486:
443:. The consequence of associating multiple concepts to the taxon 'heterokont' is that the meaning of 'heterokont' can only be made clear by making reference to its usage: Heterokontae sensu Luther 1899; Heterokontae sensu Copeland 1956, etc. This contextual clarification is rare, such that when the taxon name is used, it is unclear how it should be understood. The term 'Heterokont' has lost its usefulness in critical discussions about the identity, nature, character and relatedness of the group. The term 'stramenopile' sought to identify a clade (monophyletic and holophyletic lineage) using the approach developed by transformed cladists of pointing to a defining innovative characteristic or apomorphy.
776:
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512:
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85:
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century one based on the division of unicellular eukaryotes into animals and plants. One consequence was that an array of heterotrophic organisms, many not previously considered as 'heterokonts', were seen as related to the 'core heterokonts' (those having anterior flagella with stiff hairs). Newly recognized relatives included the parasitic
647:. Diatoms are major contributors to global carbon cycles because they are the most important autotrophs in most marine habitats. The brown algae, including familiar seaweeds like wrack and kelp, are major autotrophs of the intertidal and subtidal marine habitats. Some of the bacterivorous stramenopiles, such as
316:, in some they are attached to other areas of the cellular surface, and in some they have been secondarily lost (in which case relatedness to stramenopile ancestors is evident from other shared cytological features or from genetic similarity). Stramenopiles represent one of the three major clades in the
3359:
Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, Cárdenas P, Čepička I, Chistyakova L, del Campo J, Dunthorn M, Edvardsen B, Eglit Y, Guillou L, Hampl V, Heiss AA, Hoppenrath M, James TY, Karnkowska A, Karpov S, Kim E, Kolisko M, Kudryavtsev A, Lahr DJG,
471:
fungi, that were included by some as heterokonts and excluded by others. Rather than continue to use a name whose meaning had changed over time and was hence ambiguous, the name 'stramenopile' was introduced to refer to the clade of protists that had tripartite stiff (usually flagellar) hairs and
446:
Over time, the scope of application has changed, especially when in the 1970s ultrastructural studies revealed greater diversity among the algae with chromoplasts (chlorophylls a and c) than had previously been recognized. At the same time, a protistological perspective was replacing the 19th
532:
of tripartite flagellar hairs in stramenopiles is well characterized. The basal part of the hair is flexible and inserts into the cell membrane; the second part is dominated by a long stiff tube (the 'straw' or 'stramen'); and finally the tube is tipped by many delicate hairs called
389:
The term 'heterokont' is used both as an adjective – indicating that a cell has two dissimilar flagella, and as the name of a taxon. The groups included in that taxon have however varied widely, creating the 'heterokont problem', now resolved by the definition of the stramenopiles.
1434:. It illustrates the stramenopile property – of having stiff hairs. The hairs attach to one longer flagellum, the other is without hairs (an arrangement also called 'heterokont', meaning "unequal"). The body of the flagellate is coated with delicate scales.
680:, and many Stramenopiles, as well as members of other SAR groups such as the Rhizaria, still have plastids which retain the double membrane of the red alga and a double membrane surrounding it, for a total of four membranes. In addition, species of
640:
is a gastrointestinal parasite of humans; opalines and proteromonads live in the intestines of cold-blooded vertebrates and have been described as parasitic; oomycetes include some significant plant pathogens such as the cause of potato blight,
2942:
Krylov, M. V.; Dobrovolskii, A. A.; Issi, I. V.; Michaelevich, B. I.; Podlipaev, S. A.; Reshetnyak, V. V.; Seravin, L. N.; et al. 1980. New concepts for the system of unicellular organisms. Trudy
Zoologischkei Institut Akademiya Nayuk, SSSR
414:
The term 'heterokont' is used as both an adjective – indicating that a cell has two dissimilar flagella – and as the name of a taxon. The taxon 'Heterokontae' was introduced in 1899 by
Alexander Luther for algae that are now considered the
3109:
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine
Margaret (2013). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes".
3360:
Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Massana R, Mitchell EAD, Morrow C, Park JS, Pawlowski JW, Powell MJ, Richter DJ, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shimano S, Spiegel FW, Torruella G, Youssef N, Zlatogursky V, Zhang Q (2019).
592:. The latter are among the most significant primary producers in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Most molecular analyses suggest that the most basal stramenopiles lacked plastids and were accordingly colourless
3409:
Wetherbee R, Jackson CJ, Repetti SI, Clementson LA, Costa JF, van de Meene A, Crawford S, Verbruggen H (April 2019). "The golden paradox - a new heterokont lineage with chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes".
3260:
Elizabeth J. Weston; Yana Eglit; Alastair G. B. Simpson (6 October 2023). "Kaonashia insperata gen. et sp. nov., a eukaryotrophic flagellate, represents a novel major lineage of heterotrophic stramenopiles".
419:. But the same term was used for other groupings of algae. For example, in 1956, Copeland used it to include the xanthophytes (using the name Vaucheriacea), a group that included what became known as the
3588:"Multigene Phylogeny, Morphological Observation and Re-examination of the Literature Lead to the Description of the Phaeosacciophyceae Classis Nova and Four New Species of the Heterokontophyta SI Clade"
2546:
Leipe, D. D.; Wainright, P. O.; Gunderson, J. H.; et al. (1994). "The stramenopiles from a molecular perspective: 16S-like rRNA sequences from
Labyrinthuloides minuta and Cafeteria roenbergensis".
521:. Light micrograph. The cells are about 6 µm long. The anterior flagellum beats with an undulating pattern, the posterior (recurrent or smooth) flagellum usually holds the cell to the substrate.
3047:
Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Jamy, Mahwash; Borodina, Anastasia S.; Belyaev, Artem O.; Zagumyonnyi, Dmitry G.; Prokina, Kristina I.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Burki, Fabien; Karpov, Sergey A. (2022).
3306:(10 November 2023). "Phylogenomic position of genetically diverse phagotrophic stramenopile flagellates in the sediment-associated MAST-6 lineage and a potentially halotolerant placididean".
3212:"Pseudophyllomitus vesiculosus (Larsen and Patterson 1990) Lee, 2002, a Poorly Studied Phagotrophic Biflagellate is the First Characterized Member of Stramenopile Environmental Clade MAST-6"
1878:
Sina M Adl; Alastair G B Simpson; Mark A Farmer; et al. (1 September 2005). "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists".
