147:
1053:
1042:
25:
1299:—based in part upon rural Pashtun tradition—upon the entire country and committed human rights violations, particularly directed against women and girls, in the process. Women were restricted from working outside the home or pursuing an education, were not to leave their homes without an accompanying male relative, and required to wear a traditional
1212:, called for the militias to be disarmed but was never fully implemented. Through 1993, Hekmatyar's Hezb-i-Islami forces, allied with the Shi'a Hezb-i-Wahdat militia, clashed intermittently with Rabbani and Massoud's Jamiat forces. Cooperating with Jamiat were militants of Sayyaf's Ittehad-i-Islami and, periodically, troops loyal to ethnic
1386:
repeatedly sanctioned the
Taliban for these activities. Bin Laden provided both financial and political support to the Taliban, as did Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, until American pressure forced them to drop their public support for the Taliban after September 11, 2001. Bin Laden and his al Qaeda group
1195:
But in May 1992, Rabbani prematurely formed the leadership council, undermining
Mojaddedi's fragile authority. On June 28, 1992, Mojaddedi surrendered power to the Leadership Council, which then elected Rabbani as President. Nonetheless, heavy fighting broke out in August 1992 in Kabul between forces
1418:
but controlled less than 5% of the country. Nevertheless, they held onto
Afghanistan's diplomatic representation in the United Nations as only three countries in the world continued to recognize the Taliban government. On September 9, agents working on behalf of the Taliban and believed to be
1444:, the last Taliban-held city in the north, captured on November 26. Most of the Taliban fled to Pakistan. The war continued in the south of the country, where the Taliban retreated to Kandahar. After Kandahar fell in December, remnants of the Taliban and al-Qaeda continued to
1423:, a hero of the Afghan resistance against the Soviets and the Taliban's principal military opponent. Following the Taliban's repeated refusal to expel bin Laden and his group and end its support for international terrorism, the United States and its partners launched an
1216:
strongman Abdul Rashid Dostam. On
January 1, 1994, Dostam switched sides, precipitating large scale fighting in Kabul and in northern provinces, which caused thousands of civilian casualties in Kabul and elsewhere and created a new wave of displaced persons and
1535:
33 of the 34 provincial capitals of
Afghanistan in the span of three months. On August 15, 2021, the Taliban captured Kabul with President Ghani fleeing the country. Anti Taliban-forces along with the remnants of the Islamic Republic formed the
1333:.In addition to the continuing civil strife, the country suffered from widespread poverty, drought, a devastated infrastructure, and ubiquitous use of landmines. These conditions led to about a million Afghans facing starvation. The
1439:
on
November 9. It rapidly gained control of most of northern Afghanistan and took control of Kabul on November 13 after the Taliban unexpectedly fled the city. The Taliban were restricted to a smaller and smaller region, with
1430:
A period of bombing followed, which for about a month appeared to be having little effect. The US required the assistance of countries around
Afghanistan to provide a route for the attack, but criticism increased as various
1292:, prominent Afghans living outside the country, and other interested countries to bring about a peaceful solution to the continuing conflict came to nothing, largely because of intransigence on the part of the Taliban.
1283:
Pakistan recognized the
Taliban as the legitimate rulers of Afghanistan in 1997. By the end of 2000, the Taliban controlled about 95% of the country, limiting the opposition to a small corner in the northeast
1259:
in
Pakistan and were largely from rural Pashtun backgrounds. This group was made up of mostly Pashtuns that dedicated itself to removing the warlords, providing law and order, and imposing strict Islamic
1435:, aid agencies, hospitals, and other civilian buildings were damaged by US bombs. However, the Northern Alliance, fighting against a Taliban weakened by US bombing and massive defections, captured
1184:
was to chair the council for 2 months, after which a 10-member leadership council composed of mujahideen leaders and presided over by the head of the Jamiat-i-Islami, Prof.
1531:
NATO troops began to slowly withdraw international troops from
Afghanistan as the war continued. Concurrently in 2021, the Taliban insurgency quickly began to see success,
42:
1192:, or grand council of Afghan elders and notables, would convene and designate an interim administration which would hold power up to a year, pending elections.
