History of Antarctica

3486: 2178: 3039: 1514: 279: 2304: 8228: 855: 3094: 2995: 1202: 2075: 1965: 1729: 1842: 2738: 2583: 26: 1653: 8468: 310: 3355: 2661: 2155:, Byrd's executive officer, returned to Antarctica with his own expedition in 1947–1948, with Navy support, three planes, and dogs. Ronne disproved the notion that the continent was divided in two and established that East and West Antarctica was one single continent, i.e. that the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea are not connected. The expedition explored and mapped large parts of Palmer Land and the Weddell Sea coastline, and identified the 3999: 205: 1924: 705: 8478: 148: 3370: 521: 3614: 836:

possible explanation for this discrepancy is that Smith named a bay on King George Island 'Shirreff Bay,' but on a subsequent expedition, Bransfield did not confirm this name in the official records, as he had already named a location 'Cape Shirreff' on Livingston Island. Additionally, there are doubts as to whether the modest remains were related to

2836:, taking into account geographical, historical, legal, and diplomatic precedents, which were formalized by Decree No. 1747, enacted on November 6, 1940, and published on June 21, 1955. Chile considered their Antarctic rights arrived up to the meridian located further west (53° West). Thus, the country claimed to not include the 660:. This point, reached on 30 January 1774, was the farthest south attained in the 18th century. With a great detour to the east, almost to the coast of South America, the expedition regained Tahiti for refreshment. In November 1774, Cook started from New Zealand and crossed the South Pacific without sighting land between 1458: 1445:

In August 1895 the Sixth International Geographical Congress in London passed a general resolution calling on scientific societies throughout the world to promote the cause of Antarctic exploration "in whatever ways seem to them most effective". Such work would "bring additions to almost every branch

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Some Chilean nationalist sources say that Chile resigned a third of its Antarctic sector in favor of Argentina, without explaining where to take the data, which the Tordesillas line passing through the meridian 37° 7'West however, classically it considered that Spain stood at 46° 37 'West. Argentina

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Alors, j'annonçais aux officiers rassemblés en présence de l'équipage que cette terre porterait désormais le nom de terre Adélie. Cette désignation est destinée à perpétuer le souvenir de ma profonde reconnaissance pour la compagne dévouée qui a su par trois fois consentir à une séparation longue et

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between the meridians at 25° and 74° west longitude. Finally, on February 28, 1957, Decree Law No. 2129 established the definitive limits of their claim between the meridians at 25° and 74° West and the parallel 60° South latitude. This decree established a territory which is superimposed on part of

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were British. The British position was that Argentine personnel was granted permission only for the period of one year. The Argentine government entered into negotiations with the British in 1913 over the possible transfer of the island. Although these talks were unsuccessful, Argentina attempted to

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on Livingston Island, but Smith himself never mentioned it and the information is second-hand. There is also uncertainty about where the wreck was actually discovered. Smith landed on Livingston Island only during his fifth voyage to the archipelago, after the expedition commanded by Bransfield. One

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reached 69° 21' south latitude, 2° 15' west longitude, and on February 2d, 66° 25' south latitude, 1° 11' west longitude, at both of which positions he was stopped by the pack. He then steered eastward, and on February 17th reached 69° 6' south latitude, and on the 19th, 68° 5' south latitude, 16°

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was separated by sea from any continuous southern continent. Voyagers round the Horn frequently met with contrary winds and were driven southward into snowy skies and ice-encumbered seas; but, so far as can be ascertained, none of them before 1770 reached the Antarctic Circle, or knew it, if they

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of 1494. Argentina and Chile treat these treaties as legal international treaties mediated by the Catholic Church that was at that time a recognized arbiter in such matters. Each country currently has claimed a sector of the Antarctic continent that is more or less directly south of its national

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Once women were allowed in Antarctica, they still had to fight against sexism and sexual harassment. However, a tipping point was reached in the mid-1990s when it became the new normal that women were part of Antarctic life. Women began to see a change as more and more women began working and

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to adjudicate between the territorial claims of Britain, Argentina and Chile, declaring invalid the claims of sovereignty of the two countries in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic areas, respectively. This proposal failed, as both Latin American countries rejected submitting to an international

2825: 2533:- "that part of His Majesty's Dominions in the Antarctic Seas, which comprises all the islands and territories between the 160th degree of East Longitude and the 150th degree of West Longitude which are situated south of the 60th degree of South Latitude shall be named the Ross Dependency." 3788: 1428:

in London, 27 November 1893. Murray advocated that research into the Antarctic should be organised to "resolve the outstanding geographical questions still posed in the south". Furthermore, the Royal Geographical Society instated an Antarctic Committee shortly prior to this, in 1887, which

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in the east was to be brought under Norwegian sovereignty. The primary basis for the annexation was to secure the Norwegian whaling industry's access to the region. In 1948, Norway and the United Kingdom agreed to limit Queen Maud Land to from 20°W to 45°E, and that the Bruce Coast and

1596: 183:(Sir Peter Henry Buck) who lists evidence for his belief that 'later historians embellished the tales by adding details learned from European whalers and teachers'. This interpretation of oral history and the probability of such a voyage have likewise been dismissed more recently by 1155:", on 16 January 1840, from a greater distance. The differences in dates and the uncertainties regarding the exact locations of the discoveries led to a rivalry for prestige between France and the United States over who was to be the first to discover the Antarctic continent. 4322:

A Voyage Towards the South Pole, and Round the World. Performed in His Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Adventure, In the Years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775. In which is included, Captain Furneaux's Narrative of his Proceedings in the Adventure during the Separation of the

3265:, 1957–1958. This year of international scientific cooperation triggered an 18-month period of intense Antarctic science. More than 70 existing national scientific organizations then formed IGY committees, and participated in the cooperative effort. The British established 1324:

to a friend after the expedition, it was concluded that an ice shelf, which Lazarev described as 'materyi led' (translated as 'hard ice'), was sighted on 28 January 1820. However, there is some uncertainty regarding Lazarev's accuracy in recalling the chronology of events.

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These explorers, despite their impressive contributions to South Polar exploration, were unable to penetrate the interior of the continent and, rather, formed a broken line of discovered lands along the coastline of Antarctica. Following the expedition south by the ships

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in 1931, the government of the United Kingdom relinquished all control over the government of New Zealand and Australia. This however had no bearing on the obligations of the Governor-General of both countries in their capacity as Governor of the Antarctic territories.

1091:, where it had mapped part of the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, which it named the Louis Philippe Land. In early 1840 a French expedition returned to the Antarctic Circle having sailed from Australia. The two ships reached the north-westernmost and highest 3248:

Negotiations towards the establishment of an international condominium over the continent first began in 1948, involving the 7 claimant powers (Britain, Australia, New Zealand, France, Norway, Chile and Argentina) and the US. This attempt was aimed at excluding the

356:, the passages around Tierra del Fuego, notorious for their harsh weather, served as the primary route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Many ships navigating this route reported drifting off course beyond the 60th parallel, yet no land was ever sighted. 1150:

Both expeditions operated in the same region and time, leading to disputed claims of priority of discovery. Dumont d'Urville reached the Adelie Land, on 21 or 22 January 1840. Wilkes, on the other hand, claimed to have discovered the same area, which he named

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which he called South France, and believed to be the central mass of the southern continent. He was sent out again to complete the exploration of the new land, and found it to be only an inhospitable island which he renamed the Isle of Desolation, but which

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in 1912) to reach the Pole overland. Fuchs' team reached the Pole from the opposite direction on 19 January 1958, where they met up with Hillary. Fuchs then continued overland, following the route that Hillary had laid and on 2 March succeeded in reaching

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In the late 1830s, interest in the far South increased again, resulting in the organisation of three national scientific expeditions during that period. At that time it was still unclear whether there was a continent there or just ice-bound islands.

3782: 1450:, who had just returned from a whaling expedition during which he had become one of the first to set foot on the Antarctic mainland. During his address, Borchgrevink outlined plans for a full-scale pioneering Antarctic expedition, to be based at 1496:

During their forced stay, several men lost their sanity, not only because of the Antarctic winter night and the endured hardship, but also because of the language problems between the different nationalities. This was the first expedition to

2801:, on the condition that the government committed itself to the continuation of the scientific mission. British officer William Haggard also sent a note to the Argentine Foreign Minister, Jose Terry, ratifying the terms of Bruce proposition. 3924: 3501:

Women did not explore Antarctica until well into the 1950s. A few pioneering women visited the Antarctic land and waters prior to the 1950s and many women requested to go on early expeditions, but were turned away. Early pioneers such as

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for Australia and New Zealand, he wrote that 'with the exception of Chile and Argentina and some barren islands belonging to France... it is desirable that the whole of the Antarctic should ultimately be included in the British Empire.'

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After Shackleton's last expedition, there was a hiatus in Antarctic exploration for about seven years. From 1929, aircraft and mechanized transportation were increasingly used, earning this period the sobriquet of the 'Mechanical Age'.

344:, and possibly the first European sighting of Antarctica (or offshore-lying islands belonging to it). Other accounts, however, do not note this observation, casting doubt on their accuracy. A similar incident happened to the Spaniard 6210: 4165: 1248:. Wilkes's priority was challenged due to his changing the reported date of his first sighting of the continent twice. The first observation of the land by an American expedition took place on 16 January 1840, from the deck of the 2219:

leading the New Zealand Ross Sea Support team. After spending the winter of 1957 at Shackleton Base, Fuchs finally set out on the transcontinental journey in November 1957, with a twelve-man team travelling in six vehicles; three

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arbitration procedure. On July 15, 1955, the Chilean government rejected the jurisdiction of the Court in that case, and on August 1, August, Argentine government followed suit. Thus, on March 16 March 1956, claims were filed.

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financed several expeditions to the Antarctic with the view to claim land for Norway and establish stations on Norwegian territory to gain better privileges. The first expedition, led by Nils Larsen and Ola Olstad, landed on

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reached the pack ice off Antarctica on 19 January 1939. During the expedition, an area of about 350,000 square kilometres (140,000 sq mi) was photographed from the air by Ritscher, who dropped darts inscribed with

325:("Unknown Southern Land"), a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics. The search for this great south land or Third World was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries. 1910:

Scott and his four companions reached the South Pole via the Beardmore route on 17 January 1912, 33 days after Amundsen. All five died on the return journey from the Pole, through a combination of starvation and cold. The

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which are situated south of the 50th parallel of south latitude; and all islands and territories whatsoever between the 50th degree of west longitude and the 80th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the

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A follow-up trip was organized from 1908 to 1910 which continued the earlier work of the French expedition with a general exploration of the Bellingshausen Sea, and the discovery of islands and other features, including

1588:, and discovered the polar plateau. Its southern journey set a new Farthest South record, 82°17'S. Many other geographical features were discovered, mapped and named. This was the first of several expeditions based in 1410:. The publications (both scientific and popular) and exhibitions that resulted did much to reignite public interest in the Antarctic. The performance of the whaling ships was also crucial in the decision to build the 6908: 3140:, from 1939 to 1941, was sponsored by the government with additional support came from donations and gifts by private citizens, corporations and institutions. The objectives of the Expedition, outlined by President 3641:. This name is intended to perpetuate the memory of my deep recognition for my devoted partner who agreed three times to long and painful separations, to enable me to carry out my plans for remote explorations.) 2057:. Its vaguely defined objectives included coastal mapping, a possible continental circumnavigation, the investigation of sub-Antarctic islands, and oceanographic work. After Shackleton's death on 5 January 1922, 1264:. The prevailing view at the time was that the sighting of January 16 and the sighting of January 19 were fabrications, made after d'Urville announced his own sighting of the continent on the evening 19 January. 4201: 3537:

banned American women from traveling to Antarctica until 1969. Women were often excluded because it was thought that they could not handle the extreme temperatures or crisis situations. The first woman from the

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Voyage au Pôle sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes "l'Astrolabe" et "la Zélée", exécuté par ordre du Roi pendant les années 1837-1838-1839-1840 sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont-d'Urville, capitaine de

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from the affairs of the continent and rapidly fell apart when the USSR declared an interest in the region, refused to recognize any claims of sovereignty and reserved the right to make its own claims in 1950.

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to encourage the definition of the National Antarctic Territory. With the establishment of Decree No. 1541 on September 7, he organized a commission to examine Norway's interests in the Antarctic territory.

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douloureuse, pour me permettre d'accomplir mes projets d'explorations lointaines. (Then, I announced to the officers gathered in the presence of the crew that this land would carry from now on the name of

905:. While in Australia, Bellingshausen wrote a report in which he stated that the southern continent probably did not exist, meaning that he did not consider the earlier observations to be a continent. When 2488:

In 1917, the wording of the claim was modified, so as to, among other things, unambiguously include all the territory in the sector stretching to the South Pole (thus encompassing all of the present-day

629:, whence he sailed eastward keeping as far south as the floating ice allowed. The Antarctic Circle was crossed on 20 December and Cook remained south of it for three days, being compelled after reaching 969:

In the years since the discovery of the South Shetland Islands, there have been many sealing expeditions to the area. Most of them have been poorly documented and non-scientific. In 1950s, the notes of

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were some of the first women to see Antarctic waters. Christensen was the first woman to set foot on the mainland of Antarctica. The first women to have any fanfare about their Antarctic journeys were

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Argentina had an even longer history of involvement in the Continent. Already in 1904 the Argentine government began a permanent occupation in the area with the purchase of a meteorological station on

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Finally, to prevent the possibility of military conflict in the region, the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and 9 other countries with significant interests negotiated and signed the

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discovered the southern extremity of Tierra del Fuego and named it Cape Horn in 1615, they proved that the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was of small extent and not connected to the southern land.

7642: 3888: 617:. On 16 March, the approaching winter drove him northward for rest to New Zealand and the tropical islands of the Pacific. In November 1773, Cook left New Zealand, having parted company with the 103:

37' east longitude. Later, he reached 66° 53' south latitude, 40° 56' east longitude, where he thought land must be near, on account of the numbers of birds. Ten months later an American sealer,

692:. He thereby laid open the way for future Antarctic exploration by exploding the myth of a habitable southern continent. Cook's most southerly discovery of land lay on the temperate side of the 3057:

In the late 1940s, Argentina and Chile recognized each other's claims, stating that "Chile and Argentina have unquestionable rights of sovereignty in the polar area called American Antarctica (

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on 28 and 29 November 1929, to match his overflight of the North Pole in 1926. Byrd's explorations had science as a major objective and extensively used the aircraft to explore the continent.

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role in Antarctic exploration and the scientific research surrounding the discovery of the continent. Shortly thereafter, expedition documents were reexamined. Based on a letter written by

7603: 605:, but from the rough determination of his longitude by Kerguelen, Cook reached the assigned latitude 10° too far east and did not see it. He turned south again and was stopped by ice in 2804:

In 1906, Argentina communicated to the international community the establishment of a permanent base on South Orkney Islands. However, Haggard responded by reminding Argentina that the

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The route of this expedition was eastward, as far south as the ice conditions permitted. Two more observations were made, and then, because of the approach of winter, they proceeded to

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on their globes, and allowing their imaginations to run riot in the vast unknown spaces of the south Atlantic, south Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, they sketched the outlines of the

7333: 1797:. Originally intended as a relief expedition for the stranded Nordenskiöld party, the main work of this expedition was the mapping and charting of islands and the western coasts of 3070:

1) That both governments acting in agreement on legal protection and defense of their rights in American Antarctica, between the meridians 25° and 90° west longitude of Greenwich,

11130: 7430: 1016:. Since no land was encountered during the entire voyage, Weddell assumed that the ocean extended to the pole and that there was no continent to the south, only an archipelago. 7737: 1363:

During this period the Antarctic continent became the focus of an international effort that resulted in intensive scientific and geographical exploration and in which 17 major

2044:, in order to supply Shackleton's party crossing from the Weddell Sea. All the required depots were laid, but in the process three men, including the leader Mackintosh, died. 7790:— "'She's just moored there at the dock in Bay Center, sitting in the mud,' says Charles Lagerbom, Northport, Maine, resident and president of the Antarctican Society". 7019: 3203: 3430: 2177: 1235: 87:

for the first time. Although he discovered new islands, he did not sight the continent itself. It is believed that he came as close as 240 km (150 mi) from the mainland.

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existed on the part of Spain in Antarctica. Spain's sovereignty claim over parts of Antarctica was, according to Chile and Argentina, internationally recognized with the

3433:, now known as the Madrid Protocol. All mineral extraction was banned for 50 years and the Antarctic was set aside as a "natural reserve, devoted to peace and science". 1240:

In the second half of the 19th century, one of the commanders of the research expeditions from around 1840 was considered to be the discoverer of Antarctica. In Europe,

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on board to survey the newly discovered islands and formally claim them for Great Britain, becouse Smith was a civilian and his October declaration had no legal force.

