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for a fraction of the original power production. The remaining deficit would likely have to be replaced by polluting fossil fuel generation. The removal of the dam would be extremely costly, at least $ 3–10 billion, and the transport of the demolished material away from the dam site along the narrow, winding Hetch Hetchy Road would be a logistical nightmare with possible environmental impacts. Most importantly, San
Francisco would lose its source of high-quality mountain water, and would have to depend on lower-quality water from other reservoirs – which would require costly filtration and re-engineering of the aqueduct system – to meet its needs.
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2091:, at Don Pedro would also increase power generation there. Furthermore, the removal of O'Shaughnessy Dam would not require costly sediment control measures, as would be typical on most dam removal projects, because of the high quality of the Tuolumne River water – in the first 90 years since its construction, only around 2 in (5.1 cm) of sediment had been deposited in Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, much less than most other dams. A 2019 study commissioned by Restore Hetch Hetchy argued that draining the reservoir and equipping the valley with a tourism infrastructure comparable to that of
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crammed ... that it looks more like a ripstop ghetto than the site of a nature experience." However, she does support breaching the dam once it has reached the end of its lifespan, and not replacing it. In
November 2012, San Francisco voters soundly rejected Proposition F, which would have required the city to conduct an $ 8 million study on how the flooded valley could be drained and restored to its former state. The proposed study would also have been required to identify potential replacements for the water storage capacity and hydroelectric power production.
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1960:. The water quality is high because of the unique geology of the upper Tuolumne River drainage basin, which consists mostly of bare granite; as a result, the rivers feeding Hetch Hetchy Reservoir have extremely low loads of sediments and nutrients. The watershed is also strictly protected, so swimming and boating are prohibited at the reservoir (although fishing is permitted at the reservoir and in the rivers which feed it), a measure which is considered unusual for US lakes outside the region. In 2018, the
2024:(PG&E). San Francisco was able to accomplish this in 1925 by claiming it had run out of funds to extend the Hetch Hetchy transmission line all the way to the city. The terminus of the incomplete line was "conveniently located next to a PG&E substation", which connected to PG&E's private line which in turn bridged the gap to San Francisco. The city justified this as a temporary measure, but no attempt to follow through with completing the municipal grid was ever made. Peter Byrne of
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the growth of the grasses and shrubs they relied on, as well as additional room for large game animals such as deer to browse. In the 19th century, the first white visitors to the valley did not realize that Hetch Hetchy's extensive meadows were the product of millennia of management by Native
Americans; instead they believed "the valley was purely a product of ancient geological forces (or divine intervention) ... this was fundamental to its allure as a destination and subject."
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never a popular tourist destination because of extremely poor access and the location of the famous
Yosemite Valley just 20 miles (32 km) to the south. Those who did visit it were enchanted by its scenery, but encountered difficulties with the primitive conditions and, in summertime, swarms of mosquitoes.