1595:
89:
61:
1774:
1276:. By this time Afghanistan was in its 17th year of war. It had the highest infant, child and maternal mortality rates in Asia. An estimated 10 million
1209:
1083:
68:
840:
1273:
1238:
791:
1721:
75:
182:
57:
1016:
1679:
1361:
826:
546:
1537:
1204:
Gulbuddin. After Rabbani extended his tenure in December 1992, fighting in the capital flared up in January and February 1993. The
1208:, signed in March 1993, which appointed Hekmatyar as Prime Minister, failed to have a lasting effect. A follow-up agreement, the
741:
1357:
994:
801:
771:
1615:
1334:
1076:
1388:
1321:
In 2001, as part of a drive against relics of Afghanistan's pre-Islamic past, the Taliban destroyed two large statues of
82:
1419:
associated with bin Laden's al Qaeda group assassinated Northern Alliance Defense Minister and chief military commander
1353:
1101:
1021:
1011:
1004:
761:
1646:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
964:
108:
1490:
1242:
1167:
1117:
959:
1403:
attack against bin Laden's terrorist camp in Afghanistan. Bin Laden and al Qaeda are believed responsible for the
1480:
1383:
1338:
1069:
1045:
1026:
974:
836:
126:
1229:, controlled Kabul and much of the northeast, while local warlords exerted power over the rest of the country.
163:
46:
1501:, Hamid Karzai was declared the winner and became President of the Islamic Republic. Karzai won reelection in
1329:
and announced destruction of all pre-Islamic statues in Afghanistan, including the remaining holdings of the
822:
711:
731:
1460:
1163:
1139:
989:
811:
781:
1493:
for Afghanistan. The Islamic Republic saw NATO troops being maintained in the country while fighting the
396:
222:
1150:
and Kabul was left without defenses and soon fell to Massoud. At the time, Doustum had 1,500 militia in
1404:
661:
154:
172:
1468:
1415:
691:
1578:
1424:
35:
1455:
in June 2002, a transitional government was put in place to govern Afghanistan, overseen by the
1619:
1526:
1181:
1097:
969:
721:
701:
252:
135:
1378:
national who had fought with them against the Soviets, and provided a base for his and other
1268:
from a local warlord and proceeded to expand its control throughout Afghanistan, controlling
302:
146:
1532:
1308:
1671:
8:
1197:
1185:
1143:
1135:
999:
979:
1600:
1494:
1445:
1420:
1326:
1147:
1100:
covers the period from the fall of the Najibullah government in 1992 to the end of the
1057:
536:
406:
351:
272:
1702:
1541:
984:
466:
436:
212:
1623:
1565:
Ruiz, Hiram and Emery, Margaret (September 24, 2001) "Afghanistan's Refugee Crisis"
1410:
By September 2001 the remaining opposition to the Taliban had been confined to the
1307:, as a retaliation in which approximately 2,500 Taliban soldiers were massacred by
1205:
919:
556:
486:
192:
1545:
1486:
1452:
1411:
1371:
1285:
1218:
1177:
1113:
751:
476:
312:
262:
232:
1414:
and a small region in the northeast. The opposition by this time had formed the
1347:
1264:
law on the country. In 1994 it developed enough strength to capture the city of
1226:
1196:
loyal to President Rabbani and rival factions, particularly those who supported
1743:
1456:
1400:
1322:
1248:
681:
606:
596:
516:
496:
426:
332:
282:
1768:
1436:
1396:
1318:, killing eight diplomats and a television reporter, claiming them as spies.
1201:
929:
884:
671:
651:
631:
526:
456:
292:
242:
1564:
1506:
1464:
1375:
1330:
1123:
904:
641:
586:
416:
1127:
924:
851:
386:
341:
1247:
In reaction to the warlordism prevalent in the country, and the lack of
1489:
saw an assembly vote and approve the foundations of a new republic and
1341:
1189:
1131:
1130:
in February 1989, fighting between the communist backed government and
939:
914:
909:
566:
506:
361:
1520:
1471:, a position he was reelected to in successor governments until 2014.
1379:
1367:
879:
576:
322:
24:
1277:
1272:
in September 1995, then Kabul in September 1996, and declaring the
1265:
1256:
1173:
899:
1344:
killed thousands of Afghans in the northeast Badakhshan Province.
1744:"Anti-Taliban resistance group says it has thousands of fighters"
1392:
1315:
1252:
894:
446:
1441:
1432:
1261:
1222:
1213:
1188:, was to be set up for 4 months. During this 6-month period, a
934:
889:
1474:
1303:.The Taliban repressed minority populations, particularly the
1232:
1703:"Top 5 Afghan presidential candidates in Saturday's election"
1579:
Norton, Andre (April 2001) "Afghanistan: The Crisis Deepens"
1348:
International Intervention and Interim Government (2001-2004)
1300:
1296:
1269:
1180:
in mid-April to assume power in Kabul. Moderate leader Prof.
1151:
1142:
in 1991, it was overthrown on April 28, 1992. The forces of
202:
1312:
1304:
1157:
1295:
The Taliban sought to impose an extreme interpretation of
1399:
in 1998, and in August 1998 the United States launched a
1280:
covered its terrain. Two million refugees were in camps.