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on towards the South Pole, for the use of Fuchs on the final leg of his journey. Other members of Hillary's team carried out geological surveys around the Ross Sea and

978:, one of the ships present there, were discovered. Davis described in them the probably first landing on the continent, which was made by his crew on 7 February 1821. 7943: 3485: 5805: 1472:

launched by the Belgian Geographical Society in 1897; Borchgrevink followed a year later with a privately sponsored British expedition. (Some histories consider the

1942:. It concentrated on the stretch of Antarctic coastline between Cape Adare and Mount Gauss, carrying out mapping and survey work on coastal and inland territories. 7517: 4200:(in Spanish). Vol. Tomo cuarto (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 280. 4011: 3046:

Geopolitics over Antarctica and the control of the passages between the south Atlantic and the south Pacific have led to the founding of cities and towns such as

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propagation conditions in the area. The mission was also aimed at consolidating and extending United States sovereignty over the largest practicable area of the

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Antarctica and international law: a collection of inter-state and national documents, Volume 2. pp. 143. Author: W. M. Bush. Editor: Oceana Publications, 1982.

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over 100 feet (30 m) high. His expedition sailed eastward along the southern Antarctic coast discovering mountains which were since named after his ships:

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As the seal population declined, interest in the region waned. However, the search for new seal colonies led to isolated discoveries, such as the discovery of

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in 1959. The treaty entered into force in 1961 and sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned

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On March 4, 1948, Chile and Argentina signed an agreement on mutual protection and legal defense of its Antarctic territorial rights, recognizing each other:

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called 'the age of averted interest' and in the following twenty years after Ross' return, there was a general lull internationally in Antarctic exploration.

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Tongan canoes, with sails and cabins, and two Tongan men paddling a smaller canoe from "Boats of the Friendly Isles" a record of Cook's visit to Tonga, 1773-4

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On 14 January 1939, five days prior to the German arrival, Queen Maud Land was annexed by Norway, after a royal decree announced that the land bordering the

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first brought explorers within touch of the Antarctic cold, and proved that there was an ocean separating Africa from any Antarctic land that might exist.

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Meanwhile, alarmed by these unilateral declarations, the French government laid claim to a strip of the continent in 1924. The basis for their claim to

1222:(January, 1841) suggested that there were no scientific discoveries, or 'problems', worth exploration in the far South. What followed is what historian 107:, became the first to sight Antarctica on 17 November 1820. The first landing was most likely just over a year later when English-born American Captain 8285: 7437:, transcript of speech by Robin Burns, given at the 4th Annual Phillip Law Lecture; Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; 18 June 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2010. 4524:

Comunicaciones presentadas en el Primer Symposium Español de Estudios Antárticos: celebrado en Palma de Mallorca del 30 de junio al 4 de julio de 1985

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Williams, K.L. (2021) ‘Bridgeman Island, Antarctica, “burning mount” or old eroded volcano?’, Polar Record, 57, p. e33. doi:10.1017/S0032247421000152.

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in 1833 and maintained a continuous presence there. In 1908, the British government extended its territorial claim by declaring sovereignty over "

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in the effort to reach India by circumnavigating Africa that European exploration of the southern hemisphere began. In 1473, Portuguese navigator

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It was in this period that Edward Bransfield surveyed the South Shetlands in 1819–20 and may have been the first to sight the Antarctic Continent

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In 1991 a convention among member nations of the Antarctic Treaty on how to regulate mining and drilling was proposed. Australian Prime Minister

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sailed into the Weddel Sea where they failed to repeat Jemes Weddel's feat. At the turn of February and March 1838 the expedition was already in

7934: 7769: 8519: 7704: 7548: 6870: 5921: 5385: 4871:"{{in lang|fr}} The Dumoulin islands by Dubouzet in 1840, site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments" 3866: 3689:

formally protested by decree in a note on November 12 November 1940, rejecting Chile's claim and expressing a potential claim to the same area.

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pioneered the exploration of the Arctic regions by aircraft. Pictured, his plane and encampment as part of the Detroit Arctic Expedition, 1926.

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expedition, which had mapped the South Shetland Islands and sighted the Trinity Peninsula on 30 January 1820, began to be promoted in Britain.

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could be crossed, and cartographers and sailors began to assume the existence of another, temperate continent to the south of the known world.

5488: 1023:, was the first fossil ever recorded from Antarctica, obtained during a private United States expedition during 1829–31, commanded by Captain 6805: 4966:

Carte des explorations effectuées par les corvettes "l'Astrolabe" et "la Zélée" dans les régions circum-polaires levée par Vincendon-Dumoulin

4937:"{{in lang|fr}} IGN Map of Pointe Géologie archipelago, site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments" 3152:. After operating successfully for two years, but with international tensions on the rise, it was considered wise to evacuate the two bases. 2657:

expedition of 1930–31. Negotiations with the British government in 1938 resulted in the western border of Queen Maud Land being set at 20°W.

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speculated, "Now since there must be a region bearing the same relation to the southern pole as the place we live in bears to our pole...".

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apology, saying that there had been a misunderstanding and that the Argentine military commander on the ground had exceeded his authority.

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successfully encouraged many whalers to explore the Southern regions of the world and laid the groundwork for the lecture given by Murray.

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showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America. Note also the proposed landmasses surrounding the

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Views of Débarquement Rock from north and south west, site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments

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until 1940. They then sailed north along the Antarctic Peninsula and reached the South Shetland Islands, where on 5 February 1821, near

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Order in Council Under the British Settlements Act, 1887 (50 & 51 Vict c 54), Providing for the Government of the Ross Dependency.

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and by extension potentially the entire continent of Antarctica) and to the East and West the borders were the ones specified in the

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from the Pole before having to turn back. During the expedition, Shackleton was the first to reach the polar plateau. Parties led by

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Instead of 20 January 1840, since Dumont d'Urville did not add one day on his diary when he passed the 180° meridian from the east,

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IV, for the purpose of training personnel and testing equipment in frigid conditions and amplifying existing stores of knowledge of

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Zarankin, Andrés; Senatore, María Ximena (2005). "Archaeology in Antarctica: Nineteenth-Century Capitalism Expansion Strategies".

2235:. En route, the team were also tasked with carrying out scientific research including seismic soundings and gravimetric readings. 11248: 10254: 8667: 5521: 3278: 3068:(...) until agreed, by mutual agreement, the line common neighborhood in Antarctic territories of Chile and Argentina, declared: 2201: 2193: 2172: 2003:

before they were able to land. The expedition members survived after a journey on sledges over pack ice, a prolonged drift on an

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Women faced legal barriers and sexism that prevented most from visiting Antarctica and doing research until the late 1960s. The

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In January 1942, Argentina declared its Antarctic rights between the meridians at 25° and 68° 24' W, which includes the area of

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in 1929 and claimed the island for Norway. On 6 March 1931, a Norwegian royal proclamation declared the island under Norwegian

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The first generally recognized sighting of the Antarctic continent was made at a point within 32 km (20 mi) of the

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Jr. and included 4,700 men, 13 ships, and multiple aircraft. The primary mission of Operation Highjump was to establish the

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on 13 February 1945, after a failed attempt to unload stores on 7 February 1944. Symbols of British sovereignty, including

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became trapped in the ice. They became stuck on 28 February 1898, and only managed to get out of the ice on 14 March 1899.

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Following on from that expedition, the specific impetus for the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration was a lecture given by

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but strong winds made it instead drift south and east. Northerly winds pushed the expedition as far south as 61°59 S where

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in 1956. Silvia Morella de Palma was the first woman to give birth in Antarctica, delivering 3.4 kg (7 lb 8 oz)

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every 26 kilometres (16 mi). Germany eventually attempted to claim the territory surveyed by Ritscher under the name

820:. There is speculation that the ship may have sunk near the South Shetland Islands, and even left survivors there. On the 816:

was lost in a storm in the Drake Passage. There were 644 people on board, including soldiers who were supposed to support

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on 7 January 1978, becoming the first baby born on the continent. He also was born farther south than anyone in history.

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The prize of the Heroic Age was to find and reach the South Pole. Two expeditions set off in 1910 to attain this goal; a

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Map of the Spanish governorate of Terra Australis (1539–1555); later it was incorporated into the Governorate of Chile.

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Photography of Débarquement Rock, site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments

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in the Antarctic and were concerned that they would be commercially excluded from the continent. The whale-ship owner

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were abundant before a southerly wind that begun on April 7 allowed the fleet to advance west. The small fleet led by

11005: 8027: 7150: 6999: 6704: 6409: 6366: 6278: 5984: 5461: 4694: 4600:"Pesquisas sobre el descubrimiento de la Antártida: tras la estela del Williams of Blyth y del San Telmo (1819-1821)" 4308: 3171: 2242: – which was to be Fuchs' final destination – on the opposite side of the continent at 1935: 1928: 1267:

In the late 19th century, New Zealand anthropologist Percy Smith proposed a theory about a Polynesian explorer named

7478: 5872: 5832: 5757: 5686: 5613: 5451: 5415: 4735:

M. R. A. Thomson (1977). "An Annotated Bibliography Of The Paleontology Of Lesser Antarctica And The Scotia Ridge".

4714: 3839:"On the improbability of pre-European Polynesian voyages to Antarctica: a response to Priscilla Wehi and colleagues" 2606:, who named it after his wife, Adèle. The British eventually decided to recognize this claim and the border between 696:, and he convinced himself that if land lay farther south it was practically inaccessible and of no economic value. 11083: 8386: 8300: 6775: 6342: 3522:

who were the first women to over-winter in Antarctica in 1947. The first woman scientist to work in Antarctica was

2493:). The new claim covered "all islands and territories whatsoever between the 20th degree of west longitude and the 2474: 2096: 2048: 1704:, and the (limited) use of motorised transport. Its southern march reached 88°23'S, a new Farthest South record 97 1383:

was the driving force behind the renewal of interest in Antarctic exploration at the beginning of the 20th century.

738:. On reaching Valparaiso, Smith reported his discovery of the islands and the abundance of seals there, to Captain 3027:

Following the end of the war in 1945, the British bases were handed over to civilian members of the newly created

734:

archipelago on 19 February 1819 but did not land on it. Smith was blown off course to the south while en route to

167:(also known as 'Ui Te Rangiora) and his crew explored Antarctic waters in the early seventh century on the vessel 11314: 11300: 11274: 11111: 9082: 8608: 8381: 8264: 8042: 7963: 6184: 3594: 3589: 3078: 2860: 684:

by him), the only ice-clad land he had seen, before crossing the South Atlantic to the Cape of Good Hope between

582:, a higher southern latitude than had ever been voluntarily entered before by any vessel. On 17 January 1773 the 10005: 11756: 11137: 11107: 9450: 9440: 9024: 8726: 8254: 7798:

The South Pole; an account of the Norwegian Antarctic expedition in the "Fram", 1910–12 — Volume 1 and Volume 2

7015: 6232: 3262: 3242: 3219: 3207: 2711: 2677: 2611: 2563: 2360: 2312: 1550:

began in 1898 and lasted for two years. This was the first expedition to overwinter on the Antarctic mainland (

359: 291: 10748: 6559: 2163:. Ronne covered 5,800 kilometres (3,600 mi) by ski and dog sled—more than any other explorer in history. 187:

scholars, who agree that 'it is very unlikely that Māori or other Polynesian voyaging reached the Antarctic'.

10910: 10420: 9553: 8505: 8244: 8206: 8017: 7258:

IceCube Collaboration (2013). "Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector".

3579: 2752:

This encroachment of foreign powers was a matter of immense disquiet to the nearby South American countries,

2707: 2466: 2336: 2144:

led five expeditions to Antarctica during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. He overflew the South Pole with pilot

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However, immediately after the war, American interest was rekindled with an explicitly geopolitical motive.

1513: 175:', but in some interpretations it may refer to snow or ice due to the lack of a word for these phenomena in 10819: 10705: 10548: 9594: 9055: 8823: 8155: 8085: 8032: 8005: 7048:

M. Barré, K. Rawer: "Quelques résultats d’observations ionosphériques effectuées près de la Terre Adélie".

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Antarctica and the Arctic: the complete encyclopedia, Volume 1, by David McGonigal, Lynn Woodworth, page 98

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These developments also concerned Norwegian whaling interests, who wished to avoid the British taxation of

2410: 1763: 1480: 1469: 1079: 471: 396: 7926: 6724: 3810: 3218:

Meanwhile, in an attempt at ending the impasse, on May 4, 1955, Britain submitted two applications to the

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struck an iceberg and sank, but all on board were rescued by nearby ships, including a passing Norwegian

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unilaterally establish their sovereignty with the erection of markers, national flags and other symbols.

2769: 2728: 2570: 2490: 1790: 1421: 1407: 1380: 1301: 743: 515: 5947: 4915: 4599: 4107: 840:. During the first season at the turn of 1820 and 1821, four sealing ships were wrecked on the islands. 11627: 10352: 10326: 10319: 9770: 9671: 9663: 9646: 9264: 8810: 8662: 8601: 8351: 8336: 8295: 8259: 7956: 7762: 7237: 4408: 3559: 3293: 3136:

The United States became politically interested in the Antarctic continent before and during WWII. The

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in 1903. It was there that the only instance of shots fired in anger on the Continent occurred in 1952.

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On January 14, 1939, Norway declared its territorial claims on Antarctic territory between 0° and 20° (

2779: 2481:

effectively. Commercial operators would hunt whales in areas outside of the official boundaries of the

2387: 2303: 1425: 825: 718: 227: 10059: 7889:. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2015. pp. 17–28. 3113:

warships were despatched in 1948 to prevent naval incursions and in 1952, an Argentine shore party at

3017: 2998: 2328: 11450: 11060: 10756: 10555: 10340: 10222: 10025: 9907: 9758: 9607: 9545: 9532: 9405: 9131: 8783: 8010: 7931: 7777: 6885: 6513: 5492: 3778: 3584: 2603: 2587: 2470: 2012: 1547: 1527: 1388: 1241: 1195: 1074: 7540: 6753: 5925: 5389: 3838: 3656:

Proposition de classement du rocher du débarquement dans le cadre des sites et monuments historiques

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was pivotal in establishing a cooperative international framework in Antarctica, and led on to the

3122: 3032: 2406: 1522: 1100: 812: 8902: 6797: 3439:, a Norwegian explorer, finished the first unassisted Antarctic solo crossing on 18 January 1997. 267:

to the south were an extension of this unknown southern land, and it appeared as such on a map by

11667: 11330: 10483: 10357: 10277: 9786: 9613: 8815: 8542: 8401: 8305: 8191: 7987: 7921: 7179: 6837: 5340:

First on the Antarctic continent: being an account of the British Antarctic expedition, 1898–1900

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Be careful, Here is Antarctica - the statistics and analysis of the grave accidents in Antarctica

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in January 1700, but that latitude (he reached 140 mi or 230 km off the north coast of

388: 352:

in 1603. Both of these potential discoveries had no consequences. Before the construction of the

7171: 6137: 3304: 2405:

Modern Spain has not claimed any Antarctic territory. It operates two summer research stations (

2262:

and Murray Ellis), were responsible for route-finding and laying a line of supply depots up the

1112: 11605: 11171: 9103: 8376: 8196: 6633: 6116: 5361: 5355: 5012: 4895: 3534: 3494: 2880:, either as a base or to hand them over to Argentina, thus gaining political advantage for the 2686: 2446: 2414: 1748: 1692:

from 1907 to 1909. The expedition's primary objective was of reaching the South Pole. Based in

1502: 1020: 1012:. Weddell found very favorable ice conditions there, which allowed him to set a record for the 739: 731: 341: 295: 172: 10438: 6955: 6949: 6320: 5727: 5634: 4560: 4522: 2277:

Hillary's party reached the South Pole on 3 January 1958, and was just the third (preceded by

1170:, a British naval officer, identified its approximate location, but was unable to reach it on 428: 11610: 11579: 11384: 11337: 11236: 11040: 10959: 10902: 10651: 10645: 10495: 10453: 10395: 9990: 9765: 9601: 9511: 9493: 9410: 9381: 9371: 9259: 9196: 8970: 8396: 8346: 8341: 8078: 8022: 8000: 6945: 6740: 6554: 4961: 4940: 4874: 4848: 4824: 4813: 4361: 3569: 3407: 3141: 2638: 2398: 2352: 1994: 1976: 1887: 1859: 1794: 1709: 1518: 1236:

First Russian Antarctic Expedition § Question of priority in the discovery of Antarctica

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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

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and supply ships. Also, in 1941, there existed a fear that Japan might attempt to seize the

2315:

by means of a royal decree, and ratified its existence by means of other subsequent decrees.

913:

returned to the Antarctic Circle the following summer, they continued eastward, discovering

854: 11464: 11456: 11399: 10987: 10851: 10777: 10769: 10569: 10509: 10468: 10081: 10072: 9943: 9938: 9842: 9706: 9463: 9425: 9032: 8802: 8770: 8714: 8694: 8581: 7635:"After a Struggle, Women Win A Place 'on the Ice'; In Labs and in the Field, a New Outlook" 7373: 7279: 5042:. London, The Royal Society: Notes and Records of the Royal Society London, Vol. 54, No. 1. 4744: 4426: 3900: 3651: 3149: 2984: 2946: 2927: 2903: 2893: 2872:

was known to use remote islands as rendezvous points and as shelters for commerce raiders,

2837: 2790: 2774: 2732: 2552: 2434: 2111: 2047:

Shackleton's last expedition and the one that brought the 'Heroic Age' to a close, was the

2022: 1904: 1782:, after the sinking of its expedition ship. It was rescued by the Argentinian naval vessel 1638: 1622: 1606: 1574: 1447: 1403: 1272: 998: 791: 363: 176: 10832: 9237: 9220: 6909:"Antártica sudamericana: Chile y Argentina una meta en común (Primera mitad del siglo XX)" 5570: 4982: 3945: 3289: 2453:, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean and on the Antarctic continent to the south of the 1092: 8: 11585: 11507: 10972: 10895: 10811: 10592: 10584: 10533: 10173: 10131: 9626: 9589: 9478: 9242: 9112: 8915: 8720: 8471: 8448: 8406: 8356: 8331: 8105: 8063: 6292: 3605: 3480: 3454: 3194:

continent, although this was publicly denied as a goal even before the expedition ended.

