568:(2000, p. 1285) the discipline of "music lags behind the other arts; it picks up ideas from other media just when they have become outmoded." Only in the 1990s did historical musicologists, preceded by feminist musicologists in the late 1980s, begin to address issues such as gender, sexualities, bodies, emotions, and subjectivities which dominated the humanities for twenty years before (ibid, p. 10). In McClary's words (1991, p. 5), "It almost seems that musicology managed miraculously to pass directly from pre- to postfeminism without ever having to change – or even examine – its ways." Furthermore, in their discussion on musicology and rock music, Susan McClary and Robert Walser also address a key struggle within the discipline: how musicology has often "dismisse questions of socio-musical interaction out of hand, that part of classical music's greatness is ascribed to its autonomy from society." (1988, p. 283)
580:, the strongest criticism of (historical) musicology has been that it generally ignores popular music. Though musicological study of popular music has vastly increased in quantity recently, Middleton's assertion in 1990—that most major "works of musicology, theoretical or historical, act as though popular music did not exist"—holds true. Academic and conservatory training typically only peripherally addresses this broad spectrum of musics, and many (historical) musicologists who are "both contemptuous and condescending are looking for types of production, musical form, and listening which they associate with a
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or the relationship between words and music. On the other hand, historical musicology tends to "neglect or have difficulty with parameters which are not easily notated", such as tone colour or non-Western rhythms. In addition, he claims that the "notation-centric training" of
Western music schools "induces particular forms of
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categories: the establishing of factual and correct data and the interpretation of data. Most historical research does not fall into one category solely, but rather employs a combination of methods from both categories. The act of establishing factual data can never be fully separate from the act of interpretation.
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He cites three main aspects of this problem (p. 104–6). The terminology of historical musicology is "slanted by the needs and history of a particular music ('classical music')." He acknowledges that "there is a rich vocabulary for certain areas , important in musicology's typical corpus"; yet he
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Notational centricity also encourages "reification: the score comes to be seen as 'the music', or perhaps the music in an ideal form." As such, music that does not use a written score, such as jazz, blues, or folk, can become demoted to a lower level of status. As well, historical musicology has "an
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As well, he claims that historical musicology uses "a methodology slanted by the characteristics of notation," 'notational centricity' (Tagg 1979, p. 28–32). As a result, "musicological methods tend to foreground those musical parameters which can be easily notated" such as pitch relationships
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In its most narrow definition, historical musicology is the music history of
Western culture. Such a definition arbitrarily excludes disciplines other than history, cultures other than Western, and forms of music other than "classical" ("art", "serious", "high culture") or notated ("artificial") –
384:
draws on many of the tools of historical musicology to answer the specific question of how music was performed in various places at various times in the past. Scholars investigate questions such as which instruments or voices were used to perform a given work, what tempos (or tempo changes) were
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movement owes much to historical musicological scholarship. Towards the middle of the 20th century, musicology (and its largest subfield of historical musicology) expanded significantly as a field of study. Concurrently the number of musicological and music journals increased to create further
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of composers can give us a better sense of the chronology of compositions, influences on style and works, and provide important background to the interpretation (by performers or listeners) of works. Thus biography can form one part of the larger study of the cultural significance, underlying
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The methods and tools of music history are nearly as many as its subjects and therefore make a strict categorization impossible. However, a few trends and approaches can be outlined here. Like in any other historical discipline, most research in music history can be roughly divided into two
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points out that there is "an impoverished vocabulary for other areas , which are less well developed" in
Classical music. Middleton argues that a number of "terms are ideologically loaded" in that "they always involve selective, and often unconsciously formulated, conceptions of what music
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implying that the omitted disciplines, cultures, and musical styles/genres are somehow inferior. A somewhat broader definition incorporating all musical humanities is still problematic, because it arbitrarily excludes the relevant (natural) sciences (acoustics, psychology, physiology,
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are most conventionally the province of music analysts rather than historians. However, crucial to the practice of musical semiotics – the interpretation of meaning in a work or style – is its situation in a historical context. The interpretative work of scholars such as
393:, since the 1990s, research in performance practice has examined other historical eras, such as how early Classical era piano concerti were performed, how the early history of recording affected the use of vibrato in classical music, or which instruments were used in
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ideology slanted by the origins and development of a particular body of music and its aesthetic...It arose at a specific moment, in a specific context – nineteenth-century Europe, especially
Germany – and in close association with that movement in the musical
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of the period which was codifying the very repertory then taken by musicology as the centre of its attention." These terminological, methodological, and ideological problems affect even works sympathetic to popular music. However, it is not "that musicology
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to the current era), and depth. Both types of courseoach on a narrower subject while introducing more of the tools of research in music history. The range of possible topics is virtually limitless. Some examples might be "Music during
