: 3025: 2967: 2917: 2810: 2609: 2601: 2550: 2492: 2477: 2441: 2425: 2385: 2341: 2325: 2321: 2174: 2166: 2139: 2107: 2099: 2068: 2058: 2026: 1879: 1839: 1803: 1416: 1376: 1360: 1335: 1212: 1185: 1165: 1161: 1137: 1086: 1035: 985: 915: 526: 465: 426:. Roads are also likely to have led via the known Roman settlements at 369: 342:

Although no archeological evidence has been found, the presence of the

251: 247: 236: 165: 161: 61: 38: 10934:

The Book Makers of Old Birmingham: Authors, Printers, and Book Sellers

8498:

Cannadine, David (June 1976), "The 'Best Governed City', Part Three",

7132:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 1993), p. 70, 2686:

Georgian Birmingham was marked by the dramatic growth of the vigorous

1535:, but was free also from the constraints of a strict manorial regime. 11046: 10293:"The Trading and Service Sectors of the Birmingham Economy 1750–1800" 9568:, History of Birmingham, vol. 2, London: Oxford University Press 9559:, History of Birmingham, vol. 1, London: Oxford University Press 8146: 4111: 3764: 3683: 3589: 3542: 3485: 3446: 3434: 3417: 3254: 3170: 3063:

which was opened in 1854, and Birmingham became a central hub of the

3029: 2859: 2778: 2436:; between them these two developments marked the birth of the modern 2079: 1999: 1968: 1944: 1907: 1827: 1815: 1811: 1754:

mills in the Birmingham area being converted into mills for grinding

1652: 1539: 1465: 1453: 1380: 1356: 1129: 1125: 1124:

and transported by cart to Birmingham and Lichfield. This route from

1113: 1031: 1006: 1002: 994: 932: 919: 856: 822: 568: 503: 445: 419: 399: 394: 389: 380: 364:

or settlement, which would have been adjacent to the crossing of the

322: 271: 185: 134: 130: 110: 103: 10361:

Experience and identity: Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760–1800

10086: 9812: 9683:

Bridgland, D. R.; Howard, A. J.; White, M. J.; White, T. S. (2006),

3575: 2897:

Until the 1760s, Birmingham's local government system, consisted of

2228:, creating a free-thinking culture unconstrained by the established 11042:

A History of Birmingham Places & Placenames . . . from A to Y

6804: 3732: 3504: 3438: 3363:

in Wales; this project was approved in 1891 and completed in 1904.

3190: 2820: 2782: 2495:, whose spectacular growth from the 1780s onwards was based on the 2126:

The Midlands Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, 1680–1791

2110:, established control over the countryside leading out to Royalist 2072: 2033:

in October 1642 met strong local resistance, with troops headed by

2014: 2003: 1981: 1791: 1779: 1720: 1532: 1511:– the open agricultural area to the west – from at least 1250. The 1327: 1244: 1149: 1105: 1090: 1022: 1018: 974: 950: 928: 860: 625: 572: 511: 461: 457: 409: 404: 263: 255: 217: 153:

suggests that the climate and vegetation of Birmingham during this

146: 106: 8359:

Ralph, Julian (June 1890). "The best-governed city in the world".

3751:

was also developed in part on a greenfield site for this purpose.

3612:, commissioned by the Minister for Town and Country Planning from 1862:

activities. Over the course of the 17th century the lower-skilled

82: 10918:

Transactions & Proceedings, Birmingham Archaeological Society

10129:

Transactions & Proceedings, Birmingham Archaeological Society

6707:

History of Education: Journal of the History of Education Society

3964: 3941: 3744: 3716: 3686:. The city's economic boom saw the rapid growth of a substantial 3332: 3319:

in Corporation Street. Numerous public parks were also created,

2806: 2718:, one of the most celebrated meeting places of Georgian England; 2653: 2481: 2404:

in Birmingham's Upper Priory. In 1765 Matthew Boulton opened the

2365: 2257: 2253: 2115: 2046: 1973: 1851: 1787: 1751: 1705: 1624: 1516: 1457: 1424: 1352: 1347: 1263: 1117: 1082: 1027: 970: 836: 708:

of Wessex reorganised western Mercia for defensive purposes into

697: 476: 294: 209: 197: 169: 114: 10857:

Crisis in the industrial heartland: a study of the West Midlands

10586:

Self-Help and Civic Culture: Citizenship in Victorian Birmingham

10516:

Briggs, Asa (1963), "Birmingham: The Making of a Civic Gospel",

10324:

Birmingham: The First Manufacturing Town in the World, 1760–1840

10182:

Transactions, Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society

5793:

Transactions, Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society

5541:

Transactions, Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society

325:

in southern Birmingham. The fort was constructed soon after the

11041: 10612:

City-State and Nation: Birmingham's Political History 1830–1940

10144:, S. R. Publishers Limited (published 1970), pp. 135–158, 9947:, S. R. Publishers Limited (published 1970), pp. 113–134, 3945: 3937: 3914: 3873: 3020:

Railways arrived in Birmingham in 1837 with the opening of the

2695: 2657: 2596: 2588: 2517: 2433: 2364:, who had trained as an apprentice in Birmingham and worked in 2119: 1915: 1899: 1891: 1871: 1867: 1819: 1783: 1520: 1519:; the "commonalty of the town" is first recorded in 1296 and a 1403:, is the sole surviving secular building of medieval Birmingham 1319: 1295: 1262:, with archaeological evidence also suggesting the presence of 1169: 744:

The first surviving documentary record of Birmingham is in the

701: 693: 658: 646: 531: 507: 453: 232: 220:, suggesting the area had extensive trading links at the time. 189: 50: 10691:, Birmingham: Birmingham City Council Development Department, 9514:. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. pp. 88–90. 4142:

Birmingham continues to develop, following the removal of the

4099:, was extensively renovated at the turn of 2000. In 1998, the 3268: 3036:

opened, linking to the capital. This was soon followed by the

1963:; and the almost complete absence from the area of a resident 1745:, The Itinerary of John Leland in or about the Years 1535–1543 696:

power in the later 9th century saw eastern Mercia fall to the

10544:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 148–164, 9983:, S. R. Publishers Limited (published 1970), pp. 87–97, 4236:

1901 – 522,204 in the city proper, 630,162 in the urban area.

3999: 3955:

Tension between ethnic groups and the authorities led to the

3601: 3409: 3366: 2910: 2632:

to feed rapid economic expansion saw the town become a major

2584: 2135: 2064: 1928: 1911: 1883: 1823: 1755: 1600: 1528: 1488: 1461: 1441: 1420: 1412: 1371:

at the time of their suppression in 1308 includes twenty two

1331: 1299: 1153: 1101: 1051: 1047: 1039: 773: 709: 662: 10900:

The Chemical Revolution: a contribution to social technology

10520:, London: Penguin Books (published 1968), pp. 184–240, 8019:

Medicine, Health and the Public Sphere in Britain, 1600–2000

6513:, Museums, Libraries and Archives – West Midlands, p. 1 6124:

The Itinerary of John Leland in or about the years 1535–1543

3817:

unpopularity and defects associated with such developments.

2734:", and which alongside other debating societies such as the 2114:, and launched a series of audacious raids as far afield as 2057:

while the King stayed with the Royalist Sir Thomas Holte at

1882:

returns for Birmingham for 1671 and 1683 show the number of

378:

have been identified converging on the Birmingham area from

208:

found across Birmingham include examples made of stone from

11036: 10689:

Developing Birmingham 1889–1989: 100 years of city planning

10387:

Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World

10006:

Medieval Birmingham: the borough rentals of 1296 and 1344-5

9234:

The royal town of Sutton Coldfield: a commemorative history

7925:

Press and public in the early nineteenth-century Birmingham

7747: 5791:

Razi, Z. (1978), "The Big Fire of the Town of Birmingham",

4476:. Birmingham City Council. 29 December 2008. Archived from 3930: 3641:

in two of the British economy's three major growth areas –

3523:

bomber coming into production towards the end of WWII. The

3493: 3308: 3288:. His philosophy inspired a group of reformers – including 3243: 2781:

group of subscribers. Birmingham had been a centre for the

1887: 1599:, compiler of the first complete authorised edition of the 1323: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1271: 1267: 1224: 1177: 1066: 1058: 1043: 1026:

Birmingham diversified as a merchant class arose, however:

713: 336: 57:, inspiring the growth of similar cities across the world. 10209:"Commerce and Creativity in Eighteenth-Century Birmingham" 10103:

Politics, Society and Civil War in Warwickshire, 1620–1660

10026:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 2008), 9686:

The Trent Valley: Archaeology and Landscape of the Ice Age

7129:

Power from steam: a history of the stationary steam engine

7095:"The Supply of Raw Materials in the Industrial Revolution" 2909:

From the 1760s onwards, Birmingham became a centre of the

2232:. This accords with wider historical theories such as the 1132:

of the mid-14th century and described by the contemporary

977:– at the time the fourth largest urban centre in England. 9682: 9359: 9274:

Birmingham.gov.uk: Birmingham's Post War Black Immigrants

4366: 3675:

population led to labour shortages and escalating wages.

2777:, established for research purposes in 1779 by a largely 1998:

in 1642 saw Birmingham emerge as a symbol of puritan and

1550: 1503:

as a self-governing entity independent of its manor, the

1343: 205: 184:

The oldest man-made structures in the city date from the

98:

The oldest human artefact found within Birmingham is the

10854: 10142:

Birmingham and its Regional Setting: A Scientific Survey

9997: 9981:

Birmingham and its Regional Setting: A Scientific Survey

9945:

Birmingham and its Regional Setting: A Scientific Survey

9315: 9081: 9054: 9042: 8763: 8712: 3404:

ended in 1918, the city council decided to build modern

2986:

was erected by public subscription. It still stands, in

2785:

and publishing of books since the 1650s but the rise of

2726:, founded at the Golden Cross in Snow Hill in 1775; the 2536:

to the Birmingham trades gave the town a high degree of

2153:

as part of the cultural transformation now known as the

258:

farmsteads have been discovered at Langley Mill Farm in

9595:

Birmingham: a study in geography, history, and planning

5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 4441: 2869: 2648:

who combined to form the town's first bank – the early

1507:– the built-up area – was governed separately from the 665:

tribe whose migration north through the valleys of the

11261:

Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

10042:

The early history of the town of Birmingham, 1166–1600

8853: 8851: 7103:, Taylor & Francis (published 1970), p. 113, 6351:

The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England

4497: 4495: 3944:. Further immigration from Eastern Europe (especially 3824:

and 182 others injured when two city-centre pubs were

3596:

damaging influence on the stagnating economies of the

2455: 2131:

Enlightenment, Nonconformism and industrial innovation

1627:

also being disbanded in 1547. Most significantly, the

787: 10974:

The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780

7776:, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p. 139, 7434: 7432: 7430: 6420:, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, pp. 58–59, 6331: 6329: 6327: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 4399:, Birmingham: Trinity Mirror Midlands, archived from 3862: 3628:

was the first for 70 years in which no member of the

867:

in stone and probably the first establishment of the

9820: 7773:

Reading matters: five centuries of discovering books

5897: 5674: 5672: 4263: 3351:

with the completion of a 73-mile (117 km) long

3253:

was built under the city which was connected to the

3059:

respectively. The two companies jointly constructed

2694:. Most characteristic was the development of clubs, 2185:– had become widely influential participants in the 1386: 748:

of 1086, where it is recorded as the small manor of

728:, but other areas of the modern city falling within 649:. Parishes in the south of the current city such as 242:

The most common prehistoric sites in Birmingham are

129:. Similarly aged axes have since also been found in 11266:

Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

10567:

Birmingham: The Making of the Second City 1850–1939

9597:, Belhaven world cities series, Chichester: Wiley, 9065: 9063: 8848: 8735: 8733: 8488:, J. Moth M.N.A.B.S., 1951, Birmingham City Council 7553: 7551: 5851: 5849: 4492: 3977: 2690:for the exchange of ideas that was the hallmark of 1934: 1696:– the town's first known scientist – published his 1411:was rebuilt on a lavish scale around 1250 with two 575:, with a village green on the site that became the 289: 10972:Wadsworth, Alfred P.; Mann, Julia De Lacy (1931), 10641: 10214:Markets and Manufacture in Early Industrial Europe 8916: 8914: 7427: 7100:The Causes of the Industrial Revolution in England 6354:, vol. 4, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 31 6324: 5419: 5270: 5268: 5194: 4533: 3174:Bird's-eye view of Birmingham in 1886 showing the 2819:, which caused controversy in 1771 by serialising 2706:has made it much the best-known, the contemporary 2011:History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England 1322:are recorded in the 14th century. The presence of 10671:Managing a Conurbation: Birmingham and Its Region 9444:"Shocking police tactics saw trio wrongly jailed" 8829:(1), Oxford University Press: 152, 157, 160–161, 8486:The City of Birmingham Baths Department 1851–1951 7580: 7578: 6944:Sources of Power: How Energy Forges Human History 6545:Science and the Visual Image in the Enlightenment 6127:, BiblioBazaar (published 2008), pp. 96–97, 5669: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4031:Twenty-one people were killed and 182 injured in 3786:during the postwar years. He was assisted by the 3576:Loss of independence and the prevention of growth 3570: 3047:These all initially had separate stations around 2954: 1692:had been established by 1642, the same year that 160:The area became uninhabitable with the advancing 12097: 10538:, in Micale, Mark S.; Dietle, Robert L. (eds.), 9060: 8730: 7703:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 134, 7548: 6104: 6102: 5846: 5099: 5097: 4932:The History of Greater Birmingham – down to 1830 4419: 4417: 4125:murder of Letisha Shakespeare and Charlene Ellis 4123:The city was shocked, on 2 January 2003, by the 3635: 2488:as "the first manufacturing town in the world". 1499:of 1290. Although medieval Birmingham was never 1038:in 1403 reveals that they were dealing in iron, 826:been held without interruption since before the 10902:, Reading: Gordon and Breach (published 1992), 10628: 9490: 9441: 8911: 8295: 7003:"Rational Manufacture – Wedgwood & Boulton" 5599: 5597: 5265: 5218: 5216: 4304:– For history of local government in Birmingham 3212:in the extended Council House, opened in 1885. 2730:, whose radical politics saw it nicknamed the " 2640:between manufacturers; it was an iron merchant 1655:. Birmingham would never again have a resident 1639:. After brief periods in the possession of the 1468:and "divers ffoule and daungerous high wayes". 1116:accounts for 1340 record wine imported through 313:times a large military fort and marching camp, 11025:– an extensive history, written in 1783, from 10761:British Regional Development Since World War I 10449:The Lunar Men: The Friends who Made the Future 9676: 9572: 9030: 9018: 9006: 8990: 8978: 8954: 8923:"Control of Office and Industrial Development" 8905: 8881: 8869: 8857: 8791:British Regional Development Since World War I 8775: 8751: 8700: 8676: 8660: 8631:British Regional Development Since World War I 8623: 8611: 8599: 8539: 8095:British History Online: Development up to 1838 7575: 5409: 5407: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5020: 5018: 4608: 4449:"Archaeology Before the Industrial Revolution" 3339:. Other larger reservoirs were constructed at 3307:Under Chamberlain, some of Birmingham's worst 1444:, with its priest supported by the associated 1310:, existed in the 12th and 13th centuries, and 843:This era saw the laying out of the triangular 792: 477:Anglo-Saxon and Norman Birmingham, c. 600–1166 11832: 11062: 10971: 10668: 6985: 6973: 6940: 6348:Hyde, Edward (1st Earl of Clarendon) (1826), 6099: 5094: 4414: 4316:– For a timeline of the history of Birmingham 3754: 3696:early 1960s, central government extended the 2420:first enabled the large-scale manufacture of 2078:, still bears scars from its attack by local 633:tribes who migrated along the valleys of the 10877:, London: Harper & Row, pp. 25–40, 10642:DiGaetano, Alan; Klemanski, John S. (1999), 8296:Webb, Sidney; Potter-Webb, Beatrice (1908), 6502: 6273:Birmingham and the Midland Hardware District 5594: 5213: 4393:"Evidence of Stone Age man found in Digbeth" 4150:in progress. For example, in the city's new 4043:and consisted of bombs being planted in two 2939:, the Warwick and Birmingham Canal (now the 1984:raised by the townspeople against the local 1611:was suppressed and its property sold at the 1061:trade. Two Birmingham merchants represented 657:were colonised during a later period by the 10976:, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 10669:Gerrard, John; Slater, Terry, eds. (1996), 9798: 8200: 6947:, Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, p. 194, 6409: 6371:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6276:, Routledge (published 1967), p. 210, 5539:Gooder, E. A. (1978), "Birmingham Pieces", 5404: 5153: 5015: 4639:, London: J. Baker, pp. 292, 294–295, 4588: 3137:, were elected as Birmingham's first MP's. 1482:Economic success also saw the town expand. 673:followed the West Saxons' victory over the 11839: 11825: 11069: 11055: 10936:, New York: B. Franklin (published 1971), 10715:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 150–168, 10249:(2), Cambridge University Press: 190–216, 10003: 9963:The West Midlands in the early Middle Ages 9720: 8506:(2), Cambridge University Press: 539–540, 8322:Birmingham.gov.uk: Central Birmingham 1889 8283:The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities 7752:(Online ed.), Oxford University Press 6503:Valsania, Maurizio; Dick, Malcolm (2004), 5828: 5738: 5726: 5714: 5678: 5510: 4997: 4354: 4035:in 1974, thought to be carried out by the 3367:Wartime and interwar Birmingham, 1914–1945 3125:was created with two MPs representing it. 2265:Birmingham society throughout the period. 1306:pottery, examples of which can be seen in 1184:. By 1400 a second fair was being held at 1069:in 1322 to discuss the standardisation of 993:representation, on the fourteenth century 11308:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 10872: 10737:, London: Pan Macmillan, pp. 43–63, 10533: 9573:Sutcliffe, Anthony; Smith, Roger (1974), 9291: 8497: 8154: 6704: 4076:World leaders meet in Birmingham for the 3971:resulting in two deaths and much damage. 562: 10949: 10897: 10268: 9635: 8176: 8049:(1), Cambridge University Press: 22–23, 7910: 7894: 7882: 7850: 7068: 7048: 7032: 6738: 6397: 6245: 6173: 6085: 5910: 5374: 5252:Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis 4965: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4844: 4842: 4805: 4803: 4598: 4596: 4172: 4071: 3981: 3267: 3169: 3155: 3093: 3003: 2873: 2753: 2667: 2663: 2608:developed from the award of a patent to 2573: 2523: 2459: 2376:in Shropshire and established the first 2335: 2267: 2211: 2134: 2063: 1938: 1591: 1559: 1555: 1470: 1390: 1302:. Kilns producing the distinctive local 1270:manufacture and probably the working of 1195: 997:. The town (centre) is shown within the 984: 980: 881: 796: 754: 524:, meaning the home or settlement of the 293: 81: 31:Birmingham in 1732, on the verge of the 26: 10915: 10728: 10707:"Birmingham – Building the modern city" 10704: 10582: 10564: 10465: 10321: 10290: 10157: 9960: 9884: 9826: 9774: 9610: 9509: 9193: 9109:"New Town Development, Redditch, Worcs" 8920: 8587: 8571: 8555: 8332: 8280: 8201:Broadbridge, Stanley Robertson (1974), 8105: 7749:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7672: 7660: 7648: 7612: 7557: 7542: 7490: 7462: 7450: 7409: 7381: 7365: 7297: 7285: 7269: 7221: 7205: 7193: 7092: 7028: 6790: 6656: 6269: 6257: 6153: 6025: 5855: 5750: 5615: 5564: 5434: 5362: 5207: 5176: 5088: 5072: 5060: 5036: 5009: 4934:, Yardley, Birmingham: V. H. T. Skipp, 4848: 4833: 4821: 4782: 4766: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4706: 4694: 4670: 4634: 4623: 4602: 4177:Birmingham Population from 1538 to 2009 3959:in 1981 and 1985. October 2005 saw the 3349:Birmingham Corporation Water Department 3321:central lending and reference libraries 2193:, particularly the universities of the 1714: 1231:towns associated with industry such as 886:Fourteenth-century alabaster effigy of 223: 12098: 11076: 10812: 10515: 10493: 10471: 10384: 10237: 10200: 10139: 10126: 10099: 10057: 10021: 9978: 9942: 9900:(26), University of Birmingham: 1–33, 9842:(25), University of Birmingham: 1–27, 9756: 9738: 9592: 9563: 9327: 9069: 8994: 8966: 8950: 8933:(cc1163-91), United Kingdom Parliament 8893: 8739: 8724: 8664: 8265: 8179:The Cambridge Urban History of Britain 8120: 8016: 7922: 7769: 7741: 7151: 7064: 6767:Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 6764: 6741:Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 6569:Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 6560: 6482: 6470: 6458: 6446: 6385: 6318: 6302: 6221: 6197: 6120: 6009: 5981: 5840: 5816: 5774: 5762: 5702: 5690: 5576: 5538: 5498: 5486: 5482: 5470: 5458: 5446: 5398: 5346: 5318: 5314: 5302: 5286: 5274: 5234: 5147: 5131: 5048: 4985: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4809: 4794: 4778: 4754: 4682: 4658: 4619: 4501: 4435: 4423: 4378: 4342: 4310:– For history of Birmingham's military 4168: 3323:were opened in 1865–6, and the city's 2878:Two early 18th century developments – 1551:Tudor and Stuart Birmingham, 1485–1680 1523:grant of 1318 was made out not to the 607:, and from the southern boundaries of 192:identified by aerial photography near 11820: 11050: 11037:Birmingham Black Oral History Project 10832: 10686: 10446: 10357: 10339: 10326:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 10179: 9998:Medieval, Tudor and Stuart Birmingham 9653: 9231: 8820: 8375: 8358: 8215: 8082: 8040: 8004: 7992: 7980: 7968: 7956: 7944: 7898: 7866: 7854: 7838: 7826: 7814: 7802: 7729: 7696: 7684: 7636: 7624: 7530: 7506: 7478: 7466: 7421: 7393: 7349: 7309: 7257: 7241: 7217: 7177: 7122: 7080: 7060: 7044: 6997: 6928: 6916: 6912: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6864: 6852: 6840: 6692: 6680: 6668: 6652: 6640: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6566: 6542: 6530: 6494: 6005: 5993: 5867: 5334: 5290: 5103: 4926: 4913: 4839: 4800: 4593: 4543:Research records (formerly PastScape) 4390: 4298:– For history of Birmingham's economy 3698:Control of Office Employment Act 1965 3038:Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway 3011:; Birmingham's first railway terminus 1282:pits in use in Edgbaston Street; and 739: 517:The name "Birmingham" comes from the 317:, existed on the site of the present 157:were very similar to those of today. 12106:History of Birmingham, West Midlands 11032:Birmingham, a city built on industry 10931: 10875:Regional Cities in the UK, 1890–1980 10609: 10402: 10206: 10039: 9777:"The Birmingham Roman Roads Project" 9554: 9536: 9292:Malik, Sarita; Hall, Stuart (2002), 8688: 8583: 8567: 8543: 8435: 8423: 8411: 8399: 8170: 7878: 7600: 7596: 7584: 7569: 7518: 7502: 7438: 7397: 7369: 7353: 7337: 7325: 7313: 7273: 7253: 7229: 7225: 7181: 6498: 6347: 6335: 6314: 6233: 6209: 6185: 6169: 6165: 6108: 6093: 6089: 6073: 6061: 6049: 6037: 6021: 5969: 5957: 5945: 5933: 5922: 5891: 5879: 5790: 5778: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5627: 5603: 5588: 5534: 5522: 5413: 5386: 5358: 5330: 5222: 5188: 5164: 5143: 5127: 5115: 5084: 5024: 4981: 4969: 4953: 3152:, until they were wound up in 1851. 3078:. The GWR line linked the city with 2870:Transport and the growth of the town 2142:, regular venue for meetings of the 1359:, but including one at Holford near 10898:Clow, Archibald; Clow, Nan (1952), 10819:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 10784: 10757: 8921:Darling, George (3 November 1965), 8787: 8627: 4474:"Archaeology – A Lot from a Little" 3855:. It was also finally removed from 3089: 2456:Commercial and industrial expansion 2356:with the economic expansion of the 1758:by the end of the century. In 1586 1728:, were recognised by the antiquary 1419:and a 200 ft (61 m) high 1191: 788:The medieval market town, 1166–1485 13: 11318:History of the politics of England 9721:Buteux, Simon; Lang, Alex (2002), 9542: 9442:Birmingham Live (6 October 2011). 9136:. West Midlands Combined Authority 8835:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041467 8242:A Description of Modern Birmingham 8219:Daily Life in 18th-Century England 7166:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1976.tb01094.x 6779:10.1111/j.1754-0208.2007.tb00334.x 6753:10.1111/j.1754-0208.2007.tb00331.x 6581:10.1111/j.1754-0208.2007.tb00330.x 4246:1951 – 1,113,000 (population peak) 3863:Immigration and cultural diversity 3843:to the north. Birmingham lost its 3767:(the last remaining block of four 3276:In the mid-1840s, the charismatic 3015: 2931:Company. Other canals such as the 2021:in August 1642, which established 1782:. While 16th century deeds record 14: 12122: 11313:History of the economy of England 11014:– Birmingham City Council website 11005: 10648:, University of Minnesota Press, 9887:"Birmingham before the Bull Ring" 9821:Anglo-Saxon and Norman Birmingham 9550:, London: Oxford University Press 9430:West Midlands Serious Crime Squad 9383:"40 years on-Birmingham Bombings" 8108:The Beauties of England and Wales 4060:West Midlands Serious Crime Squad 3948:) came with the expansion of the 3917:scenes (notable locals including 3830:Provisional Irish Republican Army 3651:Distribution of Industry Act 1945 3606:Distribution of Industry Act 1945 3042:Birmingham and Gloucester Railway 2300:as well as intellectuals such as 1676:King Edward's Free Grammar School 1603:to appear in the English language 1436:was established around 1380 as a 1429:Priory of St Thomas of Canterbury 1387:Medieval institutions and society 1278:. By the 13th century there were 593:Priory of St Thomas of Canterbury 486:Archaeological evidence from the 172:area in 2009, with evidence that 12081: 12080: 11895: 11847: 11801: 10735:Twelve cities: a personal memoir 9632:(July 1951) 1#7 pp 59–68 online. 