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As completed, O'Shaughnessy Dam is 910 feet (280 m) long, spanning the valley at its narrow outlet. The dam contains 675,000 cu yd (516,000 m) of concrete. The Hetch Hetchy
Reservoir created by the dam has a capacity of 360,400 acre⋅ft (0.4445 km), with a maximum area of
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Proponents of the dam replied that out of multiple sites considered by San
Francisco, Hetch Hetchy had the "perfect architecture for a reservoir", with pristine water, lack of development or private property, a steep-sided and flat-floored profile that would maximize the amount of water stored, and a
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to
Screech's initial arrival in the valley, during which he observed the Native Americans "cooking a variety of grass covered with edible seeds", which they called "hatch hatchy" or "hatchhatchie". Screech reported that the valley was bitterly disputed between the "Pah Utah Indians" (Paiute) and "Big
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began commercial operation in 1925 followed by the Holm
Powerhouse in 1960 (the same month the Early Intake Powerhouse was taken out of service). In 1967 the Robert C. Kirkwood Powerhouse started commercial operation followed by a New Moccasin Powerhouse in 1969 when the Old Moccasin Powerhouse was
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conducted the first survey of the valley. Hoffman observed a meadow "well timbered and affording good grazing", and noted the valley had a milder climate than
Yosemite Valley, hence the abundance of ponderosa pine and gray pine. The valley was slowly becoming known for its natural beauty, but it was
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is located farther southeast, on
Rancheria Creek. Formerly, a "small but noisy" waterfall and natural pool existed on the Tuolumne River marked the upper entrance to Hetch Hetchy Valley, informally known as Tuolumne Fall (not to be confused with a similarly named waterfall several miles upriver near
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Hetch Hetchy dam site: hearing before the Committee on the Public Lands, House of representatives. Sixty-third Congress, first session, on H.R. 6281, a bill granting to the city and county of San Francisco certain rights of way in, over, and through certain public lands, the Yosemite National Park,
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Those in opposition of dam removal state that demolishing O'Shaughnessy Dam would take away a valuable source of clean, renewable hydroelectric power in the Kirkwood and Moccasin powerhouses; even if measures such as seasonal water diversion into the powerhouses were employed, it would only make up
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state that draining Hetch Hetchy would open the valley back up to recreation, a right that should be provided to the American people because the reservoir is within the legal boundaries of a national park. They acknowledge that a concerted effort would have to be made to control the introduction of
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The battle over Hetch Hetchy Valley continues today between those who wish to retain the dam and reservoir, and those who wish to drain the reservoir and return Hetch Hetchy Valley to its former state. Those in favor of dam removal have pointed out that many actions by San Francisco since 1913 have
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Meadow plants unavailable in the lowlands were particularly valuable resources to these tribes. For thousands of years, Native Americans subjected the valley to controlled bushfires, which prevented forest from taking over the valley meadows. Periodic clearing of the valley provided ample space for
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Due to its abundant wetlands and stream pools, Hetch Hetchy was notorious among early travelers for becoming infested with mosquitoes in the summertime. Said San Francisco resident William Denman in 1918, "The first time I went into the Hetch Hetchy the mosquitoes were intolerable. They would light
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The Hetch Hetchy Valley began as a V-shaped river canyon cut out by the ancestral Tuolumne River. About one million years ago, the extensive Sherwin glaciation widened, deepened and straightened river valleys along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, including Hetch Hetchy, Yosemite Valley, and
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proposed allocating $ 7 million to studying the removal of the dam in the 2007 National Park Service budget. Dianne Feinstein opposed this allocation, saying, "I will do all I can to make sure it isn't included in the final bill. We're not going to remove this dam, and the funding is unnecessary."
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concluded that two years after draining the valley, grasses would cover most of its floor and within 10 years, clumps of cone-bearing trees and some oaks would take root. Within 50 years, vegetative cover would be complete except for exposed rocky areas. In this unmanaged scenario, where nature is
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in the late 1930s, said there was a violation of the Raker Act, but he and the city reached an agreement in 1945. In 2015, Restore Hetch Hetchy filed a complaint arguing that the construction of the dam had violated a provision in the constitution of California about water use, but the lawsuit was
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and several other prominent figures were inspired by Muir's work and helped to get Yosemite National Park established by October 1, 1890. However, ranchers who had previously owned land in the new park continued their use of Hetch Hetchy Valley – a "sheep-grazing free-for-all threatened to denude
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Opponents of dam removal have pointed out that the flooding of the Hetch Hetchy Valley has also deterred the crowds that overrun other areas of Yosemite National Park. Indeed, Hetch Hetchy today remains the least visited developed area of the park. Karin Klein has described Yosemite Valley as "so
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The dam would not have to be completely removed; rather, it would only be necessary to cut a hole through the base in order to drain the water and restore natural flows of the Tuolumne River. Most of the dam would remain in place, both to avoid the enormous costs of demolition and removal, and to