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courses for non-music majors and music history courses for music majors. The two types of courses will usually differ in length (one to two semesters vs. two to four), breadth (many music appreciation courses begin at the
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focus on the function of music in society as well as its meaning for individuals and society as a whole. Researchers emphasizing the social importance of music (including classical music) are sometimes called
244:. The application of musical analysis to further these goals is often a part of music history, though pure analysis or the development of new tools of music analysis is more likely to be seen in the field of
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pay records, letters to a patroness of the arts) or to more systematically study a collection of documents related to a musician. In some cases, where records, scores, and letters have been digitized,
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or university) level. In Canada, some music students receive training prior to undergraduate studies because examinations in music history (as well as music theory) are required to complete
514:. Wolf's writings on the history of musical notation are considered to be particularly notable by musicologists. Historical musicology has played a critical role in renewed interest in
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that studies music from a historical point of view. In theory, "music history" could refer to the study of the history of any type or genre of music (e.g., the history of
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outlets for the publication of research. The domination of German language scholarship ebbed as significant journals sprang up throughout the West, especially
America.
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Within historical musicology, scholars have been reluctant to adopt postmodern and critical approaches that are common elsewhere in the humanities. According to
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song that is very rhythmically complex, but then dismiss it as a low-level musical work because it has a very simple melody and only uses two or five chords.
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has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favored by scholars and literati as an instrument of great subtlety and refinement.
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and music analysis have likewise historically been rather uneasily separated from the most narrow definition of historical musicology.
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sorts of music, appropriately or not". As a result, Western music students trained in historical musicology may listen to a
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may be conducted to find connections to music or musicians in a collection of documents of broader interests (e.g.,
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understand popular music, or that students of popular music should abandon musicology." (Middleton, p. 104).
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work can be done online. One example of a composer for whom archival materials can be examined online is the
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based. The terms "music history" and "historical musicology" usually refer to the history of the
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The first studies of
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classes, the majority of formal music history courses are offered at the post-secondary (
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This article is about the academic field of music history. For an overview of music, see
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containing significant writings on sacred music from the 3rd century onwards in 1784.
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702:"De cantu et musica sacra (Gerbert, Martin) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download"
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kind of music...'classical music'...and they generally find popular music lacking"
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receive some instruction in music history, whether this is the history of
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while courses for music majors traditionally span the period from the
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of composers and other musicians, studies of the relationship between
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557:) as well as musical practice. The musicological sub-disciplines of
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as well as medieval and
Renaissance music. In particular, the
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and music, and reflections upon the role of music in society.
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in 1774. Gerbert followed this work with a three volume work
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The methods of music history include source studies (esp.
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published a two volume history of sacred music titled
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fall between the analytic and the music historical.
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used, and how (or if) ornaments were used. Although
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Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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637:The House of Music: Art in an Era of Institutions
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389:was previously confined to early music from the
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419:), and disability, among other approaches.
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276:Although most performers of classical and
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131:Learn how and when to remove this message
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469:Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra
451:published a three volume history titled
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753:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.41156
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600:, and these then tend to be applied to
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209:, which tends to focus on elite art).
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974:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc
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69:adding citations to reliable sources
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675:Martini, Giovanni Battista (1757).
532:Exclusion of disciplines and musics
27:The academic field of music history
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2650:Classical and art music traditions
1082:History of lute-family instruments
899:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat
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639:, published by D.R. Godine, 1984.