2428:
Blackman, Leila M.; Arikawa, Mikihiko; Yamada, Shuhei; Suzaki, Toshinobu; Hardham, Adrienne R. (2011). "Identification of a
Mastigoneme Protein from Phytophthora nicotianae".
537:. The proteins that code for the mastigonemes appear to be exclusive to the stramenopile clade, and are present even in taxa (such as diatoms) that no longer have such hairs.
596:, feeding on other organisms. This implies that the stramenopiles arose as heterotrophs, diversified, and then some of them acquired chromoplasts. Some lineages (such as the
1936:"Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences"
1779:
They are not called chloroplasts, the most common form of photosynthetic plastid. If used narrowly, a chloroplast is a plastid which contains chlorophyll B, as in
4546:
1612:
2126:
Straminipilous Fungi: Systematics of the
Peronosporomycetes Including Accounts of the Marine Straminipilous Protists, the Plasmodiophorids and Similar Organisms
4998:
4993:
4961:
4956:
4518:
548:
with its distinctive geometric pattern of nine peripheral couplets around two central microtubules changes into the nine-triplet structure of the basal body.
4988:
4755:
4694:
1685:
1516:
889:
2332:
Hee, Wei Yih; Blackman, Leila M.; Hardham, Adrienne R. (2019). "Characterisation of
Stramenopile-specific mastigoneme proteins in Phytophthora parasitica".
4973:
4903:
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1661:
5021:
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4618:
4554:
4384:
3967:
4978:
4800:
4485:
4379:
4346:
4218:
2166:
Patterson, D. J. (1989). "Stramenopiles: chromophytes from a protistological perspective". In Green, J. C.; Leadbeater, B. S. C.; Diver, W. L. (eds.).
4983:
4966:
4898:
4763:
4704:
4407:
4162:
4157:
4014:
3998:
3868:
684:, the sister group to SAR, exhibit heterokont flagella with tripartite mastigonemes, implying a more ancient origin of stramenopile characteristics.
4805:
4795:
4736:
4664:
4560:
4242:
4200:
4172:
4152:
4147:
4142:
3925:
5226:
4689:
3525:
Barcytė, Dovilė; Eikrem, Wenche; Engesmo, Anette; Seoane, Sergio; Wohlmann, Jens; Horák, Aleš; Yurchenko, Tatiana; Eliáš, Marek (2 March 2021).
5016:
4810:
4769:
5170:
4190:
3993:
2149:
386:, and the posterior flagellum is without such embellishments, being smooth, usually shorter, or in a few cases not projecting from the cell.
1849:
Patterson, D.J. (1989). "Stramenopiles: Chromophytes from a protistan perspective". In Green, J.C.; Leadbeater, B.S.C.; Diver, W.L. (eds.).
3897:
1055:
3586:
Graf L, Yang EC, Han KY, KĂĽpper FC, Benes KM, Oyadomari JK, Herbert RJH, Verbruggen H, Wetherbee R, Andersen RA, Yoon HS (December 2020).
472:
all their descendants. Molecular studies confirm that the genes that code for the proteins of these hairs are exclusive to stramenopiles.
4494:
3840:
1361:
3855:
92:
2283:"Chromista revisited: A dilemma of overlapping putative kingdoms, and the attempted application of the botanical code of nomenclature"
4134:
676:, whose name is formed from their initials. The ancestor of the SAR supergroup appears to have captured a unicellular photosynthetic
94:
5239:
96:
3665:
2282:
3308:
2316:
2134:
2082:
2057:
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312:
of organisms distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs. In most species, the hairs are attached to
3263:
2764:
2107:
1880:
1862:
651:, are common and widespread consumers of bacteria, and thus play a major role in recycling carbon and nutrients within
1983:
Vørs, N. (1993). "Marine heterotrophic amoebae, flagellates and heliozoa from Belize (Central
America) and Tenerife".
485:
3152:"Taxon-rich Multigene Phylogenetic Analyses Resolve the Phylogenetic Relationship Among Deep-branching Stramenopiles"
3023:
2721:
2480:
363:. The tripartite hairs characteristic of the group have been lost in some of the included taxa – for example in most
5265:
3706:
634:
Some stramenopiles are significant as autotrophs and as heterotrophs in natural ecosystems; others are parasitic.
95:
5175:
2249:
About
Chlorosaccus a new genus of freshwater algae together with some comments on the systematics of related algae
3701:
2245:Ăśber Chlorosaccus eine neue Gattung der SĂĽsswasseralgen nebst einiger Bemerkungen zur Systematik verwandter Algen
382:. Most flagellated heterokonts have two flagella; the anterior flagellum has one or two rows of stiff hairs or
2307:
Patterson, Colin (1982). "Morphological characters and homology". In Joysey, Kenneth A.; Friday, A. E. (eds.).
3785:
3775:
3758:
1816:
604:, colourless ciliophryids, and colourless actinophryid heliozoa) have secondarily reverted to heterotrophy.
668:
Stramenopiles are most closely related to
Alveolates and Rhizaria, all of which have tubular mitochondrial
501:), a common bacterivore in marine ecosystems: the anterior flagellum is tripartite and covered with hairs (
90:
115:
1143:
775:
17:
3658:
3638:
3211:
3151:
5270:
544:
roots in a distinctive pattern. There is a transitional helix inside the flagellum where the beating
2818:
93:
89:
3482:
Graf, Louis; Yoon, Hwan Su (21 July 2021). "Olisthodiscophyceae, the 17th heterokont algal class".
2497:
5148:
3790:
2755:
493:
2891:
5231:
5110:
4582:
2813:
2796:
Yool, Andrew; Tyrrell, Toby (2003). "Role of diatoms in regulating the ocean's silicon cycle".
2614:"A Phylogenomic Framework to Study the Diversity and Evolution of Stramenopiles (=Heterokonts)"
2612:
Derelle, Romain; LĂłpez-GarcĂa, PurificaciĂłn; Timpano, HĂ©lène; Moreira, David (10 August 2016).