1172:
Seeking to resolve these differences, the leaders of the
1463:
administration of the United States. The assembly voted
1289:
1594:
Fathi, Nazila; O'Connor, Anahad (December 27, 2003).
1701:Akhgar, Tameem; Gannon, Kathy (28 September 2019).
1521:
Reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate (2021-present)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1596:"Powerful Earthquake in Iran Kills Thousands]"
1255:movement arose. Many Taliban had been educated in
1593:
1225:, forces loyal to Rabbani and Masud, both ethnic
1766:
1176:-based mujahideen groups established an interim
1134:continued. With material help from the Soviets,
1647:"Asia: Afghanistan: Taliban Leader Vows Return"
1497:. The first election for president was held in
1102:international military presence in Afghanistan
1722:"The War in Afghanistan Isn't Quite Over Yet"
1505:and left office in 2014. He was succeeded by
1077:
1700:
1251:representation in the Kabul government, the
1475:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004-2021)
1233:Islamic Emirate and the Taliban (1996-2001)
1407:in the United States, among other crimes.
1389:the bombing of the United States embassies
1239:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)
1084:
1070:
58:"History of Afghanistan" 1992–present
1638:
1362:Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1538:National Resistance Front of Afghanistan
1366:From the mid-1990s the Taliban provided
1158:Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992-1996)
1719:
1767:
1138:'s government survived, but after the
1775:History of Afghanistan (1992–present)
1358:United States invasion of Afghanistan
1311:and his Shia followers; attacked the
1221:. The country sank even further into
1644:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1672:"Karzai declared elected president"
1645:Gall, Carlotta (13 November 2004).
13:
1720:Filseth, Trevor (23 August 2021).
1587:
14:
1786:
1682:from the original on 24 July 2020
1608:
1051:
1041:
1040:
145:
23:
1481:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
1384:United Nations Security Council
34:needs additional citations for
1736:
1713:
1694:
1664:
1572:
1558:
1354:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
1274:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
1:
1551:
1544:against the Taliban from the
1107:
16:Fall of Najibullah to present
1243:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)
1168:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
1164:Islamic State of Afghanistan
1140:collapse of the Soviet Union
1118:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
7:
1017:Hindu and Buddhist heritage
827:Transitional Administration
397:Principality of Chaghaniyan
10:
1791:
1524:
1511:2014 presidential election
1478:
1405:September 11, 2001 attacks
1351:
1236:
1161:
1111:
873:Related historical regions
1567:Middle East Report Online
1126:withdrew completely from
173:Indus Valley civilisation
1416:Afghan Northern Alliance
692:Principality of Qandahar
1425:invasion of Afghanistan
1325:outside of the city of
1620:Academy of Achievement
1527:2021 Taliban offensive
1182:Sibghatullah Mojadeddi
1098:history of Afghanistan
1058:Afghanistan portal
995:List of heads of state
253:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
303:Indo-Parthian kingdom
283:Indo-Scythian kingdom
1427:on October 7, 2001.
1096:This article on the
43:improve this article
1724:. National Interest
1678:. 2 November 2009.
1626:on 13 December 2010
1583:(No.311): pp. 14-15
1382:organizations. The
1198:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
1186:Burhanuddin Rabbani
1144:Abdul Rashid Dostum
1136:Mohammad Najibullah
762:Democratic Republic
1651:The New York Times
1601:The New York Times
1495:Taliban insurgency
1421:Ahmed Shah Massoud
1387:were charged with
1148:Ahmed Shah Massoud
965:Political violence
772:Tanai coup attempt
407:Rashidun Caliphate
352:Hephthalite Empire
273:Indo-Greek kingdom
1513:and reelected in
1288:. Efforts by the
1094:
1093:
985:Afghan (ethnonym)
960:Political history
864:
863:
712:Saqqawist Emirate
662:Sadozai Sultanate
615:
614:
401:7th–8th centuries
370:
369:
223:Macedonian Empire
213:Achaemenid Empire
183:Oxus civilization
119:
118:
111:
93:
1782:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1622:. Archived from
1612:
1606:
1605:
1591:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1446:mount resistance
1210:Jalalabad Accord
1206:Islamabad Accord
1086:
1079:
1072:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1043:
1027:Muslim conquests
1012:Hinduism history
975:Economic history
859:
837:Islamic Republic
628:
627:
557:Chagatai Khanate
383:
382:
323:Kidarite kingdom
193:Gandhara kingdom
169:
168:
149:
139:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1790:
1789:
1785:
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1783:
1781:
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1764:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1742:
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1725:
1718:
1714:
1699:
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1683:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1592:
1588:
1581:The Middle East
1577:
1573:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1546:Panjshir Valley