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502:In the 20th century, the work of
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1841:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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894:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta
506:and others developed studies in
320:eras and might omit music after
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2670:Jazz and popular music glossary
677:"Storia Della Musica: Volume 1"
344:music," "Music and politics," "
56:needs additional citations for
1911:Federated States of Micronesia
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1:
954:Philippine art songs—Kundiman
874:Afghan classical music—Klasik
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2815:Record production portal
2660:Cultural and regional genres
919:Indonesian art music—Gamelan
770:UK public library membership
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7:
1431:Music technology (electric)
969:Thai classical music—Piphat
924:Japanese court music—Gagaku
298:Royal Conservatory of Music
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10:
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1077:History of the harpsichord
964:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
572:Exclusion of popular music
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186:, whether or not they are
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486:'s manuscript sketch for
459:) between 1757 and 1781.
151:guqin "Jiu Han Pei". The
1786:Central African Republic
1329:Computational musicology
879:Andalusi classical music
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465:De cantu de musica sacra
2675:Music genres and styles
979:Western classical music
949:Persian classical music
745:Oxford University Press
278:traditional instruments
2655:Classical music genres
1731:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1272:Doctor of Musical Arts
1097:History of the trumpet
909:Indian classical music
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2481:São Tomé and Príncipe
2356:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2336:Republic of the Congo
1102:History of the violin
520:authentic performance
482:
300:certification at the
164:historical musicology
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34:. For the album, see
18:Historical musicology
2551:United Arab Emirates
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1324:Cognitive musicology
484:Ludwig van Beethoven
408:Sociological studies
401:Biographical studies
387:performance practice
382:Performance practice
228:), style criticism,
201:, sometimes called "
65:improve this article
2701:Aesthetics of music
2516:Trinidad and Tobago
1651:Antigua and Barbuda
1135:Band (rock and pop)
1059:Musical instruments
934:Lao classical music
681:UNT Digital Library
551:empirical sociology
488:Piano Sonata No. 28
453:Storia della musica
162:, sometimes called
2763:Musical instrument
2731:Music and politics
1861:Dominican Republic
1609:By sovereign state
929:Korean court music
889:Azerbaijani Mugham
740:Grove Music Online
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309:music appreciation
256:, new editions of
174:or the history of
157:
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2721:Music and fashion
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1886:Equatorial Guinea
1382:A-side and B-side
1287:Music archaeology
1262:Bachelor of Music
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1044:Psychedelic music
1039:Progressive music
959:Scottish Ceòl Mór
768:(subscription or
762:978-1-56159-263-0
578:Richard Middleton
547:computer sciences
512:Renaissance music
413:New musicologists
376:Arnold Schoenberg
234:historical method
226:textual criticism
205:" (by analogy to
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16:(Redirected from
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2166:Marshall Islands
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1297:Music psychology
1182:Backing vocalist
1019:Electronic music
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238:musical analysis
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1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1836:Czech Republic
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
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1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1571:North American
1568:
1567:
1566:
1564:South American
1561:
1554:Latin American
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1520:Middle Eastern
1517:
1512:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:Audio engineer
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:New musicology
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
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1209:
1207:
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1204:
1199:
1193:
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1189:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1150:Rhythm section
1147:
1142:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
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1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1055:
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1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
995:
993:
985:
984:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
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876:
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868:
859:
858:
853:
852:
851:
841:
836:
831:
826:
820:
818:
812:
811:
804:
803:
796:
789:
781:
775:
774:
761:
723:
720:
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717:
693:
667:
655:
653:
650:
648:
647:
632:
630:
627:
573:
570:
533:
530:
528:
525:
508:Medieval music
476:
473:
461:Martin Gerbert
444:
441:
439:
436:
273:
270:
230:historiography
172:Nigerian music
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2866:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Music history
2847:
2846:
2844:
2829:
2828:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2781:
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2774:
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2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Music therapy
2756:
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2641:
2638:
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2625:
2621:
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2599:
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2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:United States
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
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2492:
2489:
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2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
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2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
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2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
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2389:
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2369:
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2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
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2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Liechtenstein
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Guinea-Bissau
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1462:Cultural and
1458:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:Extended play
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1359:Zoomusicology
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Ecomusicology
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1319:Biomusicology
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1292:Music history
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Improvisation
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:Lead vocalist
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:Military band
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Hip hop music
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:Country music
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
992:
986:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
944:Ottoman music
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
867:
863:
857:
854:
850:
847:
846:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
783:
782:
779:
771:
764:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:
735:
730:
726:
725:
707:
703:
697:
682:
678:
671:
665:
664:Schoenberg.at
660:
656:
646:
645:0-87923-501-2
642:
638:
634:
633:
626:
624:
619:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
593:
591:
585:
583:
579:
576:According to
569:
567:
566:Susan McClary
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:neurosciences
524:
521:
517:
516:Baroque music
513:
509:
505:
504:Johannes Wolf
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
435:
433:
429:
424:
420:
418:
414:
409:
405:
402:
398:
396:
392:
388:
383:
379:
377:
373:
368:
364:
363:Archival work
360:
356:
354:
350:
347:
343:
340:
336:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
305:
303:
302:Grade 9 level
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
269:
267:
263:
259:
258:musical works
255:
251:
250:peer-reviewed
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
192:notated music
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:Music history
154:
150:
145:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2820:
2806:
2792:
2581:Vatican City
2531:Turkmenistan
2431:South Africa
2401:Sierra Leone
2381:Saudi Arabia
1756:Burkina Faso
1416:Record label
1302:Music school
1291:
1162:Concert band
1072:Angular harp
999:Circus music
884:Arabic music
738:
709:. Retrieved
705:
696:
685:. Retrieved
683:(in Italian)
680:
670:
659:
636:
622:
617:
614:
601:
597:
594:
589:
586:
581:
575:
563:
559:music theory
535:
501:
491:
468:
464:
456:
452:
449:G.B. Martini
446:
422:
421:
407:
406:
400:
399:
381:
380:
362:
361:
357:
349:Don Giovanni
348:
342:instrumental
314:late Baroque
306:
304:and higher.
275:
246:music theory
224:(especially
211:
163:
159:
158:
149:Tang dynasty
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
2685:Terminology
2665:Instruments
2471:Switzerland
2441:South Sudan
2436:South Korea
2361:Saint Lucia
2316:Philippines
2261:North Korea
2241:New Zealand
2236:Netherlands
2041:Ivory Coast
1881:El Salvador
1626:Afghanistan
1593:Micronesian
1394:Compilation
1307:Composition
1202:Composition
1167:Disc jockey
1140:Backup band
1067:Arched Harp
824:Prehistoric
734:"Biography"
543:information
443:Before 1898
391:Baroque era
339:Renaissance
331:World War I
326:Middle Ages
290:high school
262:biographies
242:iconography
218:paleography
207:art history
2854:Musicology
2843:Categories
2571:Uzbekistan
2491:Tajikistan
2396:Seychelles
2376:San Marino
2211:Mozambique
2201:Montenegro
2171:Mauritania
2136:Madagascar
2131:Luxembourg
2086:Kyrgyzstan
2061:Kazakhstan
1866:East Timor
1816:Costa Rica
1781:Cape Verde
1691:Bangladesh
1676:Azerbaijan
1598:Polynesian
1588:Melanesian
1370:Production
1349:Organology
1314:Musicology
1049:Soul music
1004:Folk music
989:Vernacular
743:. Oxford:
711:2023-04-24
687:2022-07-23
652:References
555:aesthetics
510:and early
428:Kofi Agawu
216:studies),
214:manuscript
168:musicology
121:March 2021
91:newspapers
2706:Album era
2586:Venezuela
2451:Sri Lanka
2406:Singapore
2291:Palestine
2246:Nicaragua
2176:Mauritius
2126:Lithuania
2011:Indonesia
1966:Guatemala
1666:Australia
1656:Argentina
1576:Caribbean
1530:Southeast
1255:and study
1253:Education
1243:Technique
1124:Ensembles
1034:Pop music
866:Art music
844:Religious
772:required)
706:imslp.org
598:listening
582:different
527:Critiques
475:1800–1950
318:classical
282:art music
254:textbooks
222:philology
203:art music
147:A famous
2827:Category
2640:Timeline
2611:Zimbabwe
2501:Thailand
2496:Tanzania
2461:Suriname
2416:Slovenia
2411:Slovakia
2326:Portugal
2306:Paraguay
2281:Pakistan
2196:Mongolia
2151:Maldives
2146:Malaysia
2071:Kiribati
1991:Honduras
1906:Ethiopia
1901:Eswatini
1856:Dominica
1851:Djibouti
1806:Colombia
1771:Cameroon
1766:Cambodia
1751:Bulgaria
1736:Botswana
1696:Barbados
1583:Oceanian
1537:European
1493:Southern
1426:Sampling
1223:Notation
1157:Big band
1119:Musician
849:Biblical
731:(2001).