643:
511:
374:, and most others produce flagellated cells at some point in their lifecycles, for instance as
91:
5217:
3753:
3651:
5257:
1877:
871:. When paraphyletic, the branching order of the bigyran groups also varies: in some studies
568:. Those plastids are coloured off-green, orange, golden or brown because of the presence of
5157:
3850:
2805:
708:
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2225:
8:
4505:
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3301:
2019:
1669:
1645:
1508:
1268:
959:
2809:
2252:
335:; most are single-celled, but some are multicellular including some large seaweeds, the
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1996:
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1935:
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Most stramenopiles have two flagella near the apex. They are usually supported by four
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244:
110:
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88:
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1992:
1955:
1947:
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1735:
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432:
424:
2955:"Phylogenomics reveals a new 'megagroup' including most photosynthetic eukaryotes"
2574:
Leyland, Ben; Leu, Stefan; Boussiba, Sammy (2017). "Are Thraustochytrids algae?".
2560:
887:
to all other stramenopiles. In addition, a flagellate species discovered in 2023,
5202:
4865:
4600:
4536:
4513:
4111:
3604:
3587:
3227:
3167:
2917:
2587:
2516:
2463:
Yoon, H.S.; Andersen, R.A.; Boo, S.M.; Bhattacharya, D. (2009). "Stramenopiles".
2441:
2124:
2045:
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39:
3643:
3321:
2496:
Fu, Gang; Nagasato, Chikako; Oka, Seiko; Cock, J. Mark; Motomura, Taizo (2014).
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728:
673:
561:
317:
261:
153:
140:
2867:
2850:
2663:"Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp"
2498:"Proteomics Analysis of Heterogeneous Flagella in Brown Algae (Stramenopiles)"
2345:
1951:
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4930:
4890:
4782:
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3329:
3280:
3235:
3175:
3074:
1901:
1814:
1743:
1719:
1701:
1620:
1096:
893:, remains in an uncertain phylogenetic position, but more closely related to
573:
569:
464:
416:
3362:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
3345:
3288:
2773:
2746:
2731:
2629:
2607:
2605:
863:
vary greatly from one analysis to the next: it has been recovered as either
5092:
4875:
4870:
4742:
4709:
4684:
4674:
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4651:
4573:
4459:
4454:
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3092:
3033:
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2876:
2782:
2698:
2679:
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2595:
2524:
2449:
2377:"The structure, origin, and composition of the tubular mastigonemes of the
2353:
2202:
1969:
1909:
1653:
1630:
1536:
1206:
884:
868:
864:
856:
636:
627:
452:
428:
383:
348:
232:
211:
206:
2922:
nov. gen., nov. sp., a heterotrophic microflagellate from marine plankton"
2414:
1917:
5211:
5142:
5079:
4790:
4631:
4626:
4208:
4092:
4067:
3902:
3832:
3049:"On the origin of TSAR: morphology, diversity and phylogeny of Telonemia"
2827:
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56:
49:
3432:
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1815:
H.S. Yoon; R.A. Andersen; S.M. Boo; D. Bhattacharya (17 February 2009).
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4699:
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3002:
ObornĂk, Miroslav; Lukeš, Julius (2013). "Cell Biology of Chromerids".
2952:
2226:"A preliminary catalogue of the names of fungi above the rank of order"
2020:"A preliminary catalogue of the names of fungi above the rank of order"
1711:
1596:
1321:
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612:
601:
498:
460:
448:
440:
436:
403:
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in 1989, defining a group that overlapped with the ambiguously defined
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332:
289:
189:
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3423:
3377:
3272:
2654:
4948:
4464:
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3917:
3674:
2661:
Roberts, Tamalee; Stark, Damien; Harkness, John; Ellis, John (2014).
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2489:
2311:. Systematics Association Special Volume 21. London: Academic Press.
1727:
1604:
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1500:
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1283:
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summarizes the evolutionary relationships between Stramenopiles. The
852:
791:
704:
681:
677:
565:
529:
352:
321:
194:
127:
5104:
3526:
5196:
5127:
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2421:
2194:
2153:
1784:
1466:
1287:
1234:
1023:
876:
758:
741:
468:
456:
431:. Copeland also included the unrelated collar flagellates (as the
379:
360:
356:
325:
313:
4679:
4043:
3961:
3408:
3302:
Anna Cho; Denis V. Tikhonenkov; Gordon Lax; Kristina I. Prokina;
3210:
Shiratori, Takashi; Thakur, Rabindra; Ishida, Ken-ichiro (2017).
3150:
Thakur, Rabindra; Shiratori, Takashi; Ishida, Ken-ichiro (2019).
2849:
Cock, J. Mark; Peters, Akira F.; Coelho, Susana M. (2011-08-09).
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63:
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70:
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feeds on bacteria, two of which lie near the hairy flagellum.
963:
406:. The name "stramenopile" has been discussed by J. C. David.
309:
2953:
Burki, F.; Shalchian-Tabrizi; Pawlowski, J. (August 2008).
2462:
2427:
2181:
Patterson, David J. (1999). "The Diversity of Eukaryotes".
691:
3524:
1600:
Cavalier-Smith 1986, emend. Cavalier-Smith & Chao 1996
584:. The most significant autotrophic stramenopiles are the
2660:
2567:
1442:
The classification of the Stramenopiles according to Adl
622:, an example of a multicellular stramenopile, is a large
2097:
2842:
3402:
3209:
3149:
2714:
Animal Parasites : their life cycles and ecology
2098:
Alexopoulos, C.J.; Mims, C.W.; Blackwell, M. (1996).
2072:
580:. This form of plastid is called a stramenochrome or
3108:
459:. They joined other heterotrophic protists, such as
2751:: An overview of pathology and resistance breeding"
875:is the most basal-branching clade, while in others
3979:
3579:
3004:International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
2573:
2331:
2073:van den Hoek, C.; Mann, D.G.; Jahns, H.M. (1995).
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5007:
3462:
3358:
2915:
2848:
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2116:
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2745:Nowicki, Marcin; et al. (17 August 2011).
2046:"The kingdom Chromista, origin and systematics"
1715:Derelle et al. 2016, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2017
87:
3465:"Sequence analysis confirms a new algal class"
3145:
3143:
3141:
3104:
3102:
2892:"Cafeteria T.Fenchel & D.J.Patterson 1988"
2040:
1933:
4445:
3659:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3518:
3255:
3253:
3001:
2170:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 357–379.
1821:Encyclopedia of Microbiology (Third Edition)
1446:(2019), with additions from newer research:
505:); the posterior flagellum is without hairs.
439:. He also included the not-closely related
4089:
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3099:
2795:
2052:. Vol. 4. Elsevier. pp. 309–347.
