926:
834:
the beginning of the attack, the signal operator tried to contact the 53rd
Battalion headquarters at Beer Tuvia. At 10:00, she managed to get an SOS through before losing contact completely. Near 11:00, four Egyptian tanks were ordered to break through into the farmstead, followed by infantry. The tanks advanced from the northeastern corner of the camp, and were met by two Israelis armed with PIATs. They managed to hit the track of one of the tanks on the second shot. The tanks halted, but the PIAT soon broke down and its operator suffered a head wound. The tanks retreated and continued to shell the Israeli position. The Egyptian infantry kept advancing, taking over positions 10, 11, 12, and capturing the water tanks area. The Egyptians reported victory. Twelve Israelis were killed by the tank shells.
769:, he decided to stop and consolidated his positions. Naguib was to dig in at Ashdod, another force was to attack Negba, while Mwawi himself would attack Nitzanim to eliminate its threat to his rear. The Egyptian Army set up its main position in the abandoned British military base just east of Nitzanim, with smaller positions in the Cemetery Hill to the northeast and the citrus grove in the south, thus surrounding the village. Mwawi took several days to carefully work out the attack. It was to be carried out in three phases: breakthrough and capture of the water tank hill, capture of the dining hall hill and capture of the "Palace". The Egyptian force consisted of the 9th Battalion, the 3rd Company of the 7th Battalion and a medium machine gun platoon. They were also joined by a tank platoon, an
858:
Avraham-Elkana
Schwarzstein, carrying his bloodstained white shirt, and Ben-Ari, tried to negotiate with the Egyptians, but Schwarzstein was shot by an Egyptian officer. In response, Ben-Ari shot the one responsible and was killed on the spot. At 16:00 on June 7, 105 exhausted Israeli defenders, 26 of them injured, destroyed their remaining ammunition and equipment, and surrendered to the Egyptian forces. The Egyptians prevented their local auxiliaries from massacring all the prisoners, however, three or four of the defenders were killed after surrendering. Survivors were later "displayed" in a victory parade in Majdal, after which they were transferred to
639:
coastal road. Its expanse, 800m long and 400m wide, did not allow for the formation of a second line of defense. The farmstead buildings were mostly built in a ravine surrounded by hills from all sides. To the north lied the "graveyard ridge", a convenient location for observations. Near it lay a wadi crater stretching west and allowing a convenient advance toward the farmstead from the north. To the east, the farmstead bordered a destroyed
British camp, which allowed for an enemy advance right up to the farmstead fence. About two kilometers to the northeast was Hill 69, a position commanding the entire surrounding area.
293:
226:
215:
1013:... The fighters on the southern front, soldiers of the brigade, defenders of the settlements! The hour of Nitzanim's surrenderāis the hour of extreme grief and personal reflectionāand a personal reflection says: One doesn't defend one's home conditionally. Defense means with all the forces at the command of one's body and soul, and if fate should so decree, it is better to fall in the trenches of the home than to surrender ... To surrender as long as the body lives and the last bullet breathes in the clip is a disgrace. To fall into the invader's captivity is shame and death!
150:
904:
being hit by heavy
Egyptian fire, having lost the cover of darkness. The Egyptian artillery pursued the withdrawing Israeli force until it reached Hill 69. The 52nd Battalion forces were evacuated by armored vehicles, and soon after, the Egyptians attacked the hill, which was held by a company from the 51st Battalion. The ditches collapsed completely and the positions were destroyed. The large force that was concentrated on the hill suffered heavy casualties. The Egyptian infantry attacked from the west, supported from close range by
838:
six out of the seven
Israelis manning the position and blinding the seventh. Schwarzstein, until then posted in the northeastern corner of the smaller orchard, moved to the dining hall and the nearby residence area, which were surrounded by embankments. He was hoping to form a second line and ordered the men from positions 5, 6, and 7 in the north to move to the dining hall area. There, he organized the reserve forces who retreated from the cowshed and the men from the northern positions for defense.