9503: 9493:"Tragedy of accidental shooting" 9461: 9435: 9422: 9397: 9375: 9333: 9321: 9309: 9285: 9267: 9249: 9225: 9211: 9187: 9165: 9148: 9123: 9101: 9087: 9075: 9048: 9036: 9024: 9012: 9000: 8984: 8972: 8960: 8944: 8899: 8887: 8875: 8863: 8814: 8781: 8769: 8757: 8745: 8718: 8706: 8694: 8682: 8670: 8654: 8617: 8605: 8593: 8577: 8561: 8549: 8533: 8491: 8479: 8441: 8429: 8417: 8405: 8393: 8369: 8352: 8341: 8326: 8315: 8304: 8289: 8274: 8259: 8235: 8209: 8205:, David & Charles Publishers 8194: 8177:Palliser, David Michael (2000), 8121:Forbes, Urquhart Atwell (1906), 8114: 8099: 8088: 8076: 8034: 8010: 7998: 7986: 7974: 7962: 7950: 7938: 7916: 7904: 7888: 7872: 7860: 7844: 7832: 7820: 7808: 7796: 7763: 7735: 7723: 7690: 7678: 7666: 7654: 7642: 7630: 7618: 7606: 7590: 7563: 7536: 7524: 7512: 7496: 7484: 7472: 7456: 7444: 7415: 7403: 7387: 7375: 7359: 7343: 7331: 7319: 7303: 7291: 7279: 7263: 7247: 7235: 7211: 7199: 7187: 7171: 7086: 7074: 7054: 7038: 7022: 6991: 6979: 6967: 6934: 6922: 6906: 6894: 6882: 6870: 6858: 6846: 6834: 6784: 6758: 6732: 6698: 6686: 6674: 6662: 6646: 6634: 6622: 6610: 6598: 6586: 6536: 6524: 6488: 6476: 6464: 6452: 6440: 6410:Manganiello, Stephen C. (2004), 6403: 6391: 6379: 6341: 6308: 6296: 6263: 6251: 6239: 6227: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6159: 6147: 6114: 6079: 6067: 6055: 6043: 6031: 6015: 5999: 5987: 5975: 5963: 5951: 5939: 5927: 5916: 5885: 5873: 5861: 5834: 5822: 4280: 4266: 3978:Post-industrial Birmingham 1975– 3465:floor as shops and restaurants. 3163:Birmingham became known as the " 3053:London and North Western Railway 2736:Birmingham Free Debating Society 2380:to successfully smelt iron with 1935:Politics, religion and civil war 1647:, the manor was sold in 1555 to 1363:that was purpose-built in 1358. 1308:The Birmingham History Galleries 1172:in 1263, 1308 and 1403. In 1250 645:and later formed the kingdom of 494:detailing the outlying areas of 290:Romano-British era, c. 47–c. 600 11298:History of education in England 10835:"Industry and Trade, 1880–1960" 10638:26.2 (2011): 237–260. 1945-1980 10364:, Manchester University Press, 10344:, Manchester University Press, 10271:"Industry and Trade, 1500–1880" 10217:, Routledge, pp. 173–202, 9531: 9491:Birmingham Live (9 June 2011). 9236:, Westwood Press Publications, 8794:, London: Methuen, p. 47, 8634:, London: Methuen, p. 47, 8266:Cherry, Gordon Emanuel (1972), 6941:Weissenbacher, Manfred (2009), 5810: 5784: 5768: 5756: 5744: 5732: 5720: 5708: 5696: 5684: 5657: 5645: 5633: 5621: 5609: 5582: 5570: 5558: 5528: 5516: 5504: 5492: 5476: 5464: 5452: 5440: 5392: 5380: 5368: 5352: 5340: 5324: 5308: 5296: 5280: 5240: 5228: 5182: 5170: 5137: 5121: 5109: 5078: 5066: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5003: 4991: 4975: 4959: 4947: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4827: 4815: 4788: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4652: 4628: 4582: 4556: 4527: 4085:International Convention Centre 3233: 3146:Municipal Corporations Act 1835 2604:opened in 1762, manufacture in 2308:; scientific lecturers such as 1054:as well as cattle in the town. 20:Timeline of Birmingham, Alabama 11293:Government in medieval England 9759:Birmingham: the hidden history 9432:for a full list and references 8248:, 2004, Kessinger Publishing ( 8181:, Cambridge University Press, 7011:, London: Science Museum, 2004 4466: 4429: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4348: 4336: 4314:Timeline of Birmingham history 4308:Military history of Birmingham 4296:Economic history of Birmingham 3894:in the city on 20 April 1968. 3835:In the same year as part of a 3571:Post-war prosperity, 1945–1975 3217:Great Irish Famine (1845–1849) 2970:, before taking a tour of the 2955:Victorian Birmingham 1832–1914 2933:Worcester and Birmingham Canal 2816:Swinney's Birmingham Chronicle 2400:– and in 1741 they opened the 2368:for the Birmingham ironmonger 2029:in the days leading up to the 1613:Dissolution of the Monasteries 1152:in the neighbouring parish of 615:to the northern boundaries of 1: 10988: 10833:Smith, Barbara M. D. (1964), 10474:"Political History from 1832" 10301:, Routledge, pp. 77–97, 10298:Business in the Age of Reason 10160:"Medieval Industry and Trade" 9692:, Durham: Durham University, 9636:Stephens, W. B., ed. (1964), 9613:A Brief History of Birmingham 9372:and Fr. Raymond Murray (1976) 8362:Harper's New Monthly Magazine 4635:Margary, Ivan Donald (1973), 4157:The city was affected by the 3636:Economic boom and restriction 3550:redevelopment areas in 1946: 3449:and the Stockfield Estate at 3034:London and Birmingham Railway 3024:which linked Birmingham with 2813:and London. The more radical 2773:established in 1733, and the 2428:pioneered the manufacture of 1637:John Sutton, 3rd Baron Dudley 1399:, originally the hall of the 1009:(right). North is to the left 629:or "Tame-dwellers", who were 481: 266:settlement has been found at 72: 60:The last 200 years have seen 11283:English overseas possessions 11018:The Birmingham Civic Society 10758:Law, Christopher M. (1981), 10709:, in Deckker, Thomas (ed.), 10629:Twentieth Century Birmingham 10589:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 10427:"Social History before 1815" 10243:Cambridge Historical Journal 9801:Northamptonshire Archaeology 9628:Rix, Michael. "Birmingham." 9219:"A History of Wolverhampton" 9173:"The Making of the New Town" 8788:Law, Christopher M. (1981), 8628:Law, Christopher M. (1981), 8378:Walmley and its surroundings 8337:, Leicester University Press 8270:, G. T. Foulis & Company 8203:Birmingham Canal Navigations 8133:(1912), J. Murray: 169–170, 7097:, in Hartwell, R. M. (ed.), 4391:Elkes, Neil (24 July 2009), 3853:West Midlands County Council 3847:status and instead became a 3458:King Edward's Grammar School 3202:Birmingham Botanical Gardens 2990:, albeit on a 1960s plinth. 2937:Birmingham and Fazeley Canal 2929:Birmingham Canal Navigations 2904:Commissioners of the Streets 2866:sought support in the town. 2344:'s 1758 second patent for a 1515:of the town elected the two 1176:gained permission to hold a 77: 7: 10954:, in Stephens, W.B. (ed.), 10859:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 10837:, in Stephens, W.B. (ed.), 10498:, in Stephens, W.B. (ed.), 10496:"Social History since 1815" 10476:, in Stephens, W.B. (ed.), 10451:, London: Faber and Faber, 10429:, in Stephens, W.B. (ed.), 10407:, in Stephens, W.B. (ed.), 10405:"Political History to 1832" 10273:, in Stephens, W.B. (ed.), 10269:Eversley, D. E. C. (1964), 10162:, in Stephens, W.B. (ed.), 10004:Demidowicz, George (2008), 9757:Hodder, Michael A. (2004), 9677:Pre-history and archaeology 9566:Borough and city, 1865–1938 8333:Gaskell, S. Martin (1990), 7288:, pp. 11, 34–35, 55–56 7154:The Economic History Review 4259: 4241:Greater Birmingham Act 1911 4133:European Capital of Culture 2771:St. Philip's Parish Library 2704:Lunar Society of Birmingham 2220:in his experiments on gases 2159:Lunar Society of Birmingham 2144:Lunar Society of Birmingham 1564:Engraving of Birmingham by 1290:were being used for making 793:Establishment and expansion 712:based around the fortified 141:evidence from boreholes in 102:: a 500,000-year-old brown 49:at the fringe of the early 10: 12127: 11110:Economy in the Middle Ages 10614:, Chichester: Phillimore, 9961:Gelling, Margaret (1992), 9593:Cherry, Gordon E. (1994), 9256:The History of St Patricks 9232:Jones, Douglas V. (1984), 9194:Larkham, Peter J. (1996), 9031:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 9019:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 9007:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8991:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8979:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8955:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8906:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8882:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8870:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8858:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8776:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8752:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8701:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8677:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8661:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8624:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8612:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8600:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8540:Sutcliffe & Smith 1974 8376:Jones, Douglas V. (1990), 4022:National Exhibition Centre 3988:National Exhibition Centre 3986:The original halls of the 3755:Planning and redevelopment 3519:gliders, with the mammoth 3103:Birmingham Political Union 2673:John Freeth and his Circle 2558:development of an extreme 2544:economy; the contemporary 2398:mechanised cotton industry 2035:Prince Rupert of the Rhine 1446:Guild of St John, Deritend 1434:St John's Chapel, Deritend 1409:St Martin in the Bull Ring 1401:Guild of St John, Deritend 1369:Knights Templar in England 1073:, and others attended the 892:St Martin in the Bull Ring 873:St Martin in the Bull Ring 716:established by his sister 704:. During the 10th century 402:) in the south east; from 188:era, including a possible 45:hamlet on the edge of the 17: 12077: 11991: 11945: 11904: 11893: 11859: 11798: 11615: 11362: 11336: 11275: 11084: 11000:History of Worcestershire 10891: 10799:10.1179/mdh.2002.27.1.146 10712:The modern city revisited 10583:Rodrick, Anne B. (2004), 10534:Cannadine, David (2000), 10255:10.1017/S1474691300001992 10211:, in Berg, Maxine (ed.), 9781:West Midlands Archaeology 9615:, Studley: Brewin Books, 9557:Manor and borough to 1865 9405:"Birmingham pub bombings" 9196:Conservation and the City 9095:"A History of Birmingham" 8626:, pp. 124, 128–129; 8512:10.1017/S0018246X0001030X 8300:, Longmans, Green and Co. 8281:Kellett, John R. (1969), 8055:10.1017/S0018246X71000014 7770:Willes, Margaret (2008), 6986:Wadsworth & Mann 1931 6974:Wadsworth & Mann 1931 6719:10.1080/00467600802132749 6713:(4), Routledge: 509–512, 4564:"Birmingham's Roman Fort" 4454:. Birmingham City Council 4320:History of Worcestershire 4129:Bullring shopping complex 4127:. In September 2003, the 3792:Bull Ring Shopping Centre 3693:Labour Government of 1964 3660:British Motor Corporation 3165:City of a thousand trades 3032:. The following year the 2945:Stratford-upon-Avon Canal 2802:Aris's Birmingham Gazette 2740:Amicable Debating Society 2720:Ketley's Building Society 2416:'s 1746 invention of the 2402:world's first cotton mill 1719:Although the leather and 412:) in the south, and from 327:Roman invasion of Britain 11432:East Riding of Yorkshire 11349:Kingdom of Great Britain 11023:An History of Birmingham 10950:Reynolds, Susan (1958), 10813:Newton, Kenneth (1976), 10705:Higgott, Andrew (2000), 10425:Stephens, W. B. (1964), 10340:Jones, Peter M. (2009), 10079:10.1179/mdh.1999.24.1.98 9885:Bassett, Steven (2001), 9829:"Anglo-Saxon Birmingham" 9827:Bassett, Steven (2000), 6270:Timmins, Samuel (1866), 4330: 4302:Government of Birmingham 4103:was held in Birmingham. 4033:a series of bomb attacks 3626:General Election of 1945 3390:Birmingham Civic Society 2980:statue of Horatio Nelson 2568:Richard Lovell Edgeworth 2041:being ambushed by local 1690:first Birmingham library 1440:of the parish church of 965:. Fifty years later the 863:; the rebuilding of the 759:Entry for Birmingham in 319:Queen Elizabeth Hospital 121:human habitation of the 12111:History of Warwickshire 10995:History of Warwickshire 10158:Tillott, P. M. (1964), 10058:Hopper, Andrew (1999), 9906:10.1179/mdh.2001.26.1.1 9848:10.1179/mdh.2000.25.1.1 9783:(37): 9, archived from 9775:Leather, Peter (1994), 9656:A History of Birmingham 9611:Leather, Peter (2001), 8778:, pp. 124, 128–129 8216:Olsen, Kirstin (1999), 8156:2027/hvd.32044081916827 7093:Wrigley, E. A. (1962), 7008:Making the Modern World 6643:, pp. 162, 168–171 4902:, The National Archives 4539:"Berry Mound (328850)" 4325:History of Warwickshire 4047:in Central Birmingham. 3881:Commonwealth of Nations 3383:conscientious objectors 3208:built in 1879, and the 3123:Birmingham constituency 2644:and major manufacturer 2510:industrial steam engine 2450:industrial steam engine 2071:, built in 1635 by the 1672:Guild of the Holy Cross 1617:Guild of the Holy Cross 1477:Guild of the Holy Cross 1450:Guild of the Holy Cross 1065:at the council held in 254:settlements with later 11154:Black Death in England 10957:The City of Birmingham 10840:The City of Birmingham 10565:Hopkins, Eric (2001), 10501:The City of Birmingham 10479:The City of Birmingham 10432:The City of Birmingham 10410:The City of Birmingham 10322:Hopkins, Eric (1989), 10291:Hopkins, Eric (1987), 10276:The City of Birmingham 10165:The City of Birmingham 10040:Holt, Richard (1986), 10022:Hilton, R. H. (1966), 9739:Buteux, Simon (2003), 9658:, Chichester, Sussex: 9639:The City of Birmingham 9510:Plimmer, John (2017). 9475:. 1983. Archived from 8823:Oxford Economic Papers 8500:The Historical Journal 8106:Britton, John (1814), 8043:The Historical Journal 6891:, pp. 14, 231–232 6747:(2), Wiley: 179, 190, 5485:, pp. 93, 95–96; 5063:, pp. 2, 3, 15–17 4637:Roman roads in Britain 4355:Buteux & Lang 2002 4178: 4110:council estate in the 4080: 4049:Six men were convicted 3991: 3892:Rivers of Blood speech 3632:stood for Birmingham. 3554:Duddeston and Nechells 3325:Museum and Art Gallery 3273: 3249:In 1851, a network of 3210:Museum and Art Gallery 3186: 3117:representation by the 3110: 3065:British railway system 3022:Grand Junction Railway 3012: 2984:Richard Westmacott Jr. 2974:and commissioning the 2887: 2765: 2683: 2579: 2529: 2465: 2349: 2276: 2221: 2195:Scottish Enlightenment 2155:Midlands Enlightenment 2146: 2083: 1955: 1748: 1645:Duke of Northumberland 1604: 1569: 1479: 1464:, the bridge over the 1404: 1204: 1010: 1001:, on the road between 894: 865:Birmingham Manor House 840:, or manorial estate. 802: 770: 763: 752:, worth 20 shillings. 563:Anglo-Saxon settlement 448:), and to the fort at 368:by Icknield Street at 306: 262:. Further evidence of 95: 35: 11922:Parks and open spaces 11882:Science and invention 10932:Hill, Joseph (1907), 10729:Jenkins, Roy (2004), 10636:Planning Perspectives 10447:Uglow, Jenny (2002), 10207:Berg, Maxine (1991), 9654:Upton, Chris (1993), 9555:Gill, Conrad (1952), 9548:History of Birmingham 9296:, Sage Publications, 9261:27 March 2008 at the 7742:Horden, John (2004), 7697:Clark, Peter (2002), 7300:, pp. 21, 34, 57 7272:, pp. 6, 9, 57; 6843:, pp. 19–20, 109 6510:Revolutionary Players 6121:Leland, John (1549), 4972:, pp. 12, 13, 30 4367:Bridgland et al. 2006 4176: 4137:Be in Birmingham 2008 4075: 3985: 3961:2005 Birmingham riots 3890:delivered his famous 3530:was mass-produced at 3271: 3173: 3156:Industry and commerce 3097: 3072:Great Western Railway 3061:Birmingham New Street 3009:Curzon Street station 3007: 2886:– illustrated in 1732 2877: 2757: 2716:Freeth's Coffee House 2692:enlightenment society 2681:Freeth's Coffee House 2671: 2664:Enlightenment society 2577: 2527: 2463: 2358:Industrial Revolution 2354:Scientific Revolution 2339: 2271: 2215: 2138: 2067: 2002:radicalism, with the 1942: 1734: 1623:and their associated 1595: 1563: 1556:The early modern town 1474: 1394: 1199: 1180:for three days about 1174:William de Birmingham 1110:South East of England 988: 981:Markets and merchants 885: 800: 765: 758: 591:; or the site of the 547:(woodland clearing), 392:) in the north; from 297: 85: 55:Industrial Revolution 33:Industrial Revolution 30: 10610:Ward, Roger (2005), 10494:Briggs, Asa (1960), 10472:Briggs, Asa (1959), 10466:Victorian Birmingham 10403:Rose, R. B. (1964), 10385:Porter, Roy (2001), 10358:Money, John (1977), 10100:Hughes, Ann (2002), 9575:Birmingham 1939–1970 9564:Briggs, Asa (1952), 7923:Briggs, Asa (1949), 7897:, pp. 209–222; 7853:, pp. 209–222; 7069:Clow & Clow 1952 7049:Clow & Clow 1952 7033:Clow & Clow 1952 6655:, pp. 183–184; 5289:, pp. 12, 175; 4515:on 25 September 2006 4135:, under the banner " 4066:West Midlands Police 4041:2005 London bombings 3996:West Midlands region 3901:(with bands such as 3849:metropolitan borough 3538:throughout the war. 3222:Birmingham became a 3204:opened in 1832, the 3198:Birmingham Town Hall 3184:Chamberlain Memorial 3150:Street Commissioners 3076:Birmingham Snow Hill 2856:Newcastle-under-Lyme 2825:Thoughts on Religion 2744:Birmingham Bean Club 2728:Birmingham Book Club 2722:, the world's first 2677:Birmingham Book Club 2418:lead chamber process 2262:Street Commissioners 2191:Age of Enlightenment 2089:Battle of Birmingham 2017:'s refusal to admit 1994:The outbreak of the 1986:Justice of the Peace 1953:Battle of Birmingham 1846:large quantities of 1715:Industry and economy 1633:Edward de Birmingham 1629:de Birmingham family 1215:, a tailor and four 1145:de Birmingham family 768:time of King Edward. 