3082: 2817: 2765: 2555: 2548: 2499: 2454: 2282: 2141: 1883: 1851: 1802: 1732: 1717: 1610: 1581: 1567: 1163: 1159: 990: 971: 922: 713: 693: 689: 685: 665: 661: 634: 626: 622: 614: 610: 579: 575: 535: 498: 483: 459: 412: 349: 345: 337: 260: 131: 108: 9225: 7604:"Janet Thomson: An 'Improper Segregation of Scientists' at the British Antarctic Survey" 7377: 7283: 6241:: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales, Universidad de Chile; Editorial Universitaria. 4748: 4520: 3904: 3093: 2642: 130:

finally reached the Pole on 14 December 1911, following a dramatic race with the Briton

19: 11306: 11198: 11179: 10743: 10718: 10260: 10154: 10118: 10094: 9985: 9832: 9807: 9803: 9793: 9699: 9677: 9656: 9537: 9527: 9274: 9162: 9090: 8763: 8754: 8746: 8657: 8637: 8577: 8562: 8391: 7303: 7269: 6927: 6864: 6257: 4972:), site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments 4845:, site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments" 4503: 4191: 4061: 3916: 3858: 3784:

Hawaiki: the whence of the Maori, being an introduction to Rarotongan history: Part III

3511: 3507: 3443: 3359: 3156: 2959:

Bases were established during February near the abandoned Norwegian whaling station on

2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2559: 2537: 2494: 2462: 2458: 2356: 2340: 2308: 2016: 1484: 1476:

expedition, which departed in 1901, as the first proper expedition of the Heroic Age.)

1461: 1137: 1104: 918: 479: 256: 6386: 5972: 5515: 2889: 2760:. Taking advantage of a European continent plunged into turmoil with the onset of the 2290:, completing the first overland crossing of the continent by land via the South Pole. 466:) was his farthest south. A determined effort on the part of the French naval officer 235: 11678: 11484: 11478: 11434: 11419: 11348: 11320: 11228: 11165: 11075: 11047: 11027: 10965: 10873: 10837: 10711: 10678: 10671: 10624: 10606: 10523: 10272: 10141: 10089: 9995: 9948: 9876: 9865: 9577: 9567: 9559: 9455: 9445: 9356: 9351: 9334: 9300: 9167: 9154: 8975: 8881: 8839: 8834: 8624: 8566: 8537: 8453: 8326: 7995: 7890: 7872: 7864: 7846: 7832: 7817: 7802: 7295: 7260: 6995: 6959: 6850: 6846: 6700: 6671: 6482: 6458: 6405: 6370: 6362: 6283: 6238: 6060: 6032: 6024: 5980: 5795: 5457: 5365: 5304: 5264: 5234: 5199: 5137: 4986: 4690: 4619: 4566: 4528: 4495: 4304: 4229: 3920: 3862: 3519: 3365:

in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg.

3282: 3238: 3009: 2848: 2367: 2332: 2118:, arriving about 20 hours later on 16 April, touching along the way at Grant Land on 2110:'s flight across the Atlantic, Wilkins and Eielson made a trans-Arctic crossing from 2107: 2037: 1990: 1891: 1845: 1830: 1697: 1686: 1682: 1668: 1554:) and was the first to make use of dogs and sledges. It made the first ascent of The 1489: 1353: 1313: 1286: 1282:, who observed the Antarctic Peninsula in November of that year, was also revisited. 1088: 947: 773: 727: 503: 299: 246: 79:("Unknown Southern Land"), if it existed, was a continent in its own right. In 1773, 68: 7358: 7307: 5338: 4507: 2994: 2477:. The motivation for this declaration lay in the need for regulating and taxing the 1487:. In 1898, they became the first men to spend winter on Antarctica, when their ship 981:

Of the sealers, the most creditable for the exploration of the coast was captain of

180: 11695: 11427: 11119: 10999: 10825: 10798: 10738: 10613: 10543: 10528: 10267: 10196: 10191: 10165: 10160: 10042: 9965: 9918: 9685: 9505: 9470: 9366: 9361: 9295: 9209: 8991: 8983: 8869: 8789: 8741: 8731: 8704: 8443: 7381: 7287: 5218: 4756: 4752: 4611: 4487: 4320: 4051: 3908: 3850: 3731: 3618: 3281:, which completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica in 1958. In Japan, the 3187: 2960: 2942: 2934: 2902:

Finally, with British attention elsewhere, Argentina declared the establishment of

2877: 2761: 2622: 2526: 2518: 2482: 2426: 2371: 2348: 2119: 2100: 1946: 1899:

Amundsen succeeded in reaching the Pole on 14 December 1911 using a route from the

1771: 1744: 1736: 1535: 1433: 1309: 1279: 1223: 1219: 1167: 1096: 936: 926: 891: 645: 583: 547: 333: 303: 264: 104: 84: 4970:

Voyage au Pôle sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes "l'Astrolabe" et "la Zélée"

3854: 3736: 3719: 3436: 1961:. Major accomplishments were made in geology, glaciology and terrestrial biology. 1398:

ships travelled south to the Antarctic in search of whales instead of their usual

171:. Accounts name the area "Te tai-uka-a-pia",what does it literally mean 'Powdered 11685: 11632: 11617: 11523: 11518: 11442: 11407: 11343: 11242: 11157: 11124: 10856: 10639: 10631: 10600: 10516: 10476: 10230: 10186: 10126: 10050: 10020: 10015: 9975: 9953: 9901: 9837: 9827: 9778: 9500: 9485: 9338: 9307: 9269: 9019: 8947: 8941: 8864: 8829: 8689: 8571: 8427: 8211: 8186: 8112: 8068: 8058: 7938: 7434: 7157: 7117: 6989: 6694: 6349: 6330: 6163: 6144: 6052: 5974: 5119: 4978: 4770: 4451: 4330: 4288:

A Collection of Voyages Made to the Ocean Between Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope

4223: 3676: 3664: 3400: 3163: 3051: 2844: 2813: 2681: 2646: 2530: 2442: 2344: 2263: 2185: 2156: 2074: 2008: 1958: 1342: 1334: 1321: 1201: 1171: 1047: 879: 821: 567: 445:

was aware of La Roché's discovery when surveying and mapping the island in 1775.

408: 400: 373: 250: 199: 99: 61: 49: 10208: 6343:

http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/imperial/1923/0974/latest/DLM1195.html

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Tras las huellas del San Telmo: contexto, historia y arqueología en la Antártida

4265: 3117:(the British Base "D", established there in 1945, came up against the Argentine 3042:

Overlapping Argentine and Chilean Antarctic claims on Antarctica (1946–present).

2778:

principle inheriting the Spanish claims on Terra Australis that depended on the

2525:

The first step was taken on 30 July 1923, when the British government passed an

1993:

and set out to cross the continent via the South pole. However, their ship, the

1964: 787:. The second confirmed ship present in the South Shetlands at this time was the 11659: 11642: 11595: 11554: 11544: 11513: 11372: 11362: 11254: 11204: 11069: 11019: 10992: 10937: 10733: 10728: 10577: 10430: 10284: 10246: 10203: 10136: 10110: 10064: 10037: 10010: 9980: 9923: 9881: 9871: 9751: 9744: 9641: 9621: 9433: 9393: 9324: 9120: 9095: 9050: 9014: 9008: 9000: 8960: 8955: 8929: 8909: 8677: 8437: 8432: 8422: 8321: 8135: 7386: 6429: 3715: 3599: 3327:

as the first permanent structure directly over the South Pole in January 1957.

3145: 3118: 2843:

In response to this and earlier German explorations, the British Admiralty and

2665: 2627: 2514: 2430: 2320: 2278: 2216: 2181: 2088: 2079: 2041: 2033: 1950: 1939: 1873: 1841: 1818: 1814: 1747:

was sent to investigate eastern Antarctica in 1901. It discovered the coast of

1728: 1705: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1539: 1305: 1268: 1261: 1245: 1183: 1133: 1108: 1013: 914: 871: 648:. Turning south again, Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle for the third time at 377: 329: 317:

European geographers connected the coast of Tierra del Fuego with the coast of

164: 127: 91: 6230: 4491: 3912: 3308: 2866:

A suitable cover story was the need to deny use of the area to the enemy. The

2737: 2607: 2599: 2591: 1116: 783:

and Smith's navigator from the previous expedition, Joseph Herring, landed on

11750: 11732: 11719: 11622: 11564: 11559: 11549: 11499: 11494: 11470: 11414: 11291: 11285: 11280: 10879: 10790: 10783: 10538: 10333: 10312: 10180: 9958: 9928: 9896: 9891: 9728: 9634: 9517: 9312: 9125: 9075: 9068: 9060: 8965: 8874: 8709: 8366: 8160: 7447: 5112: 4623: 4499: 4018: 4005: 3543: 3523: 3503: 3467:

was completed. In 2013, it was reported that the observatory had detected 28

3426: 3378: 3270: 3226:

Law No. 11486 of June 17, 1955, added the Chilean Antarctic Territory to the

3106: 2988: 2805: 2797:. Bruce offered to transfer the station and instruments for the sum of 5.000 2786: 2650: 2506: 2438: 2393: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2251: 2243: 2145: 2092: 1954: 1900: 1826: 1822: 1775: 1693: 1664: 1656: 1634: 1599: 1589: 1585: 1411: 1338: 1257: 1067: 1005: 668:

to Tierra del Fuego; then, passing Cape Horn on 29 December, he rediscovered

571: 554:

in 1769. The command of the expedition was given by the admiralty to Captain

543: 475: 463: 448: 369: 57: 30: 7665: 7291: 6835: 6798:"Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge » Picture Library catalogue" 2594:

in 1840. This served as a basis for the French claim to this region in 1924.

1759:

became trapped in ice, however, which prevented more extensive exploration.

313:

Map from 1771, showing "Terres Australes" label without any charted landmass

11653: 11647: 11259: 11223: 11089: 10916: 10866: 10805: 10659: 10347: 10298: 10148: 9970: 9933: 9913: 9854: 9388: 9376: 9319: 9247: 9148: 9045: 9039: 8936: 8924: 8797: 8775: 8699: 8652: 7299: 6479:"Lov om Bouvet-øya, Peter I's øy og Dronning Maud Land m.m. (bilandsloven)" 5196:

Scott of the Antarctic: A Life of Courage, and Tragedy in the Extreme South

4985:

more than 7 nautical miles southward (about 14 km), near the tongue of the

3753:"Antarctica was likely discovered 1 100 years before Westerners 'found' it" 3546:

in 1983 who described the ban on women as a "rather improper segregation."

3527: 3515: 3411: 3389: 3382: 3339: 3274: 3250: 3035:) the first such national scientific body to be established in Antarctica. 2968: 2868: 2741: 2700: 2673: 2582: 2544: 2212: 2053: 1972: 1756: 1713: 1626: 1191: 1051: 1031: 946:

Meanwhile, on 30 January 1820, Edward Bransfield and William Smith sighted

931: 780: 756:

on 16 October and claimed the new territories for Britain. On 24 November,

539: 452: 353: 25: 6176: 6138:

Historic Names — Norwegian-American Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica

6008: 4903:, Paris, Gide éditeur, 1842–1846, tome 8, p. 149-152, site of Gallica, BNF 3081:, as does the United Kingdom. All three nations claim the totality of the 2748:

as the first permanent base in Antarctica. It was later sold to Argentina.

2204:

successfully completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica, via the

1387:

An important precursor to the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration was the

184: 11690: 11590: 11538: 11356: 11143: 10931: 10306: 10238: 10000: 9859: 9822: 9722: 9714: 9522: 8858: 8170: 8150: 8037: 6668:"Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la Republica Argentina" 5868: 5828: 5753: 5682: 5609: 5453:

Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events

5411: 4710: 3450: 3415: 3316: 3286: 3183: 3175: 2980: 2972: 2881: 2631: 2529:

under the British Settlements Act 1887, defining the new borders for the

2450: 2160: 2134: 2115: 2000: 1878: 1806: 1798: 1779: 1767: 1642: 1630: 1152: 1144: 1103:

of the time, today about 4 km north from the glacier extremity near

1071: 1035: 1009: 761: 644:

served to show that there was no land connection between New Zealand and

384: 156: 112: 7842:

Hoosh: roast penguin, scurvy day, and other stories of Antarctic cuisine

6549: 4981:, enlarge to find the position number 38 of the ships before landing on 4615: 4065: 4056: 4039: 1969:

As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed

1652: 1402:

route. The expedition was accompanied by several naturalists (including

11489: 11392: 11376: 11218: 11151: 11052: 10461: 10410: 10370: 9692: 9418: 9346: 9288: 8681: 8649: 8497: 8227: 8100: 7979: 7882: 5635:"Scotland and the Antarctic, Section 3: Scott, Shackleton and Amundsen" 5156:

Barczewski, pp. 19–20. (Barczewski mentions a figure of 14 expeditions)

5134:

Polar Castaways: The Ross Sea Party of Sir Ernest Shackleton, 1914–1917

3490: 3429:

led a response to this convention that resulted in the adoption of the

3354: 3320: 3110: 2964: 2716: 2696: 2660: 2287: 2255: 2239: 2225: 2205: 2189: 2152: 1701: 1675: 1660: 1646: 1551: 1531: 1498: 1451: 1439: 890:. The discovery was described with the problematic term "materyi led" ( 765: 735: 555: 534:

The obsession of the undiscovered continent culminated in the brain of

524: 442: 318: 309: 213: 119: 80: 7172:"ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 ZK-NZP Mount Erebus" 3889:"A southern Māori perspective on stories of Polynesian polar voyaging" 2863:

about the direction of United States post-war activity in the region.

2536:

The Order in Council then went on to appoint the Governor-General and

458:

for magnetic investigations in the South Atlantic met the pack ice in

179:. However, this interpretation of the original account is disputed by 11011: 9848: 9400: 9183: 8140: 7812: 7510:"This IEEE Fellow Blazed a Trail for Female Scientists in Antarctica" 3422: 3319:

spent nine months of 1949/50 at the coast of Adelie Land, performing

3191: 3167: 3130: 2856: 2851:

in 1943 to reassert British territorial claims against Argentine and

2753: 2602:

lay on the discovery of the coastline in 1840 by the French explorer

2378: 2129:, Wilkins returned to the South Pole and flew over Antarctica in the 2026: 2004: 1752: 1685:, who had been a member of Scott's expedition, organized and led the 1457: 1187: 1039: 799: 652:

before his progress was once again blocked by ice four days later at

602: 494: 220: 160: 72: 8593: 7827: 7797: 6428:. Australian Government - Australian Arctic Division. Archived from 3072:

indisputable sovereign rights are recognized by Chile and Argentina.

1229: 1162:

was located in 1831, explorers and scientists began looking for the

993:, located between 55 and 80 degrees west. Along with English sealer 586:

was crossed for the first time in history and the two ships reached

204: 10943: 8165: 7813:

The Worst Journey in the World, Volumes 1 and 2 Antarctic 1910–1913

7479:"New Knowledge Project Champions Women Scientists in the Antarctic" 6719: 4040:"Review of OF MAPS AND MEN: THE MYSTERIOUS DISCOVERY OF ANTARCTICA" 3787:. The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Volume 8. pp. 10–11. 3602:, a Polynesian navigator who may have reached or sighted Antarctica 3468: 3393: 3343: 3114: 3098: 2976: 2892:. On September 2, 1946, Decree No. 8944 set new boundaries for the 2692: 2547:. In 1933, a British imperial order transferred territory south of 2247: 1923: 1375: 1316:, and others in 1821.' This raised questions about the Russian and 1297: 1253: 340:

observed mountainous land at latitude (64°). If so, these were the

268: 209: 7274: 6387:

C2004C00416 / Australian Antarctic Territory Acceptance Act 1933

4841:"{{in lang|fr}} The Dumoulin islands and Débarquement Rock in the 4427:"List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)" 2824: 2485:

and its dependencies and there was a need to close this loophole.

1304:, presented a report stating that Russian sailors had 'discovered 48:

emerges from early Western theories of a vast continent, known as

11570: 10950: 9215: 9191: 9179: 7328:. In Hince, Bernadette; Summerson, Rupert; Wiesel, Arnan (eds.). 4521:

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España) (1987).

3179: 3047: 2618: 2513:, Britain attempted to incorporate the entire continent into the 2478: 2232: 2221: 1395: 1182:, he braved the pack ice and approached what is now known as the 752:

In October 1819, Smith revisited the South Shetlands, landing on

699: 497:

in search of "a very large continent." He lighted upon a land in

404: 239: 231: 9737: 7545:

Origins Antarctica: Scientific Journeys from McMurdo to the Pole

7095: 6951:

Where Hell Freezes Over: A Story of Amazing Bravery and Survival

3296:

was built as the first Japanese observation base on Antarctica.