1810:
1808:
1673:Andersen & Bailey in Bailey et al. 1998
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3652:
3198:
3040:
2946:
2705:
2368:
2011:
626:, up to 45 metres (150 feet) long, in the
588:(wracks and many other seaweeds), and the
398:The term 'stramenopile' was introduced by
4292:
3603:
3554:
3475:
3431:
3385:
3250:
3082:
3064:
2978:
2866:
2817:
2772:
2747:"Potato and tomato late blight caused by
2738:
2688:
2678:
2637:
2404:
2306:
2280:
2180:
2165:
1959:
1848:
409:
339:. The group includes a variety of algal
3481:
3352:
3295:
2265:
2156:. International Mycological Association.
2048:. In Round, F.E.; Chapman, D.J. (eds.).
1929:
1927:
1805:
1665:R.A.Andersen, L.Graf & H.S.Yoon 2020
1425:
611:
4040:
3639:Tree of Life Web Project: Stramenopiles
2744:
2716:. New York: Dover. pp. 56, 74–75.
2309:Problems in Phylogenetic Reconstruction
2270:. Palo Alto, California: Pacific Books.
1934:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (January 2018).
1871:
1486:Wenyon 1926, emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997
600:lineage that included the chromophytic
14:
5286:
3809:
2916:Fenchel, T.; Patterson, D. J. (1988).
2242:
355:in other organisms); the actinophryid
5109:
5108:
3647:
3531:represents a new class of Ochrophyta"
3309:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2889:
2789:
2711:
2374:
2268:The Classification of Lower Organisms
2223:
2017:
1924:
171:Patterson 1989 emend. Adl et al. 2005
3469:Vie et Milieu/Life & Environment
2375:Bouck, G. Benjamin (1 August 1971).
2122:
1982:
1649:Barcytė, Eikrem & M.Eliáš, 2021
1430:Electron micrograph of the protist
370:Many stramenopiles are unicellular
24:
3366:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
3264:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
3016:10.1016/b978-0-12-407694-5.00008-0
2765:American Phytopathological Society
2075:Algae An Introduction to Phycology
1997:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04917.x
1985:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1881:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
475:
83:
25:
5305:
3632:
2050:Progress in Phycological Research
1705:Allorge 1930, emend. Fritsch 1935
1681:Chadefaud 1950, emend. Silva 1980
1421:
883:is consistently recovered as the
3463:Medlin LK, Desdevises Y (2018).
3112:European Journal of Protistology
2473:10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00253-4
1894:10.1111/J.1550-7408.2005.00053.X
1829:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00253-4
1592:Claus 1874, emend. Hartmann 1926
1556:Cavalier-Smith 1998, emend. 2006
1470:Cavalier Smith 1991, emend. 2006
1462:Cavalier-Smith 1998, emend. 2006
1325:
1286:
1142:
1095:
962:
879:is the most basal. Nonetheless,
794:
774:
744:
707:
510:
484:
114:
47:
3456:
2936:
2909:
2883:
2618:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2325:
2300:
2274:
2259:
2236:
2217:
2174:
2159:
2150:"Stramenipila M.W. Dick (2001)"
2143:
1773:
1494:Grasse 1926, emend. Karpov 1998
2467:. Elsevier. pp. 721–731.
2251:] (in German). Stockholm:
2091:
2077:. Cambridge University Press.
2066:
2034:
1976:
1842:
1689:Henry, Okuda & Kawai, 2003
13:
1:
2890:Guiry, Wendy (7 April 2011).
2561:10.2216/i0031-8884-33-5-369.1
2243:Luther, Alexander F. (1899).
1798:
343:, heterotrophic flagellates,
3605:10.1016/j.protis.2020.125781
3228:10.1016/j.protis.2017.06.004
3168:10.1016/j.protis.2019.125682
2798:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2588:10.1016/j.funbio.2017.07.006
2517:10.1016/j.protis.2014.07.007
2465:Encyclopedia of Microbiology
2442:10.1016/j.protis.2010.01.005
1747:Andersen & Saunders 1993
658:
7:
3322:10.1016/J.YMPEV.2023.107964
1697:S.Horn & C.Wilhelm 2007
846:
663:
551:
105:Diversity of stramenopiles
10:
5310:
3124:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002
2926:Marine Microbial Food Webs
2712:Olsen, O. Wilford (1986).
1641:Hibberd & Leedale 1971
1548:Karpov & Aleoshin 2016
672:and collectively form the
607:
393:
5186:
5117:
5087:
5071:
4947:
4929:
4916:
4912:
4889:
4856:
4843:
4839:
4781:
4754:
4727:
4650:
4617:
4599:
4581:
4572:
4545:
4527:
4504:
4484:
4477:
4473:
4438:
4416:
4393:
4355:
4332:
4312:
4305:
4288:
4271:
4232:
4199:
4171:
4133:
4120:
4102:
4085:
4036:
3952:
3916:
3887:
3878:
3831:
3822:
3805:
3689:
2868:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.006
2346:10.1007/s00709-018-1314-1
2281:Blackwell, W. H. (2009).
1952:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3
1403:
1358:
1319:
1281:
1266:
1259:
1232:
1217:
1210:
1200:
1193:
1182:
1175:
1137:
1090:
1075:
1068:
1053:
1046:
1035:
1028:
1017:
1010:
977:
957:
950:
939:
932:
915:
908:
789:
769:
762:
739:
732:
722:
702:
695:
435:) in which he placed the
270:van den Hoek et al., 1995
250:
243:
238:
231:
181:
176:
111:Scientific classification
109:
104:
82:
34:
3059:(3). The Royal Society.
2266:Copeland, H. F. (1956).
1766:
556:Many stramenopiles have
276:Alexopoulos et al., 1996
2920:Cafeteria roenbergensis
2774:10.1094/PDIS-05-11-0458
2385:Journal of Cell Biology
2183:The American Naturalist
2102:(4th ed.). Wiley.
1432:Paraphysomonas butcheri
494:Cafeteria roenbergensis
4583:Discosporangiophycidae
2971:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0224
2749:Phytophthora infestans
2680:10.1186/1757-4749-6-17
1439:
897:than to other clades.
644:Phytophthora infestans
631:
410:The heterokont problem
99:
4547:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
2630:10.1093/molbev/msw168
2224:David, J. C. (2002).
2100:Introductory Mycology
1613:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
1520:Shiratori et al. 2016
1429:
630:, within the Gyrista.