492:Anglo-Saxon charters 376:Roman military roads 224:Bronze and Iron Ages 196:, and the surviving 11205:Glorious Revolution 11173:English Renaissance 11125:English unification 11095:Prehistoric Britain 11012:Local history pages 10952:"Markets and Fairs" 10764:, London: Methuen, 10687:Heard, Ian (1989), 10389:, London: Penguin, 10201:Georgian Birmingham 9316:Spencer et al. 1986 9279:9 June 2008 at the 9082:Spencer et al. 1986 9055:Spencer et al. 1986 9043:Spencer et al. 1986 9009:, pp. 159, 470 8872:, pp. 163, 177 8764:Spencer et al. 1986 8713:Spencer et al. 1986 8542:, pp. 5, 120; 8222:, Greenwood Press, 8139:1906Natur..74..169. 7869:, pp. 126, 128 7184:, pp. 180, 196 4863:, pp. 102, 108 4570:on 20 February 2016 4169:Historic population 3820:In 1974, 21 people 3614:Patrick Abercrombie 3345:Brookvale Park Lake 3317:Victoria Law Courts 3240:back-to-back houses 3200:built in 1834, the 2880:St. Philip's Church 2290:theory of evolution 2246:Rational Dissenters 2187:Republic of Letters 2031:Battle of Edge Hill 1609:Priory of St Thomas 1568:, published in 1656 1531:of fully chartered 1351:and nearly a dozen 1338:are mentioned on a 1241:Stratford-upon-Avon 989:Birmingham's first 959:Stratford-upon-Avon 811:Peter de Birmingham 512:Place name evidence 155:interglacial period 127:last glacial period 11808:England portal 11457:Greater Manchester 11344:Kingdom of England 11303:History of English 11120:Anglo-Saxon period 11078:History of England 10569:, Stroud: Tempus, 9787:on 18 October 2011 9709:on 19 October 2015 8957:, pp. 168–169 8896:, pp. 156–157 8453:The New York Times 8380:, Westwood Press, 8365:. pp. 99–110. 8007:, pp. 159–160 7913:, pp. 209–222 7885:, pp. 209–222 7881:, pp. 19–20; 7841:, pp. 128–129 7572:, pp. 179–182 7441:, pp. 181–182 7396:, pp. 39–40; 7071:, pp. 91, 133 6867:, pp. 131–132 6631:, pp. 171–172 6619:, pp. 165–166 6607:, pp. 104–109 6595:, pp. 102–103 6461:, pp. 102–107 6338:, pp. 270–297 6224:, pp. 154–155 6092:, pp. 44–45; 6088:, pp. 81–84; 5705:, pp. 141–143 5321:, pp. 10, 176 5134:, pp. 143–144 4887:, pp. 114–115 4179: 4081: 4026:Birmingham Airport 4020:In the 1970s, the 4015:service industries 3992: 3796:Spaghetti Junction 3630:Chamberlain family 3610:West Midlands Plan 3582:central government 3378:David Lloyd George 3313:Corporation Street 3290:Joseph Chamberlain 3274: 3272:Joseph Chamberlain 3260:Birmingham gained 3187: 3131:Joshua Scholefield 3119:Reform Act of 1832 3111: 3013: 2995:Smithfield Markets 2978:medal. In 1809, a 2976:Battle of the Nile 2888: 2792:Birmingham Journal 2775:Birmingham Library 2766: 2761:Birmingham Journal 2684: 2580: 2560:division of labour 2530: 2497:economies of scale 2466: 2350: 2298:Samuel Galton, Jr. 2282:philosophy of mind 2277: 2242:freedom of worship 2222: 2216:Equipment used by 2147: 2084: 1956: 1943:Frontispiece of a 1768:Birmingham Plateau 1615:in 1536, with the 1605: 1570: 1497:Edict of Expulsion 1480: 1405: 1334:in the town, four 1205: 1120:being unloaded at 1079:continental Europe 1015:Birmingham Plateau 1011: 899:Birmingham Plateau 895: 888:John de Birmingham 803: 764: 740:The Domesday manor 595:, now occupied by 307: 212:, Leicestershire, 96: 36: 12093: 12092: 11912:Constituent areas 11814: 11813: 11185:English Civil War 11115:Sub-Roman Britain 11027:Project Gutenberg 10943:978-0-8337-1706-1 10909:978-2-88124-549-7 10884:978-0-06-318315-5 10866:978-0-19-823269-8 10826:978-0-19-827197-0 10771:978-0-416-32310-8 10744:978-0-330-49333-8 10722:978-0-419-25640-3 10698:978-0-9513371-1-0 10680:978-1-85858-083-8 10655:978-0-8166-3219-0 10621:978-1-86077-320-4 10596:978-0-7546-3307-5 10576:978-0-7524-2327-2 10551:978-0-8047-3116-4 10527:978-0-14-013582-4 10458:978-0-571-19647-0 10396:978-0-14-025028-2 10371:978-0-7190-0672-2 10351:978-0-7190-7770-8 10333:978-0-297-79473-8 10308:978-0-7146-3306-0 10224:978-0-415-03720-4 10151:978-0-85409-607-7 10113:978-0-521-52015-7 10051:978-0-85220-062-9 10033:978-0-521-08155-9 10015:978-0-85220-090-2 9990:978-0-85409-607-7 9972:978-0-7185-1170-8 9954:978-0-85409-607-7 9768:978-0-7524-3135-2 9750:978-1-85858-242-9 9699:978-0-900974-76-2 9669:978-0-85033-870-6 9622:978-1-85858-187-3 9604:978-0-471-94900-8 9584:978-0-19-215182-7 9537:General histories 9473:usp.ac.fj Archive 9318:, pp. 64, 67 9303:978-0-7619-7028-6 9243:978-0-9502636-7-0 9205:978-0-415-07947-1 9175:. Dawley Heritage 9084:, pp. 26, 28 8801:978-0-416-32310-8 8641:978-0-416-32310-8 8387:978-0-948025-11-2 8229:978-0-313-29933-9 8188:978-0-521-41707-5 8085:, pp. 28, 36 8028:978-0-415-27906-2 7817:, pp. 99–102 7783:978-0-300-12729-4 7710:978-0-19-924843-8 7139:978-0-521-45834-4 7124:Hills, Richard L. 6954:978-0-313-35626-1 6554:978-0-88135-285-6 6449:, pp. 98–100 6427:978-0-8108-5100-9 6283:978-0-7146-1147-1 6134:978-0-554-69010-0 5729:, pp. 18, 28 5254:, Paris: Sorbonne 4941:978-0-9506998-0-6 4646:978-0-212-97001-8 4403:on 8 October 2009 3990:, opened in 1976. 3664:Fisher and Ludlow 3536:Vickers-Armstrong 3509:Hawker Hurricanes 3474:Second World Wars 3142:municipal borough 3084:London Paddington 2764:, founded in 1732 2628:. The demand for 2593:American colonies 2540:and a distinctly 2534:barriers to entry 2438:chemical industry 2230:Church of England 2179:William Withering 2100:John "Tinker" Fox 2007:Earl of Clarendon 1996:English Civil War 1978:Church of England 1947:pamphlet showing 1925:Maximilien Misson 1914:, and workers in 1657:Lord of the Manor 1587:English Civil War 1525:Lord of the Manor 1373:Birmingham Pieces 967:lay subsidy rolls 851:; the selling of 807:lord of the manor 724:of newly created 722:Coleshill Hundred 589:Jewellery Quarter 321:near what is now 139:bioarchaeological 119:Lower Paleolithic 12118: 12084: 12083: 12029:Listed buildings 11899: 11877:Military history 11872:Economic history 11851: 11841: 11834: 11827: 11818: 11817: 11806: 11805: 11804: 11517:Northamptonshire 11244:Second World War 11149:Late Middle Ages 11132:High Middle Ages 11071: 11064: 11057: 11048: 11047: 10984: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10946: 10928: 10912: 10887: 10869: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10829: 10809: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10725: 10701: 10683: 10673:, Brewin Books, 10665: 10664: 10662: 10624: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10579: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10530: 10518:Victorian Cities 10512: 10511: 10509: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10461: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10399: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10354: 10336: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10265: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10196: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10154: 10136: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10064: 10054: 10036: 10018: 9993: 9975: 9957: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9931:on 16 March 2009 9930: 9924:, archived from 9891: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9873:on 16 March 2009 9872: 9866:, archived from 9833: 9816: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9771: 9753: 9743:, Brewin Books, 9735: 9734: 9732: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9708: 9702:, archived from 9691: 9672: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9625: 9607: 9587: 9569: 9560: 9551: 9526: 9525: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9439: 9433: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9401: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9379: 9373: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9337: 9331: 9325: 9319: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9289: 9283: 9271: 9265: 9253: 9247: 9246: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9221:. 14 March 2021. 9215: 9209: 9208: 9191: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9169: 9163: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9135: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9097:. 14 March 2021. 9091: 9085: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9058: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8918: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8846: 8845: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8737: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8686: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8621: 8615: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8581: 8575: 8574:, pp. 50–51 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8537: 8531: 8530: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8463:. Archived from 8455:. 26 July 1918. 8445: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8390: 8373: 8367: 8366: 8356: 8350: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8330: 8324: 8319: 8313: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8263: 8257: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8158: 8147:10.1038/074169a0 8118: 8112: 8111: 8103: 8097: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8014: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7892: 7886: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7694: 7688: 7687:, pp. 98–99 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7615:, pp. 30–31 7610: 7604: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7500: 7494: 7493:, pp. 48–49 7488: 7482: 7476: 7470: 7469:, pp. 44–45 7460: 7454: 7453:, pp. 12–13 7448: 7442: 7436: 7425: 7424:, pp. 39–40 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7363: 7357: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7267: 7261: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7215: 7209: 7208:, pp. 21–22 7203: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7090: 7084: 7083:, pp. 54–55 7078: 7072: 7058: 7052: 7042: 7036: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7016: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6683:, pp. 82–85 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6407: 6401: 6400:, pp. 84–93 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6370: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6322: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6248:, pp. 84–94 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6188:, pp. 20–21 6183: 6177: 6176:, pp. 81–84 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6097: 6096:, pp. 17–18 6083: 6077: 6076:, pp. 19–20 6071: 6065: 6064:, pp. iv–vi 6059: 6053: 6052:, pp. 14–15 6047: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6019: 6013: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5972:, pp. 37–39 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5920: 5914: 5913:, pp. 81–84 5908: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5844: 5843:, pp. 33–35 5838: 5832: 5831:, pp. 21–22 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5788: 5782: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5667: 5666:, pp. 22–24 5661: 5655: 5654:, pp. 12–13 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5501:, pp. 37–38 5496: 5490: 5489:, pp. 33–35 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5461:, pp. 20–22 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5437:, pp. 78–80 5432: 5417: 5411: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5365:, pp. 75–77 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5337:, pp. 10–11 5328: 5322: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5211: 5210:, pp. 75–77 5205: 5192: 5191:, pp. 16–17 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5151: 5146:, pp. 5–6; 5141: 5135: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5092: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5039:, pp. 9, 11 5034: 5028: 5022: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4984:, pp. 3–4; 4979: 4973: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4924: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4824:, pp. 17–24 4819: 4813: 4807: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4745:, pp. 14–15 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4632: 4626: 4617: 4606: 4600: 4591: 4589:Foard-Colby 2006 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4566:. Archived from 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4535:Historic England 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4514: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4453: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4388: 4382: 4381:, pp. 21–23 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4255:2011 – 1,074,300 4249:1981 – 1,013,431 4239:1911 – 840,202 ( 4093:Centenary Square 3957:Handsworth riots 3841:Sutton Coldfield 3837:local government 3761:high rise blocks 3737:Northamptonshire 3688:merchant banking 3656:North of England 3598:North of England 3547:Birmingham Blitz 3528:fighter aircraft 3090:Political reform 2972:Soho Manufactory 2787:John Baskerville 2724:building society 2634:financial centre 2616:grew from 1786. 