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with Hetch Hetchy Valley, allowing for direct rail shipment of construction materials from San Francisco to the dam site. Construction of O'Shaughnessy Dam began in 1919 and was finished in 1923, with the reservoir first filling in May of that year. The dam was then 227 feet (69 m) high; its
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While its cousin Yosemite Valley to the south had permanent Miwok settlements, Hetch Hetchy was only seasonally inhabited. This was likely because of Hetch Hetchy's narrow outlet, which in years of heavy snowmelt created a bottleneck in the Tuolumne River and the subsequent flooding of the valley
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and in the Big Oak Flat area. After the valley's native inhabitants were driven out by the newcomers, it was used by ranchers, many of whom were former miners, to graze livestock. Animals were principally driven along Joseph Screech's trail from Big Oak Flat to Hetch Hetchy. Its meadows provided
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deposits that may have accumulated in the valley since the Sherwin period. At maximum extent, Tioga Glacier may have been 60 mi (97 km) long and up to 4,000 ft (1,200 m) thick, filling Hetch Hetchy Valley to the brim and spilling over the sides, carving out the present rugged
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Interest in using the valley as a water source or reservoir dates back as far as the 1850s, when the Tuolumne Valley Water Company proposed developing water storage there for irrigation. By the 1880s, San Francisco was looking to Hetch Hetchy water as a fix for its outdated and unreliable water
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of 459 sq mi (1,190 km). In its natural state, the valley floor was marshy and often flooded in the spring when snow melt in the high Sierra cascaded down the Tuolumne River and backed up behind the narrow gorge which is now spanned by O'Shaughnessy Dam. The entire valley is now
1849:. The city must pay a lease of $ 30,000 per year for the use of Hetch Hetchy, which sits on federal land. The aqueduct delivers an average of 265,000 acre⋅ft (327,000,000 m) of water each year, or 31,900,000 cu ft (900,000 m) per day, to residents of San Francisco and
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left to take hold in the valley, eventually a forest would grow, rather than the meadow being restored. However, the same NPS study also finds that with intensive management, an outcome in which "the entire valley would appear much as it did before construction of the reservoir" is feasible.
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system. The city would repeatedly try to acquire water rights to Hetch Hetchy, including in 1901, 1903 and 1905, but was continually rebuffed because of conflicts with irrigation districts that had senior water rights on the Tuolumne River, and because of the valley's national park status.
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present height of 312 feet (95 m) was achieved only later, in 1938. On October 28, 1934 – twenty years after the beginning of construction on the Hetch Hetchy project – a crowd of 20,000 San Franciscans gathered to celebrate the arrival of the first Hetch Hetchy water in the city.
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been in violation of the Raker Act, which explicitly stated that power and water from Hetch Hetchy could not be sold to private interests. Hydroelectric power generated from the Hetch Hetchy project is largely sold to Bay Area customers through a private power company,
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in the east. The valley provided an escape from the summer heat of the lowlands. They hunted, and gathered seeds and edible plants to furnish themselves winter food, trade items, and materials for art and ceremonial objects. Today, descendants of these people still use
253:– but also targeted for the development of water supply for irrigation and municipal interests. The controversy over damming Hetch Hetchy became mired in the political issues of the day. The law authorizing the dam passed Congress on December 7, 1913. In 1923, the
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narrow outlet ideal for placement of a dam. They claimed the valley was not unique and would be even more beautiful with a lake. Muir predicted that this lake would create an unsightly "bathtub ring" around its perimeter, caused by the water's destruction of
405:, the Tioga Glacier formed from extensive icefields in the upper Tuolumne River watershed; between 110,000 and 10,000 years ago Hetch Hetchy Valley was sculpted into its present shape by repeated advance and retreat of the ice, which also removed extensive
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After passing through the powerhouses, Hetch Hetchy water flows into the 167 mi (269 km) Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct which travels across the Central Valley. Just before reaching the Bay Area, it passes through the Irvington tunnel near the city of
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Compared with Yosemite Valley, the walls of Hetch Hetchy are smoother and rounder because it was glaciated to a greater extent. This is because the Tuolumne catchment basin above Hetch Hetchy is almost three times as large as the catchment area of the
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Before damming, the high granite formations produced a valley with an average depth of 1,800 ft (550 m) and a maximum depth of over 3,000 ft (910 m); the length of the valley was 3 mi (4.8 km) with a width ranging from
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Creek Indians" (Miwok), and witnessed several fights in which the Paiute appeared to be the dominant tribe. About 1853, his brother, Joseph Screech (credited in some accounts for the original discovery of the valley) blazed the first trail from
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United States Department of the Interior. "Proceedings Before The Secretary Of The Interior In Re Use Of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir Site, In The Yosemite National Park, By The City Of San Francisco, May 11, 1908". United States Government Printing
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were known for their landscapes that drew tourists to the Hetch Hetchy Valley. Bierstadt described the valley as "smaller than the more famous valley ... but it presents many of the same features in his scenery and is quite as beautiful."