2828:

Commemorative stamp of the Chilean Antarctic declaration of 1940

1766:, operating at the same time worked in the east coastal area of 1595: 704: 415:

disproving earlier beliefs that it was part of Terra Australis.

275:("Southern land recently discovered but not yet fully known"). 9816: 9141: 7576: 6906: 5973:

National Research Council (U.S.), Polar Research Board (1986).

5728:"Scotland and the Antarctic, Section II: Antarctic Exploration" 2873: 1399: 1392: 902: 609:

by 95° E and continued eastward nearly on the parallel of

551: 147: 7014: 6177:"Friends of Ferguson Heritage- The Worst Journey in the World" 3714: 3054:, both of which claim to be the southernmost cities in World. 2032:

A related component of the Trans-Antarctic Expedition was the

1446:

of science". The Congress had been addressed by the Norwegian

1424:

entitled "The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration", given to the

9202: 7948: 7907:

Early Antarctic Adventures (State Library of New South Wales)

7840: 7205:"Bob Hawke: There is not one outstanding leader in the world" 5951: 5051: 5049: 3403: 3369: 2852: 2757: 2699:, but lost any claim to the land following its defeat in the 2382: 2258:(abandoned part-way), Hillary and his three men (Ron Balham, 1854:

and his team on their ill-fated expedition to the South Pole.

828:

stands a plaque commemorating the sinking of the San Telmo.

794:. The Americans learned of the new land from the crew of the 574:, then sailed for 20 degrees of longitude to the westward in 470:

to discover the "South Land" – described by a half legendary

7932:

Working-Class 'Hero' after two decades of polar exploration.

7861:

Mapping Antarctica: A Five Hundred Year Record of Discovery.

7428:"Women in Antarctica: Sharing this Life-Changing Experience" 5219:

American Association for the Advancement of Science (1887).

4333:. Volume II. London: Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell. ( 3431:

Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

3381:

went missing during the course of his routine research near

3144:, was to establish two bases: East Base, in the vicinity of 2855:

incursion and establish a permanent British presence in the

2816:). This alarmed the Chilean government, which led President 1558:, (The Great Ice Barrier later became formally known as the 520: 348:

claimed to have sighted "snow-covered mountains" beyond the

52:, believed to exist in the far south of the globe. The term 18:

For the natural history of the continent of Antarctica, see

7233: 4673:

Below the Convergence: Voyages Toward Antarctica, 1699–1839

4087: 2906:

in 1943, claiming territory that overlapped with British (

2798: 2782:. In the 20th Century these areas were claimed by Britain. 2634:

and on 23 March 1933 the island was declared a dependency.

1317: 493:

sailed from France with instructions to proceed south from

190: 7357:

Hulbe, Christina L.; Wang, Weili; Ommanney, Simon (2010).

6883: 6665: 6279:"El Tratado Antártico, vehículo de paz en un campo minado" 5571:"Scotland and the Antarctic, Section 5: The Voyage of the 5046: 4382: 3202: 2122:. For this feat and his prior work, Wilkins was knighted. 1566:

record at 78°30'S. It also calculated the location of the

1119:

The map of the coast drawn under sail by the hydrographer

431:

in 1675 was the first ever discovery of land south of the

7572:"Meet the All-Women Team heading to Antarctica This Year" 6886:"Negociaciones antárticas de Chile en un mundo cambiante" 5068: 4130: 4128: 3245:

Conference in an attempt to resolve the claiming issues.

1008:, a British sealer, sailed into what is now known as the 862:

was one of the first to spot the continent of Antarctica.

843: 788: 435:. Soon after the voyage cartographers started to depict ' 273:

Terra australis recenter inventa sed nondum plene cognita

6696:

At the Ends of the Earth: A History of the Polar Regions

5167:

Independent & Individualist: Art in Dundee 1867–1924

1296:

remained largely forgotten until 10 February 1949, when

779:

Before Bransfield's expedition reached its destination,

10407: 7421: 7122:

Bulletin of the United States Antarctic Projects Office

6836:

Pablo Rodríguez Márquez; Mario L. Puig Morales (2007).

6231:

Francisco Orrego Vicuña; Augusto Salinas Araya (1977).

5087: 3575:

History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

2832:

The Chilean commission set the bounds according to the

2061:

completed a shortened programme before returning home.

1584:. It made the first ascent of the Western Mountains in 1147:, a section of the continent around 120 degrees East. 831:

It is believed that William Smith found the remains of

6914:(in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Universidad de Chile. 6402:

From Venus to Antarctica: The Life of Dumont D'Urville

5296: 5256: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4788: 4225:

Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500–1750

4125: 1328: 7828:

South: the story of Shackleton's 1914–1917 expedition

7697:"Women Fully Integrated Into USAP Over Last 40 Years" 7257: 7063:"South Pole's first building blown up after 53 years" 6010:

South: The Story of Shackleton's 1914–1917 Expedition

5520:. Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition. 4565:(in Spanish). Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. 3514:

who set foot on an island of Antarctica in 1935, and

3121:, est. 1952) fired a machine gun over the heads of a 2859:. The move was also motivated by concerns within the 1352:

began at the end of the 19th century and closed with

562:, a vessel of 462 tons under his own command and the 418: 298:, who in 1540 transferred the title to the conqueror 7128:(6). U.S. Antarctic Projects Office: 2. April 1965. 6083:. Potomac Books Inc., Dulles, Virginia. 2007. p. 35. 6081:

Drift Station: Arctic outposts of superpower science

5336: 4597: 3658:, Antarctic Treaty Consultative meeting 2006, note 4 1641:

and was the first permanent base in Antarctica. The

1580:

was then launched, from 1901 to 1904 and was led by

1130:

is remarkably accurate given the means of the time.

950:, the northernmost point of the Antarctic mainland. 764:. At the beginning of the following year, 1820, the 601:, of the discovery of which he had received news at 411:

managed to enter the Pacific Ocean sailing south of

399:

of 1643 intended to round Cape Horn sailing through

7883:

General Geography and History of Livingston Island.

7330:

Antarctica: Music, Sounds, and Cultural Connections

7118:"Scientist Missing from Byrd Station Presumed Dead" 6031:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 193–197. 4996: 3497:, Eileen McSaveney, Kay Lindsay and Terry Tickhill. 2645:named the continental land mass near the island as 2425:The United Kingdom reasserted sovereignty over the 1723: 1649:was discovered, defining the sea's eastern limits. 1252:and was supposed to involve distant observation of 578:, and then 30° eastward for the most part south of 8286:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs 7727: 6926: 5386:"Mountaineering and Polar Collection – Antarctica" 5183:. London: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1. 4552: 3197: 2719:were to be incorporated into Norwegian territory. 2684:, to fly over as much of it as possible. The ship 1530:. The hut (HSM 22) still stands and is located on 1501:within the Antarctic Circle, and they visited the 1278:By the early 20th century, the 1820 expedition of 366:) and those he would discover "even to the Pole". 230:began in 1418 to encourage the penetration of the 7838: 7356: 6768:"British Research Stations and Refuges - History" 6713: 5659:Riffenburgh, pp. 309–12 (summary of achievements) 5430: 4350:(Edinburgh, Scotland), 25 June 1821; Issue 15571. 3815:. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited. pp. 116–117. 3257:An important impetus toward the formation of the 2540:of New Zealand as the Governor of the territory. 2366:De la Hoz transferred the title to the conqueror 1805:. A section of the coast was explored, and named 1230:History of recognition of priority of discoveries 921:, although the latter was considered part of the 798:, Joseph Herring's ship, during a landing in the 11748: 5122:. Antarctic-circle.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-29. 5060:sfn error: no target: CITEREFБеллинсгаузен2008 ( 4734: 4477: 4105: 3530:at the Argentine Esperanza base 7 January 1978. 3373:Air New Zealand Flight 901 crashes on Mt. Erebus 2967:was hoisted in place of Argentine flags, and at 2653:. The territory was explored further during the 1938:took place between 1911–1914 and was led by Sir 1645:was penetrated to 74°01'S, and the coastline of 1333:The first documented landing on the mainland of 1174:from 1839 to 1843. Commanding the British ships 126:". Many resulted in injury and death. Norwegian 7845:. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press. 7359:"Women in Glaciology, a Historical Perspective" 7020:"Contentious Cases: Antarctica (United Kingdom 6692: 6333:, Francesco Francioni and Tullio Scovazzi, 1996 6059:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 684. 5898:Amundsen, Vol I pp. 184–95; Vol II, pp. 120–134 5412:"Antarctic Explorers – Adrien de Gerlache" 4480:International Journal of Historical Archaeology 2370:in 1540. In 1555 the claim was incorporated to 7666:"Women Who Conquer the South Pole (continued)" 7323:"Frozen Voices: Women, Silence and Antarctica" 7050:Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 6276: 6147:. Traverse.npolar.no. Retrieved on 2012-01-29. 5449: 5388:. National Library of Scotland. Archived from 4558: 3720:"A short scan of Māori journeys to Antarctica" 2465:". All these territories were administered as 700:Discovery of the South Shetland Islands (1819) 8609: 8513: 7964: 6907:Rodrigo José Santibáñez Lehuedé (June 2021). 5252: 5250: 5136:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 5079:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTammiksaar2016 ( 5055: 4088:Pinochet de la Barra, Óscar (November 1944). 2840:in consideration of the rights of Argentina. 2722: 2339:, explicitly included all lands south of the 2040:. Its objective was to lay depots across the 1999:, was trapped and crushed by pack ice in the 1194:, the most active volcano on Antarctica, and 155:Some authors have suggested that a figure in 6262:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6166:. History.navy.mil. Retrieved on 2012-01-29. 5772: 5514:"Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (1864–1934)". 5033: 5031: 5029: 4514: 4393:sfn error: no target: CITEREFStackpole1955 ( 4138:(in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia. 4027:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3750: 2091:first visited Antarctica in 1921–1922 as an 1508: 716:was documented by captain of the cargo ship 7859:Robert Clancy, John Manning, Henk Brolsma: 7088:"ATS - Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty" 6987: 6270: 6023: 5456:. Cambridge University Press. p. 221. 5360:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 5131: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4101: 4099: 3843:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 3724:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 3710: 3708: 3706: 3232:Region of Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica 3109:states continued into the post war period. 2327:(governorship) granted to the conquistador 478:in 54°10′ S, and in the navigation of 142: 118:Several expeditions attempted to reach the 75:in the 15th and 16th centuries proved that 8616: 8602: 8520: 8506: 7971: 7957: 7541:"A Warmer Climate for Women in Antarctica" 7320: 6933:. New York: American Geographical Society. 6869:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6316: 6314: 6006: 5950:. National Maritime Museum. Archived from 5491:. Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from 5290: 5247: 5074: 4799:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAlberts1995 ( 3669: 3471:that originated outside the Solar system, 3138:United States Antarctic Service Expedition 2025:to raise the alarm at the whaling station 1244:was usually considered, while in America, 7887:Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis 7385: 7273: 6983: 6981: 6954:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 6579: 6577: 5788:Mills, William James (11 December 2003). 5517:Borchgrevink, Carsten Egeberg (1864–1934) 5098:sfn error: no target: CITEREFБалкли2013 ( 5026: 5011:. Quark Expeditions. 2004. Archived from 4388: 4359: 4228:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 88. 4055: 3992: 3990: 3735: 2511:Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies 1836: 1143:in 1840, discovered what is now known as 1099:, at 500–600 m from the icy coast of the 1057: 898:) which can be translated as "hard ice". 594:, where their course was stopped by ice. 33:'s second expedition, depicting the brig 11674:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 8527: 7663: 7052:volume 1, issue 5–6 (1951), pp. 311–314. 6991:The Antarctic: A Very Short Introduction 6924: 6661: 6659: 6051: 5924:. Norwegian Embassy (UK). Archived from 5221:The Exploration of the Antarctic Regions 4604:Magallánica: Revista de historia moderna 4190: 4179: 4096: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3886: 3836: 3703: 3484: 3385:, Antarctica. His body was never found. 3368: 3353: 3201: 3092: 3088: 3037: 3022:Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme 3016:in 1947–48, where the Chilean president 3003:Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme 2993: 2823: 2736: 2659: 2581: 2577: 2302: 2176: 2103:began exploring the Arctic by aircraft. 2073: 1963: 1922: 1840: 1727: 1651: 1594: 1512: 1456: 1374: 1200: 989:were the second in history to sight the 853: 772:and dispatched with her with Lieutenant 703: 519: 308: 277: 203: 146: 24: 11249:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 6634:"Forutsetninger for Antarktistraktaten" 6583: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6481:(in Norwegian). Lovdata. Archived from 6448: 6446: 6418: 6399: 6311: 5730:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society. 4794: 4675:, Penguin Books, New York, 1998. p. 181 4366:. New Zealand: Antarctica. p. 23. 4108:"El conjurado que gobernó la Antártida" 3292:as the South Pole observation ship and 3279:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 2937:. The expedition was led by Lieutenant 2202:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 2194:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 2173:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 2007:, and a voyage in three small boats to 1077:. After reaching the Antarctic Circle, 997:, Palmer also co-discovered the nearby 810:On September 2, 1819, the Spanish ship 597:Cook then turned northward to look for 509: 122:in the early 20th century, during the " 11749: 7725: 7694: 7569: 7414: 7412: 6978: 6943: 6574: 6457:. Oslo: Schibsted Forlag. p. 52. 6404:. Auckland: Exisle Publ. p. 209. 6299:from the original on 20 September 2021 5976:Antarctic Treaty System: An assessment 5551:Crane, p. 253 (map); pp. 294–95 (maps) 5198:. London: Harper Collins. p. 75. 5178: 5093: 4737:N.Z. Journal of Geology and Geophysics 4684: 4142:from the original on 20 September 2022 3474: 2795:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition 2746:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition 2319:According to Argentina and Chile, the 2238:In parallel Hillary's team had set up 2064: 1918: 1619:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition 1389:Dundee Antarctic Expedition of 1892-93 964: 953: 844:First sighting of the continent (1820) 468:Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier 10393: 8635: 8623: 8597: 8501: 7952: 7707:from the original on 24 February 2018 7676:from the original on 12 December 2019 7551:from the original on 5 September 2017 7507: 7476: 7397:from the original on 10 November 2018 6839:Chile y sus intereses en la Antártica 6656: 6626: 6586:"Annekteringen av Dronning Maud Land" 6547: 6452: 5875:from the original on 11 February 2012 5787: 5781: 5353: 5223:. New York: Science, Vol. 9, No. 223. 5193: 4771:"Hero: A New Antarctic Research Ship" 4598:Cazenave de la Roche, Arnaud (2019). 4264:. Colonial Voyage.com. Archived from 4072: 3967: 3808: 3777: 3759:from the original on 27 December 2021 3159:, from 1946 to 1947 was organized by 2377:This grant established, according to 2211:It was headed by British explorer Dr 1915:was later named after these two men. 1468:The Heroic Age was inaugurated by an 1271:, who may have reached Antarctica or 328:In 1599, according to the account of 263:in 1520, assumed that the islands of 8477: 7657: 7632: 7626: 7501: 7458:from the original on 8 February 2006 7065:. OurAmazingPlanet.com. 2011-03-31. 6532: 6497: 6443: 6277:Prieto Larrain, M. Cristina (2004). 5948:"Explorer and leader: Captain Scott" 5760:from the original on 25 October 2015 5181:The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration 5037: 4456:(PGCert). University of Canterbury. 4432:. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012 4419: 4253: 4221: 4037: 4009: 3771: 3377:In May 1965, the American physicist 3230:, which on July 12, 1974 became the 3148:, and West Base, in the vicinity of 3029:Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey 2543:In 1930, the United Kingdom claimed 2293: 2166: 2106:On 15 April 1928, only a year after 2051:from 1921 to 1922 on board the ship 137: 11035:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 9232:Norse colonization of North America 7703:. United States Antarctic Program. 7688: 7633:Dean, Cornelia (10 November 1998). 7570:Brueck, Hilary (13 February 2016). 7563: 7489:from the original on 17 August 2016 7470: 7440: 7409: 7332:. Canberra: ANU Press. p. 90. 6946:"Operation Highjump: Task Force 68" 6884:Óscar Pinochet de la Barra (1987). 6725:"Fija Territorio Chileno Antártico" 6721:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Chile) 6562:from the original on 9 October 2011 6092: 5966: 5725: 5150: 5040:The Royal Society and the Antarctic 4449: 3565:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 3418:, killing all 257 people on board. 3336:military activity on that continent 1987:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1358:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1350:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 1329:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 1066:The first to set off in 1837 was a 599:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 124:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 56:, referring to the opposite of the 13: 10564:United States Exploring Expedition 7756: 7695:Rejcek, Peter (13 November 2009). 7584:from the original on 11 April 2019 7538: 7169: 6699:. Island Press. pp. 124–130. 6666:Escude, Carlos; Cisneros, Andres. 6209:(in Spanish). Biografía de Chile. 6187:from the original on 22 March 2018 5979:. National Academies. p. 96. 5835:from the original on 19 April 2012 5734:from the original on 5 August 2012 5689:from the original on 14 April 2012 5641:from the original on 14 March 2012 5009:"ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION—CHRONOLOGY" 4164:(in Spanish). Biografía de Chile. 3269:in 1956 by an expedition from the 3129:. The Argentines later extended a 3014:First Chilean Antarctic Expedition 2884:and denying their use to Britain. 2649:, named after the Norwegian queen 2359:, respectively, thus creating the 2011:. Then Shackleton and five others 1464:, leader of the Belgian expedition 1367:were launched from ten countries. 1294:first Russian Antarctic Expedition 876:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen 860:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen 850:First Russian Antarctic Expedition 570:, Cook first searched in vain for 419:South of the Antarctic Convergence 96:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen 20:Antarctica § Geologic history 14: 11768: 11638:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 11006:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 7900: 7776:. 8 November 2012. Archived from 7740:from the original on 30 June 2023 7664:Satchell, Michael (5 June 1983). 7132:from the original on 30 June 2023 6929:Americans in Antarctica 1775–1948 6644:from the original on 20 July 2011 6115:. 28 January 1980. Archived from 6007:Shackleton, Ernest Henry (1919). 5808:from the original on 30 June 2023 5581:from the original on 1 March 2012 5418:from the original on 5 March 2012 5317:from the original on 30 June 2023 5277:from the original on 30 June 2023 4579:from the original on 30 June 2023 3349: 3342:agreement established during the 3325:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 3125:team unloading supplies from the 3105:Friction between Britain and the 2971:(on February 11) on the coast of 2420: 2298: 1936:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1929:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1913:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 1745:First German Antarctic Expedition 1737:First German Antarctic Expedition 1538:Borchgrevnik participated in the 1121:Clément Adrien Vincendon-Dumoulin 11532:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 10925:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 8476: 8467: 8466: 8226: 7719: 7645:from the original on 10 May 2017 7596: 7532: 7350: 7314: 7251: 7226: 7197: 7163: 7144: 7110: 7080: 7055: 7042: 7008: 6937: 6918: 6900: 6890:Revista Estudios Internacionales 6877: 6829: 6820: 6808:from the original on 6 July 2015 6790: 6760: 6686: 6617: 6608: 6471: 6393: 6379: 6355: 6336: 6322:International law for Antarctica 6224: 6199: 6169: 6150: 6131: 6101: 6086: 5524:from the original on 27 May 2012 5300:First on the Antarctic Continent 5260:First on the Antarctic Continent 5113:Antarctic Circle—Antarctic First 4259: 3997: 3682: 3612: 3059:"Antártida Americana" in Spanish 2975:. A further base was founded at 2926:In 1943, British personnel from 2768:declared the establishment of a 2664:Norwegian expedition landing on 2614:was fixed definitively in 1938. 2475:Governor of the Falkland Islands 2159:, named by Ronne after his wife 1872:led by Norwegian Polar explorer 1864:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 1793:in 1903 under the leadership of 1724:Expeditions from other countries 1517:The first base on Antarctica of 1379:The Canadian-born oceanographer 985:, Nathaniel Palmer. The crew of 939:, previously second mate of the 7614:from the original on 3 May 2017 7508:Davis, Amanda (14 April 2016). 7477:Bogle, Ariel (11 August 2016). 7339:from the original on 2018-06-02 7240:from the original on 2015-01-12 7215:from the original on 2016-07-21 7186:from the original on 2019-04-24 7069:from the original on 2020-06-05 6245:from the original on 2022-08-19 6213:from the original on 2022-08-19 6073: 6045: 6017: 6000: 5940: 5914: 5901: 5892: 5861: 5852: 5821: 5746: 5719: 5710: 5701: 5683:"Erich von Drygalski 1865–1949" 5675: 5662: 5653: 5627: 5616:from the original on 2019-05-19 5602: 5593: 5563: 5554: 5545: 5536: 5507: 5481: 5470:from the original on 2023-06-30 5443: 5404: 5378: 5347: 5330: 5297:Borchgrevink, Carstens (1901). 5257:Borchgrevink, Carstens (1901). 5227: 5212: 5187: 5172: 5159: 5125: 5106: 4955: 4929: 4916:"Catalogue des cartes en ligne" 4908: 4889: 4863: 4833: 4818: 4807: 4777:from the original on 2017-05-28 4763: 4728: 4717:from the original on 2017-04-20 4703: 4678: 4665: 4641: 4630:from the original on 2020-08-06 4591: 4559:Martín-Cancela (9 March 2018). 4541:from the original on 2023-06-30 4471: 4460:from the original on 2023-06-30 4443: 4401: 4373: 4353: 4340: 4313: 4293: 4280: 4242:from the original on 2023-06-30 4215: 4204:from the original on 2019-07-27 4168:from the original on 2022-08-19 4154: 4114:from the original on 2022-09-20 3956:from the original on 2015-06-27 3927:from the original on 2021-12-26 3869:from the original on 2021-10-17 3819:from the original on 2021-09-02 3791:from the original on 2020-02-01 3644: 3630: 3595:Timeline of women in Antarctica 3590:Research stations in Antarctica 3198:Towards an international treaty 3079:research stations in Antarctica 3077:Currently, both countries have 3012:provoked Chile to organize its 2956:, on Saturday 29 January 1944. 2897:the territory claimed by Chile. 2712:Australian Antarctic Dependency 2676:, which in 1938 dispatched the 2672:Norway's claim was disputed by 2500:58th parallel of south latitude 2455:50th parallel of south latitude 2311:authorized the creation of the 2099:. From 1927, Wilkins and pilot 2021:and made the first crossing of 1809:after the President of France. 1712:also became the first to climb 1696:, the expedition pioneered the 1678:at their southernmost position. 1205:Map of exploration routes, 1911 1111:. Dumont named the archipelago 1038:in February 1831, discovery of 474:– resulted in the discovery of 7978: 7234:"IceCube Neutrino Observatory" 7016:International Court of Justice 6592:(in Norwegian). Archived from 4757:10.1080/00288306.1977.10420686 4303:, Cambridge University Press. 4286:Dalrymple, Alexander. (1771). 4106:Calamari, Andrea (June 2022). 4031: 3938: 3880: 3830: 3802: 3744: 3323:soundings. The US erected the 3263:International Geophysical Year 3243:International Geophysical Year 3220:International Court of Justice 3208:International Geophysical Year 2612:Australian Antarctic Territory 2564:Australian Antarctic Territory 2463:80th degrees of west longitude 2361:Governorate of Terra Australis 2323:had claims on Antarctica. The 2313:Governorate of Terra Australis 870:on 27 or 28 January 1820. The 504:was ultimately named after him 482:of ice-cumbered sea nearly in 302:and later was incorporated to 292:Governorate of Terra Australis 208:In 1570, a rudimentary map by 1: 10911:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 10846:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 10394: 7670:The San Bernardino County Sun 6925:Bertrand, Kenneth J. (1971). 5754:"Otto Nordenskiöld 1869–1928" 5337:Carsten Borchgrevink (1901). 5132:Harrowfield, Richard (2004). 4830:, length 244 m, height 18.7 m 4649:"The Discovery of Antarctica" 3855:10.1080/03036758.2021.1973517 3751:Laura Geggel (15 June 2021). 3737:10.1080/03036758.2021.1917633 3696: 3580:List of Antarctic expeditions 3493:are Pam Young, Jean Pearson, 3237:In 1958, the U.S. president, 2952:(a minesweeping trawler) and 2933:removed Argentine flags from 2708:Falkland Islands Dependencies 2569:Following the passing of the 2495:50th degree of west longitude 2467:Falkland Islands Dependencies 1903:to the polar plateau via the 960:List of Antarctic expeditions 439:', honouring the discoverer. 11268:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 11084:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 10890:French Antarctic Expeditions 10820:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 10706:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 8824:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 6670:(in Spanish). Archived from 4299:Headland, Robert K. (1984). 3570:History of Livingston Island 3465:IceCube Neutrino Observatory 3283:Japan Maritime Safety Agency 2125:With financial backing from 2097:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 2049:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 1764:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1481:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 1285:At the 1925 the priority of 805: 760:was back at Valparaiso from 712:The first land south of the 538:, the brilliant and erratic 397:Dutch expedition to Valdivia 286:In 1539, the King of Spain, 7: 10353:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 10032:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 8897:Andrée's balloon expedition 7684:– via Newspapers.com. 6994:. Oxford University Press. 6426:"A Brief History of Mawson" 6109:"Milestones, Jan. 28, 1980" 5637:. Glasgow Digital Library. 5577:. Glasgow Digital Library. 4773:. PalmerStation.com. 1968. 4687:Amazing Antarctica Resource 4301:The Island of South Georgia 4010:Mill, Hugh Robert (1911). " 3553: 3550:researching in Antarctica. 