2614:minting of coins 2474:North of England 2432:at his plant in 2406:Soho Manufactory 2306:Joseph Priestley 2274:Soho Manufactory 2218:Joseph Priestley 2163:Joseph Priestley 2080:Parliamentarians 2076:Sir Thomas Holte 1989:Sir Thomas Holte 1746: 1702:The Font Guarded 1668:Guild of St John 1621:Guild of St John 1566:Wenceslas Hollar 1475:The seal of the 1192:Early industries 1128:is shown on the 937:Sutton Coldfield 847:that became the 706:Edward the Elder 679:Battle of Dyrham 617:Sutton Coldfield 551:(enclosure) and 260:Sutton Coldfield 174:hunter-gatherers 123:English Midlands 12126: 12125: 12121: 12120: 12119: 12117: 12116: 12115: 12096: 12095: 12094: 12089: 12073: 12009:Classical music 11987: 11941: 11900: 11891: 11855: 11845: 11815: 11810: 11802: 11800: 11794: 11617:By city or town 11611: 11557:South Yorkshire 11532:Nottinghamshire 11527:North Yorkshire 11447:Gloucestershire 11387:Buckinghamshire 11382:City of Bristol 11358: 11332: 11288:English society 11271: 11270: 11249:Postwar Britain 11239:Interwar period 11234:First World War 11168:Elizabethan era 11137:Norman Conquest 11105:Medieval period 11080: 11075: 11008: 10991: 10963: 10961: 10944: 10910: 10894: 10885: 10867: 10846: 10844: 10827: 10787:Midland History 10776: 10774: 10772: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10723: 10699: 10681: 10660: 10658: 10656: 10631: 10622: 10601: 10599: 10597: 10577: 10556: 10554: 10552: 10528: 10507: 10505: 10485: 10483: 10468: 10459: 10438: 10436: 10424: 10416: 10414: 10397: 10376: 10374: 10372: 10352: 10334: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10282: 10280: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10203: 10171: 10169: 10152: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10091: 10089: 10067:Midland History 10062: 10052: 10034: 10016: 10000: 9991: 9973: 9955: 9934: 9932: 9928: 9894:Midland History 9889: 9876: 9874: 9870: 9836:Midland History 9831: 9823: 9813:10.5284/1008561 9790: 9788: 9769: 9751: 9730: 9728: 9712: 9710: 9706: 9700: 9689: 9679: 9670: 9645: 9643: 9623: 9605: 9585: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9522: 9508: 9504: 9497:Birmingham Live 9482: 9480: 9479:on 20 July 2018 9467: 9466: 9462: 9452: 9450: 9448:Birmingham Live 9440: 9436: 9427: 9423: 9413: 9411: 9409:Birmingham Mail 9403: 9402: 9398: 9388: 9386: 9385:. The Telegraph 9381: 9380: 9376: 9364: 9360: 9350: 9348: 9339: 9338: 9334: 9326: 9322: 9314: 9310: 9304: 9290: 9286: 9281:Wayback Machine 9272: 9268: 9263:Wayback Machine 9254: 9250: 9244: 9230: 9226: 9217: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9192: 9188: 9178: 9176: 9171: 9170: 9166: 9153: 9149: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9114: 9112: 9107: 9106: 9102: 9093: 9092: 9088: 9080: 9076: 9068: 9061: 9053: 9049: 9041: 9037: 9029: 9025: 9017: 9013: 9005: 9001: 8993:, p. 159; 8989: 8985: 8977: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8953:, p. 159; 8949: 8945: 8936: 8934: 8919: 8912: 8904: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8868: 8864: 8856: 8849: 8819: 8815: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8786: 8782: 8774: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8750: 8746: 8738: 8731: 8723: 8719: 8711: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8687: 8683: 8675: 8671: 8663:, p. 126; 8659: 8655: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8622: 8618: 8610: 8606: 8598: 8594: 8586:, p. 255; 8582: 8578: 8570:, p. 255; 8566: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8538: 8534: 8496: 8492: 8484: 8480: 8470: 8468: 8467:on 11 June 2023 8447: 8446: 8442: 8434: 8430: 8422: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8374: 8370: 8357: 8353: 8346: 8342: 8331: 8327: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8305: 8294: 8290: 8279: 8275: 8264: 8260: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8214: 8210: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8175: 8171: 8119: 8115: 8110:, Thomas Maiden 8104: 8100: 8093: 8089: 8081: 8077: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8015: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7979: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7921: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7893: 7889: 7877: 7873: 7865: 7861: 7849: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7825: 7821: 7813: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7768: 7764: 7755: 7753: 7740: 7736: 7728: 7724: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7695: 7691: 7683: 7679: 7671: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7647: 7643: 7635: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7595: 7591: 7583: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7556: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7517: 7513: 7505:, p. 185; 7501: 7497: 7489: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7461: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7437: 7428: 7420: 7416: 7408: 7404: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7364: 7360: 7348: 7344: 7336: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7308: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7268: 7264: 7252: 7248: 7240: 7236: 7228:, p. 180; 7216: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7176: 7172: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7067:, p. 436; 7063:, p. 165; 7059: 7055: 7047:, p. 123; 7043: 7039: 7027: 7023: 7014: 7012: 7001: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6939: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6911: 6907: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6839: 6835: 6789: 6785: 6763: 6759: 6737: 6733: 6703: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6651: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6541: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6516: 6514: 6493: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6364: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6346: 6342: 6334: 6325: 6321:, pp. 9–10 6317:, p. 411; 6313: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6164: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6119: 6115: 6107: 6100: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6036: 6032: 6020: 6016: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5829:Demidowicz 2008 5827: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5789: 5785: 5777:, p. 142; 5773: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5739:Demidowicz 2008 5737: 5733: 5727:Demidowicz 2008 5725: 5721: 5715:Demidowicz 2008 5713: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5679:Demidowicz 2008 5677: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5511:Demidowicz 2008 5509: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5433: 5420: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5357: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5329: 5325: 5317:, p. 138; 5313: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5266: 5257: 5255: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5214: 5206: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5154: 5142: 5138: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5095: 5083: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4998:Demidowicz 2008 4996: 4992: 4980: 4976: 4968:, p. 251; 4964: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4925: 4914: 4905: 4903: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4851:, pp. 9–10 4847: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4633: 4629: 4618: 4609: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4500: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4415: 4406: 4404: 4397:Birmingham Post 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4171: 4144:Inner Ring Road 4053:Court of Appeal 4037:Provisional IRA 3980: 3865: 3806:Castle Bromwich 3784:Herbert Manzoni 3757: 3706:British Leyland 3670:, Scotland and 3638: 3618:Herbert Jackson 3600:, Scotland and 3578: 3573: 3532:Castle Bromwich 3369: 3355:was built to a 3236: 3158: 3101:addressing the 3092: 3057:Midland Railway 3018: 3016:Railways arrive 2957: 2872: 2844:Thomas Skipwith 2712:Philipp Nemnich 2679:, which met at 2666: 2555:Matthew Boulton 2542:entrepreneurial 2538:social mobility 2502:roller spinning 2458: 2446:Matthew Boulton 2394:roller spinning 2362:Abraham Darby I 2346:roller spinning 2318:Matthew Boulton 2294:social mobility 2286:Romantic poetry 2171:Matthew Boulton 2151:natural history 2133: 2128: 2093:Earl of Denbigh 2000:Parliamentarian 1961:social mobility 1945:Parliamentarian 1937: 1844:Royal Armouries 1747: 1741: 1717: 1704:, by the local 1558: 1553: 1491:, Oxfordshire, 1389: 1256:leather working 1237:Henley-in-Arden 1194: 999:Forest of Arden 983: 828:Norman conquest 795: 790: 742: 605:Castle Bromwich 565: 488:Anglo Saxon era 484: 479: 470:Icknield Street 428:Castle Bromwich 300:Icknield Street 292: 274:located in the 226: 100:Saltley Handaxe 90:illustrated by 88:Saltley Handaxe 80: 75: 47:Forest of Arden 23: 12: 11: 5: 12124: 12114: 12113: 12108: 12091: 12090: 12078: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12019:Food and drink 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11995: 11993: 11989: 11988: 11986: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11949: 11947: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11939: 11934: 11932:Tall buildings 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11908: 11906: 11902: 11901: 11894: 11892: 11890: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11863: 11861: 11857: 11856: 11844: 11843: 11836: 11829: 11821: 11812: 11811: 11799: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11621: 11619: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11609: 11607:Worcestershire 11604: 11599: 11597:West Yorkshire 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11522:Northumberland 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11502:City of London 11499: 11494: 11492:Leicestershire 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11452:Greater London 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11392:Cambridgeshire 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11368: 11366: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11356: 11354:United Kingdom 11351: 11346: 11340: 11338: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11279: 11277: 11273: 11272: 11269: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11254:Social history 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11220: 11219: 11209: 11208: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11177: 11176: 11175: 11170: 11160: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11156: 11146: 11145: 11144: 11139: 11129: 11128: 11127: 11117: 11112: 11102: 11097: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11082: 11081: 11074: 11073: 11066: 11059: 11051: 11045: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11020: 11015: 11007: 11006:External links 11004: 11003: 11002: 10997: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10969: 10947: 10942: 10929: 10913: 10908: 10893: 10890: 10889: 10888: 10883: 10870: 10865: 10852: 10830: 10825: 10810: 10782: 10770: 10755: 10743: 10726: 10721: 10702: 10697: 10684: 10679: 10666: 10654: 10639: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10620: 10607: 10595: 10580: 10575: 10562: 10550: 10531: 10526: 10513: 10491: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10462: 10457: 10444: 10422: 10400: 10395: 10382: 10370: 10355: 10350: 10337: 10332: 10319: 10307: 10288: 10266: 10235: 10223: 10202: 10199: 10198: 10197: 10177: 10155: 10150: 10137: 10124: 10112: 10097: 10055: 10050: 10037: 10032: 10019: 10014: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9994: 9989: 9976: 9971: 9958: 9953: 9940: 9882: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9817: 9796: 9772: 9767: 9754: 9749: 9736: 9718: 9698: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9673: 9668: 9651: 9633: 9626: 9621: 9608: 9603: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9583: 9570: 9561: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9527: 9521:978-1520692593 9520: 9502: 9460: 9434: 9421: 9396: 9374: 9358: 9332: 9320: 9308: 9302: 9284: 9266: 9248: 9242: 9224: 9210: 9204: 9186: 9164: 9147: 9122: 9111:. Past Remains 9100: 9086: 9074: 9059: 9047: 9035: 9023: 9011: 8999: 8983: 8971: 8959: 8943: 8910: 8898: 8886: 8874: 8862: 8847: 8813: 8800: 8780: 8768: 8756: 8744: 8729: 8717: 8705: 8693: 8681: 8669: 8653: 8640: 8616: 8604: 8592: 8576: 8560: 8548: 8532: 8490: 8478: 8440: 8428: 8416: 8404: 8392: 8386: 8368: 8351: 8340: 8325: 8314: 8303: 8288: 8273: 8258: 8234: 8228: 8208: 8193: 8187: 8169: 8113: 8098: 8087: 8075: 8033: 8027: 8009: 7997: 7985: 7973: 7961: 7949: 7937: 7915: 7903: 7887: 7871: 7859: 7843: 7831: 7819: 7807: 7795: 7782: 7762: 7734: 7722: 7709: 7689: 7677: 7665: 7653: 7641: 7629: 7617: 7605: 7599:, p. 94; 7589: 7574: 7562: 7547: 7535: 7523: 7511: 7495: 7483: 7471: 7465:, p. 15; 7455: 7443: 7426: 7414: 7412:, pp. 6–7 7402: 7386: 7374: 7368:, p. 33; 7358: 7352:, p. 40; 7342: 7330: 7318: 7312:, p. 19; 7302: 7290: 7278: 7262: 7246: 7234: 7224:, p. 21; 7220:, p. 34; 7210: 7198: 7186: 7180:, p. 34; 7170: 7138: 7109: 7085: 7073: 7053: 7037: 7031:, p. 20; 7021: 7000:, p. 52; 6990: 6978: 6966: 6953: 6933: 6921: 6915:, p. 19; 6905: 6893: 6881: 6869: 6857: 6845: 6833: 6805:10.1086/376097 6783: 6773:(2): 227–241, 6757: 6731: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6671:, pp. 183 6661: 6645: 6633: 6621: 6609: 6597: 6585: 6575:(2): 157–160, 6559: 6553: 6535: 6523: 6497:, p. 82; 6487: 6475: 6463: 6451: 6439: 6426: 6402: 6390: 6378: 6340: 6323: 6307: 6295: 6282: 6262: 6250: 6238: 6226: 6214: 6202: 6190: 6178: 6172:, p. 46; 6168:, p. 20; 6158: 6146: 6133: 6113: 6098: 6078: 6066: 6054: 6042: 6040:, pp. 4–7 6030: 6024:, p. 40; 6014: 6008:, p. 62; 5998: 5986: 5974: 5962: 5950: 5938: 5926: 5915: 5896: 5884: 5872: 5860: 5845: 5833: 5821: 5809: 5783: 5767: 5755: 5743: 5731: 5719: 5707: 5695: 5683: 5668: 5656: 5644: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5593: 5581: 5569: 5557: 5527: 5515: 5503: 5491: 5475: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5418: 5403: 5391: 5379: 5367: 5361:, p. 11; 5351: 5339: 5333:, p. 11; 5323: 5307: 5295: 5279: 5264: 5239: 5227: 5212: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5152: 5136: 5120: 5108: 5093: 5077: 5065: 5053: 5041: 5029: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4974: 4958: 4946: 4940: 4912: 4889: 4877: 4865: 4853: 4838: 4826: 4814: 4799: 4787: 4785:, pp. 1–3 4781:, p. 78; 4771: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4663: 4651: 4645: 4627: 4622:, p. 59; 4607: 4592: 4581: 4555: 4526: 4491: 4480:on 9 June 2008 4465: 4440: 4428: 4413: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4291: 4288:England portal 4277: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4252:2001 – 977,087 4250: 4247: 4244: 4237: 4234: 4233:1891 – 478,113 4231: 4230:1881 – 400,774 4228: 4227:1871 – 343,787 4225: 4224:1861 – 296,076 4222: 4221:1851 – 232,638 4219: 4218:1841 – 182,922 4216: 4215:1831 – 146,986 4213: 4212:1821 – 106,722 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4170: 4167: 4101:24th G8 summit 4095:, the ICC and 4078:1998 G8 Summit 3979: 3976: 3950:European Union 3864: 3861: 3851:under the new 3845:county borough 3788:City Architect 3777:National Trust 3771:have become a 3756: 3753: 3721:Worcestershire 3680:service sector 3643:motor vehicles 3637: 3634: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3521:Avro Lancaster 3517:Airspeed Horsa 3395:went on strike 3368: 3365: 3294:Jesse Collings 3235: 3232: 3224:county borough 3157: 3154: 3127:Thomas Attwood 3099:Thomas Attwood 3091: 3088: 3017: 3014: 2960:Horatio Nelson 2956: 2953: 2871: 