615:
560:which enable them to
491:Schematic drawing of
98:
38:Temporal range: Late
4999:Arachnoidiscophytina
4994:Rhizosloleniophytina
4962:Leptocylindrophyceae
4957:Leptocylindrophytina
4519:Pleurochloridellales
3851:Pseudodendromonadida
3535:Journal of Phycology
3484:Journal of Phycology
3010:. pp. 333–369.
2828:10.1029/2002GB002018
2397:10.1083/jcb.50.2.362
2018:David, J.C. (2002).
1324:(=Heterokontophyta)
619:Macrocystis pyrifera
347:and closely related
4989:Coscinodiscophytina
4756:Schizocladiophyceae
4695:Phaeosiphoniellales
4506:Phaeothamniophyceae
4314:Olisthodiscophyceae
4104:Hyphochytriomycetes
3981:Labyrinthulomycetes
3066:10.1098/rsob.210325
2810:2003GBioC..17.1103Y
2123:Dick, M.W. (2013).
1857:. Clarendon Press.
1755:Kawachi et al. 2003
1723:Guillou et al. 1999
1686:Schizocladiophyceae
1670:Phaeothamniophyceae
1646:Olisthodiscophyceae
1628:Chloromorophyceae (
1608:Cavalier-Smith 1986
1566:Cavalier-Smith 1986
1540:Cavalier-Smith 1998
1532:Cavalier-Smith 1998
1517:Pseudophyllomitidae
1509:Labyrinthulomycetes
1504:Cavalier-Smith 1995
1478:Cavalier-Smith 2012
1454:Cavalier-Smith 2017
1269:Hyphochytriomycetes
960:Labyrinthulomycetes
890:Kaonashia insperata
653:microbial food webs
566:make their own food
455:, and actinophryid
239:>100000 species
177:Phyla and subphyla
27:Clade of eukaryotes
4974:Ellerbeckiophytina
4922:
4918:
4904:Sarcinochrysidales
4881:Rhizochromulinales
4849:
4845:
4729:Phaeosacciophyceae
4426:Pinguiochrysidales
4298:
4294:
4281:
4277:
4122:Peronosporomycetes
4095:
4091:
4046:
4042:
3815:
3811:
3304:Patrick J. Keeling
2042:Cavalier-Smith, T.
1662:Phaeosacciophyceae
1579:Peronosporomycetes
1440:
632:
331:Stramenopiles are
100:
5281:
5280:
5253:Open Tree of Life
5111:Taxon identifiers
5102:
5101:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5027:Bacillariophyceae
5022:Biddulphiophyceae
5009:Bacillariophytina
4835:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4723:
4722:
4642:Syringodermatales
4619:Dictyochophycidae
4591:Discosporangiales
4555:Chrysoparadoxales
4529:Chrysomerophyceae
4434:
4433:
4385:Thallochrysidales
4334:Eustigmatophyceae
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
3968:Pseudophyllomitus
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3547:10.1111/jpy.13155
3496:10.1111/jpy.13184
3424:10.1111/jpy.12822
3378:10.1111/jeu.12691
3273:10.1111/JEU.13003
3006:. Vol. 306.
2861:(15): R573–R575.
2624:(11): 2890–2898.
2318:978-0-1239-1250-3
2136:978-94-015-9733-3
2084:978-0-521-30419-1
2059:978-0-948737-00-8
1638:Eustigmatophyceae
1418:
1417:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1298:
1245:
1244:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1107:
999:
998:
990:
989:
859:relationships of
843:
842:
834:
833:
825:
824:
816:
815:
807:
806:
564:, using light to
497:(a heterotrophic
433:choanoflagellates
425:silicoflagellates
351:flagellates (all
298:
297:
292:
283:
277:
271:
268:Heterokontophyta
265:
256:
172:
16:(Redirected from
5301:
5274:
5273:
5261:
5260:
5248:
5247:
5235:
5234:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5179:
5178:
5166:
5165:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5106:
5105:
5005:
5004:
4979:Probosciophytina
4927:
4926:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4858:Dictyochophyceae
4854:
4853:
4850:
4841:
4840:
4801:Rhizochloridales
4579:
4578:
4486:Aurearenophyceae
4482:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4443:
4442:
4380:Rhizochrysidales
4347:Goniochloridales
4310:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4273:
4272:
4219:Salilagenidiales
4131:
4130:
4127:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4087:
4086:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4038:
4037:
4009:Thraustochytrida
3977:
3976:
3885:
3884:
3829:
3828:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3718:
3698:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3626:
3625:
3607:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3558:
3541:(4): 1094–1118.
3522:
3516:
3515:
3490:(4): 1091–1093.
3479:
3473:
3472:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3435:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3389:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3207:
3196:
3195:
3147:
3136:
3135:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3068:
3044:
3038:
3037:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2821:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2502:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2255:. pp. 1–22.
2240:
2234:
2233:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2189:(S4): S96–S124.
2178:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2157:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1856:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1817:"Stramnenopiles"
1812:
1792:
1777:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1736:Dictyochophyceae
1732:
1724:
1716:
1706:
1698:
1694:Synchromophyceae
1690:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1329:
1290:
1262:
1261:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1146:
1099:
1071:
1070:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1012:
966:
953:
952:
942:
941:
935:
934:
911:
910:
901:
900:
798:
778:
765:
764:
748:
735:
734:
725:
724:
711:
698:
697:
688:
687:
519:C. roenbergensis
514:
488:
287:
281:
275:
269:
260:
254:
170:
119:
118:
86:
77:
73:
66:
59:
52:
46:
32:
31:
21:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5269:
5264:
5256:
5251:
5243:
5238:
5230:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5182:
5174:
5169:
5161:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5113:
5103:
5098:
5083:
5031:
5003:
4984:Melosirophytina
4967:Corethrophyceae
4943:
4917:
4908:
4899:Pelagomonadales
4885:
4866:Florenciellales
4844:
4815:
4777:
4764:Schizocladiales
4750:
4719:
4705:Scytothamniales
4646:
4613:
4601:Ishigeophycidae
4595:
4568:
4541:
4537:Chrysomeridales
4523:
4514:Phaeothamniales
4500:
4469:
4430:
4412:
4408:Chlamydomyxales
4389:
4351:
4328:
4293:
4276:
4255:
4228:
4195:
4167:
4163:Rozellopsidales
4158:Olpidiopsidales
4125:
4124:
4116:
4112:Hyphochytriales
4090:
4081:
4041:
4020:
4015:Stellarchytrium
3999:Oblongichytrida
3975:
3940:
3912:
3874:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3716:
3694:
3685:
3672:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3584:
3580:
3523:
3519:
3480:
3476:
3461:
3457:
3407:
3403:
3357:
3353:
3300:
3296:
3258:
3251:
3208:
3199:
3148:
3139:
3107:
3100:
3045:
3041:
3026:
3000:
2996:
2959:Biology Letters
2951:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2888:
2884:
2855:Current Biology
2847:
2843:
2819:10.1.1.394.3912
2794:
2790:
2743:
2739:
2724:
2710:
2706:
2659:
2655:
2610:
2603:
2582:(10): 835–840.