3338:. The treaty was the first 3020:personally inaugurated the 2914:) and the earlier Chilean ( 2770:Chilean Antarctic Territory 2729:Chilean Antarctic Territory 2678:German Antarctic Expedition 2637:The 1929 expedition led by 2491:British Antarctic Territory 1408:William Gordon Burn Murdoch 1302:Soviet Geographical Society 714:parallel 60° south latitude 558:. Sailing in 1772 with the 516:Second voyage of James Cook 10: 11773: 9554:Franklin's lost expedition 9254:Christian IV's expeditions 8636: 7922:Surveying Antarctica, 1957 7839:Anthony, Jason C. (2012). 7763:Bibliography of Antarctica 7760: 7387:10.3189/002214311796406202 7321:Blackadder, Jesse (2015). 6453:Kyvik, Helga, ed. (2008). 6234:Desarrollo de la Antártica 5489:"The Forgotten Expedition" 4527:(in Spanish). CSIC Press. 3560:Colonization of Antarctica 3478: 3425:and French Prime Minister 2987:were also constructed and 2894:Argentine Antarctic Sector 2789:established in 1903 by Dr 2780:Captaincy General of Chile 2726: 2723:South American involvement 2228:and one specially adapted 2196:'s departure from the base 2170: 2013:crossed the Southern Ocean 1857: 1426:Royal Geographical Society 1370: 1233: 1046:in 1833 and discovery of 1019:A piece of wood, from the 957: 847: 826:Doctor Guillermo Mann Base 566:of 336 tons under Captain 513: 228:Prince Henry the Navigator 197: 17: 11371: 11102: 10689: 10429: 10406: 10402: 10389: 9908:Great Northern Expedition 9802: 9584:Rae–Richardson expedition 9333: 9178: 8784:British Arctic Expedition 8676: 8648: 8644: 8631: 8533: 8462: 8415: 8314: 8278: 8235: 8224: 8179: 8128: 8051: 7986: 6944:Kearns, David A. (2005). 6514:Norwegian Polar Institute 6093:Wilkins, Hubert Wilkins. 5791:Exploring Polar Frontiers 4689:. Ready-Ed Publications. 4492:10.1007/s10761-005-5672-y 4197:Historia general de Chile 4092:. Editorial Andrés Bello. 3913:10.1017/S0032247421000693 3585:List of Russian explorers 3442:On 23 November 2007, the 2744:was built in 1904 by the 2517:. In a memorandum to the 2215:, with New Zealander Sir 2184:(left) with Rear-Admiral 2133:. He named the island of 2069: 1927:The Main Base Hut of the 1548:Southern Cross Expedition 1509:Early British expeditions 895: 542:who was nominated by the 323:Terra Australis Incognita 259:, who passed through the 193:Terra Australis Incognita 83:and his crew crossed the 77:Terra Australis Incognita 11192:British Antarctic Survey 11186:Captain Arturo Prat Base 10431:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 8136:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 7917:Antarctic Heritage Trust 6772:British Antarctic Survey 6693:Kieran Mulvaney (2001). 5169:(Dundee, 2015) chapter 7 4977:13 November 2014 at the 4360:Hanessian, John (1963). 4136:"Pedro Sancho de la Hoz" 4110:(in Spanish). Jot Down. 3809:Hīroa, Te Rangi (1964). 3623: 3542:to go to Antarctica was 3540:British Antarctic Survey 3399:On 28 November 1979, an 3301:Dumont d'Urville Station 3299:France contributed with 3123:British Antarctic Survey 3033:British Antarctic Survey 2457:, and lying between the 2407:Gabriel de Castilla Base 2402:antarctic-facing lands. 2250:. Using three converted 1989:of 1914–1917 was led by 1621:was launched, headed by 1562:). The expedition set a 1540:first documented landing 1166:. One of the explorers, 1101:Astrolabe Glacier Tongue 633:to stand north again in 527:'s 1777 south-up map of 427:by the English merchant 143:Polynesian Travel Claims 11668:Pole of inaccessibility 11331:Antarctic Treaty System 9672:2nd Grinnell expedition 7726:Marler, Regina (2005). 7292:10.1126/science.1242856 7180:Aviation Safety Network 5869:"Jean-Baptiste Charcot" 5829:"Jean-Baptiste Charcot" 5672:biography) p. 242 (map) 5450:R. K. Headland (1989). 4024:Encyclopædia Britannica 3779:Smith, Stephenson Percy 3489:The first women at the 3267:Halley Research Station 3259:Antarctic Treaty System 3241:, invited Chile to the 3212:Antarctic Treaty System 3018:Gabriel González Videla 2999:Gabriel González Videla 2329:Pedro Sánchez de la Hoz 2127:William Randolph Hearst 2015:in an open boat called 1667:(left to right) of the 1629:' was established as a 1341:by the American sealer 115:, set foot on the ice. 64:in the 2nd century AD. 7912:PCO: Antarctic History 7748:– via EBSCOhost. 7418:Blackadder 2015, p.172 6748:Cite journal requires 6584:Widerøe, Turi (2008). 6400:Dunmore, John (2007). 4843:Pilote de Terre Adélie 4653:www.coolantarctica.com 4290:. Two volumes. London. 4222:Lane, Kris E. (1998). 4038:Barr, William (2014). 3812:Vikings of the Sunrise 3663:11 August 2013 at the 3535:United States Congress 3498: 3406:on a sightseeing trip 3390:Emilio Marcos de Palma 3374: 3366: 3228:Province of Magallanes 3215: 3102: 3075: 3043: 3006: 3005:in Antarctica in 1948. 2829: 2749: 2669: 2604:Jules Dumont d'Urville 2595: 2588:Jules Dumont d'Urville 2571:Statute of Westminster 2505:Under the ambition of 2415:South Shetland Islands 2316: 2197: 2083: 1982: 1931: 1855: 1837:Race to the South Pole 1791:their first expedition 1770:, and was marooned on 1749:Kaiser Wilhelm II Land 1740: 1679: 1614: 1543: 1503:South Shetland Islands 1465: 1442:, on 24 January 1895. 1384: 1242:Jules Dumont d'Urville 1206: 1095:of the rocky group of 1075:Jules Dumont d'Urville 1058:State expeditions 1840 1021:South Shetland Islands 863: 818:Spanish forces in Peru 740:William Henry Shirreff 709: 678:South Sandwich Islands 531: 472:"sieur de Gonneyville" 342:South Shetland Islands 314: 296:Pedro Sancho de la Hoz 283: 217: 152: 90:On 28 January 1820, a 41: 11757:History of Antarctica 11338:Transglobe Expedition 11237:Operation Deep Freeze 10646:Challenger expedition 9512:Coppermine expedition 9033:Drifting ice stations 7366:Journal of Glaciology 7209:Sydney Morning Herald 7160:—Science: in force... 6623:Murphy, 2002, p. 204. 6614:Murphy, 2002, p. 192. 6555:Store norske leksikon 6157:Navy Military History 5303:. George Newnes Ltd. 5263:. George Newnes Ltd. 5194:Crane, David (2005). 5179:Murray, John (1894). 4685:Bourke, Jane (2004). 4319:Cook, James. (1777). 3488: 3372: 3357: 3205: 3142:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3096: 3089:Post-war developments 3066: 3041: 2997: 2834:Theory of polar areas 2827: 2764:, Chile's president, 2740: 2663: 2639:Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen 2585: 2578:Other European claims 2399:Treaty of Tordesillas 2397:bull of 1493 and the 2353:Treaty of Tordesillas 2306: 2180: 2140:US Navy Rear Admiral 2077: 1981:trapped in pack ice.) 1967: 1945:Discoveries included 1926: 1860:Terra Nova Expedition 1844: 1795:Jean-Baptiste Charcot 1789:The French organized 1731: 1710:T. W. Edgeworth David 1655: 1598: 1519:Carstens Borchgrevink 1516: 1460: 1378: 1365:Antarctic expeditions 1234:Further information: 1204: 1186:, a massive floating 1172:his 4 year-expedition 1115:and the land beyond, 868:Princess Martha Coast 857: 848:Further information: 707: 676:, and discovered the 523: 514:Further information: 491:Yves Joseph Kerguelen 433:Antarctic Convergence 312: 281: 207: 150: 46:history of Antarctica 28: 8528:History by continent 7770:"Working-Class Hero" 7030:on September 9, 2015 6988:Klaus Dodds (2012). 6596:on 24 September 2015 6550:"Dronning Maud Land" 6510:"Dronning Maud Land" 6079:Althoff, William F. 5357:The Last Great Quest 5343:. London: G. Newnes. 4090:La Antártica Chilena 3887:Anderson, A (2021). 3837:Anderson, A (2021). 3675:16 according to the 3619:Geography portal 3150:King Edward VII Land 2904:Argentine Antarctica 2838:South Orkney Islands 2775:uti possidetis juris 2733:Argentine Antarctica 2710:in the west and the 2562:to Australia as the 2200:The 1955–1958 2112:Point Barrow, Alaska 1905:Axel Heiberg Glacier 1623:William Speirs Bruce 1448:Carsten Borchgrevink 1404:William Speirs Bruce 1345:on 26 January 1853. 1273:subantarctic islands 1136:, as commander of a 999:South Orkney Islands 510:The Antarctic Circle 245:The doubling of the 177:Polynesian languages 159:oral tradition from 67:The rounding of the 11729: / 11508:South magnetic pole 10174:Brusilov expedition 9283:Danish colonization 8721:North magnetic pole 8449:Robert Falcon Scott 8106:South magnetic pole 8064:Antarctic Peninsula 8059:Biogeographic realm 7944:Hurley's Antarctica 7780:on 30 December 2019 7610:. British Library. 7378:2010JGlac..56..944H 7284:2013Sci...342E...1I 7176:aviation-safety.net 6638:Norsk Polarhistorie 6590:Norsk Polarhistorie 6293:University of Talca 6119:on 25 November 2010 5909:Last Place on Earth 5495:on 20 November 2009 5438:Last Place on Earth 5354:Jones, Max (2003). 5038:Fogg, G.E. (2000). 4943:on 13 November 2014 4877:on 13 November 2014 4851:on 13 November 2014 4749:1977NZJGG..20..865T 4450:Xin, Zhang (2010). 4268:on 29 February 2016 4192:Barros Arana, Diego 4057:10.14430/arctic4411 3905:2021PoRec..57E..42A 3606:Women in Antarctica 3481:Women in Antarctica 3475:Women in Antarctica 3083:Antarctic Peninsula 2818:Pedro Aguirre Cerda 2766:Pedro Aguirre Cerda 2341:Straits of Magellan 2142:Richard Evelyn Byrd 2137:after his sponsor. 2065:Further exploration 1919:Further expeditions 1884:Robert Falcon Scott 1852:Robert Falcon Scott 1803:Antarctic Peninsula 1755:. The expedition's 1733:Erich von Drygalski 1718:South Magnetic Pole 1611:Robert Falcon Scott 1582:Robert Falcon Scott 1568:South Magnetic Pole 1483:was led by Belgian 1432:The Norwegian ship 1300:, president of the 1287:Edward Bransfield's 1164:South magnetic pole 1160:North magnetic pole 991:Antarctic Peninsula 965:Sealing expeditions 929:, they encountered 923:Antarctic Peninsula 576:latitude 58° S 536:Alexander Dalrymple 429:Anthony de la Roché 413:Isla de los Estados 346:Gabriel de Castilla 338:Dirck Gerritsz Pomp 261:Straits of Magellan 132:Robert Falcon Scott 11199:Operation Windmill 11180:Operation Highjump 10155:Rusanov expedition 10060:A. E. Nordenskiöld 9804:North East Passage 9608:McClure expedition 8387:Telecommunications 8301:Territorial claims 7937:2019-12-30 at the 7639:The New York Times 7454:. 4 October 2014. 7448:"Antarctic Firsts" 7433:2012-03-10 at the 7156:2007-10-06 at the 6802:www.spri.cam.ac.uk 6485:on 2 December 2013 6348:2022-09-22 at the 6329:2023-03-25 at the 6162:2013-10-02 at the 6143:2008-03-21 at the 6025:Tyler-Lewis, Kelly 5954:on 2 December 2008 5871:. South-pole.com. 5831:. South-pole.com. 5756:. South-pole.com. 5726:Goodlad, James A. 5685:. South-pole.com. 5612:. South-Pole.com. 5610:"William S. Bruce" 5542:Preston, pp. 57–79 5414:. South-pole.com. 5118:2006-02-08 at the 5056:Беллинсгаузен 2008 4713:. South-Pole.com. 4348:Caledonian Mercury 4329:2011-09-16 at the 3716:Wehi, Priscilla M. 3512:Caroline Mikkelsen 3508:Ingrid Christensen 3499: 3375: 3367: 3313:Commandant Charcot 3216: 3157:Operation Highjump 3103: 3044: 3031:(subsequently the 3007: 2830: 2750: 2670: 2596: 2538:Commander-in Chief 2411:Juan Carlos I Base 2317: 2309:Charles I of Spain 2198: 2084: 1983: 1932: 1856: 1741: 1706:geographical miles 1680: 1617:A year later, the 1615: 1544: 1485:Adrian de Gerlache 1466: 1462:Adrien de Gerlache 1438:was put ashore at 1385: 1207: 1138:United States Navy 1107:, and hoisted the 1070:expedition led by 1025:Benjamin Pendleton 919:Alexander I Island 874:expedition led by 864: 754:King George Island 710: 532: 383:Finally, in 1642, 315: 284: 257:Ferdinand Magellan 218: 153: 94:expedition led by 42: 11733:67.250°S 39.583°E 11712: 11711: 11708: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11166:Operation Tabarin 11028:Far Eastern Party 10874:Nimrod Expedition 10385: 10384: 10381: 10380: 9944:M. Pronchishcheva 9866:Siberian Cossacks 9335:Northwest Passage 8668:Research stations 8625:Polar exploration 8591: 8590: 8495: 8494: 8454:Ernest Shackleton 8382:Research stations 8327:Antarctic English 8296:National programs 8291:Military activity 8265:COVID-19 pandemic 8222: 8221: 8091:Floristic Kingdom 7996:Antarctic sea ice 7895:978-954-07-3939-7 7877:978-94-007-4321-2 7869:978-94-007-4320-5 7852:978-0-8032-2666-1 7833:Project Gutenberg 7818:Project Gutenberg 7803:Project Gutenberg 7774:Portland Magazine 7701:The Antarctic Sun 7608:Voices of Science 7547:. Exploratorium. 7268:(6161): 1242856. 6965:978-0-312-34205-0 6856:978-956-8478-17-9 6847:Santiago de Chile 6778:on 5 October 2007 6548:Gjeldsvik, Tore. 6464:978-82-516-2589-0 6455:Norge i Antarktis 6375:978-0-379-20321-9 6284:Revista Universum 6239:Santiago de Chile 6095:Flying the Arctic 6066:978-03-4025-007-5 6038:978-0-74-757972-4 5801:978-1-57-607422-0 5778:Barczewski, p. 90 5371:978-01-9280-483-9 5310:978-0-90-583841-0 5270:978-0-90-583841-0 5205:978-0-00-715068-7 5143:978-0-77-357245-4 5096:, pp. 55–56. 4987:Astrolabe Glacier 4983:Débarquement Rock 4968:, 1841 (plate of 4572:978-84-17358-23-5 4534:978-84-00-06530-0 4409:"Navío San Telmo" 4391:, pp. 10–11. 4335:Relevant fragment 4235:978-0-76560-256-5 4194:. "Capítulo XI". 3520:Jennie Darlington 3261:in 1959, was the 3239:Dwight Eisenhower 3010:Operation Tabarin 3001:inaugurating the 2849:Operation Tabarin 2519:governor-generals 2368:Pedro de Valdivia 2294:Political history 2254:tractors and one 2167:Overland crossing 2108:Charles Lindbergh 2042:Great Ice Barrier 2038:Aeneas Mackintosh 1991:Ernest Shackleton 1831:Rothschild Island 1716:and to reach the 1698:Beardmore Glacier 1683:Ernest Shackleton 1556:Great Ice Barrier 1534:, the cape where 1528:Expetition (1899) 1406:) and an artist, 1354:Ernest Shackleton 1314:Traversay Islands 1089:Bransfield Strait 954:Early exploration 948:Trinity Peninsula 774:Edward Bransfield 728:Livingston Island 708:Drake Passage map 640:A long detour to 387:showed that even 300:Pedro de Valdivia 247:Cape of Good Hope 226:It was not until 138:Early exploration 69:Cape of Good Hope 11764: 11744: 11743: 11741: 11740: 11739: 11734: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11725: 11722: 11213:Ronne Expedition 10698: 10692: 10556:Dumont d'Urville 10404: 10403: 10391: 10390: 9939:V. Pronchishchev 8646: 8645: 8633: 8632: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8595: 8594: 8522: 8515: 8508: 8499: 8498: 8480: 8479: 8470: 8469: 8444:James Clark Ross 8416:Famous explorers 8230: 8049: 8048: 7973: 7966: 7959: 7950: 7949: 7863:Springer, 2014. 7856: 7835: 7820: 7805: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7731: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7516:. Archived from 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7452:Antarctic Circle 7444: 7438: 7425: 7419: 7416: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7396: 7389: 7363: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7338: 7327: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7277: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7167: 7161: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7094:. Archived from 7084: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7059: 7053: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7026:. Archived from 7012: 7006: 7005: 6985: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6868: 6860: 6844: 6833: 6827: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6774:. Archived from 6764: 6758: 6757: 6751: 6746: 6744: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6663: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6640:(in Norwegian). 6630: 6624: 6621: 6615: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6581: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6558:(in Norwegian). 6545: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6516:. Archived from 6512:(in Norwegian). 6506: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6450: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6397: 6391: 6383: 6377: 6359: 6353: 6340: 6334: 6318: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6261: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6173: 6167: 6154: 6148: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6090: 6084: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6053:Huntford, Roland 6049: 6043: 6042: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5928:on 22 April 2008 5922:"Roald Amundsen" 5918: 5912: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5865: 5859: 5858:Mill, pp. 431–32 5856: 5850: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5723: 5717: 5714: 5708: 5707:Mill, pp. 420–24 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5679: 5673: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5606: 5600: 5599:Speak, pp. 82–95 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5567: 5561: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5447: 5441: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5334: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5254: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5170: 5165:Matthew Jarron, 5163: 5157: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5129: 5123: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5053: 5044: 5043: 5035: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5005: 4994: 4964: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4939:. Archived from 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4912: 4906: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4873:. Archived from 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4847:. Archived from 4837: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4711:"Charles Wilkes" 4707: 4701: 4700: 4682: 4676: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4431: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4357: 4351: 4346:"NEW SHETLAND". 4344: 4338: 4317: 4311: 4297: 4291: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4262:"Dutch in Chile" 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4188: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4132: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4103: 4094: 4093: 4085: 4070: 4069: 4059: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4014:Antarctic Region 4012:Polar Regions § 4003: 4001: 4000: 3994: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3755:. Live Science. 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3712: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3634: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3392:, was born near 3332:Antarctic Treaty 2983:, signposts and 2961:Deception Island 2949:William Scoresby 2943:Falkland Islands 2935:Deception Island 2930:Carnarvon Castle 2923: 2898: 2878:Falkland Islands 2791:William S. Bruce 2762:Second World War 2701:Second World War 2643:Finn Lützow-Holm 2623:Lars Christensen 2619:whaling stations 2527:Order in Council 2483:Falkland Islands 2479:whaling industry 2447:Sandwich Islands 2427:Falkland Islands 2388:animus occupandi 2349:Tierra del Fuego 2192:just before the 2120:Ellesmere Island 2101:Carl Ben Eielson 2095:attached to the 1947:Commonwealth Bay 1772:Snow Hill Island 1310:Alexander Island 1280:Nathaniel Palmer 1220:James Clark Ross 1168:James Clark Ross 1129: 1109:French tricolour 1097:Dumoulin Islands 937:Nathaniel Palmer 927:Deception Island 897: 659: 655: 651: 646:Tierra del Fuego 643: 632: 608: 593: 589: 584:Antarctic Circle 548:Transit of Venus 480:48° of longitude 334:blown off course 265:Tierra del Fuego 238:proved that the 105:Nathaniel Palmer 85:Antarctic Circle 60:, was coined by 11772: 11771: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11763: 11762: 11761: 11747: 11746: 11738:-67.250; 39.583 11737: 11735: 11731: 11728: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11700: 11375: 11367: 11243:McMurdo Station 11112:Modern research 11110: 11098: 10833:O. Nordenskjöld 10696: 10690: 10685: 10601:Ross expedition 10425: 10398: 10377: 9806: 9798: 9339:Northern Canada 9337: 9329: 9182: 9174: 8680: 8672: 8640: 8627: 8622: 8592: 8587: 8529: 8526: 8496: 8491: 8458: 8428:Richard E. Byrd 8411: 8372:Protected areas 8310: 8274: 8231: 8218: 8175: 8129:Bodies of Water 8124: 8113:West Antarctica 8069:East Antarctica 8047: 7982: 7977: 7939:Wayback Machine 7903: 7853: 7825: 7810: 7795: 7783: 7781: 7768: 7765: 7759: 7757:Further reading 7754: 7753: 7743: 7741: 7724: 7720: 7710: 7708: 7693: 7689: 7679: 7677: 7662: 7658: 7648: 7646: 7631: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7602: 7601: 7597: 7587: 7585: 7568: 7564: 7554: 7552: 7539:Hament, Ellyn. 7537: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7520:on 26 July 2016 7506: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7435:Wayback Machine 7426: 7422: 7417: 7410: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7361: 7355: 7351: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7256: 7252: 7243: 7241: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7218: 7216: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7189: 7187: 7170:Ranter, Harro. 7168: 7164: 7158:Wayback Machine 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7101: 7099: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7072: 7070: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7018:(May 4, 1955). 