2868: 2833:division lists 2797:Samuel Johnson 2708:William Hutton 2675:– the radical 2665: 2662: 2626:Worcestershire 2546:William Hutton 2506:factory system 2457: 2454: 2422:sulphuric acid 2410:factory system 2302:Erasmus Darwin 2183:Erasmus Darwin 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2112:Worcestershire 2104:Edgbaston Hall 2055:Warwick Castle 1936: 1933: 1776:Forest of Dean 1760:William Camden 1739: 1716: 1713: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1438:chapel of ease 1388: 1385: 1203:jug and sherds 1193: 1190: 1098:drovers' roads 982: 979: 942:Letters patent 794: 791: 789: 786: 741: 738: 734:Worcestershire 643:Humber Estuary 564: 561: 483: 480: 478: 475: 432:Grimstock Hill 291: 288: 280:Worcestershire 225: 222: 151:Washwood Heath 79: 76: 74: 71: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12123: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12101: 12088: 12087: 12076: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12049:Popular music 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11990: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11944: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11927:Redevelopment 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11907: 11903: 11898: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11842: 11837: 11835: 11830: 11828: 11823: 11822: 11819: 11809: 11797: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11705:Milton Keynes 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11614: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11587:West Midlands 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11577:Tyne and Wear 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11562:Staffordshire 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11477:Isle of Wight 11475: 11473: 11472:Hertfordshire 11470: 11468: 11467:Herefordshire 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11365: 11361: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11339: 11335: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11280: 11278: 11274: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11229:Edwardian era 11227: 11225: 11224:Victorian era 11222: 11218: 11215: 11214: 11213: 11210: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11181: 11180:Stuart period 11178: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11164: 11161: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11150: 11147: 11143: 11142:Norman period 11140: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11130: 11126: 11123: 11122: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11107: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11100:Roman Britain 11098: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11072: 11067: 11065: 11060: 11058: 11053: 11052: 11049: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11013: 11010: 11009: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10970: 10959: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10945: 10939: 10935: 10930: 10927: 10923: 10920:(72): 14–17, 10919: 10914: 10911: 10905: 10901: 10896: 10895: 10886: 10880: 10876: 10871: 10868: 10862: 10858: 10853: 10842: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10828: 10822: 10818: 10817: 10811: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10783: 10773: 10767: 10763: 10762: 10756: 10746: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10727: 10724: 10718: 10714: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10700: 10694: 10690: 10685: 10682: 10676: 10672: 10667: 10657: 10651: 10647: 10646: 10640: 10637: 10633: 10632: 10623: 10617: 10613: 10608: 10598: 10592: 10588: 10587: 10581: 10578: 10572: 10568: 10563: 10553: 10547: 10543: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10529: 10523: 10519: 10514: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10481: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10469: 10460: 10454: 10450: 10445: 10434: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10412: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10398: 10392: 10388: 10383: 10373: 10367: 10363: 10362: 10356: 10353: 10347: 10343: 10338: 10335: 10329: 10325: 10320: 10310: 10304: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10278: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10226: 10220: 10216: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10204: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10178: 10167: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10153: 10147: 10143: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10125: 10115: 10109: 10105: 10104: 10098: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10073:(1): 98–113, 10072: 10068: 10061: 10056: 10053: 10047: 10043: 10038: 10035: 10029: 10025: 10020: 10017: 10011: 10007: 10002: 10001: 9992: 9986: 9982: 9977: 9974: 9968: 9964: 9959: 9956: 9950: 9946: 9941: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9888: 9883: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9830: 9825: 9824: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9797: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9773: 9770: 9764: 9760: 9755: 9752: 9746: 9742: 9737: 9726: 9725: 9719: 9705: 9701: 9695: 9688: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9671: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9652: 9641: 9640: 9634: 9631: 9630:History Today 9627: 9624: 9618: 9614: 9609: 9606: 9600: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9580: 9576: 9571: 9567: 9562: 9558: 9553: 9552: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9540: 9523: 9517: 9513: 9506: 9498: 9494: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9449: 9445: 9438: 9431: 9425: 9410: 9406: 9400: 9384: 9378: 9371: 9367: 9362: 9347:. 8 July 2005 9346: 9342: 9336: 9330:, p. 164 9329: 9324: 9317: 9312: 9305: 9299: 9295: 9288: 9282: 9278: 9275: 9270: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9252: 9245: 9239: 9235: 9228: 9220: 9214: 9207: 9201: 9198:, Routledge, 9197: 9190: 9174: 9168: 9161: 9160:1-86077-108-4 9157: 9151: 9132: 9126: 9110: 9104: 9096: 9090: 9083: 9078: 9072:, p. 161 9071: 9066: 9064: 9056: 9051: 9044: 9039: 9033:, p. 158 9032: 9027: 9021:, p. 470 9020: 9015: 9008: 9003: 8997:, p. 158 8996: 8992: 8987: 8981:, p. 164 8980: 8975: 8969:, p. 158 8968: 8963: 8956: 8952: 8947: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8917: 8915: 8908:, p. 471 8907: 8902: 8895: 8890: 8884:, p. 163 8883: 8878: 8871: 8866: 8860:, p. 162 8859: 8854: 8852: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8817: 8803: 8797: 8793: 8792: 8784: 8777: 8772: 8765: 8760: 8754:, p. 170 8753: 8748: 8742:, p. 159 8741: 8736: 8734: 8727:, p. 160 8726: 8721: 8714: 8709: 8702: 8697: 8691:, p. 255 8690: 8685: 8679:, p. 132 8678: 8673: 8667:, p. 204 8666: 8662: 8657: 8643: 8637: 8633: 8632: 8625: 8620: 8614:, p. 472 8613: 8608: 8602:, p. 120 8601: 8596: 8589: 8585: 8580: 8573: 8569: 8564: 8557: 8552: 8546:, p. 255 8545: 8541: 8536: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8482: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8444: 8438:, p. 185 8437: 8432: 8426:, p. 182 8425: 8420: 8414:, p. 184 8413: 8408: 8402:, p. 183 8401: 8396: 8389: 8383: 8379: 8372: 8364: 8363: 8355: 8349: 8344: 8336: 8329: 8323: 8318: 8312: 8307: 8299: 8292: 8284: 8277: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8254:1-4191-0086-6 8251: 8247: 8243: 8238: 8231: 8225: 8221: 8220: 8212: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8184: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8117: 8109: 8102: 8096: 8091: 8084: 8079: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8024: 8020: 8013: 8006: 8001: 7995:, p. 102 7994: 7989: 7983:, p. 103 7982: 7977: 7971:, p. 286 7970: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7947:, p. 285 7946: 7941: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7911:Stephens 1964 7907: 7901:, p. 122 7900: 7896: 7895:Stephens 1964 7891: 7884: 7883:Stephens 1964 7880: 7875: 7868: 7863: 7857:, p. 121 7856: 7852: 7851:Stephens 1964 7847: 7840: 7835: 7829:, p. 121 7828: 7823: 7816: 7811: 7805:, p. 117 7804: 7799: 7785: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7766: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7738: 7731: 7726: 7712: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7693: 7686: 7681: 7674: 7669: 7662: 7657: 7650: 7645: 7638: 7633: 7626: 7621: 7614: 7609: 7603:, p. 183 7602: 7598: 7593: 7587:, p. 183 7586: 7581: 7579: 7571: 7566: 7559: 7554: 7552: 7544: 7539: 7532: 7527: 7521:, p. 181 7520: 7515: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7492: 7487: 7480: 7475: 7468: 7464: 7459: 7452: 7447: 7440: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7423: 7418: 7411: 7406: 7400:, p. 185 7399: 7395: 7390: 7383: 7378: 7372:, p. 184 7371: 7367: 7362: 7356:, p. 184 7355: 7351: 7346: 7339: 7334: 7328:, p. 174 7327: 7322: 7316:, p. 174 7315: 7311: 7306: 7299: 7294: 7287: 7282: 7276:, p. 194 7275: 7271: 7266: 7259: 7256:, p. 2; 7255: 7250: 7243: 7238: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7214: 7207: 7202: 7195: 7190: 7183: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7141: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7112: 7110:9780416479904 7106: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7050: 7046: 7041: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7010: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6988:, p. 431 6987: 6982: 6976:, p. 413 6975: 6970: 6956: 6950: 6946: 6945: 6937: 6931:, p. 179 6930: 6925: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6903:, p. 232 6902: 6897: 6890: 6885: 6878: 6873: 6866: 6861: 6854: 6849: 6842: 6837: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6689: 6682: 6677: 6670: 6665: 6659:, p. 137 6658: 6654: 6649: 6642: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6613: 6606: 6601: 6594: 6589: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6550: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6527: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6501:, p. 2; 6500: 6496: 6491: 6484: 6479: 6473:, p. 100 6472: 6467: 6460: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6429: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6398:Eversley 1964 6394: 6388:, p. 147 6387: 6382: 6374: 6368: 6353: 6352: 6344: 6337: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6299: 6285: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6266: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6246:Eversley 1964 6242: 6235: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6206: 6200:, p. 155 6199: 6194: 6187: 6182: 6175: 6174:Eversley 1964 6171: 6167: 6162: 6155: 6150: 6136: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6117: 6110: 6105: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6086:Eversley 1964 6082: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6034: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6012:, p. 142 6011: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5984:, p. 152 5983: 5978: 5971: 5966: 5959: 5954: 5947: 5942: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5919: 5912: 5911:Eversley 1964 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5894:, p. 180 5893: 5888: 5881: 5876: 5869: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5765:, p. 142 5764: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5740: 5735: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5665: 5660: 5653: 5648: 5641: 5636: 5629: 5624: 5617: 5612: 5605: 5600: 5598: 5590: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5537:, p. 8; 5536: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5472: 5467: 5460: 5455: 5448: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5400: 5395: 5388: 5383: 5377:, p. 252 5376: 5371: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5305:, p. 140 5304: 5299: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5277:, p. 136 5276: 5271: 5269: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5209: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5190: 5185: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5150:, p. 141 5149: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5130:, p. 6; 5129: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5105: 5100: 5098: 5090: 5087:, p. 6; 5086: 5081: 5074: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5021: 5019: 5011: 5006: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4955: 4950: 4943: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4928:Skipp, Victor 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4901: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4881: 4875:, p. 102 4874: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4843: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4804: 4796: 4791: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4757:, p. 106 4756: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4733:, p. 140 4732: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4708: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4660: 4655: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4498: 4496: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4450: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4418: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4278: 4275: 4274:Cities portal 4264: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4209:1811 – 85,753 4208: 4206:1800 – 74,000 4205: 4203:1785 – 52,250 4202: 4200:1778 – 42,250 4199: 4197:1750 – 24,000 4196: 4194:1731 – 23,286 4193: 4191:1700 – 15,032 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4148:Big City Plan 4145: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4097:Brindleyplace 4094: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3984: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3927:Musical Youth 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3903:Black Sabbath 3900: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3870:Irish Quarter 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3769:back-to-backs 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3729:Staffordshire 3726: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3707: 3701: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3666:expanding in 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3515:fighters and 3514: 3513:Fairey Battle 3510: 3506: 3502: 3501:steel helmets 3498: 3495: 3491: 3490:depth charges 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3431:Weoley Castle 3429:era included 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3391: 3388:In 1918, the 3386: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3353:Elan aqueduct 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3282:George Dawson 3279: 3278:nonconformist 3270: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3206:Council House 3203: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3176:Council House 3172: 3168: 3166: 3161: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115:Parliamentary 