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pressed for the protection of both valleys under a single national park. Muir, who himself had briefly worked as a shepherd in Hetch Hetchy, was known for calling sheep "hoofed locusts" because of their environmental impact. Muir's friend
2123:), stated that Hodel had political motives in proposing the study. The imputed motive was to divide the environmental movement: to see residents of the strongly Democratic city of San Francisco coming out against an environmental issue.
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story in 1987: "All this is for an expanded campground? ... It's dumb, dumb, dumb." Hodel, now retired, remains a strong proponent of restoring Hetch Hetchy Valley and Senator Feinstein remained strongly against restoration. The
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abundant feed for "thousands of head of sheep and cattle that entered lean and lank in the spring, but left rolling fat and hardly able to negotiate the precipitous and difficult defiles out of the mountains in the fall."
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mile (660 to 2,640 ft; 200 to 800 m). The valley floor consisted of roughly 1,200 acres (490 ha) of meadows fringed by pine forest, through which meandered the Tuolumne River and numerous tributary streams.
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in 1913, which permitted the flooding of the valley under the conditions that power and water derived from the river could only be used for public interests. Ultimately, San Francisco sold hydropower from the dam to the
2095:(which receives around 100 times as many visitors annually as Hetch Hetchy's 44,000) could result in a "recreational value" of up to $ 178 million per year, or possibly an overall economic value of up to $ 100 billion.
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has stated that "the plain language of the Raker Act itself and experts who are familiar with the act (and have no stake in city politics) all agree: The city of San Francisco is not in violation of the Raker Act."
4065:"On Hetch Hetchy, John Muir was wrong: California's revered naturalist wrote a poetic diatribe against the drowning of the great valley. But the reservoir has spared it some of the indignities of Yosemite Valley"
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and Stanislaus National Forest, and certain lands in the Yosemite National Park, the Stanislaus National Forest, and the public lands in the state of California, and for other purposes. [June 25, 1913]
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Water from Hetch Hetchy is some of the cleanest municipal water in the United States; San Francisco is one of six U.S. cities not required by law to filter its tap water, although the water is disinfected by
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The valley would be covered in about two inches of sediment, which is unusual to Hetch Hetchy; many dams collect large amounts of sediment, however the Tuolumne riverbed is mostly granite and erodes slowly.
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When Yosemite Valley became part of a state park in 1864, Hetch Hetchy received no such designation. As the grazing of livestock damaged native plants in the Hetch Hetchy Valley, mountaineer and naturalist
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wildlife and tourism back into the valley in order to prevent destabilization of the ecosystem, and that it might be decades or even centuries before the valley could be returned to natural conditions.