618:practice
378:Center.
372:archival
346:Mozart's
335:Medieval
272:Pedagogy
2736:Warfare
2635:Outline
2591:Vietnam
2576:Vanuatu
2566:Uruguay
2546:Ukraine
2521:Tunisia
2426:Somalia
2386:Senegal
2341:Romania
2256:Nigeria
2221:Namibia
2216:Myanmar
2206:Morocco
2186:Moldova
2111:Liberia
2106:Lesotho
2101:Lebanon
2046:Jamaica
2026:Ireland
2001:Iceland
1996:Hungary
1961:Grenada
1946:Germany
1941:Georgia
1921:Finland
1896:Estonia
1891:Eritrea
1871:Ecuador
1846:Denmark
1821:Croatia
1811:Comoros
1761:Burundi
1726:Bolivia
1706:Belgium
1701:Belarus
1686:Bahrain
1681:Bahamas
1671:Austria
1661:Armenia
1641:Andorra
1636:Algeria
1631:Albania
1510:Central
1478:Central
1473:African
856:Secular
839:Martial
829:Ancient
496:Allegro
438:History
397:music.
395:Klezmer
367:Vatican
294:college
196:Western
105:scholar
2645:Albums
2606:Zambia
2541:Uganda
2536:Tuvalu
2526:Turkey
2486:Taiwan
2466:Sweden
2391:Serbia
2351:Rwanda
2346:Russia
2321:Poland
2296:Panama
2271:Norway
2191:Monaco
2181:Mexico
2141:Malawi
2096:Latvia
2081:Kuwait
2076:Kosovo
2056:Jordan
2031:Israel
1981:Guyana
1971:Guinea
1956:Greece
1936:Gambia
1926:France
1831:Cyprus
1776:Canada
1746:Brunei
1741:Brazil
1721:Bhutan
1711:Belize
1646:Angola
1617:
1547:Nordic
1542:Balkan
1377:Single
1282:Method
1233:Lyrics
1197:Theory
759:
643:
623:cannot
240:, and
199:elites
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
2680:Songs
2630:Index
2623:Lists
2601:Yemen
2511:Tonga
2476:Syria
2456:Sudan
2446:Spain
2371:Samoa
2331:Qatar
2286:Palau
2251:Niger
2231:Nepal
2226:Nauru
2161:Malta
2116:Libya
2066:Kenya
2051:Japan
2036:Italy
2006:India
1986:Haiti
1951:Ghana
1931:Gabon
1876:Egypt
1801:China
1796:Chile
1716:Benin
1525:South
1505:Asian
1488:North
1451:Remix
1446:Cover
1404:Remix
1218:Genre
1087:Nafir
1009:Blues
991:music
834:Dance
808:Music
629:Notes
610:Latin
417:LGBTQ
351:, or
266:words
153:guqin
112:JSTOR
98:books
2773:Folk
2506:Togo
2311:Peru
2276:Oman
2156:Mali
2091:Laos
2021:Iraq
2016:Iran
1916:Fiji
1826:Cuba
1791:Chad
1515:East
1498:West
1483:East
1399:Live
1238:Song
1213:Form
1029:Jazz
757:ISBN
641:ISBN
606:funk
553:and
545:and
430:and
337:and
333:," "
322:WWII
176:rock
84:news
1277:PhD
749:doi
608:or
602:all
592:."
355:."
316:or
286:pop
236:),
194:of
182:or
67:by
2845::
755:.
747:.
737:.
704:.
679:.
590:is
549:,
541:,
284:,
260:,
220:,
800:e
793:t
786:v
765:.
751::
714:.
690:.
494:(
455:(
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
20:)
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