2572:
2568:
2544:
2540:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2461:
2457:
2426:
2422:
2373:
2369:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2305:
2301:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2264:
2260:
2241:
2237:
2222:
2218:
2179:
2175:
2164:
2160:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2039:
2035:
2016:
2012:
1981:
1977:
1932:
1925:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1581:
1573:
1571:Hyphochytriales
1565:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1424:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1348:
1339:
1309:
1300:
1246:
1165:
1156:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1000:
991:
849:
844:
835:
826:
817:
808:
666:
661:
610:
562:photosynthesise
554:
526:
525:
524:
523:
522:
515:
507:
506:
489:
478:
476:Characteristics
412:
400:D. J. Patterson
396:
169:
113:
97:
84:
78:
76:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
57:
54:
50:
44:
43:
40:Mesoproterozoic
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5307:
5297:
5296:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5262:
5249:
5236:
5223:
5208:
5192:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5167:
5154:
5139:
5123:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5077:
5075:
5073:Incertae sedis
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4953:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4924:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4851:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4806:Tribonematales
4803:
4798:
4796:Mischococcales
4793:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4760:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4737:Phaeosacciales
4733:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4715:Tilopteridales
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4670:Desmarestiales
4667:
4665:Asterocladales
4662:
4656:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4637:Sphacelariales
4634:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4561:Chrysoparadoxa
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4490:
4488:
4479:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4455:Chattonellales
4451:
4449:
4447:Raphidomonadea
4440:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4418:Pinguiophyceae
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4318:
4316:
4307:
4300:
4283:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4243:Diatomophthora
4238:
4236:
4234:incertae sedis
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4224:Saprolegniales
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4201:Saprolegniidae
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4181:Peronosporales
4177:
4175:
4173:Peronosporidae
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4153:Lagenismatales
4150:
4148:Haptoglossales
4145:
4143:Anisolpidiales
4139:
4137:
4128:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4048:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4006:
4004:Labyrinthulida
4001:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3926:Proteromonadea
3922:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3826:
3817:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3791:Mesomycetozoea
3788:
3783:
3773:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3727:Diaphoretickes
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3633:External links
3631:
3628:
3627:
3578:
3517:
3474:
3455:
3418:(2): 257–278.
3401:
3351:
3294:
3249:
3222:(4): 439–451.
3197:
3137:
3118:(3): 328–353.
3098:
3039:
3024:
2994:
2965:(4): 366–369.
2945:
2935:
2908:
2882:
2841:
2788:
2737:
2722:
2704:
2653:
2601:
2576:Fungal Biology
2566:
2555:(5): 369–377.
2538:
2511:(5): 662–675.
2488:
2481:
2455:
2436:(1): 100–114.
2420:
2391:(2): 362–384.
2367:
2340:(2): 521–535.
2324:
2317:
2299:
2273:
2258:
2235:
2216:
2195:10.1086/303287
2173:
2158:
2142:
2135:
2115:
2109:978-0471522294
2108:
2090:
2083:
2065:
2058:
2033:
2010:
1991:(3): 272–287.
1975:
1946:(1): 297–357.
1923:
1888:(5): 399–451.
1870:
1864:978-0198577133
1863:
1841:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:Pinguiophyceae
1749:
1741:
1733:
1731:Dumortier 1821
1725:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1678:Raphidophyceae
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1635:
1626:
1618:
1616:Wetherbee 2019
1594:
1589:Actinophryidae
1586:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1456:
1436:Paraphysomonas
1423:
1422:Classification
1420:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
996:
993:
992:
988:
987:
984:
983:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
956:
951:
949:
940:
938:
933:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
914:
909:
907:
899:
851:The following
848:
845:
841:
840:
837:
836:
832:
831:
828:
827:
823:
822:
819:
818:
814:
813:
810:
809:
805:
804:
801:
800:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
768:
763:
761:
755:
754:
751:
750:
738:
733:
731:
723:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
701:
696:
694:
686:
674:SAR supergroup
665:
662:
660:
657:
609:
606:
553:
550:
516:
509:
508:
490:
483:
482:
481:
480:
479:
477:
474:
465:labyrinthulids
411:
408:
395:
392:
318:SAR supergroup
304:, also called
296:
295:
294:
293:
284:
278:
272:
266:
262:Cavalier-Smith
257:
253:Straminopiles
248:
247:
241:
240:
236:
235:
229:
228:
227:
226:
221:
220:
219:
214:
209:
199:
198:
197:
192:
179:
178:
174:
173:
164:
157:
156:
151:
144:
143:
141:Diaphoretickes
138:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
107:
106:
102:
101:
80:
79:
69:
62:
55:
48:
45:1025–0 Ma
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5306:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5149:Stramenopiles
5144:
5140:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5119:Stramenopiles
5116:
5112:
5107:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4931:Bolidophyceae
4928:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4891:Pelagophyceae
4888:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4838:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4783:Xanthophyceae
4780:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:Neodermatales
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4460:Actinophryida
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:Chromulinales
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4357:Chrysophyceae
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:Eustigmatales
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4323:Olisthodiscus
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4270:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Stramenopiles
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3717:(major groups
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3683:Stramenopiles
3680:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3598:(6): 125781.
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3529:Olisthodiscus
3521:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3162:(5): 125682.