871:
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725:
49:
195:
180:
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842:
136:
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663:(June 2ā3). The Egyptians therefore shifted their focus to clearing their flanks, focusing on Nitzanim as some of the injured Israelis who participated in Pleshet were evacuated there. While the nearby village of Beit Daras had been under Israeli control since May 11, there was no continuity with Nitzanim, as Hill 69, which separated the two villages, was not occupied. The
1103:", all the Jewish settlements conquered by the invading ... were razed after their inhabitants had fled or been incarcerated or expelled.... These expulsions by the Arab regular armies stemmed quite naturally from the expulsionist mindset prevailing in the Arab states". He draws a parallel with the Israeli attitude during the war.
561:, followed by an aerial bombardment and armored and infantry attacks. The main attack broke through the Israeli defenses at around 11:00; the Israelis retreated to a second position, and finally to a third position at 14:00. At 16:00, 105 Israelis surrendered to the Egyptian Army. Between June 7 and 10, the
1924:
849:
The
Egyptians commenced heavy shelling of the dining hall, and by 14:00, the defenders decided to retreat to the "Palace" in the south for a last stand. At 15:00, a retreat of all forces southwards from the village was attempted, but was stalled by the 2nd Company of the 9th Battalion situated in the
748:
and a few grenades. Nitzanim had three elevations: the highest was in the northeast, where water towers were built; in the center was the dining hall; and to the south was the "Palace"/"Mansion", an abandoned Arab house which was higher than its surroundings. The three elevations were surrounded by a
908:
and armored cars. The
Israeli company broke, and was ordered to retreat, but the withdrawal was disorganized and cost more casualties. The last Israeli to remain on the hill was an artillery observer, who ordered his guns to bring down fire on his own position, before being killed. The total Israeli
903:
On the night of June 9ā10, Givati's 52nd
Battalion, guided by two of the escapees, attacked Nitzanim. Zero hour was postponed after the attacking force lost its way. At dawn, the leading platoon managed to break into Nitzanim from the south and capture the "Palace", but was ordered to withdraw after
878:
Three men managed to escape from
Nitzanim during the day. They hid until nightfall and then infiltrated through the Egyptian lines until they reached the Givati outposts. They were not aware that Nitzanim had surrendered and the only information about it was received from Egyptian broadcasts, so the
696:
leadership. It was argued that Israel's aim in the war was the continuation of normal life and that under the circumstances, it was impossible to draw a line between front and rear. It was also feared that combatants would follow the noncombatants and abandon the settlements. Upon the
Declaration of
642:
At noon on May 29, an observation post near Nitzanim reported that an Egyptian column of about 150 vehicles had passed along the coastal road to the north. The post later reported that 500 vehicles, an entire brigade, had been counted. The observers were not trained in identifying military vehicles,
638:
broke through to the village, but on the way back were ambushed and the Haganah commander of Nitzanim, Shlomo Rubinstein, was killed in action. On March 26 and April 20, organized Arab attacks took place, and were repelled by the villagers. The Nitzanim collective was located 700 meters west of the
1039:
The difficult circumstances of the battle by the residents of Nitzanim, the bitter isolation of the combatants, the lack of communication with the rear-front, lack of ammunition and food, and due to the high number of casualties in that defense, brings honor to all those who fought bitterly there,
837:
The Egyptians then started the second phase of their planātaking over the northwestern position and the dining hall area. The 4th Company of the 9th Battalion used a tank which broke through the farmstead fence at 12:30 opposite position 8, in the center of Nitzanim's northern fence, after killing
833:
Position 1 was destroyed and buried its inhabitants, who were in a state of shock when evacuated from the rubble. The telephone system was cut down. A machine gun, aimed at the planes, was hit by a shell. Most of the Israelis' firearms got dirty from the dust, and one machine gun broke down. Since
857:
Throughout the battle, the Israeli forces tried to communicate with the rest of the army and request reinforcements, including three telegrams near the end of the battle, sent by the signal operator Miriam Ben-Ari. All attempts failed and reinforcements were not sent. The wounded commander,
749:
ring of positions connected by a series of communication ditches. The local commander divided his force into fourteen positions, maintaining a reserve force for reinforcement of weak points and counterattacks in case the Egyptians broke through the position line.