1924:. These are called Bay Division Pipelines (BDPL) 1, 2, 3, and 4, with nominal pipeline diameters of 60, 66, 78, and 96 inches (1.5, 1.7, 2.0 and 2.4 m, respectively). All four pipelines cross the
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Hetch Hetchy Valley: report of Advisory Board of Army Engineers to the Secretary of the Interior on investigations relative to sources of water supply for San Francisco and Bay communities
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The controversy over Hetch Hetchy was in the context of other political scandals and controversies, especially prevalent in the Taft administration. The Great Alaskan Land Fraud and the
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The Battle over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism
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serve as a monument for the workers who built it. The water storage provided at Hetch Hetchy could be transferred into Lake Don Pedro lower on the Tuolumne River by raising the
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Bowe, Rebecca (2011-08-09). "Ecological rewind: Environmentalists want to tear down O'Shaughnessy Dam and restore the Hetch Hetchy Valley, but does their plan hold water?".
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1,972 acres (798 ha) and a maximum depth of 306 feet (93 m). From Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, the water flows through the Canyon and Mountain Tunnels to Kirkwood and
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Taken in the early 1900s before the O'Shaughnessy Dam was constructed, shows the Hetch Hetchy Valley and the Tuolumne River, looking east. Wapama Falls is on the left,
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of the Trump administration began to consider a proposal to allow limited boating on the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir for the first time, supported by the advocacy group
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and the Holm Powerhouse is also part of the Hetch Hetchy Project, adding another 169 megawatts of generating capacity. The entire system produces about 1.7 billion
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The Early Intake (Lower Cherry) Powerhouse began commercial operation five years before the O'Shaughnessy Dam was completed. The first Moccasin Powerhouse in
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the High Sierra meadows" – before disputes over state and private properties in respect to national park boundaries were finally settled in the early 1900s.
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flooded under an average 300 ft (91 m) of water behind the dam, although it occasionally reemerges in droughts, as it did in 1955, 1977, and 1991.
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The narrow defile at the lower end of Hetch Hetchy Valley where San Francisco planned to dam the Tuolumne River, seen in 1914 before construction began
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Dam Hetch Hetchy! As well dam for water-tanks the people's cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.
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3070:"The Hetch Hetchy Letters: If a Group of Intellectuals Argues in a Forest, and then that Forest is Submerged Under Water, Does Their Argument Matter?"
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in Yosemite Valley. A broad, low rocky outcrop situated between Kolana Rock and Hetch Hetchy Dome divided the former meadow in two distinct sections.
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and subsequent fire that devastated San Francisco, the inadequacy of the city's water system was made tragically clear. San Francisco applied to the
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The Yosemite guide-book: a description of the Yosemite Valley and the adjacent region of the Sierra Nevada, and of the big trees of California
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that once stood at the head of Hetch Hetchy. Miwok names are still used for features, including Tueeulala Fall, Wapama Fall, and Kolana Rock.
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plateau country to the north and southwest. When the glacier retreated for the final time, sediment-laden meltwater deposited thick layers of
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were prominent before the 1850s when the first settlers from the United States arrived in the Sierra Nevada. During summer, people of the
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311:, at 6,197 ft (1,889 m), lies directly north of it. The locations of these two formations roughly correspond with those of
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A modern photo, taken from much the same vantage point, shows the submergence of the valley floor under the waters of the reservoir.
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by the name of Nathan Screech became the first non-Native American to enter the valley. Local legend attributes the modern name
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to resign and be fired respectively. The openings in the Taft administration led to the eventual success of the Raker Act.
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2992:"John Muir's Yosemite: The father of the conservation movement found his calling on a visit to the California wilderness"
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242:. For thousands of years before the arrival of settlers from the United States in the 1850s, the valley was inhabited by
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During this time, the upper Tuolumne River, including Hetch Hetchy Valley, was visited by prospectors attracted by the
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1340:"Little Arroyo" side canyon in the Hetch Hetchy Valley—by John Englehart, signed as C.N. Doughty; oil painting; 1908
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30 ft (9.1 m). Water could be diverted into the Kirkwood and Moccasin Powerhouses using lower-impact
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to gain water rights to Hetch Hetchy, and in 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt's Secretary of the Interior,
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307:, at 5,772 ft (1,759 m), is a massive rock spire on the south side of the Hetch Hetchy Valley.