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3070:In 1852, the 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3049:Curzon Street 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2988:the Bull Ring 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964:the Hamiltons 2961: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2922:Black Country 2919: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688:public sphere 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2642:Sampson Lloyd 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2622:Staffordshire 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2564:Lunar Society 2561: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2472:towns of the 2471: 2462: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2378:blast furnace 2375: 2374:Coalbrookdale 2371: 2370:Sampson Lloyd 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310:John Warltire 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250:Presbyterians 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234:Merton thesis 2231: 2227: 2226:Nonconformism 2219: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2205:, Russia and 2204: 2200: 2199:Royal Society 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051:King's Norton 2048: 2044: 2043:Trained bands 2040: 2039:Earl of Derby 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1949:Prince Rupert 1946: 1941: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876:Black Country 1873: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:King's Norton 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1744: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1726:Black Country 1722: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694:Nathaniel Nye 1691: 1687: 1686: 1685:Matthew Bible 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649:Thomas Marrow 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1567: 1562: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304:Deritend Ware 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1202: 1201:Deritend ware 1198: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1182:Ascensiontide 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158:King's Norton 1155: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1134:Ranulf Higdon 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 947: 943: 938: 934: 930: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 908:King's Norton 904: 900: 893: 889: 884: 880: 878: 874: 870: 869:parish church 866: 862: 858: 854: 853:burgage plots 850: 846: 841: 839: 838: 833: 829: 824: 820: 816: 815:royal charter 812: 808: 799: 785: 781: 779: 775: 769: 762: 761:Domesday Book 757: 753: 751: 747: 746:Domesday Book 737: 735: 731: 730:Staffordshire 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655:King's Norton 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 627: 620: 618: 614: 613:King's Norton 610: 606: 602: 601:West Bromwich 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 537: 533: 529: 528: 523: 520: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 496:King's Norton 493: 489: 474: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 442: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 416: 411: 407: 406: 401: 397: 396: 391: 387: 383: 382: 377: 373: 371: 367: 363: 362: 357: 353: 349: 345: 340: 338: 334: 333: 328: 324: 320: 316: 315:Metchley Fort 312: 305: 301: 296: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 240: 238: 234: 230: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 182: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 93: 89: 84: 70: 66: 63: 58: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 34: 29: 25: 21: 16: 12079: 11999:Architecture 11983:Water supply 11866: 11650:Christchurch 11624: 11582:Warwickshire 11497:Lincolnshire 11372:Bedfordshire 11212:Georgian era 11195:Protectorate 11190:Commonwealth 11163:Tudor period 10973: 10962:, retrieved 10956: 10933: 10917: 10899: 10874: 10856: 10845:, retrieved 10839: 10815: 10790: 10786: 10775:, retrieved 10760: 10748:, retrieved 10734: 10731:"Birmingham" 10711: 10688: 10670: 10659:, retrieved 10644: 10635: 10611: 10600:, retrieved 10585: 10566: 10555:, retrieved 10540: 10517: 10506:, retrieved 10500: 10484:, retrieved 10478: 10448: 10437:, retrieved 10431: 10415:, retrieved 10409: 10386: 10375:, retrieved 10360: 10341: 10323: 10312:, retrieved 10297: 10281:, retrieved 10275: 10246: 10242: 10228:, retrieved 10213: 10185: 10181: 10170:, retrieved 10164: 10141: 10132: 10128: 10117:, retrieved 10102: 10090:, retrieved 10070: 10066: 10041: 10023: 10005: 9980: 9962: 9944: 9933:, retrieved 9926:the original 9897: 9893: 9875:, retrieved 9868:the original 9839: 9835: 9804: 9800: 9791:18 September 9789:, retrieved 9785:the original 9780: 9758: 9740: 9729:, retrieved 9723: 9711:, retrieved 9704:the original 9685: 9655: 9644:, retrieved 9638: 9629: 9612: 9594: 9574: 9565: 9556: 9547: 9532:Bibliography 9511: 9505: 9496: 9481:. Retrieved 9477:the original 9472: 9469:"R v Pagett" 9463: 9451:. Retrieved 9447: 9437: 9424: 9412:. Retrieved 9408: 9399: 9387:. Retrieved 9377: 9365: 9361: 9349:. Retrieved 9344: 9335: 9323: 9311: 9293: 9287: 9269: 9251: 9233: 9227: 9213: 9195: 9189: 9177:. Retrieved 9167: 9150: 9138:. Retrieved 9125: 9113:. Retrieved 9103: 9089: 9077: 9057:, p. 17 9050: 9045:, p. 16 9038: 9026: 9014: 9002: 8986: 8974: 8962: 8946: 8935:, retrieved 8930: 8926: 8901: 8889: 8877: 8865: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8805:, retrieved 8790: 8783: 8771: 8766:, p. 23 8759: 8747: 8720: 8715:, p. 12 8708: 8696: 8684: 8672: 8656: 8645:, retrieved 8630: 8619: 8607: 8595: 8590:, p. 47 8588:Jenkins 2004 8579: 8572:Jenkins 2004 8563: 8558:, p. 52 8556:Leather 2001 8551: 8535: 8503: 8499: 8493: 8485: 8481: 8469:. Retrieved 8465:the original 8452: 8443: 8431: 8419: 8407: 8395: 8377: 8371: 8360: 8354: 8343: 8334: 8328: 8317: 8306: 8297: 8291: 8282: 8276: 8267: 8261: 8241: 8237: 8218: 8211: 8202: 8196: 8178: 8172: 8130: 8126: 8116: 8107: 8101: 8090: 8078: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8018: 8012: 8000: 7988: 7976: 7964: 7959:, p. 59 7952: 7940: 7924: 7918: 7906: 7890: 7874: 7862: 7846: 7834: 7822: 7810: 7798: 7787:, retrieved 7772: 7765: 7754:, retrieved 7748: 7737: 7732:, p. 65 7725: 7714:, retrieved 7699: 7692: 7680: 7675:, p. 67 7673:Hopkins 1989 7668: 7663:, p. 65 7661:Hopkins 1989 7656: 7651:, p. 68 7649:Hopkins 1989 7644: 7639:, p. 64 7632: 7627:, p. 36 7620: 7613:Hopkins 1989 7608: 7592: 7565: 7560:, p. 52 7558:Hopkins 1989 7545:, p. 51 7543:Hopkins 1989 7538: 7533:, p. 19 7526: 7514: 7509:, p. 43 7498: 7491:Hopkins 1989 7486: 7481:, p. 46 7474: 7463:Hopkins 1989 7458: 7451:Hopkins 1989 7446: 7417: 7410:Hopkins 1989 7405: 7389: 7382:Hopkins 1989 7377: 7366:Hopkins 1989 7361: 7345: 7340:, p. 66 7333: 7321: 7305: 7298:Hopkins 1989 7293: 7286:Hopkins 1989 7281: 7270:Hopkins 1989 7265: 7260:, p. 52 7249: 7244:, p. 38 7237: 7222:Hopkins 1989 7213: 7206:Hopkins 1989 7201: 7196:, p. 20 7194:Hopkins 1989 7189: 7173: 7157: 7153: 7143:, retrieved 7128: 7114:, retrieved 7099: 7088: 7076: 7056: 7051:, p. 98 7040: 7035:, p. 91 7029:Hopkins 1989 7024: 7015:17 September 7013:, retrieved 7007: 6993: 6981: 6969: 6958:, retrieved 6943: 6936: 6924: 6919:, p. 83 6908: 6896: 6884: 6879:, p. 17 6872: 6860: 6855:, p. 86 6848: 6836: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6695:, p. 92 6688: 6676: 6664: 6657:Hopkins 1989 6648: 6636: 6624: 6612: 6600: 6588: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6544: 6538: 6533:, p. 71 6526: 6517:11 September 6515:, retrieved 6509: 6490: 6485:, p. 98 6478: 6466: 6454: 6442: 6431:, retrieved 6416: 6412:"Birmingham" 6405: 6393: 6381: 6356:, retrieved 6350: 6343: 6310: 6298: 6287:, retrieved 6272: 6265: 6258:Hopkins 1989 6253: 6241: 6236:, p. 57 6229: 6217: 6212:, p. 22 6205: 6193: 6181: 6161: 6154:Hopkins 1989 6149: 6138:, retrieved 6123: 6116: 6111:, p. 18 6081: 6069: 6057: 6045: 6033: 6028:, p. 16 6026:Leather 2001 6017: 6001: 5996:, p. 62 5989: 5977: 5965: 5960:, p. 38 5953: 5948:, p. 40 5941: 5936:, p. 39 5929: 5918: 5887: 5882:, p. 49 5875: 5870:, p. 14 5863: 5858:, p. 14 5856:Leather 2001 5836: 5824: 5819:, p. 29 5812: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5781:, p. 12 5770: 5758: 5753:, p. 73 5751:Tillott 1964 5746: 5741:, p. 22 5734: 5722: 5717:, p. 17 5710: 5698: 5693:, p. 32 5686: 5659: 5647: 5642:, p. 22 5635: 5630:, p. 21 5623: 5618:, p. 77 5616:Tillott 1964 5611: 5606:, p. 14 5591:, p. 26 5584: 5579:, p. 36 5572: 5567:, p. 78 5565:Tillott 1964 5560: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5518: 5513:, p. 13 5506: 5494: 5478: 5473:, p. 36 5466: 5454: 5449:, p. 93 5442: 5435:Tillott 1964 5401:, p. 51 5394: 5389:, p. 11 5382: 5375:Reynolds1958 5370: 5363:Tillott 1964 5354: 5349:, p. 50 5342: 5326: 5310: 5298: 5293:, p. 14 5282: 5258:13 September 5256:, retrieved 5251: 5242: 5237:, p. 22 5230: 5225:, p. 10 5208:Tillott 1964 5184: 5179:, p. 75 5177:Tillott 1964 5172: 5139: 5123: 5111: 5106:, p. 12 5089:Leather 2001 5080: 5073:Leather 2001 5068: 5061:Bassett 2001 5056: 5044: 5037:Bassett 2001 5032: 5010:Bassett 2001 5005: 5000:, p. 31 4993: 4988:, p. 83 4977: 4966:Reynolds1958 4961: 4949: 4931: 4904:, retrieved 4898: 4892: 4880: 4868: 4856: 4849:Bassett 2000 4834:Leather 2001 4829: 4822:Bassett 2001 4817: 4812:, p. 79 4790: 4783:Bassett 2001 4774: 4767:Bassett 2000 4762: 4750: 4743:Gelling 1956 4738: 4731:Gelling 1992 4726: 4721:, p. 14 4719:Gelling 1956 4714: 4707:Bassett 2000 4702: 4695:Bassett 2000 4690: 4685:, p. 77 4678: 4671:Bassett 2001 4666: 4661:, p. 60 4654: 4636: 4630: 4624:Leather 1994 4603:Bassett 2000 4584: 4572:. Retrieved 4568:the original 4558: 4546:. Retrieved 4542: 4529: 4517:. Retrieved 4510:the original 4504: 4482:. Retrieved 4478:the original 4468: 4456:. Retrieved 4443: 4438:, p. 25 4431: 4426:, p. 24 4405:, retrieved 4401:the original 4396: 4386: 4374: 4369:, p. 20 4362: 4350: 4345:, p. 23 4338: 4188:1650 – 5,472 4185:1550 – 1,500 4182:1538 – 1,300 4163:Winson Green 4156: 4141: 4136: 4122: 4105: 4091:, including 4089:Broad Street 4082: 4064: 4057: 4030: 4019: 4012: 3993: 3973: 3954: 3935: 3911:Judas Priest 3907:Napalm Death 3896: 3888:Enoch Powell 3885: 3878: 3866: 3857:Warwickshire 3834: 3819: 3804: 3800: 3781: 3758: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3677: 3648: 3639: 3623: 3594: 3579: 3566:Gooch Street 3540: 3467: 3455: 3451:Acocks Green 3399: 3387: 3370: 3341:Witton Lakes 3337:Plants Brook 3330: 3306: 3298:George Dixon 3286:Civic Gospel 3275: 3262:gas lighting 3259: 3248: 3237: 3234:Improvements 3221: 3214: 3195: 3188: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3139: 3112: 3069: 3046: 3019: 2999: 2992: 2958: 2949: 2926: 2915: 2908: 2896: 2889: 2882:and (inset) 2848:Warwickshire 2837: 2824: 2814: 2800: 2790: 2767: 2759: 2732:Jacobin Club 2700:coffeehouses 2685: 2672: 2638:trade credit 2618: 2606:papier-mâché 2581: 2531: 2490: 2486:Arthur Young 2467: 2414:John Roebuck 2351: 2340:Detail from 2330:John Roebuck 2278: 2238:Weber thesis 2223: 2148: 2097: 2087:town in the 2085: 2023:Warwickshire 2010: 1993: 1957: 1927:who visited 1921:trade guilds 1892:bucklemakers 1860: 1820:scythesmiths 1765: 1749: 1735: 1718: 1701: 1697: 1683: 1665: 1606: 1582:Warwickshire 1571: 1537: 1529:trade guilds 1508: 1504: 1501:incorporated 1493:Lincolnshire 1481: 1406: 1372: 1365: 1328:hearth bloom 1260:iron working 1249: 1229:Warwickshire 1206: 1142: 1095: 1071:wool staples 1063:Warwickshire 1056: 1012: 991:cartographic 903:Warwickshire 896: 842: 835: 804: 782: 771: 766: 749: 743: 726:Warwickshire 691: 624: 621: 581:Broad Street 566: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 525: 522:Beormingahām 521: 516: 485: 441:Manduessedum 439: 415:Pennocrucium 413: 403: 393: 379: 374: 359: 355: 347: 341: 330: 308: 278:district of 244:burnt mounds 241: 227: 204:. Neolithic 202:Kingstanding 183: 159: 97: 67: 59: 37: 24: 15: 11760:Southampton 11630:Bournemouth 11592:West Sussex 11537:Oxfordshire 11437:East Sussex 11217:Regency era 11200:Restoration 10314:27 February 10239:Briggs, Asa 9544:Briggs, Asa 9351:23 November 9328:Cherry 1994 9070:Cherry 1994 8995:Cherry 1994 8967:Cherry 1994 8951:Cherry 1994 8894:Cherry 1994 8740:Cherry 1994 8725:Cherry 1994 8703:, p. 5 8665:Cherry 1994 8285:, Routledge 8246:Charles Pye 7384:, p. 7 7232:, p. 2 7065:Porter 2001 6960:27 November 6799:(1): 1–29, 6483:Hopper 1999 6471:Hopper 1999 6459:Hopper 1999 6447:Hopper 1999 6386:Hughes 2002 6319:Hughes 2002 6305:, p. 9 6303:Hughes 2002 6260:, p. 3 6222:Pelham 1950 6198:Pelham 1950 6156:, p. 4 6010:Pelham 1950 5982:Pelham 1950 5841:Buteux 2003 5817:Buteux 2003 5775:Pelham 1950 5763:Pelham 1950 5703:Pelham 1950 5691:Buteux 2003 5681:, p. 6 5577:Pelham 1943 5525:, p. 9 5499:Buteux 2003 5487:Buteux 2003 5483:Hodder 2004 5471:Buteux 2003 5459:Buteux 2003 5447:Hodder 2004 5416:, p. 7 5399:Buteux 2003 5347:Buteux 2003 5319:Hilton 1966 5315:Pelham 1950 5303:Pelham 1950 5287:Hilton 1966 5275:Pelham 1950 5235:Buteux 2003 5167:, p. 4 5148:Pelham 1950 5132:Hilton 1966 5118:, p. 6 5091:, p. 9 5075:, p. 9 5051:, p. 4 5049:Buteux 2003 5027:, p. 5 5012:, p. 2 4986:Hodder 2004 4956:, p. 3 4885:Kinvig 1950 4873:Thorpe 1950 4861:Thorpe 1950 4836:, p. 7 4810:Hodder 2004 4797:, p. 8 4795:Buteux 2003 4779:Hodder 2004 4769:, p. 7 4755:Thorpe 1950 4709:, p. 3 4697:, p. 9 4683:Hodder 2004 4673:, p. 8 4659:Hodder 2004 4620:Hodder 2004 4605:, p. 8 4519:24 February 4484:24 February 4458:24 February 4436:Hodder 2004 4424:Hodder 2004 4379:Hodder 2004 4357:, p. 6 4343:Hodder 2004 4117:Castle Vale 3923:Pato Banton 3919:Steel Pulse 3899:heavy metal 3822:were killed 3814:Fort Dunlop 3812:, near the 3810:Castle Vale 3775:run by the 3668:South Wales 3586:Westminster 3557:Summer Lane 3545:during the 3497:suspensions 3374:John French 3361:Elan Valley 3333:Walmley Ash 3107:Days of May 3105:during the 2941:Grand Union 2748:dining club 2650:Lloyds Bank 2646:John Taylor 2587:, Germany, 2372:, moved to 2314:Adam Walker 2258:Low Bailiff 1965:aristocracy 1912:swordmakers 1904:wiredrawers 1896:scalemakers 1856:West Indies 1840:ironmongers 1804:bladesmiths 1772:South Wales 1743:John Leland 1730:John Leland 1709:Thomas Hall 1680:John Rogers 1597:John Rogers 1545:Black Death 1087:broadcloths 1075:Westminster 1005:(left) and 973:itself and 845:marketplace 834:within his 832:market town 750:Bermingeham 519:Old English 450:Greensforge 424:Sutton Park 344:Old English 304:Sutton Park 268:Berry Mound 214:North Wales 178:flint tools 176:with basic 43:Anglo Saxon 12100:Categories 12059:Public Art 12034:Literature 11953:Government 11946:Government 11917:Demography 11853:Birmingham 11755:Shrewsbury 11735:Portsmouth 11715:Nottingham 11695:Manchester 11670:Folkestone 11655:Colchester 11625:Birmingham 11547:Shropshire 11507:Merseyside 11487:Lancashire 11412:Derbyshire 10793:: 146–64, 10750:22 January 9761:, Tempus, 9660:Phillimore 9370:Denis Faul 9179:14 October 9140:14 October 9115:14 October 8937:16 October 8807:16 