643:
and excitedly miscounted the vehicles passing. They exaggerated the numbers when they reported to the Givati Brigade. The Egyptian Army set up a position in Isdud between May 29 and June 1, for what Israelis presumed at the time to be thrust to capture
1030:
As a result, Nitzanim's members demanded an investigation into the battle immediately after the war ended, claiming that Kovner significantly and unrightfully harmed their reputation. The investigation was headed by the Chief of Staff
994:), a monument for all female warriors killed in action in Israel's wars, especially the three in Nitzanim: Miriam Ben-Ari, the intern paramedic Shulamit Dorczin, and the 18-year-old Deborah Epstein who died of her wounds in captivity.
740:, in order to free up a more experienced platoon from Nitzanim for the operation. There were also 67 local paramilitaries, ten of them women, for a total of 141 combatants. The force had seventy rifles, thirty submachine guns, four
1582:
810:, and at 06:00, a close-range bombardment using anti-tank guns. All of the prominent features in the village were destroyed. An additional mortar bombardment took place from a southeastern position, and a
887:
and prepared to recapture Nitzanim. Meanwhile, another, unsuccessful, attack was carried out against Isdud. Hill 69 was considered tactically important as an obstacle on the road to Isdud in face of the
825:
about 7 km away. At 11:00, the main thrust of infantry and four tanks commenced. The rest of the armored vehicles provided cover from the adjacent abandoned British base. The Israelis used the lone
1464:
883:
found that out only that evening. Despite the fall of Nitzanim, he decided to attack on the night of June 7ā8, as planned. One company took Hill 69 and positions to threaten the Egyptian lines at
348:
1005:, then the culture officer of the Givati Brigade, published a scathing leaflet denouncing the defenders. Nisan Reznik, who was one of the fighters in Nitzanim, and knew Kovner from before
830:
in their possession against the tanks and forced them to retreat, although the PIAT broke down and the Egyptian 1st Company (9th Battalion) managed to infiltrate the water tank hill.
717:
by armored cars or by foot to places further north, where they were considered to be relatively safer. On the night of May 16ā17, 35 children from Nitzanim were evacuated on foot to
933:
The Battle of Nitzanim was one of the few Israeli surrenders during the war and was seen by many as humiliating. The 105 prisoners captured at Nitzanim constituted the majority of
1959:
814:
shelling from the water tank hill in the south. Shortly after, an attack was attempted from the east, but it was repelled and the water tank hill remained under Israeli control.
937:
captured by Egypt during the entire war. According to them, the Egyptian media covered the event widely and wrote that 300 Jews were killed in Nitzanim, it was a major
341:
982:
was founded later on the site. It was turned into a tourist attraction, featuring a visual presentation and various monuments, including the Women of Valor Center (
736:'s 53rd Battalion, one of which was made up of new recruits, for a total of 74 soldiers. The recruits had been brought in from the reserve 58th Battalion during
1472:
945:, the battalion commander who was directly responsible for the village's defense, claims that actions could have been taken to save it, including transferring
554:, on June 7, 1948 (29 Iyar, 5708 in the Hebrew calendar). It was the first major Egyptian victory of the war, and one of the few cases of Israeli surrender.
1106:"...the Arab regular armies committed few atrocities and no large-scale massacre of POWs and civilians in the conventional warāeven though they conquered "
334:
970:. The Israelis killed in action were buried in a mass grave in the village. The villagers who returned from captivity on March 7, 1949, as part of the
698:
667:
planned to capture the hill on the night of June 7ā8, but did not anticipate the Egyptian attack on Nitzanim. The plan to capture the hill, however,
1902:
292:
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889:
1040:
until the last bullet. What happened in Nitzanim happened also to other places, the defenders of which fought bravely to the last option.