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During the late 19th century, the valley was renowned for its natural beauty – often compared to that of
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3766:"Alternatives for restoration of Hetch Hetchy Valley following removal of the dam and reservoir page 15"
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3252:"Frequently Asked Questions About Hetch Hetchy Reservoir and the Regional Water & Power System"
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Palo Alto–Los Altos bike path sign, along the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct pipelines 3 and 4 right of way
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which argued that "San Francisco received benefits long ago, but the American people have not."
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taken out of service. Finally, in 1988, a third generator was added to the Kirkwood Powerhouse.
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3719:"Alternatives for Restoration of Hetch Hetchy Valley Following Removal of the Dam and Reservoir"
2408:"Alternatives for Restoration of Hetch Hetchy Valley Following Removal of the Dam and Reservoir"
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The economic wisdom of removing the dam has been frequently questioned. Some observers, such as
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Eidinger, J. M. (2001). "Seismic Retrofit of the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct at the Hayward Fault".
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can be seen along the Hetch Hetchy Road. Spring and early summer bring wildflowers including
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Bay Crossing Reach of the Bay Division Pipelines Nos. 1 and 2, Fremont, Alameda County, CA
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Dam!: Water, Power, Politics, and Preservation in Hetch Hetchy and Yosemite National Park
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upon a man's blue shirt and turn it brown, and were voracious as mosquitoes would be."
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3555:"Trump team reassigns Yosemite National Park superintendent; timing raises questions"
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Current Conditions, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, California Department of Water Resources
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Climate data for Hetch Hetchy, California, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1906–present
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growth on the canyon walls, which would inevitably be visible at low lake levels.
4984:
4814:
4733:
4680:
4625:
4182:
3812:
2685:
2660:
2219:
2092:
2052:
2032:
1536:
1265:
372:
361:
250:
4927:
524:
along the Tuolumne River. The valley's abundant plants provided nourishment for
388:). The waterfall on the Tuolumne is now submerged under Hetch Hetchy Reservoir.
5022:
4974:
4854:
4834:
4824:
4695:
4650:
4020:
3582:"Western Water Wars: Efforts to Take Over San Francisco's Hetch Hetchy Systems"
2239:
2088:
1657:
1547:
1512:
501:
493:
343:
327:
239:
211:
3412:
5318:
5083:
4844:
4829:
4713:
4640:
4548:
4111:
Wildermuth, John (2012-11-10). "Hetch Hetchy fight not over, activists say".
4076:
3436:
2463:
2084:
2067:
1911:
1898:
1882:
1830:
1719:
1706:
1678:
1665:
1637:
1624:
1542:
Work on the Hetch Hetchy Project began in 1914. The 68 mi (109 km)
1305:
1096:
537:
533:
521:
481:
inhabit the Hetch Hetchy area, including the largest North American bat, the
470:
450:
376:
335:
266:
227:
190:
177:
161:
4415:
Dziegielewski, Benedykt; Garbharran, Hari P.; Langowski, John F. Jr (1997).
4224:
It Happened in Yosemite National Park: Remarkable Events That Shaped History
3457:
2309:
1821:
1511:
was needed to authorize the project. The U.S. Congress passed and President
5032:
4994:
4864:
4859:
4090:
2040:
rejected by an appeals court and later the California State Supreme Court.