7013: 7009: 7002: 6986: 6979: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6942: 6938: 6923: 6919: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6882: 6878: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6842: 6834: 6830: 6825: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6781: 6779: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6749: 6747: 6738: 6737: 6730: 6728: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6675: 6664: 6657: 6647: 6645: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6582: 6575: 6565: 6563: 6546: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6520:on 21 July 2012 6508: 6507: 6498: 6488: 6486: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6451: 6444: 6435: 6433: 6432:on 27 July 2008 6424: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6398: 6394: 6384: 6380: 6360: 6356: 6350:Wayback Machine 6341: 6337: 6331:Wayback Machine 6319: 6312: 6302: 6300: 6275: 6271: 6255: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6229: 6225: 6216: 6214: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6188: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6164:Wayback Machine 6155: 6151: 6145:Wayback Machine 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6091: 6087: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6050: 6046: 6039: 6022: 6018: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5929: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5878: 5876: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5838: 5836: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5811: 5809: 5802: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5619: 5617: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5473: 5471: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5392:on 23 June 2009 5384: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5352: 5348: 5335: 5331: 5320: 5318: 5311: 5295: 5291: 5280: 5278: 5271: 5255: 5248: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5192: 5188: 5177: 5173: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5130: 5126: 5120:Wayback Machine 5111: 5107: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5075:Tammiksaar 2016 5073: 5069: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5016: 5007: 5006: 4997: 4991:Pointe Géologie 4979:Wayback Machine 4962: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4780: 4778: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4733: 4729: 4720: 4718: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4683: 4679: 4670: 4666: 4657: 4655: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4633: 4631: 4610:(11): 276–317. 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4573: 4557: 4553: 4544: 4542: 4535: 4519: 4515: 4476: 4472: 4463: 4461: 4448: 4444: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4358: 4354: 4345: 4341: 4331:Wayback Machine 4318: 4314: 4298: 4294: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4260:Kock, Robbert. 4258: 4254: 4245: 4243: 4236: 4220: 4216: 4207: 4205: 4189: 4180: 4171: 4169: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4126: 4117: 4115: 4104: 4097: 4086: 4073: 4036: 4032: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3968: 3959: 3957: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3885: 3881: 3872: 3870: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3820: 3807: 3803: 3794: 3792: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3749: 3745: 3713: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3679:used in Russia. 3677:Julian calendar 3674: 3670: 3665:Wayback Machine 3652: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3613: 3611: 3556: 3483: 3477: 3401:Air New Zealand 3352: 3305:Charcot Station 3200: 3188:electromagnetic 3164:Richard E. Byrd 3091: 3069: 3052:Puerto Williams 2901: 2890:Punta Dúngeness 2887: 2845:Colonial Office 2814:Queen Maud Land 2735: 2727:Main articles: 2725: 2682:Alfred Ritscher 2647:Queen Maud Land 2580: 2531:Ross Dependency 2443:South Shetlands 2423: 2345:Terra Australis 2331:in 1539 by the 2301: 2296: 2266:and across the 2264:Skelton Glacier 2186:George J. Dufek 2175: 2169: 2157:Ronne Ice Shelf 2072: 2067: 2009:Elephant Island 1959:Queen Mary Land 1921: 1866: 1858:Main articles: 1839: 1726: 1633:observatory on 1511: 1373: 1343:Mercator Cooper 1335:East Antarctica 1331: 1322:Mikhail Lazarev 1238: 1232: 1123: 1113:Pointe Géologie 1060: 1048:Balleny Islands 967: 962: 956: 935:, commanded by 882:, on the ships 880:Mikhail Lazarev 852: 846: 822:Half Moon Beach 808: 732:South Shetlands 702: 674:Isle of Georgia 657: 653: 649: 641: 630: 606: 591: 587: 568:Tobias Furneaux 546:to command the 518: 512: 421: 409:Hendrik Brouwer 401:Le Maire Strait 251:Bartolomeu Dias 236:Lopes Gonçalves 202: 200:Terra Australis 196: 191:The search for 165:Hui Te Rangiora 145: 140: 100:Mikhail Lazarev 89: 62:Marinus of Tyre 50:Terra Australis 37:and the cutter 23: 12: 11: 5: 11770: 11760: 11759: 11710: 11709: 11706: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11699: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11682: 11681: 11676: 11664: 11663: 11662: 11660:Vostok Station 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11611:Cherry-Garrard 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11576: 11575: 11574: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11528: 11527: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11504: 11503: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11475: 11474: 11473: 11461: 11460: 11459: 11451:Southern Cross 11447: 11446: 11445: 11432: 11431: 11430: 11417: 11412: 11411: 11410: 11397: 11396: 11395: 11381: 11379: 11373:Farthest South 11369: 11368: 11366: 11365: 11360: 11353: 11352: 11351: 11346: 11334: 11327: 11326: 11325: 11324: 11323: 11311: 11310: 11309: 11297: 11296: 11295: 11288: 11283: 11264: 11263: 11262: 11257: 11245: 11240: 11233: 11232: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11209: 11208: 11207: 11195: 11188: 11183: 11176: 11175: 11174: 11162: 11161: 11160: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11134: 11127: 11122: 11116: 11114: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11094: 11080: 11079: 11078: 11070:Ross Sea party 11066: 11057: 11056: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11031: 11024: 11023: 11022: 11017: 11002: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10947: 10940: 10935: 10921: 10920: 10919: 10907: 10906: 10905: 10900: 10886: 10885: 10884: 10870: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10854: 10842: 10841: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10816: 10815: 10814: 10809: 10795: 10794: 10793: 10788: 10774: 10773: 10772: 10767: 10764:Southern Cross 10757:Southern Cross 10753: 10752: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10701: 10699: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10642: 10637: 10636: 10635: 10622: 10616: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10582: 10581: 10580: 10575: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10507: 10506: 10505: 10503:Bellingshausen 10493: 10486: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10466: 10465: 10464: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10435: 10433: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10400: 10399: 10387: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10373: 10362: 10350: 10345: 10338: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10317: 10316: 10315: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10289: 10288: 10287: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10264: 10263: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10235: 10234: 10233: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10200: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10170: 10169: 10168: 10163: 10151: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10115: 10114: 10113: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10062: 10047: 10046: 10045: 10040: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9812: 9810: 9808:Russian Arctic 9800: 9799: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9775: 9774: 9773: 9768: 9754: 9749: 9748: 9747: 9733: 9732: 9731: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9632: 9624: 9619: 9604: 9599: 9598: 9597: 9592: 9580: 9575: 9574: 9573: 9565: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9483: 9482: 9481: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9423: 9422: 9421: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9343: 9341: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9316: 9315: 9310: 9298: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9250: 9245: 9243:Snæbjörn galti 9240: 9235: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9194: 9188: 9186: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9145: 9138: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9110: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9093: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9036: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9005: 9004: 9003: 8989: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8927: 8912: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8820: 8819: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8800: 8795: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8686: 8684: 8678:Farthest North 8674: 8673: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8642: 8641: 8629: 8628: 8621: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8598: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8575: 8569: 8560: 8555: 8549: 8540: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8525: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8502: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8489: 8484: 8474: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8438:Ui-te-Rangiora 8435: 8433:Douglas Mawson 8430: 8425: 8423:Roald Amundsen 8419: 8417: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8362:Gateway cities 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8322:Antarctica Day 8318: 8316: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8241: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8194: 8192:Microorganisms 8189: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8156:List of rivers 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8086:Extreme points 8083: 8082: 8081: 8076: 8066: 8061: 8055: 8053: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8006:Climate change 7998: 7992: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7976: 7975: 7968: 7961: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7929: 7927:Big Dead Place 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7902: 7901:External links 7899: 7898: 7897: 7879: 7857: 7851: 7836: 7823: 7821: 7808: 7806: 7793: 7791: 7761:Main article: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7718: 7687: 7656: 7625: 7595: 7562: 7531: 7500: 7469: 7439: 7420: 7408: 7349: 7313: 7250: 7225: 7211:. 2016-07-08. 7196: 7162: 7151:antarctica.org 7143: 7109: 7098:on 15 May 2019 7079: 7054: 7041: 7007: 7000: 6977: 6964: 6936: 6917: 6899: 6892:(in Spanish). 6876: 6855: 6845:(in Spanish). 6828: 6819: 6789: 6759: 6750:|journal= 6723:(1955-06-21). 6712: 6705: 6685: 6674:on May 4, 2012 6655: 6625: 6616: 6607: 6573: 6531: 6496: 6470: 6463: 6442: 6417: 6410: 6392: 6378: 6354: 6335: 6310: 6287:(in Spanish). 6269: 6237:(in Spanish). 6223: 6198: 6181:www.fofh.co.uk 6168: 6149: 6130: 6100: 6097:. p. 313. 6085: 6072: 6065: 6044: 6037: 6016: 5999: 5985: 5965: 5939: 5913: 5900: 5891: 5860: 5851: 5820: 5800: 5780: 5771: 5745: 5718: 5709: 5700: 5674: 5661: 5652: 5626: 5601: 5592: 5562: 5560:Fiennes, p. 89 5553: 5544: 5535: 5506: 5480: 5462: 5442: 5429: 5403: 5377: 5370: 5346: 5329: 5309: 5289: 5269: 5246: 5226: 5211: 5204: 5186: 5171: 5158: 5149: 5142: 5124: 5105: 5086: 5077:, p. 578. 5067: 5045: 5025: 4995: 4954: 4928: 4907: 4888: 4862: 4832: 4817: 4806: 4797:, p. 445. 4787: 4762: 4743:(5): 865–904. 4727: 4702: 4695: 4677: 4664: 4640: 4606:(in Spanish). 4590: 4571: 4551: 4533: 4513: 4470: 4442: 4418: 4400: 4389:Stackpole 1955 4381: 4372: 4352: 4339: 4312: 4292: 4279: 4252: 4234: 4214: 4178: 4153: 4124: 4095: 4071: 4050:(3): 410–411. 4030: 4019:Chisholm, Hugh 3966: 3937: 3879: 3849:(5): 599–605. 3829: 3801: 3770: 3743: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3681: 3668: 3643: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3600:Ui-te-Rangiora 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3552: 3479:Main article: 3476: 3473: 3388:A baby, named 3351: 3350:Recent history 3348: 3199: 3196: 3184:meteorological 3178:, geographic, 3172:Little America 3170:research base 3146:Charcot Island 3119:Esperanza Base 3107:Latin American 3090: 3087: 2989:postage stamps 2945:in two ships, 2861:Foreign Office 2724: 2721: 2666:Peter I Island 2628:Peter I Island 2579: 2576: 2431:South Atlantic 2422: 2421:British claims 2419: 2321:Spanish Empire 2300: 2299:Spanish claims 2297: 2295: 2292: 2217:Edmund Hillary 2182:Edmund Hillary 2171:Main article: 2168: 2165: 2089:Hubert Wilkins 2080:Hubert Wilkins 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2034:Ross Sea party 1951:Ninnis Glacier 1940:Douglas Mawson 1920: 1917: 1876:from the ship 1874:Roald Amundsen 1838: 1835: 1819:Charcot Island 1815:Marguerite Bay 1725: 1722: 1631:meteorological 1564:Farthest South 1560:Ross Ice Shelf 1542:on Antarctica. 1524:Southern Cross 1510: 1507: 1422:Dr John Murray 1391:in which four 1381:Dr John Murray 1372: 1369: 1330: 1327: 1306:Peter I Island 1269:Ui-te-Rangiora 1262:George V Coast 1246:Charles Wilkes 1231: 1228: 1184:Ross Ice Shelf 1134:Charles Wilkes 1059: 1056: 1014:furthest south 966: 963: 955: 952: 915:Peter I Island 845: 842: 807: 804: 796:Espirito Santo 726:, who sighted 701: 698: 621:, and reached 550:expedition to 511: 508: 420: 417: 330:Jacob Le Maire 290:, created the 198:Main article: 195: 189: 181:Te Rangi Hīroa 144: 141: 139: 136: 128:Roald Amundsen 88: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11769: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11745: 11742: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11670: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11656: 11655: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11583: 11582: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11572: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11540: 11536: 11535: 11534: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11510: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11469: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11455: 11454: 11453: 11452: 11448: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11439: 11438: 11433: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11409: 11406: 11405: 11404: 11403: 11398: 11394: 11391: 11390: 11389: 11388: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11340: 11339: 11335: 11333: 11332: 11328: 11322: 11319: 11318: 11317: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11305: 11304: 11303: 11302: 11298: 11294: 11293: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11278: 11277: 11276: 11272: 11271: 11270: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11251: 11250: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11216: 11215: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11196: 11194: 11193: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11156: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11139: 11135: 11133: 11132: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11093: 11092: 11088: 11087: 11086: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11067: 11065: 11064: 11063: 11058: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11043: 11039: 11038: 11037: 11036: 11032: 11030: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11015: 11010: 11009: 11008: 11007: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10968: 10964: 10963: 10962: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10952: 10948: 10946: 10945: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10933: 10929: 10928: 10927: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10915: 10914: 10913: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10898: 10894: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10882: 10878: 10877: 10876: 10875: 10871: 10869: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10859: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10849: 10848: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10828: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10807: 10803: 10802: 10801: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10791:Discovery Hut 10789: 10787: 10786: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10714: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10707: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10695: 10688: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10655: 10650: 10649: 10648: 10647: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10633: 10629: 10628: 10623: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10610: 10605: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10583: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10573: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10494: 10492: 10491: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10472: 10467: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10457: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10434: 10432: 10428: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10392: 10388: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10363: 10361: 10360: 10356: 10355: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10343: 10339: 10337: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10325: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10321:A. Sibiryakov 10318: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10309: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10295: 10294: 10293:Glavsevmorput 10290: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10262: 10259: 10258: 10257: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10236: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10182: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10158: 10157: 10156: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10121: 10116: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10107: 10106: 10105: 10100: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10085: 10080: 10079: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10070: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10033: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9910: 9909: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9867: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9850: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9795: 9792: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9741: 9740: 9739: 9734: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9705: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9681: 9676: 9675: 9674: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9630: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9596: 9595:J. Richardson 9593: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9571: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9558: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9541: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9489: 9484: 9480: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9474: 9469: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9424: 9420: 9417: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9384: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9357:M. Corte-Real 9355: 9353: 9352:G. Corte-Real 9350: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9285: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9275:C. Richardson 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9255: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9207: 9205: 9204: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9150: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9116: 9111: 9109: 9108: 9107: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9086: 9085: 9084:Georgiy Sedov 9080: 9078: 9077: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9041: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8971:Riiser-Larsen 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8845: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8806: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8752: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8614: 8612: 8607: 8605: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8552:South America 8550: 8548: 8547:North America 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8532: 8523: 8518: 8516: 8511: 8509: 8504: 8503: 8500: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8475: 8473: 8465: 8464: 8461: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8367:Midwinter Day 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8313: 8307: 8306:Treaty System 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8277: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8161:McMurdo Sound 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7974: 7969: 7967: 7962: 7960: 7955: 7954: 7951: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7837: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7792: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7722: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7660: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7629: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7599: 7583: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7566: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7535: 7519: 7515: 7514:The Institute 7511: 7504: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7424: 7415: 7413: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7335: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7254: 7239: 7235: 7229: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7147: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7051: 7045: 7029: 7025: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7003: 7001:9780191633515 6997: 6993: 6992: 6984: 6982: 6967: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6940: 6931: 6930: 6921: 6910: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6872: 6866: 6858: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6840: 6832: 6823: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6793: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6763: 6755: 6742: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6708: 6706:9781559639088 6702: 6698: 6697: 6689: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6660: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6620: 6611: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6578: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6466: 6460: 6456: 6449: 6447: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6413: 6411:9780908988716 6407: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6367:0-379-20321-9 6364: 6358: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6339: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6273: 6265: 6259: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6227: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6153: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6134: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6076: 6068: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6012: 6011: 6003: 5988: 5986:9780309036405 5982: 5978: 5977: 5969: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5911:), pp. 446–74 5910: 5904: 5895: 5888: 5887:Pourquoispas? 