619:
925:
572:
published a leaflet denouncing the defenders. The residents of Nitzanim demanded a probe into the battle, and one was conducted by the
313:
460:
1932:
1820:
1776:
1578:
821:, which came in three waves and continued until 10:15, at which time shelling continued in the form of 25-pounder fire from
1974:
1099:
twice uses the example of Nitzarim to draw a comparison between Israeli and Arab attitudes during the war. He points out:
1126:
947:
84:
1611:
850:
citrus groves, that forced the Israelis back to the "Palace". 2ā4 Israelis managed to hide in the groves and escape to
450:
1854:
Wallach, Jehuda; Lorekh, Netanel; Yitzhaki, Aryeh (1978). "The First Years 1948ā1961 (Vol. 2)". In Evyatar Nur (ed.).
1969:
1892:
1844:
1751:
622:. As such, Nitzanim was isolated after December 31, 1947. It was attacked many times in the first six months of the
1964:
1632:
1665:
1940:
1546:
1419:
417:
765:
Ahmad Ali al-Mwawi went up along the coast and bypassed Nitzanim. After meeting with Israeli opposition near
412:
1673:
1640:
1134:
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on May 12. As they made logistical preparations to cross the river, the column was bombed and engaged in
510:
455:
971:
770:
551:
358:
40:
1741:
611:
500:
1785:
954:
After the capture of Hill 69, a major obstacle was removed for Egypt, which enabled it to attack
383:
17:
565:
was fought nearby. The hill was captured by the Egyptians after a disorganized Israeli retreat.
1392:
975:
909:
death toll on the hill and the retreat from it was 20. The Egyptians tried to continue towards
807:
741:
573:
515:
966:, they found the village abandoned and largely destroyed, as the Egyptians retreated south to
1834:
1092:
811:
599:
543:
373:
8:
326:
78:
862:. In all, 33 were killed in the battleā17 soldiers and 16 villagers (of them 3 women).
576:, siding with the residents and coming to the conclusion that surrender was justified.
505:
219:
1888:
1884:
1867:
1840:
1816:
1809:
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737:
660:
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445:
393:
1057:
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934:
467:
405:
388:
225:
214:
155:
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The evacuation of noncombatants, including children, was generally opposed by the
1830:
1065:
1045:
1032:
983:
777:, 12 anti-tank guns, an anti-aircraft battery, and supported by combat aircraft.
774:
568:
Israelis viewed the surrender of Nitzanim as a humiliation, especially after the
488:
481:
378:
230:
1743:
Palestine 1948: War, Escape And The Emergence Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem
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942:
914:
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733:
718:
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635:
569:
522:
438:
431:
205:
184:
1907:
A Guide to War Monuments and Sites in Israel (English Title), Volume 2 - South
1644:
1138:
870:
1953:
1853:
1677:
1022:
880:
762:
758:
652:
547:
474:
424:
199:
99:
86:
1607:
1009:, claimed that the letter was a result of egoism. Part of the leaflet read:
1804:
1790:(in Hebrew) (20th ed.). Israel: Ma'arakhot Publishing. S/N 501-202-72.
1786:
Israel Defense Forces History General Staff Historiography Branch (1978) .
1096:
1006:
895:
714:
557:
The battle began on the night of June 6ā7 with an artillery bombardment of
1737:
1018:
1002:
974:, rebuilt Nitzanim on a site a few kilometers south of the original. The
706:
627:
910:
724:
679:
615:
1880:
1859:
978:
was built in 1949 on the site of the battle, and closed in 1990, and
967:
938:
732:
The Israeli defenders of Nitzanim consisted of two platoons from the
584:
48:
1554:
1427:
841:
1910:
1073:
822:
799:
648:
644:
607:
595:
558:
74:
790:
1468:
1396:
1076:
was published in 2004, focusing on the battle and its aftermath.
818:
631:
592:
1732:(in Hebrew). Vol. 11. Revivim Publishing. pp. 145ā177.
798:
At midnight on July 6ā7, Egyptian forces began a bombardment of
1863:
1769:
Hither to!: The Story of the 53rd Battalion Givati Brigade 1948
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in the east. It was drawn inside the Arab state in the defunct
603:
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179:
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141:
1797:
The Edge of the Sword: Israel's War of Independence, 1947-1949
917:, but met with heavy opposition. At nightfall, they withdrew.