October 8647:22 January 8083:Upton 1993 8005:Money 1977 7993:Money 1977 7981:Money 1977 7969:Money 1977 7957:Money 1977 7945:Money 1977 7899:Money 1977 7867:Money 1977 7855:Money 1977 7839:Money 1977 7827:Money 1977 7815:Money 1977 7803:Money 1977 7789:22 January 7756:22 January 7730:Jones 2009 7716:22 January 7685:Money 1977 7637:Jones 2009 7625:Jones 2009 7531:Jones 2009 7507:Jones 2009 7479:Jones 2009 7467:Jones 2009 7422:Jones 2009 7394:Jones 2009 7350:Jones 2009 7310:Jones 2009 7258:Jones 2009 7242:Jones 2009 7218:Jones 2009 7178:Jones 2009 7160:(3): 415, 7145:6 November 7116:6 November 7081:Jones 2009 7061:Uglow 2002 7045:Jones 2009 6998:Jones 2009 6929:Jones 2009 6917:Jones 2009 6913:Jones 2009 6901:Jones 2009 6889:Jones 2009 6877:Jones 2009 6865:Money 1977 6853:Jones 2009 6841:Jones 2009 6693:Jones 2009 6681:Jones 2009 6669:Jones 2009 6653:Jones 2009 6641:Jones 2009 6629:Jones 2009 6617:Jones 2009 6605:Jones 2009 6593:Jones 2009 6531:Jones 2009 6495:Jones 2009 6289:17 October 6006:Jones 2009 5994:Jones 2009 5868:Upton 1993 5335:Watts 1980 5291:Watts 1980 5248:"Calibeus" 5104:Watts 1980 4108:Pype Hayes 4008:Sparkbrook 4004:Handsworth 3749:Shropshire 3672:Merseyside 3482:ammunition 3478:Longbridge 3462:New Street 3443:Pype Hayes 3426:Northfield 3414:Handsworth 3400:After the 3121:. The new 3026:Manchester 2968:Soho House 2943:) and the 2918:Wednesbury 2892:Old Square 2884:Old Square 2829:Parliament 2811:Birmingham 2779:dissenting 2610:Henry Clay 2602:glasshouse 2551:James Watt 2493:Manchester 2478:Lancashire 2442:James Watt 2426:James Keir 2390:John Wyatt 2386:Lewis Paul 2384:. In 1732 2342:Lewis Paul 2326:James Watt 2322:James Keir 2175:James Watt 2167:James Keir 2140:Soho House 2108:Aston Hall 2069:Aston Hall 2059:Aston Hall 2027:Shrewsbury 1908:locksmiths 1888:hiltmakers 1880:hearth tax 1796:Handsworth 1484:New Street 1454:almshouses 1423:, and two 1417:clerestory 1381:goldsmiths 1377:base metal 1361:Perry Barr 1357:corn mills 1186:Michaelmas 1166:Wednesbury 1162:Bromsgrove 1138:River Tyne 1036:Wednesbury 916:Perry Barr 651:Northfield 609:Northfield 597:Old Square 527:Beormingas 482:Foundation 466:Sparkbrook 370:Perry Barr 366:River Tame 298:The Roman 276:Bromsgrove 252:Bronze Age 248:Bournville 237:Bournville 194:Mere Green 166:Mesolithic 162:glaciation 92:John Evans 73:Prehistory 62:Birmingham 39:Birmingham 11968:Education 11937:Transport 11905:Geography 11780:Worcester 11765:St Albans 11750:Sheffield 11745:Rochester 11710:Newcastle 11690:Maidstone 11680:Liverpool 11602:Wiltshire 11462:Hampshire 11377:Berkshire 11364:By county 10964:11 August 10926:0140-4202 10847:11 August 10807:153970414 10508:11 August 10486:11 August 10439:11 August 10417:11 August 10283:11 August 10194:0140-4202 10172:11 August 9935:11 August 9922:161900178 9914:0047-729X 9877:11 August 9864:161966142 9856:0047-729X 9731:10 August 9713:12 August 9646:11 August 9345:The Times 8689:Ward 2005 8584:Ward 2005 8568:Ward 2005 8544:Ward 2005 8528:161927041 8461:0362-4331 8436:Ward 2005 8424:Ward 2005 8412:Ward 2005 8400:Ward 2005 8071:154475625 7879:Hill 1907 7601:Berg 1991 7597:Gill 1952 7585:Berg 1991 7570:Berg 1991 7519:Berg 1991 7503:Berg 1991 7439:Berg 1991 7398:Berg 1991 7370:Berg 1991 7354:Berg 1991 7338:Gill 1952 7326:Berg 1991 7314:Berg 1991 7274:Berg 1991 7254:Ward 2005 7230:Ward 2005 7226:Berg 1991 7182:Berg 1991 6727:146299736 6499:Ward 2005 6336:Rose 1964 6315:Rose 1964 6234:Gill 1952 6210:Holt 1986 6186:Holt 1986 6170:Gill 1952 6166:Holt 1986 6109:Holt 1986 6094:Holt 1986 6090:Gill 1952 6074:Hill 1907 6062:Hill 1907 6050:Hill 1907 6038:Hill 1907 6022:Gill 1952 5970:Gill 1952 5958:Gill 1952 5946:Gill 1952 5934:Gill 1952 5923:Rose 1964 5892:Berg 1991 5880:Gill 1952 5805:0140-4202 5779:Holt 1986 5664:Gill 1952 5652:Holt 1986 5640:Gill 1952 5628:Gill 1952 5604:Gill 1952 5589:Gill 1952 5553:0140-4202 5535:Holt 1986 5523:Holt 1986 5414:Holt 1986 5387:Holt 1986 5359:Holt 1986 5331:Holt 1986 5223:Holt 1986 5189:Gill 1952 5165:Holt 1986 5144:Holt 1986 5128:Holt 1986 5116:Holt 1986 5085:Holt 1986 5025:Holt 1986 4982:Holt 1986 4970:Gill 1952 4954:Holt 1986 4574:28 August 4548:14 August 4407:12 August 4112:Erdington 3952:in 2004. 3684:Edgbaston 3590:Whitehall 3543:Luftwaffe 3505:Jerricans 3456:In 1936, 3447:Erdington 3435:Selly Oak 3418:Erdington 3402:Great War 3357:reservoir 3335:, fed by 3280:preacher 3255:River Rea 3230:in 1889. 3191:workshops 3180:Town Hall 3030:Liverpool 2860:Leicester 2852:Worcester 2840:freeholds 2571:behind". 2392:invented 2019:Charles I 1900:pewterers 1836:Bordesley 1828:Erdington 1816:Smethwick 1812:Erdington 1678:in 1552. 1653:Berkswell 1625:chantries 1540:Halesowen 1513:burgesses 1466:River Rea 1425:chantries 1397:Old Crown 1209:burgesses 1130:Gough Map 1126:Droitwich 1122:Worcester 1114:Exchequer 1032:purveyors 1007:Droitwich 1003:Lichfield 995:Gough Map 955:Coleshill 946:burgesses 933:Halesowen 924:Bordesley 920:Erdington 877:Richard I 857:River Rea 849:Bull Ring 718:Æthelflæd 687:Worcester 683:Lichfield 641:from the 577:Bull Ring 569:River Rea 504:Duddeston 446:Mancetter 436:Coleshill 420:Penkridge 400:Droitwich 390:Lichfield 381:Letocetum 323:Edgbaston 272:hill fort 186:Neolithic 135:Edgbaston 131:Erdington 111:River Rea 104:quartzite 78:Stone Age 12086:Category 12054:Religion 11887:Timeline 11785:Worthing 11775:Wetherby 11725:Plymouth 11660:Coventry 11635:Brighton 11552:Somerset 11402:Cornwall 11397:Cheshire 11337:Polities 11086:Timeline 10989:See also 10777:2 August 10661:2 August 10557:9 August 10188:: 1–77, 10087:2381/361 9277:Archived 9259:Archived 7126:(1989), 6829:25850944 6821:12725102 6367:citation 6358:22 March 6140:14 March 4930:(1987), 4260:See also 4152:Eastside 3741:New Town 3733:Daventry 3725:Tamworth 3563:Bath Row 3560:Ladywood 3525:Spitfire 3439:Harborne 3433:between 3302:lighting 3135:Liberals 3055:and the 3040:and the 2899:manorial 2821:Voltaire 2783:printing 2738:and the 2591:and the 2508:and the 2424:, while 2236:and the 2161:such as 2082:in 1643. 2073:Royalist 2037:and the 2015:Coventry 2004:Royalist 1982:petition 1792:Harborne 1780:Cheshire 1774:and the 1740:— 1661:manorial 1643:and the 1533:boroughs 1517:bailiffs 1340:poll tax 1320:saddlers 1312:skinners 1252:textiles 1245:Alcester 1233:Tamworth 1150:Deritend 1108:and the 1106:Coventry 1091:Coventry 1019:pastoral 975:Coventry 963:Tamworth 951:Alcester 929:Solihull 861:Deritend 819:Henry II 637:and the 626:Tomsaete 573:Deritend 543:(farm), 536:-ingahām 462:Highgate 458:Ladywood 410:Alcester 264:Iron Age 256:Iron Age 218:Cornwall 147:Nechells 107:hand axe 12014:Culture 11992:Culture 11978:Schools 11963:Economy 11958:Council 11867:History 11860:History 11770:Torquay 11740:Reading 11700:Margate 11645:Chester 11640:Bristol 11567:Suffolk 11542:Rutland 11512:Norfolk 11407:Cumbria 10982:2859370 10602:20 June 10377:16 June 10263:3020620 10230:6 March 10135:: 32–40 10119:12 June 9546:(ed.), 9483:22 July 9453:14 July 9414:14 July 9389:14 July 8927:Hansard 8843:2662623 8520:2638578 8471:11 June 8165:3994658 8135:Bibcode 8063:2637900 7933:3351766 6813:3653341 6433:12 June 5799:: 135, 5547:: 135, 4906:25 July 3965:Lozells 3963:in the 3942:Somalia 3828:by the 3745:Telford 3717:Reddich 3468:In the 3422:Yardley 3406:housing 3359:in the 3144:by the 2920:in the 2864:Lincoln 2846:at the 2807:Chester 2696:taverns 2658:drapers 2654:mercers 2630:capital 2597:buckles 2566:member 2518:buckles 2514:buttons 2482:Bristol 2470:textile 2448:of the 2366:Bristol 2348:machine 2254:Quakers 2207:America 2116:Bewdley 2047:Moseley 1974:puritan 1951:at the 1852:Norwich 1832:Yardley 1788:Moseley 1784:nailers 1752:fulling 1721:textile 1706:puritan 1509:Foreign 1505:Borough 1458:midwife 1353:fulling 1348:fullers 1316:tanners 1280:tanning 1264:pottery 1217:weavers 1118:Bristol 1083:Aulnage 1028:mercers 971:Warwick 912:Yardley 837:demesne 813:, of a 778:Sheldon 698:Danelaw 677:at the 675:Britons 631:Anglian 587:in the 585:Hockley 559:sites. 557:British 500:Yardley 395:Salinae 388:, near 356:wīc-tūn 346:prefix 284:Shirley 282:, near 210:Cumbria 170:Digbeth 143:Quinton 115:Saltley 94:in 1897 12044:People 11720:Oxford 11685:London 11572:Surrey 11427:Durham 11422:Dorset 11276:Topics 10980: 10940: 10924: 10906: 10892:Themes 10881: 10863: 10823: 10805: 10768: 10741: 10719: 10695: 10677: 10652: 10618: 10593: 10573: 10548: 10524: 10455: 10393: 10368: 10348: 10330: 10305: 10261: 10221: 10192: 10148: 10110: 10092:6 June 10048: 10030: 10012: 9987: 9969: 9951: 9920: 9912: 9862: 9854: 9765: 9747: 9696: 9666: 9619: 9601: 9581: 9518: 9368:; Fr. 9300: 9240: 9202: 9158: 8841: 8798: 8638: 8526: 8518: 8459: 8384: 8252: 8226: 8185: 8163: 8127:Nature 8069: 8061: 8025: 7931: 7780: 7707: 7136: 7107: 6951: 6827: 6819: 6811: 6725: 6551: 6424: 6280: 6131: 5803: 5551: 4938: 4643: 4165:area. 3969:rumour 3946:Poland 3938:Kosovo 3929:, and 3915:reggae 3913:) and 3874:Dublin 3826:bombed 3773:museum 3476:, the 3251:sewers 3226:and a 3109:, 1832 3080:Oxford 2935:, the 2589:Russia 2504:, the 2434:Tipton 2430:alkali 2288:, the 2203:Saxony 2197:, the 2120:tinker 1969:feudal 1916:solder 1884:forges 1872:bridle 1868:scythe 1838:; the 1808:Witton 1756:blades 1619:, the 1578:Stuart 1521:pavage 1413:aisles 1336:smiths 1332:forges 1296:canvas 1243:, and 1170:Tipton 1168:, and 1023:arable 710:shires 702:Wessex 694:Viking 667:Severn 659:Hwicce 647:Mercia 583:area; 553:-field 532:Beorma 508:Rednal 454:Kinver 405:Alauna 352:Witton 339:site. 233:bronze 198:barrow 190:cursus 137:, and 51:Mercia 12069:Sport 12064:Songs 12039:Media 11730:Poole 11675:Leeds 11665:Dover 11442:Essex 11417:Devon 11328:Riots 10803:S2CID 10259:JSTOR 10063:(PDF) 9929:(PDF) 9918:S2CID 9890:(PDF) 9871:(PDF) 9860:S2CID 9832:(PDF) 9707:(PDF) 9690:(PDF) 9134:(PDF) 8839:JSTOR 8524:S2CID 8516:JSTOR 8335:Slums 8161:S2CID 8067:S2CID 8059:JSTOR 6825:S2CID 6809:JSTOR 6723:S2CID 4513:(doc) 4452:(pdf) 4331:Notes 4159:riots 4000:Aston 3765:flats 3602:Wales 3486:mines 3470:First 3445:near 3410:Aston 3309:slums 3244:slums 3133:both 2911:canal 2585:Italy 1929:Milan 1848:bills 1824:Aston 1641:Crown 1601:Bible 1574:Tudor 1489:Wales 1462:clock 1442:Aston 1421:spire 1344:dyers 1300:linen 1221:hides 1213:smith 1154:Aston 1102:Wales 1100:from 1052:steel 1048:brass 1040:linen 1021:than 823:tolls 817:from 774:Aston 714:burhs 663:Saxon 635:Trent 549:-worð 545:-lēah 452:near 434:near 361:vicus 332:vicus 311:Roman 229:Stone 12024:Jazz 11973:Flag 11790:York 11482:Kent 11323:Wars 10978:OCLC 10966:2009 10938:ISBN 10922:ISSN 10904:ISBN 10879:ISBN 10861:ISBN 10849:2009 10821:ISBN 10779:2009 10766:ISBN 10752:2011 10739:ISBN 10717:ISBN 10693:ISBN 10675:ISBN 10663:2009 10650:ISBN 10616:ISBN 10604:2009 10591:ISBN 10571:ISBN 10559:2009 10546:ISBN 10522:ISBN 10510:2009 10488:2009 10453:ISBN 10441:2009 10419:2009 10391:ISBN 10379:2009 10366:ISBN 10346:ISBN 10328:ISBN 10316:2009 10303:ISBN 10285:2009 10232:2009 10219:ISBN 10190:ISSN 10174:2009 10146:ISBN 10121:2010 10108:ISBN 10094:2010 10046:ISBN 10028:ISBN 10010:ISBN 9985:ISBN 9967:ISBN 9949:ISBN 9937:2009 9910:ISSN 9879:2009 9852:ISSN 9793:2011 9763:ISBN 9745:ISBN 9733:2009 9715:2009 9694:ISBN 9664:ISBN 9648:2009 9617:ISBN 9599:ISBN 9579:ISBN 9516:ISBN 9485:2018 9455:2018 9428:See 9416:2018 9391:2018 9353:2010 9298:ISBN 9238:ISBN 9200:ISBN 9181:2020 9156:ISBN 9142:2020 9117:2020 8939:2011 8809:2011 8796:ISBN 8649:2011 8636:ISBN 8473:2023 8457:ISSN 8382:ISBN 8250:ISBN 8224:ISBN 8183:ISBN 8023:ISBN 7929:OCLC 7791:2011 7778:ISBN 7758:2011 7718:2011 7705:ISBN 7147:2010 7134:ISBN 7118:2010 7105:ISBN 7017:2010 6962:2011 6949:ISBN 6817:PMID 6793:Isis 6549:ISBN 6519:2010 6435:2010 6422:ISBN 6373:link 6360:2010 6291:2010 6278:ISBN 6142:2010 6129:ISBN 5801:ISSN 5549:ISSN 5260:2013 4936:ISBN 4908:2011 4641:ISBN 4576:2004 4550:2009 4521:2009 4486:2009 4460:2009 4409:2009 4083:The 4058:The 4045:pubs 4006:and 3940:and 3931:UB40 3909:and 3731:and 3662:and 3616:and 3494:tank 3488:and 3472:and 3437:and 3424:and 3343:and 3228:city 3182:and 3129:and 3082:and 3028:and 2962:and 2862:and 2758:The 2746:, a 2698:and 2656:and 2624:and 2516:and 2444:and 2388:and 2382:coke 2328:and 2312:and 2304:and 2272:The 2252:and 2181:and 2049:and 1870:and 1864:nail 1834:and 1818:and 1814:and 1798:and 1635:and 1576:and 1572:The 1460:, a 1456:, a 1415:, a 1395:The 1346:and 1326:and 1324:slag 1318:and 1298:and 1292:rope 1288:flax 1286:and 1284:hemp 1276:horn 1274:and 1272:bone 1268:tile 1258:and 1225:wool 1223:and 1178:fair 1143:The 1067:York 1059:wool 1050:and 1044:wool 1030:and 961:and 935:and 918:and 732:and 685:and 671:Avon 669:and 661:, a 653:and 639:Tame 611:and 541:-tūn 506:and 464:and 430:and 386:Wall 348:wīc- 337:kiln 270:, a 216:and 206:axes 149:and 133:and 86:The 12004:Art 10795:doi 10251:doi 10083:hdl 10075:doi 9902:doi 9844:doi 9809:doi 8931:718 8831:doi 8508:doi 8151:hdl 8143:doi 8051:doi 7162:doi 6801:doi 6775:doi 6749:doi 6715:doi 6577:doi 4139:". 3933:). 3779:). 3763:of 3747:in 3743:of 3735:in 3727:in 3719:in 3534:by 3492:to 3460:on 2982:by 2823:'s 2045:in 2009:'s 1822:in 1806:in 1786:in 1778:to 1651:of 1104:to 890:in 871:of 859:at 603:to 571:at 438:to 350:in 309:In 302:in 200:at 113:at 12102:: 10801:, 10791:27 10789:, 10733:, 10257:, 10245:, 10186:89 10184:, 10133:62 10131:, 10081:, 10071:26 10069:, 10065:, 9916:, 9908:, 9898:26 9896:, 9892:, 9858:, 9850:, 9840:25 9838:, 9834:, 9807:. 9805:34 9803:. 9779:, 9662:, 9495:. 9489:; 9471:. 9446:. 9407:. 9343:. 9062:^ 8929:, 8925:, 8913:^ 8850:^ 8837:, 8827:32 8825:, 8732:^ 8522:, 8514:, 8504:19 8502:, 8451:. 8244:, 8159:, 8149:, 8141:, 8131:74 8129:, 8125:, 8065:, 8057:, 8047:14 8045:, 7746:, 7577:^ 7550:^ 7429:^ 7158:29 7156:, 7150:; 7121:; 7005:, 6823:, 6815:, 6807:, 6797:94 6795:, 6771:30 6769:, 6745:30 6743:, 6721:, 6711:37 6709:, 6573:30 6571:, 6507:, 6414:, 6369:}} 6365:{{ 6326:^ 6101:^ 5899:^ 5848:^ 5797:88 5795:, 5671:^ 5596:^ 5545:88 5543:, 5421:^ 5406:^ 5267:^ 5250:, 5215:^ 5196:^ 5155:^ 5096:^ 5017:^ 4915:^ 4841:^ 4802:^ 4610:^ 4595:^ 4541:. 4537:. 4494:^ 4416:^ 4395:, 4010:. 4002:, 3925:, 3921:, 3905:, 3876:. 3859:. 3832:. 3723:, 3511:, 3507:, 3503:, 3499:, 3484:, 3453:. 3441:, 3420:, 3416:, 3412:, 3385:. 3296:, 3292:, 3246:. 3219:. 3178:, 3086:. 3067:. 3044:. 2858:, 2854:, 2835:. 2809:, 2799:. 2412:. 2324:, 2320:, 2284:, 2209:. 2177:, 2173:, 2169:, 2165:, 1910:, 1906:, 1902:, 1898:, 1894:, 1890:, 1866:, 1830:, 1826:, 1810:, 1802:; 1794:, 1790:, 1711:. 1589:. 1314:, 1294:, 1266:, 1254:, 1247:. 1239:, 1235:, 1164:, 1160:, 1140:. 1112:. 1081:. 1046:, 1042:, 957:, 953:, 931:, 914:, 910:, 809:, 780:. 736:. 619:. 510:. 502:, 498:, 460:, 372:. 286:. 239:. 145:, 11840:e 11833:t 11826:v 11070:e 11063:t 11056:v 10797:: 10253:: 10247:9 10085:: 10077:: 9904:: 9846:: 9815:. 9811:: 9524:. 9499:. 9487:. 9457:. 9418:. 9393:. 9355:. 9183:. 9162:. 9144:. 9119:. 8833:: 8510:: 8475:. 8256:) 8153:: 8145:: 8137:: 8053:: 7164:: 6803:: 6777:: 6751:: 6717:: 6579:: 6375:) 4578:. 4552:. 4523:. 4488:. 4462:. 4243:) 2902:" 444:( 418:( 408:( 398:( 384:( 354:( 22:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

History of Birmingham

Index