1878:
1866:
1837:. The dam and reservoir, combined with a series of aqueducts, tunnels, and
1583:
The same area seen today, with O'Shaughnessy Dam and Hetch Hetchy Reservoir
1396:
1381:
1372:
1309:
1286:
478:
419:
368:
488:
Before damming, the valley floor contained abundant stands of black oaks,
257:
was completed on the Tuolumne River, flooding the entire valley under the
4979:
4758:
4753:
4738:
4665:
4578:
4130:"San Francisco vote to study draining Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is defeated"
3255:
3127:"Hetch Hetchy controversy: Could Yosemite's 'second valley' be restored?"
2120:
1957:
1953:
1874:
1480:
1313:
1300:
The valley's name may be derived from a Miwok word earlier anglicized as
1273:
497:
320:
304:
71:
4572:
4528:
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hetch Hetchy
3854:"Chapter 9: Impact of restoration on hydropower production and revenues"
3743:
2431:
2051:
In 1987, the idea of razing the O'Shaughnessy Dam gained an adherent in
1803:
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hetch Hetchy
56:
4839:
4819:
4748:
4700:
4660:
4549:
San Francisco Public Utilities Commission: Hetch Hetchy Water and Power
4537:
4502:"New Irvington Tunnel latest in Hetch Hetchy water system improvements"
466:
364:, 840 ft (260 m), is located on the north side of the valley.
357:
316:
265:, which in 1934 began to deliver water 167 miles (269 km) west to
223:
157:
3437:"Serving 2.6 million residential, commercial and industrial customers"
3211:"Idyllic Pulgas Water Temple still offers comfort for weary wanderers"
2070:. Hodel called for a study of the effect of tearing down the dam. The
375:, at 840 ft (260 m) – both among the tallest waterfalls in
45:
4969:
4719:
4690:
2908:
2056:
2026:
1813:
1516:
1484:
1430:
525:
474:
458:
446:
3052:
2528:"Fall in the Main Tuolumne River at the Head of Hetch Hetchy Valley"
1928:. Pipelines 1 and 2 cross the San Francisco Bay to the south of the
1841:
as well as eight other storage dams, comprise a system known as the
5078:
1885:
per year, enough to meet 20% of San Francisco's electricity needs.
1278:
489:
4575:", 50 photos, 81 data pages, 4 photo caption pages
4564:
Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Agency on Hetch Hetchy dam
4479:. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. 2009. Archived from
4438:"Thesis: Water Supply Implications of Removing O'Shaughnessy Dam"
517:
513:
4058:
4056:
1388:, for 38 mi (61 km) northeast to Hetch Hetchy Valley.
1320:
was Miwok for "Valley of the Two Trees", referring to a pair of
4495:
Flagg, Jeffrey B. (2011). "National Parks and Water". CQ Press.
1975:
The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct pipelines 1 and 2 as viewed from the
1829:
Hetch Hetchy Valley serves as the primary water source for the
1497:
1336:
1290:
1256:
People have lived in Hetch Hetchy Valley for over 6,000 years.
509:
445:
Hetch Hetchy is home to a diverse array of plants and animals.
5230:
National Register of Historic Places in Yosemite National Park
4091:"San Francisco Department of Elections, November 2012 Results"
3530:"A historic bid for limited boating at Hetch Hetchy Reservoir"
3460:. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. 26 February 2024.
1873:, respectively. An additional hydroelectric system comprising
4053:
3145:"The Hetch Hetchy Story, Part II: PG&E and the Raker Act"
2655:
2128:
505:
462:
406:
4184:
Unquenchable: America's Water Crisis and What to Do About It
3160:"The Forbidden Water: San Francisco and Hetch Hetchy Valley"
1807:
Note that map above only shows Bay Area portion of aqueduct.
414:, forming the flat alluvial floodplain of the valley floor.
4018:
Doyle, Michael (2007-02-08). "Hetch Hetchy debate reborn".
3254:. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Archived from
1870:
411:
4559:
California Resources Agency Hetch Hetchy Restoration Study
422:
above Yosemite, allowing a greater volume of ice to form.