959:
859:
702:
827:
817:
At 08:00, the Egyptians began an aerial bombardment of the
745:
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by local irregulars. The Jewish defenders used old Italian
1079:
941:
base and much booty was captured, including oil and fuel.
598:, founded in 1943, was an isolated Israeli village on the
356:
655:
to the north of Isdud), which had been destroyed by the
630:
rifles and managed to repel the attacks. In March 1948,
701:("Baby") saw the evacuation of children from Nitzanim,
1518:
Wallach et al. (1978), "The Battle on the Hill", p. 33
683:
Avraham-Elkana Schwarzstein, the commander of Nitzanim
1925:
Battle map carved on wood on the site of Old Nitzanim
697:
Independence on May, 15, this thinking was reversed.
1521:
1121:
1119:
761:
on May 23, the Egyptian force, under the command of
1960:
Battles and operations of the 1948 ArabāIsraeli War
1539:
1414:
1412:
1243:
1808:
1173:Wallach et al. (1978), "Battle of Nitzanim", p. 33
899:Monument to the fallen Israeli soldiers on Hill 69
1583:Society for Preservation of Israel Heritage Sites
1116:
1951:
1730:IDF in Its Corps: Army and Security Encyclopedia
1505:
1503:
1409:
1181:
1179:
1021:, partial text of the Givati leaflet, signed by
1901:
1874:
1836:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948-1991
1493:
1491:
1489:
1276:Wallach et al. (1978), "Operation Tinok", p. 31
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
647:. However, the Egyptian advance stopped at the
1771:(in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Ma'arakhot Publishing.
1390:
1364:
1362:
1811:1948: A History of the First ArabāIsraeli War
1658:
1625:
1553:(in Hebrew). Kibbutz Nitzanim. Archived from
1500:
1446:
1444:
1426:(in Hebrew). Kibbutz Nitzanim. Archived from
1176:
962:. When Givati finally reached Nitzanim after
342:
1512:
1486:
1332:
1261:
1188:
1723:(in Hebrew). Israel: Ma'arakhot Publishing.
1721:Givati Brigade against the Egyptian Invader
1458:
1456:
1386:
1384:
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1380:
1378:
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620:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
1441:
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1216:
1169:
1167:
1165:
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1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1056:also praised the defenders of Nitzanim. A
1035:, who sided with the defenders and wrote:
845:Many of the male prisoners of war in Egypt
624:1947ā1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
349:
335:
299:
1341:
1305:
1252:
1933:Battle map and description of the battle
1766:
1573:
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1371:
1350:
1314:
1270:
924:
894:
869:
840:
789:
723:
678:
583:
53:Nitzanim after the Egyptian bombardment.
1856:Carta's Atlas of Israel (English title)
1829:
1746:(2nd ed.). Sussex Academic Press.
1465:"Kovner? He Performed a Secondary Duty"
1279:
1225:
1152:
1080:Historiography of 1948 ArabāIsraeli War
146:
14:
1952:
1877:Battle Sites in Israel (English title)
1803:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1530:
997:
794:The "Palace" preserved in Old Nitzanim
1794:
1600:
1568:
602:, enclosed by the Arab localities of
330:
1069:
987:
317:Location within Mandatory Palestine
24:
1788:History of the War of Independence
1728:Ayalon, Avraham (1982). "Givati".
1579:"Women of Valor Center - Nitzanim"
1088:debuted July 15, 2022 on Netflix.
25:
1986:
1918:
1393:"The Battle Still Rages ā Part 1"
1091:In the historical debate on the
634:forces from the headquarters in
298:
291:
224:
213:
193:
178:
169:
148:
134:
47:
1712:
1700:
1691:
1614:from the original on 2008-10-15
1258:IDF History (1978), pp. 227ā228
254:1 reinforced infantry battalion
1608:"South - Yad Le'Isha Lochemet"
13:
1:
1875:Wallach, Jehuda, ed. (2003).
1391:Becker, Avihai (2004-04-22).