1540:, launching an
1529:
1523:
1487:2003 Ioya Jirga
1483:
1477:
1412:Panjshir Valley
1372:Osama bin Laden
1364:
1352:Main articles:
1350:
1286:Panjshir Valley
1245:
1237:Main articles:
1235:
1178:Jamiat-e Islami
1170:
1162:Main articles:
1160:
1146:surrendered to
1120:
1114:Afghan conflict
1112:Main articles:
1110:
1090:
1052:
1050:
1033:
1032:
1031:
954:
946:
945:
944:
874:
866:
865:
857:
852:Islamic Emirate
792:Islamic Emirate
752:Saur Revolution
625:
617:
616:
547:Mongol Invasion
521:before 879–1215
380:
372:
371:
313:Sasanian Empire
297:135 BC – 248 AD
263:Parthian Empire
233:Seleucid Empire
166:
137:
130:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1761:
1760:
1735:
1712:
1693:
1663:
1637:
1616:"Hamid Karzai"
1607:
1586:
1571:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1525:Main article:
1522:
1519:
1479:Main article:
1476:
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1457:United Nations
1451:Following the
1401:cruise missile
1349:
1346:
1234:
1231:
1159:
1156:
1109:
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1092:
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1029:
1024:
1022:Jewish history
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953:Related topics
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682:Durrani Empire
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427:Tibetan Empire
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307:20 BC – 50? AD
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99:September 2014
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1437:Mazari Sharif
1434:
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1408:
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1402:
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1397:Dar Es Salaam
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1202:Hezb-i-Islami
1199:
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1020:
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993:
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990:List of years
988:
986:
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978:
976:
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966:
963:
961:
958:
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949:
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930:Paropamisadae
928:
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828:
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816:
813:
812:Islamic State
810:
809:
805:
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1752:. Retrieved
1750:. 2021-08-23
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1624:the original
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1509:who won the
1507:Ashraf Ghani
1491:constitution
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854:(reinstated)
814:(reinstated)
187:2100–1800 BC
177:2200–1800 BC
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1656:8 September
1342:earthquakes
1309:Abdul Malik
1128:Afghanistan
925:Kushanshahr
802:US invasion
537:Khwarezmids
387:Kabul Shahi
342:Alchon Huns
197:1500–535 BC
138:Afghanistan
136:History of
1754:2021-08-29
1686:31 January
1552:References
1542:insurgency
1453:Ioya Jirga
1190:Loya Jirga
1132:mujahideen
1122:After the
1108:Background
940:Zabulistan
915:Kafiristan
910:Kabulistan
732:Daoud coup
567:Qarlughids
507:Ghaznavids
417:Tang China
362:Nezak Huns
287:155–80? BC
257:256–125 BC
247:305–180 BC
237:312–150 BC
227:330–312 BC
217:550–330 BC
207:728–550 BC
69:newspapers
1728:29 August
1630:3 October
1533:capturing
1469:President
1380:terrorist
1368:sanctuary
1278:landmines
1154:airport.
880:Arachosia
846:2004–2021
831:2001–2004
796:1996–2001
786:1992–1996
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531:1037–1194
487:Saffarids
277:180–90 BC
1769:Category
1748:BBC News
1680:Archived
1676:BBC News
1459:and the
1339:May 1998
1335:February
1266:Kandahar
1257:madrasas
1219:refugees
1174:Peshawar
1046:Category
920:Khorasan
900:Gandhara
841:politics
742:Republic
642:Safavids
597:Timurids
511:963–1187
497:Samanids
477:Tahirids
467:Abbasids
437:Umayyads
379:Medieval
155:Timeline
127:a series
125:Part of
1707:AP News
1433:mosques
1393:Nairobi
1327:Bamiyan
1316:embassy
1313:Iranian
1253:Taliban
1249:Pashtun
970:Culture
895:Bactria
823:Interim
722:Kingdom
702:Emirate
632:Mughals
607:Arghuns
587:Kartids
527:Seljuks
517:Ghurids
501:875–999
491:863–900
481:821–873
471:750–821
461:750-977
451:680–870
447:Zunbils
441:661–750
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391:565–879
366:484–711
356:410–557
346:380–560
327:320–465
317:230–651
164:Ancient
83:scholar
1442:Kunduz
1360:, and
1323:Buddha
1262:Sharia
1227:Tajiks
1223:anomie
935:Sistan
890:Ariana
624:Modern
129:on the
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1376:Saudi
1301:burqa
1297:Islam
1270:Herat
1214:Uzbek
1152:Kabul
858:since
457:Lawik
90:JSTOR
76:books
1730:2021
1688:2010
1658:2017
1632:2010
1515:2019
1503:2009
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1485:The
1461:Bush
1395:and
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1305:Shia
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980:Name
905:Iran
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62:news
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