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3103:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3025:9780124076945
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2851:"Brown algae"
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2756:Plant Disease
2752:
2750:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2723:0-486-65126-6
2719:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:Gut Pathogens
2664:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2482:9780123739445
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1744:Pelagophyceae
1742:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1720:Bolidophyceae
1718:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1703:
1702:Xanthophyceae
1700:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1657:Hansgirg 1886
1655:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1621:Chrysophyceae
1619:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
995:
994:
986:
985:
982:
981:
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
965:
961:
955:
954:
947:
944:
943:
937:
936:
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
920:
913:
912:
906:
905:Stramenopiles
903:
902:
898:
896:
892:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
839:
838:
830:
829:
821:
820:
812:
811:
803:
802:
799:
797:
793:
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
777:
773:
772:Stramenopiles
767:
766:
760:
757:
756:
753:
752:
749:
747:
743:
737:
736:
730:
727:
726:
720:
719:
716:
715:
712:
710:
706:
700:
699:
693:
690:
689:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
656:
654:
650:
646:
645:
639:
638:
629:
625:
621:
620:
614:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:chlorophyll c
571:
570:chlorophyll a
567:
563:
559:
549:
547:
543:
538:
536:
531:
528:The presumed
520:
513:
504:
500:
496:
495:
487:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:proteromonads
450:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:hyphochytrids
426:
422:
418:
417:Xanthophyceae
407:
405:
401:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
320:, along with
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:Stramenopiles
291:
286:Stramenipila
285:
280:Straminipila
279:
274:Stramenopila
273:
267:
263:
258:
252:
251:
249:
246:
242:
237:
234:
230:
225:
222:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
203:
200:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
180:
175:
168:
167:Stramenopiles
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
117:
112:
108:
103:
81:
74:
67:
60:
53:
41:
35:Stramenopiles
33:
30:
19:
5187:
5118:
5093:paraphyletic
5078:
5072:
5017:Mediophyceae
4876:Pedinellales
4871:Dictyochales
4811:Vaucheriales
4770:Schizocladia
4768:
4743:Phaeosaccion
4741:
4710:Sporochnales
4685:Laminariales
4675:Ectocarpales
4660:Ascoseirales
4652:Fucophycidae
4574:Phaeophyceae
4559:
4493:
4403:Synchromales
4370:Hibberdiales
4321:
4248:
4241:
4233:
4214:Leptomitales
4072:
4055:Bigyromonada
4013:
3989:Amphitremida
3966:
3936:Blastocystea
3908:Opalomonadea
3867:
3860:
3776:Opisthokonta
3682:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3520:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3468:
3458:
3433:11343/233613
3415:
3411:
3404:
3372:(1): 4–119.
3369:
3365:
3354:
3313:
3307:
3297:
3262:
3219:
3215:
3159:
3155:
3115:
3111:
3056:
3053:Open Biology
3052:
3042:
3003:
2997:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2938:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2895:
2885:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2740:
2713:
2707:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2621:
2617:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2508:
2504:
2491:
2464:
2458:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2370:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2308:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2219:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2145:
2129:. Springer.
2125:
2118:
2099:
2093:
2074:
2068:
2049:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2013:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1943:
1939:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1852:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1820:
1775:
1654:Phaeophyceae
1631:nomen dubium
1629:
1624:Pascher 1914
1574:Sparrow 1960
1537:Bigyromonada
1443:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1360:
1359:
1320:
1282:
1267:
1233:
1218:
1207:Bigyromonada
1138:
1091:
1076:
1054:
978:
958:
917:
916:
904:
888:
885:sister clade
869:paraphyletic
865:monophyletic
857:phylogenetic
850:
790:
771:
770:
740:
703:
667:
648:
642:
637:Blastocystis
635:
633:
628:Phaeophyceae
617:
616:Giant kelp,
594:heterotrophs
555:
539:
535:mastigonemes
527:
518:
503:mastigonemes
492:
445:
421:chrysophytes
413:
397:
388:
384:mastigonemes
369:
349:proteromonad
330:
305:
301:
299:
288:Dick, 2001,
259:Heterokonta
212:Ochrophytina
207:Bigyromonada
166:
160:
147:
134:
29:
5218:Heterokonta
5212:Wikispecies
5188:Heterokonta
5143:Wikispecies
5080:Platysulcus
4791:Botrydiales
4632:Onslowiales
4627:Dictyotales
4209:Albuginales
4191:Rhipidiales
4126:(Oomycetes)
4093:Pseudofungi
4068:Pirsoniales
3994:Amphifilida
3903:Nanomonadea
3833:Bicosoecida
3556:10852/86515
2943:94:122–132.
2334:Protoplasma
2232:(83): 1–30.
1940:Protoplasma
1823:: 721–731.
1789:land plants
1781:green algae
1563:Pseudofungi
1553:Pirsoniales
1491:Bicosoecida
1475:Nanomonadea
1451:Platysulcea
1256:Pseudofungi
1140:Bicosoecida
1078:Nanomonadea
919:Platysulcus
881:Platysulcea
602:pedinellids
586:brown algae
582:chromoplast
578:fucoxanthin
542:microtubule
517:Two living
461:bicosoecids
441:haptophytes
437:bicosoecids
404:heterokonts
372:flagellates
337:brown algae
306:Heterokonts
224:Platysulcea
217:Pseudofungi
58:Proterozoic
18:Heterokonta
4847:Diatomista
4700:Ralfsiales
4609:Ishigeales
4465:Commatiida
4395:Picophagea
4375:Hydrurales
4279:Ochrophyta
3898:Placididea
3880:Placidozoa
3346:Q124719861
3316:: 107964.
3289:Q123562228
2804:(4): n/a.
2549:Phycologia
2381:flagellum"
2379:Ochromonas
2290:Phytologia
2230:Constancea
2024:Constancea
1799:References
1787:, and the
1739:Silva 1980
1712:Diatomista
1597:Ochrophyta
1322:Ochrophyta
1056:Placididea
1042:Placidozoa
499:bicosoecid
427:, and the
353:endobionts
333:eukaryotes
290:orth. var.
282:Dick, 2001
255:Vørs, 1993
190:Placidozoa
42:-present,
5203:Q18744565
4949:Diatomeae
4495:Aurearena
4296:Chrysista
4186:Pythiales
4063:Developea
3954:Sagenista
3918:Opalinata
3841:Bicoecida
3771:Amoebozoa
3749:Alveolata
3737:Cryptista
3712:Eukaryota
3675:Eukaryota
3622:227315556
3573:232101186
3512:236175098
3330:1055-7903
3281:1066-5234
3236:1434-4610
3192:202865459
3176:1434-4610
3075:2046-2441
2896:AlgaeBase
2814:CiteSeerX
2673:(1): 17.