1127:"Avraham-Elkana Schwarzstein"
1110:
802:from the Cemetery Hill using
579:
920:
668:
7:
1975:1948 in Mandatory Palestine
1674:Israeli Ministry of Defense
1641:Israeli Ministry of Defense
1213:Wallach (2003), pp. 188ā189
1135:Israeli Ministry of Defense
785:
10:
1991:
1913:, Israel: Barr Publishers.
1697:Morris (2008), pp. 407ā410
1450:Morris (2008), pp. 243ā244
1311:Ayalon (1963), pp. 123ā125
1302:Yitzhaki (1988), pp. 95ā97
865:
674:
1815:. Yale University Press.
1338:Pollack (2002), pp. 18ā19
1185:Ayalon (1963), pp. 99ā105
1084:A film about the battle:
972:1949 Armistice Agreements
780:
687:
588:Givati troops in Nitzanim
369:
286:
264:
236:
162:
127:
57:
46:
38:
33:
1970:June 1948 events in Asia
1719:Ayalon, Avraham (1963).
1497:Lorch (1968) pp. 254ā255
1420:"The Battle of Nitzanim"
1267:Lorch (1968) pp. 245ā246
929:The memorial at Nitzanim
752:
1965:Battles involving Egypt
1943:at the Kibbutz website
1795:Lorch, Netanel (1968).
1767:Hashavia, Arye (2005).
1368:Hashavia (2005), p. 172
1329:Hashavia (2005), p. 171
1240:Hashavia (2005), p. 154
1222:Hashavia (2005), p. 168
744:, a 4-inch mortar, one
742:Bren light machine guns
669:was carried out on time
542:was fought between the
244:67 local paramilitaries
1050:
1028:
976:Nitzanim Youth Village
930:
900:
875:
846:
795:
773:company, 18 pieces of
729:
684:
589:
163:Commanders and leaders
1941:The Story of Nitzanim
1799:. Jerusalem: Massada.
1706:Morris (2008), p. 405
1551:The Story of Nitzanim
1536:Gelber (2006), p. 149
1527:Wallach (2003), p. 43
1509:Ayalon (1982), p. 161
1424:The Story of Nitzanim
1347:Pollack (2002), p. 19
1249:Wallach (2003), p. 24
1093:1948 Arab-Israeli War
1037:
1011:
951:cannons to the site.
928:
898:
873:
844:
793:
727:
682:
587:
552:1948 ArabāIsraeli War
544:Israel Defense Forces
360:1948 ArabāIsraeli War
265:Casualties and losses
100:31.71750Ā°N 34.63556Ā°E
41:1948 ArabāIsraeli War
419:Death to the Invader
314:class=notpageimage|
175:Avraham Schwarzstein
1831:Pollack, Kenneth M.
1356:Lorch (1968) p. 253
1320:Lorch (1968) p. 252
1231:Lorch (1968) p. 247
998:Reactions in Israel
451:Separation Corridor
248:1 infantry company
96: /
79:Mandatory Palestine
1670:Izkor ("Remember")
1637:Izkor ("Remember")
1633:"Shulamit Dorczin"
1610:. Eretz Magazine.
1131:Izkor ("Remember")
992:Yad LeIsha Lohemet
931:
901:
876:
847:
796:
730:
685:
610:in the south, and
590:
540:Battle of Nitzanim
306:Battle of Nitzanim
256:1 armoured platoon
220:Ahmed Ali al-Mwawi
105:31.71750; 34.63556
34:Battle of Nitzanim
1822:978-0-300-12696-9
1778:978-965-05-1304-7
1666:"Deborah Epstein"
1062:Target - Tel Aviv
1048:
1026:
879:Givati commander
738:Operation Pleshet
661:Operation Pleshet
651:Bridge (over the
563:Battle of Hill 69
533:
532:
325:
324:
279:
260:12 anti-tank guns
251:
209:
190:
123:
122:
16:(Redirected from
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1186:
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1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1137:. Archived from
1123:
1086:Image of Victory
1071:
1054:David Ben-Gurion
1043:
1016:
989:
935:prisoners-of-war
364:
363:(southern front)
361:
351:
344:
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328:
327:
302:
301:
295:
277:
249:
229:
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198:
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189:(53rd Battalion)
188:
183:
182:
174:
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158:
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152:
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140:
138:
137:
119:Egyptian victory
111:
110:
108:
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106:
101:
97:
94:
93:
92:
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59:
58:
51:
31:
30:
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1989:
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1980:
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1950:
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1944:
1935:
1927:
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1903:Yitzhaki, Aryeh
1895:
1847:
1839:. Bison Books.