5874: 5870: 5864: 5855: 5848: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5784: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5716:Crane, p. 307 5713: 5704: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5671: 5665: 5656: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5596: 5580: 5576: 5574: 5566: 5557: 5548: 5539: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5510: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5469: 5465: 5463:9780521309035 5459: 5455: 5454: 5446: 5439: 5433: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5350: 5342: 5341: 5333: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5293: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5253: 5251: 5236: 5235:"Henrik Bull" 5230: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5162: 5153: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5109: 5101: 5095: 5090: 5082: 5076: 5071: 5063: 5057: 5052: 5050: 5041: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5015:on 2006-09-08 5014: 5010: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4958: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4917: 4911: 4904: 4902: 4892: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4850: 4846: 4844: 4836: 4829: 4821: 4815: 4810: 4802: 4796: 4791: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4698: 4696:9781863975841 4692: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4671:Alan Gurney, 4668: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4555: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4446: 4428: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4396: 4390: 4385: 4376: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4356: 4349: 4343: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4310: 4309:0-521-25274-1 4306: 4302: 4296: 4289: 4283: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4218: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4129: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4100: 4091: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4007: 4006:public domain 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3955: 3951: 3949: 3948:Meteorologica 3941: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3805: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3774: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3702: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3647: 3640: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3620: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3545: 3544:Janet Thomson 3541: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3524:Maria Klenova 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3504:Louise Séguin 3496: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3463:In 2010, the 3461: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3438: 3437:Børge Ousland 3434: 3432: 3428: 3427:Michel Rocard 3424: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3379:Carl R. Disch 3371: 3364: 3363: 3356: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3294:Showa Station 3291: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3271:Royal Society 3268: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3097:Hut built at 3095: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3040: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2991:were issued. 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2944: 2941:and left the 2940: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2807: 2806:South Orkneys 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2787:Laurie Island 2783: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2772:based on the 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2651:Maud of Wales 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2586:Discovery by 2584: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507:Leopold Amery 2503: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2451:Graham's Land 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439:South Orkneys 2436: 2435:South Georgia 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2394:Inter caetera 2390: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333:King of Spain 2330: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2272:Victoria Land 2269: 2268:Polar Plateau 2265: 2261: 2260:Peter Mulgrew 2257: 2253: 2252:Ferguson TE20 2249: 2245: 2244:McMurdo Sound 2241: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2146:Bernt Balchen 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2131:San Francisco 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2093:ornithologist 2090: 2081: 2076: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2023:South Georgia 2020: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1955:Mertz Glacier 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1925: 1916: 1914: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1901:Bay of Whales 1897: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1888:British group 1885: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1827:Mikkelsen Bay 1824: 1823:Renaud Island 1820: 1816: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776:Paulet Island 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1700:route to the 1699: 1695: 1694:McMurdo Sound 1691: 1689: 1684: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1665:Eric Marshall 1662: 1658: 1657:Jameson Adams 1654: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639:South Orkneys 1636: 1635:Laurie Island 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1590:McMurdo Sound 1587: 1586:Victoria Land 1583: 1579: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1382: 1377: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1339:Victoria Land 1336: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1258:Reynolds Peak 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105:Cape Géodésie 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1072:naval officer 1069: 1064: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006:James Weddell 1002: 1001:archipelago. 1000: 996: 995:George Powell 992: 988: 984: 979: 977: 974:, captain of 973: 961: 951: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 933: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 861: 856: 851: 841: 839: 834: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 814: 803: 801: 797: 793: 790: 786: 785:Rugged Island 782: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 747: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 724:William Smith 722:, Englishman 721: 720: 715: 706: 697: 695: 694:60th parallel 691: 687: 683: 682:Sandwich Land 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 647: 638: 636: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 604: 600: 595: 585: 581: 577: 573: 572:Bouvet Island 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 544:Royal Society 541: 537: 530: 529:South Georgia 526: 522: 517: 507: 505: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 481: 477: 476:Bouvet Island 473: 469: 465: 464:South Georgia 461: 457: 456: 451:'s voyage in 450: 449:Edmond Halley 446: 444: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 425:South Georgia 423:The visit to 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 393: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 371: 370:Francis Drake 367: 365: 361: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 311: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 280: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 224: 222: 215: 211: 206: 201: 194: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 169:Te Ivi o Atea 166: 162: 158: 149: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 116: 114: 110: 106: 101: 97: 93: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 65: 63: 59: 58:Arctic Circle 55: 51: 47: 40: 36: 32: 31:James Weddell 27: 21: 16: 11714: 11666: 11654:Pole of Cold 11652: 11578: 11569: 11537: 11530: 11506: 11477: 11463: 11457:Borchgrevink 11449: 11436: 11421: 11401: 11386: 11355: 11336: 11329: 11313: 11299: 11290: 11273: 11266: 11247: 11235: 11211: 11197: 11190: 11178: 11164: 11150: 11136: 11129: 11090: 11082: 11068: 11061: 11059: 11041: 11033: 11026: 11013: 11004: 10966: 10958: 10949: 10942: 10930: 10923: 10909: 10897:Pourquoi-Pas 10896: 10888: 10880: 10872: 10867:Orcadas Base 10865: 10857: 10844: 10838:C. A. Larsen 10826: 10818: 10804: 10797: 10784: 10776: 10770:Borchgrevink 10763: 10755: 10712: 10704: 10679:C. A. Larsen 10672: 10653: 10644: 10626: 10608: 10599: 10586: 10571: 10562: 10549: 10510: 10496: 10489: 10470: 10455: 10415: 10365: 10358: 10341: 10334: 10320: 10305: 10291: 10278: 10253: 10239: 10237: 10223: 10221: 10215: 10213: 10179: 10172: 10153: 10119: 10117: 10103: 10101: 10083: 10073: 10071: 10051: 10049: 10030: 9906: 9864: 9847: 9815: 9779: 9777: 9757: 9756: 9736: 9735: 9721: 9708: 9693: 9679: 9670: 9657: 9628: 9616:Investigator 9615: 9606: 9582: 9569: 9561: 9552: 9539: 9510: 9487: 9472: 9457: 9427: 9412: 9382: 9301: 9281: 9252: 9248:Erik the Red 9230: 9208: 9201: 9158:submersibles 9155: 9149:Arktika 2007 9147: 9140: 9133: 9130: 9114: 9105: 9102: 9083: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9038: 9031: 9007: 8993: 8992: 8984: 8982: 8948: 8946: 8917: 8914: 8903:S. A. Andrée 8895: 8882: 8857: 8849: 8846: 8822: 8804: 8791: 8782: 8764: 8755: 8753: 8719: 8557: 8352:Firefighting 8337:Demographics 8260:Colonization 8255:World War II 8236: 7886: 7860: 7841: 7826: 7811: 7796: 7782:. Retrieved 7778:the original 7773: 7742:. Retrieved 7733: 7721: 7709:. Retrieved 7700: 7690: 7678:. Retrieved 7669: 7659: 7647:. Retrieved 7638: 7628: 7616:. Retrieved 7607: 7598: 7586:. Retrieved 7575: 7565: 7553:. Retrieved 7544: 7534: 7522:. Retrieved 7518:the original 7513: 7503: 7491:. Retrieved 7482: 7472: 7460:. Retrieved 7451: 7442: 7423: 7399:. Retrieved 7372:(200): 947. 7369: 7365: 7352: 7341:. Retrieved 7329: 7316: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7242:. Retrieved 7228: 7217:. Retrieved 7208: 7199: 7188:. Retrieved 7175: 7165: 7146: 7134:. Retrieved 7125: 7121: 7112: 7100:. Retrieved 7096:the original 7091: 7082: 7071:. Retrieved 7057: 7049: 7044: 7032:. Retrieved 7028:the original 7021: 7010: 6990: 6969:. Retrieved 6950: 6939: 6928: 6920: 6902: 6896:(Nº78): 210. 6893: 6889: 6879: 6838: 6831: 6822: 6810:. Retrieved 6801: 6792: 6780:. Retrieved 6776:the original 6771: 6762: 6741:cite journal 6729:. Retrieved 6727:(in Spanish) 6715: 6695: 6688: 6676:. Retrieved 6672:the original 6646:. Retrieved 6637: 6628: 6619: 6610: 6598:. Retrieved 6594:the original 6589: 6564:. Retrieved 6553: 6522:. Retrieved 6518:the original 6487:. Retrieved 6483:the original 6473: 6454: 6434:. Retrieved 6430:the original 6420: 6401: 6395: 6385: 6381: 6357: 6338: 6321: 6301:. Retrieved 6288: 6282: 6272: 6247:. Retrieved 6233: 6226: 6215:. Retrieved 6201: 6189:. Retrieved 6180: 6171: 6152: 6133: 6121:. Retrieved 6117:the original 6112: 6103: 6094: 6088: 6080: 6075: 6056: 6047: 6029:The Lost Men 6028: 6019: 6009: 6002: 5990:. Retrieved 5975: 5968: 5958:27 September 5956:. Retrieved 5952:the original 5942: 5932:25 September 5930:. Retrieved 5926:the original 5916: 5908: 5903: 5894: 5886: 5879:24 September 5877:. Retrieved 5863: 5854: 5846: 5839:24 September 5837:. Retrieved 5823: 5812:23 September 5810:. Retrieved 5794:. ABC-CLIO. 5790: 5783: 5774: 5764:23 September 5762:. Retrieved 5748: 5738:23 September 5736:. Retrieved 5721: 5712: 5703: 5693:23 September 5691:. Retrieved 5677: 5669: 5664: 5655: 5645:24 September 5643:. Retrieved 5629: 5618:. Retrieved 5604: 5595: 5585:23 September 5583:. Retrieved 5572: 5565: 5556: 5547: 5538: 5526:. Retrieved 5516: 5509: 5497:. Retrieved 5493:the original 5483: 5472:. Retrieved 5452: 5445: 5437: 5432: 5422:22 September 5420:. Retrieved 5406: 5394:. Retrieved 5390:the original 5380: 5356: 5349: 5339: 5332: 5319:. Retrieved 5299: 5292: 5279:. Retrieved 5259: 5238:. Retrieved 5229: 5220: 5214: 5195: 5189: 5180: 5174: 5166: 5161: 5152: 5133: 5127: 5108: 5089: 5070: 5058:, p. 7. 5039: 5017:. Retrieved 5013:the original 4990: 4969: 4965: 4957: 4945:. Retrieved 4941:the original 4931: 4919:. Retrieved 4910: 4899: 4891: 4879:. Retrieved 4875:the original 4865: 4853:. Retrieved 4849:the original 4842: 4835: 4820: 4809: 4795:Alberts 1995 4790: 4779:. Retrieved 4765: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4719:. Retrieved 4705: 4686: 4680: 4672: 4667: 4656:. Retrieved 4652: 4643: 4632:. Retrieved 4616:10261/245877 4607: 4603: 4593: 4581:. Retrieved 4561: 4554: 4543:. Retrieved 4523: 4516: 4486:(1): 43–56. 4483: 4479: 4473: 4462:. Retrieved 4452: 4445: 4434:. Retrieved 4421: 4413:Todo a Babor 4412: 4403: 4384: 4375: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4342: 4321: 4315: 4300: 4295: 4287: 4282: 4270:. Retrieved 4266:the original 4255: 4244:. Retrieved 4224: 4217: 4206:. Retrieved 4196: 4170:. Retrieved 4156: 4144:. Retrieved 4116:. Retrieved 4089: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4022: 4013: 3958:. Retrieved 3947: 3940: 3929:. Retrieved 3896: 3893:Polar Record 3892: 3882: 3871:. Retrieved 3846: 3842: 3832: 3821:. Retrieved 3811: 3804: 3793:. Retrieved 3783: 3773: 3761:. Retrieved 3746: 3727: 3723: 3684: 3671: 3655: 3646: 3639:Terre Adélie 3638: 3632: 3610: 3548: 3532: 3528:Emilio Palma 3516:Jackie Ronne 3500: 3462: 3456: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3420: 3412:Mount Erebus 3398: 3387: 3383:Byrd Station 3376: 3361: 3340:arms control 3329: 3312: 3298: 3275:Vivian Fuchs 3256: 3251:Soviet Union 3247: 3236: 3225: 3217: 3176:hydrographic 3161:Rear Admiral 3154: 3135: 3126: 3104: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3045: 3026: 3008: 2981:post offices 2969:Port Lockroy 2963:, where the 2958: 2953: 2948: 2929: 2925: 2900: 2886: 2869:Kriegsmarine 2867: 2865: 2842: 2831: 2811: 2803: 2784: 2773: 2751: 2705: 2687:Schwabenland 2685: 2674:Nazi Germany 2671: 2654: 2636: 2616: 2597: 2568: 2551:and between 2545:Enderby Land 2542: 2535: 2524: 2504: 2487: 2424: 2404: 2392: 2386: 2376: 2365: 2325:capitulación 2324: 2318: 2281:in 1911 and 2276: 2237: 2229: 2213:Vivian Fuchs 2210: 2199: 2150: 2139: 2130: 2124: 2105: 2085: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2031: 2017: 1995: 1984: 1977: 1973:Frank Hurley 1968: 1944: 1933: 1909: 1898: 1892: 1877: 1867: 1846: 1811: 1788: 1783: 1761: 1742: 1714:Mount Erebus 1687: 1681: 1669: 1627:Ormond House 1616: 1601: 1575: 1572: 1545: 1523: 1495: 1488: 1478: 1473: 1467: 1444: 1434: 1431: 1419: 1413: 1386: 1362: 1347: 1332: 1291: 1284: 1277: 1266: 1249: 1239: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1196:Mount Terror 1192:Mount Erebus 1179: 1175: 1157: 1149: 1132: 1084: 1078: 1065: 1061: 1052:John Balleny 1032:Enderby Land 1029: 1018: 1003: 986: 982: 980: 975: 968: 945: 940: 930: 910: 906: 900: 887: 883: 865: 837: 832: 830: 824:next to the 811: 809: 795: 778: 769: 757: 751: 745: 717: 711: 681: 672:renaming it 670:Roché Island 639: 618: 596: 563: 559: 540:hydrographer 533: 488: 454: 447: 441: 437:Roché Island 422: 394: 382: 368: 364:New Hebrides 358: 354:Panama Canal 327: 322: 316: 285: 272: 255: 244: 225: 219: 192: 168: 154: 117: 76: 66: 53: 45: 43: 38: 34: 29:Painting of 15: 11736: / 11357:Lake Vostok 11307:Tryoshnikov 11229:Schlossbach 11120:Christensen 11062:James Caird 10983:E. R. Evans 10749:Dobrowolski 10719:de Gerlache 10421:Expeditions 10307:Aviaarktika 10261:Samoylovich 10132:Kolomeitsev 10026:Middendorff 9986:Gedenshtrom 9406:I. Fyodorov 9168:Chilingarov 9056:E. Fyodorov 8663:Expeditions 8440:(legendary) 8347:Field camps 8245:Expeditions 8171:Weddell Sea 8151:Lake Vostok 8146:Lake Mercer 8018:Ice shelves 7881:Ivanov, L. 7736:(952): 77. 7729:"Ice Queen" 7136:13 December 7024:Argentina)" 6303:31 December 6295:: 138–147. 5818:pp. 135–139 5440:) pp. 64–75 5396:19 November 5094:Балкли 2013 4963:(in French) 4897:(in French) 4826:(in French) 3763:28 December 3730:(5): 1–12. 3653:(in French) 3451:cruise ship 3416:Ross Island 3321:ionospheric 3317:French Navy 3311:. The ship 3309:Adélie Land 3287:ice breaker 3277:headed the 3127:John Biscoe 2973:Graham Land 2742:Omond House 2632:sovereignty 2608:Adélie Land 2600:Adélie Land 2592:Adélie Land 2429:in the far 2161:Edith Ronne 2135:Hearst Land 2116:Spitsbergen 2018:James Caird 2001:Weddell Sea 1807:Loubet Land 1799:Graham Land 1780:Weddell Sea 1768:Graham Land 1753:Mount Gauss 1643:Weddell Sea 1605:carried an 1417:in Dundee. 1250:USS Peacock 1153:Wilkes Land 1145:Wilkes Land 1124: [ 1117:Adélie Land 1036:John Biscoe 1010:Weddell Sea 896:матёрой лёд 762:Monte Video 635:135° W 627:177° W 615:147° E 389:New Holland 294:granted to 249:in 1487 by 232:torrid zone 157:Polynesians 11580:Terra Nova 11485:Shackleton 11428:J. C. Ross 11387:Resolution 11377:South Pole 11152:New Swabia 11076:Mackintosh 11048:Shackleton 10967:Terra Nova 10960:Terra Nova 10694:Heroic Age 10654:Challenger 10614:J. C. Ross 10524:Bransfield 10456:Resolution 10371:icebreaker 10335:Chelyuskin 10076:expedition 10054:Expedition 9996:Matyushkin 9954:Kh. Laptev 9949:Chelyuskin 9843:Heemskerck 9833:Chancellor 9828:Willoughby 9823:Koch boats 9766:Stefansson 9700:McClintock 9664:Inglefield 9506:J. C. Ross 9413:Resolution 9265:Cunningham 9163:Sagalevich 8852:expedition 8811:Stephenson 8771:C. F. Hall 8758:expedition 8732:J. C. Ross 8695:Heemskerck 8682:North Pole 8558:Antarctica 8250:Heroic Age 8101:South Pole 8011:Heat waves 7980:Antarctica 7784:8 November 7343:2016-08-31 7244:2022-05-28 7219:2016-07-20 7190:2020-10-26 7092:www.ats.aq 7073:2014-07-13 6971:2011-05-31 6436:2008-07-16 6249:2022-08-30 6217:2022-08-25 6123:24 January 6057:Shackleton 5992:18 January 5907:Huntford ( 5670:Shackleton 5668:Huntford ( 5620:2007-11-14 5474:2020-11-28 5436:Huntford ( 5240:2017-06-03 5019:2006-10-20 4993:on the map 4921:18 January 4781:2017-06-03 4721:2017-06-03 4658:2023-08-22 4634:2020-11-01 4583:1 November 4545:2020-11-01 4464:2020-11-01 4436:2014-01-04 4363:Antarctica 4272:23 October 4246:2020-05-27 4208:2019-08-01 4172:2022-08-25 4118:2022-08-25 3960:2018-06-22 3950:Book II 5" 3931:2021-12-26 3873:2021-12-26 3823:2021-09-07 3795:2019-11-21 3697:References 3495:Lois Jones 3491:South Pole 3180:geological 3131:diplomatic 3111:Royal Navy 2965:Union Flag 2939:James Marr 2717:Coats Land 2697:New Swabia 2445:, and the 2385:, that an 2288:Scott Base 2256:M29 Weasel 2240:Scott Base 2206:South Pole 2190:Scott Base 2153:Finn Ronne 1893:Terra Nova 1847:Terra Nova 1702:South Pole 1690:Expedition 1676:Union flag 1674:plant the 1672:Expedition 1661:Frank Wild 1647:Coats Land 1607:expedition 1578:Expedition 1552:Cape Adare 1532:Cape Adare 1499:overwinter 1470:expedition 1452:Cape Adare 1440:Cape Adare 1260:along the 1158:After the 1141:expedition 1044:Peter Kemp 972:John Davis 958:See also: 768:chartered 766:Royal Navy 746:Andromache 736:Valparaiso 666:57° S 658:106° 54′ W 650:109° 30′ W 623:60° S 611:60° S 580:60° S 560:Resolution 556:James Cook 525:James Cook 499:50° S 484:55° S 460:52° S 443:James Cook 319:New Guinea 214:North Pole 120:South Pole 109:John Davis 81:James Cook 11679:Tolstikov 11465:Discovery 11435:HMS 11420:HMS 11402:Adventure 11400:HMS 11385:HMS 11321:Tolstikov 11042:Endurance 10827:Antarctic 10812:Drygalski 10785:Discovery 10778:Discovery 10739:Arctowski 10652:HMS 10625:HMS 10619:Abernethy 10607:HMS 10585:USS 10572:Vincennes 10570:USS 10550:Astrolabe 10490:San Telmo 10471:Adventure 10469:HMS 10454:HMS 10449:Kerguelen 10411:Continent 10396:Antarctic 10273:Urvantsev 10231:Vilkitsky 10084:Jeannette 10082:USS 10074:Jeannette 10038:Weyprecht 10016:Pakhtusov 9966:Chichagov 9959:D. Laptev 9902:Permyakov 9877:Stadukhin 9872:Perfilyev 9849:Mangazeya 9787:H. Larsen 9752:Rasmussen 9707:HMS 9678:USS 9627:HMS 9614:HMS 9578:Collinson 9568:HMS 9560:HMS 9538:HMS 9486:HMS 9471:HMS 9456:HMS 9441:Mackenzie 9428:Discovery 9426:HMS 9411:HMS 9383:Discovery 9362:Frobisher 9325:Rasmussen 9238:Gunnbjörn 9184:Greenland 9113:USS 9104:USS 8976:Ellsworth 8918:Roosevelt 8848:Nansen's 8805:Discovery 8803:HMS 8790:HMS 8737:Abernethy 8705:Marmaduke 8582:Australia 8402:Transport 8141:Lake CECs 8118:ice sheet 8074:ice sheet 8043:Volcanoes 8033:Mountains 7988:Geography 7744:29 August 7711:25 August 7680:29 August 7649:30 August 7618:27 August 7588:27 August 7555:24 August 7524:27 August 7493:24 August 7462:24 August 7401:27 August 7275:1311.5238 7034:March 21, 6865:cite book 6489:29 August 6258:cite book 5528:10 August 5499:13 August 5321:11 August 5281:11 August 4624:2422-779X 4500:1092-7697 4146:25 August 3921:244118774 3863:239089356 3469:neutrinos 3457:Nordnorge 3423:Bob Hawke 3192:Antarctic 3168:Antarctic 2922:) claims. 2857:Antarctic 2847:launched 2754:Argentina 2693:swastikas 2680:, led by 2553:meridians 2413:) in the 2379:Argentina 2337:Charles V 2036:, led by 2027:Grytviken 1996:Endurance 1978:Endurance 1890:from the 1801:, on the 1602:Discovery 1576:Discovery 1474:Discovery 1435:Antarctic 1414:Discovery 1360:in 1917. 1224:H.R. 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