2005:221852241
1918:Q22065654
1902:1066-5234
1785:euglenids
1728:Diatomeae
1605:Chrysista
1582:Dick 2001
1545:Developea
1512:Dick 2001
1501:Sagenista
1483:Opalinata
1362:Kaonashia
1284:Oomycetes
1220:Developea
1093:Opalinata
946:Sagenista
873:Sagenista
853:cladogram
792:Alveolata
705:Telonemia
682:Telonemia
659:Evolution
649:Cafeteria
530:apomorphy
380:zoospores
361:oomycetes
322:Alveolata
233:Diversity
195:Sagenista
128:Eukaryota
5294:Protista
5288:Category
5232:11904995
5197:Wikidata
5128:Wikidata
4939:Parmales
4920:Khakista
4250:Miracula
4074:Pirsonia
3931:Opalinea
3889:Wobblata
3856:Borokida
3846:Anoecida
3824:Opalozoa
3766:Amorphea
3744:Rhizaria
3732:Hacrobia
3722:Excavata
3707:Bacteria
3614:33278705
3565:33655496
3504:34289104
3450:54477112
3442:30536815
3412:J Phycol
3396:30257078
3342:Wikidata
3338:37951557
3285:Wikidata
3244:28822908
3184:31568885
3132:23219323
3093:35291881
3034:24016529
3008:Elsevier
2989:18522922
2901:17 March
2877:21820616
2836:16849373
2783:30731850
2767:: 4–17.
2732:13123309
2699:24883113
2648:27512113
2596:28889907
2525:25150613
2450:20663714
2362:52947780
2354:30302550
2253:Norstedt
2203:10527921
2154:MycoBank
2044:(1999).
1970:28875267
1914:Wikidata
1910:16248873
1467:Opalozoa
1235:Pirsonea
1024:Opalozoa
877:Opalozoa
847:Internal
759:Halvaria
742:Rhizaria
678:red alga
664:External
558:plastids
552:Plastids
469:oomycete
457:heliozoa
449:opalines
357:heliozoa
345:opalines
341:protists
326:Rhizaria
314:flagella
308:, are a
245:Synonyms
124:Domain:
5163:2912001
5134:Q461622
4680:Fucales
4135:Eogamia
4044:Gyrista
3962:Eogyrea
3869:Cantina
3781:Animals
3702:Archaea
3592:Protist
3387:6492006
3216:Protist
3156:Protist
3084:8924772
2980:2610160
2932:: 9–19.
2806:Bibcode
2690:4039988
2639:5482393
2533:7936118
2505:Protist
2430:Protist
2415:5123323
2406:2108286
2211:4367158
2030:: 1–30.
1961:5756292
1834:2 March
1783:, some
1529:Gyrista
1191:
1189:Gyrista
1044:
1026:
980:Eogyrea
948:
895:Gyrista
670:cristae
624:seaweed
608:Ecology
598:axodine
590:diatoms
546:axoneme
394:History
376:gametes
365:diatoms
202:Gyrista
65:Archean
5271:368898
5258:266745
5245:969914
5095:groups
3862:Rictus
3813:Bigyra
3759:Plants
3696:Domain
3620:
3612:
3571:
3563:
3510:
3502:
3448:
3440:
3394:
3384:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3287:
3279:
3242:
3234:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3130:
3091:
3081:
3073:
3032:
3022:
2987:
2977:
2875:
2834:
2816:
2781:
2730:
2720:
2697:
2687:
2646:
2636:
2594:
2531:
2523:
2479:
2448:
2413:
2403:
2360:
2352:
2315:
2209:
2201:
2133:
2106:
2081:
2056:
2003:
1968:
1958:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1861:
1459:Bigyra
1444:et al.
1407:Bigyra
861:Bigyra
576:, and
467:, and
423:, the
359:, and
264:, 1986
185:Bigyra
5266:WoRMS
5227:IRMNG
5176:33634
3786:Fungi
3618:S2CID
3569:S2CID
3508:S2CID
3446:S2CID
3188:S2CID
2832:S2CID
2763:(1).
2529:S2CID
2501:(PDF)
2358:S2CID
2286:(PDF)
2247:[
2207:S2CID
2001:S2CID
1767:Notes
310:clade
161:Clade
148:Clade
135:Clade
5240:ITIS
5171:NCBI
3610:PMID
3561:PMID
3500:PMID
3438:PMID
3392:PMID
3334:PMID
3326:ISSN
3277:ISSN
3240:PMID
3232:ISSN
3180:PMID
3172:ISSN
3128:PMID
3089:PMID
3071:ISSN
3030:PMID
3020:ISBN
2985:PMID
2903:2023
2873:PMID
2779:PMID
2728:OCLC
2718:ISBN
2695:PMID
2644:PMID
2592:PMID
2521:PMID
2477:ISBN
2446:PMID
2411:PMID
2350:PMID
2313:ISBN
2296:(2).
2199:PMID
2131:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2054:ISBN
1966:PMID
1906:PMID
1898:ISSN
1859:ISBN
1836:2024
692:TSAR
324:and
300:The
72:Had.
51:Pha.
5158:EoL
4306:SII
3679:SAR
3600:doi
3596:171
3551:hdl
3543:doi
3492:doi
3428:hdl
3420:doi
3382:PMC
3374:doi
3318:doi
3314:190
3269:doi
3224:doi
3220:168
3164:doi
3160:170
3120:doi
3079:PMC
3061:doi
3012:doi
2975:PMC
2967:doi
2863:doi
2824:doi
2769:doi
2685:PMC
2675:doi
2634:PMC
2626:doi
2584:doi
2580:121
2557:doi
2513:doi
2509:165
2469:doi
2438:doi
2434:162
2401:PMC
2393:doi
2342:doi
2338:256
2191:doi
2187:154
1993:doi
1956:PMC
1948:doi
1944:255
1890:doi
1825:doi
867:or
729:SAR
378:or
154:SAR
5290::
5268::
5255::
5242::
5229::
5214::
5199::
5173::
5160::
5145::
5130::
4478:PX
4439:SI
3681::
3677::
3616:.
3608:.
3594:.
3590:.
3567:.
3559:.
3549:.
3539:57
3537:.
3533:.
3506:.
3498:.
3488:57
3486:.
3467:.
3444:.
3436:.
3426:.
3416:55
3414:.
3390:.
3380:.
3370:66
3368:.
3364:.
3340:.
3332:.
3324:.
3312:.
3283:.
3275:.
3267:.
3252:^
3238:.
3230:.
3218:.
3214:.
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