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1082:
1070:××××Ø× - ×Ŗ× ××××
1052:Prime Minister
1041:
1014:
1000:
923:
868:
788:
783:
775:field artillery
755:
728:Orientation map
699:Operation Tinok
690:
677:
582:
536:
535:
534:
529:
413:Be'erot Yitzhak
365:
359:
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321:
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310:
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275:
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259:
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247:
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231:Muhammad Naguib
223:
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212:
202:
192:
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177:
176:
168:
149:
147:
135:
133:
104:
102:
98:
95:
90:
87:
85:
83:
82:
81:
65:June 6ā10, 1948
52:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1930:
1920:
1919:External links
1917:
1916:
1915:
1899:
1893:
1872:
1851:
1845:
1833:(2004-09-01).
1827:
1821:
1801:
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1752:
1740:(April 2006).
1734:
1725:
1714:
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1709:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1657:
1624:
1599:
1567:
1547:"In Captivity"
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1499:
1485:
1463:Dayan, Aryeh.
1452:
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988:×× ××××©× ×××××Ŗ
964:Operation Yoav
943:Yitzhak Pundak
922:
919:
890:imminent truce
867:
864:
787:
784:
782:
779:
754:
751:
734:Givati Brigade
689:
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665:Givati Brigade
657:Givati Brigade
606:in the north,
581:
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570:Givati Brigade
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185:Yitzhak Pundak
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1939:
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1909:(in Hebrew).
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1894:965-220-494-3
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:(in Hebrew).
1878:
1873:
1869:
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1858:(in Hebrew).
1857:
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1846:0-8032-8783-6
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1828:
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1818:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1805:Morris, Benny
1802:
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1753:1-84519-075-0
1749:
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1716:
1703:
1694:
1680:on 2012-12-20
1679:
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1661:
1647:on 2012-12-19
1646:
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1628:
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1589:on 2011-10-04
1588:
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1557:on 2009-05-24
1556:
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1494:
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1490:
1475:on 2011-06-05
1474:
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1467:(in Hebrew).
1466:
1459:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1430:on 2009-05-21
1429:
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1141:on 2007-09-30
1140:
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1023:Shimon Avidan
1020:
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906:Bren Carriers
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881:Shimon Avidan
872:
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778:
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768:
764:
763:Major General
760:
759:Yad Mordechai
757:Having taken
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
726:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
681:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:Lakhish River
650:
646:
640:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:coastal plain
597:
594:
586:
577:
575:
574:General Staff
571:
566:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
548:Egyptian Army
545:
541:
526:
525:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
491:
487:
485:
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477:
473:
471:
470:
466:
462:
461:Naval battles
459:
457:
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444:
443:
442:
441:
437:
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434:
430:
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384:Yad Mordechai
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
368:
362:
352:
347:
345:
340:
338:
333:
332:
329:
315:
294:
285:
281:
269:
268:
263:
258:18 field guns
253:
241:
240:
235:
232:
227:
221:
216:
211:
207:
201:
200:Shimon Avidan
196:
186:
181:
172:
167:
166:
161:
157:
145:
143:
132:
131:
126:
118:
115:
114:
109:
80:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
50:
45:
42:
37:
32:
27:
19:
1906:
1876:
1855:
1835:
1810:
1796:
1787:
1768:
1757:. Retrieved
1742:
1738:Gelber, Yoav
1729:
1720:
1713:Bibliography
1702:
1693:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1669:
1660:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:the original
1636:
1627:
1616:. Retrieved
1602:
1591:. Retrieved
1587:the original
1559:. Retrieved
1555:the original
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1477:. Retrieved
1473:the original
1432:. Retrieved
1428:the original
1423:
1400:. Retrieved
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1143:. Retrieved
1139:the original
1130:
1097:Benny Morris
1090:
1085:
1083:
1061:
1051:
1046:Ya'akov Dori
1042:
1038:
1033:Ya'akov Dori
1029:
1015:
1012:
1007:World War II
1001:
991:
958:and capture
953:
948:Napoleonchik
946:
932:
902:
877:
856:
848:
836:
832:
816:
806:cannons and
797:
756:
731:
715:Kfar Menahem
691:
641:
591:
567:
562:
556:
539:
537:
523:
489:
482:
475:
468:
439:
432:
425:
418:
406:
400:
394:
278:(on Hill 69)
274:105 captured
128:Belligerents
39:Part of the
26:
1945:(in Hebrew)
1936:(in Hebrew)
1928:(in Hebrew)
1019:Abba Kovner
1003:Abba Kovner
915:Be'er Tuvia
852:Be'er Tuvia
808:25-pounders
719:Be'er Tuvia
636:Be'er Tuvia
628:World War I
501:Bir Thamila
446:Beit Hanoun
242:74 soldiers
103: /
1954:Categories
1883:, Israel:
1759:2008-12-16
1684:2008-12-18
1651:2008-12-18
1618:2008-12-16
1593:2008-12-16
1561:2008-12-16
1479:2008-12-16
1434:2008-12-16
1402:2008-10-04
1145:2008-12-18
1111:References
911:Beit Daras
854:at night.
616:Beit Daras
580:Background
374:Kfar Darom
276:20 killed
272:26 wounded
1881:Jerusalem
1860:Jerusalem
939:submarine
921:Aftermath
812:6-pounder
456:Beersheba
270:33 killed
250:(Hill 69)
91:34Ā°38ā²8ā³E
88:31Ā°43ā²3ā³N
1911:Tel Aviv
1905:(1988).
1807:(2008).
1612:Archived
1074:Ram Oren
1058:thriller
800:Nitzanim
786:Nitzanim
649:Ad Halom
645:Tel Aviv
596:Nitzanim
559:Nitzanim
546:and the
401:Nitzanim
246:1 mortar
237:Strength
75:Nitzanim
70:Location
1469:Haaretz
1397:Haaretz
1060:called
874:Hill 69
866:Hill 69
819:kibbutz
675:Prelude
632:Haganah
593:Kibbutz
550:in the
496:Hill 86
395:Pleshet
282:Unknown
18:Hill 69
1891:
1864:Israel
1843:
1819:
1775:
1750:
1066:Hebrew
984:Hebrew
980:Nitzan
956:Gal On
823:Majdal
804:Bofors
781:Battle
767:Ashdod
711:Gal-On
694:Yishuv
688:Israel
608:Majdal
469:Shmone
407:An-Far
153:
142:Israel
139:
116:Result
1885:Carta
1868:Carta
1072:) by
960:Gezer
885:Isdud
860:Cairo
753:Egypt
703:Negba
612:Julis
604:Isdud
516:Rafah
511:Sinai
506:'Auja
490:Horev
483:Assaf
389:Negba
379:Nirim
156:Egypt
1889:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1748:ISBN
968:Gaza
913:and
828:PIAT
746:PIAT
713:and
614:and
538:The
524:Uvda
440:Yoav
433:Avak
62:Date
771:AFV
707:Gat
476:Lot
426:GYS
1956::
1887:.
1866::
1862:,
1672:.
1668:.
1639:.
1635:.
1581:.
1570:^
1549:.
1502:^
1488:^
1455:^
1443:^
1422:.
1411:^
1395:.
1373:^
1361:^
1281:^
1190:^
1178:^
1154:^
1133:.
1129:.
1118:^
1095:,
1068::
990:,
986::
892:.
721:.
709:,
705:,
671:.
77:,
1897:.
1870:.
1849:.
1825:.
1781:.
1762:.
1687:.
1654:.
1621:.
1596:.
1564:.
1482:.
1437:.
1405:.
1148:.
1064:(
1044:ā
1025:.
1017:ā
350:e
343:t
336:v
208:)
204:(
20:)
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