342:, and numerous smaller streams which collectively drain a
2880:
2878:
3980:
3607:"Hetch Hetchy Power Debacle: Continuing Yosemite Threat"
3010:
2973:
2971:
2931:
2759:
2757:
2605:
2593:
4418:
Lessons Learned from the California Drought (1987–1992)
4359:
3763:
2915:. United States Government Printing Office. p. 31.
2862:"Big Oak Flat (No. 406 California Historical Landmark)"
5260:
4421:(illustrated ed.). Diane Publishing. p. 41.
4308:. University Press; printed by Welch, Bigelow, and Co.
3999:
3639:
3298:
2875:
2839:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2538:
2502:
Yosemite National Park / Hetch Hetchy, California, USA
1833:
and several surrounding municipalities in the greater
2968:
2919:
2890:
2781:
2754:
2508:
3187:. Tuolumne County Historical Society. Archived from
2769:
2739:
2154:
1331:
4499:
3663:"Could Hetch Hetchy Valley be worth $ 100 billion?"
3473:"Hetch Hetchy water goes through ultraviolet rinse"
2704:
2692:
2581:
261:. The dam and reservoir are the centerpiece of the
5335:Historic American Engineering Record in California
4280:
4181:
4158:
3033:"Timeline of the Ongoing Battle Over Hetch Hetchy"
2043:Preservation groups including the Sierra Club and
27:Valley, reservoir, and aqueduct in California, USA
4494:
3921:
3805:
3688:"Three Square Miles of Open Space: Is It Enough?"
3229:"Chronology of San Francisco's Water Development"
3099:
2390:Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences
1893:, and the aqueduct splits into four pipelines at
5316:
4315:Frommer's Family Vacations in the National Parks
3883:. California Department of Water Resources. 2006
3870:
3693:. University of California Davis. Archived from
4339:
4150:
2989:
457:grow in abundance. Many examples of red-barked
3102:"San Francisco-Hetch Hetchy Valley Connection"
2909:United States Army Corps of Engineers (1913).
2432:"Hetch Hetchy Reclaimed: Drain it, then what?"
246:who practiced subsistence hunting-gathering.
4594:
4362:"Hetch Hetchy Water and the Bay Area Economy"
3946:
3278:"Water From Yosemite Is Still Cheap, for Now"
3075:. Center of the American West. Archived from
2856:
2854:
2643:"Fly Fishing Poopenaut Valley Tuolumne River"
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2198:List of the tallest dams in the United States
269:and its client municipalities in the greater
5345:History of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
4127:
4062:
3924:"Putting Bay Area's Water Sources to a Vote"
3744:"Hetch Hetchy reclaimed: The dam downstream"
3685:
3604:
3470:
3067:
2833:Hetch Hetchy: Preservation or Public Utility
2821:
2686:"HETCH HETCHY, CALIFORNIA - Climate Summary"
222:is a valley, reservoir, and water system in
4435:
4245:. United States Government Printing Office.
4161:Yosemite: Art of an American Icon (section)
3983:"Hodel Would Tear Down Dam in Hetch Hetchy"
3439:. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission
3338:
3336:
3334:
3027:
3025:
2804:"Screech Brothers Find Hetch Hetchy Valley"
379:– are both located in Hetch Hetchy Valley.
4608:
4601:
4587:
4110:
3830:
3741:
2851:
2798:
2796:
2442:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
4312:
4262:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149470.001.0001
3981:Morain, Dan; Houston, Paul (1987-08-07).
3764:Riegelhuth, Richard; Botti, S.; Keay, J.
3579:
3527:
3157:
3063:
3061:
2649:
2611:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2225:San Francisco Public Utilities Commission
2188:List of dams and reservoirs in California
1847:San Francisco Public Utilities Commission
1740:San Francisco Public Utilities Commission
5355:Landforms of Tuolumne County, California
4360:Bay Area Economic Forum (October 2002).
4036:"What will a restored valley look like?"
3507:. U.S. National Park Service. March 2007
3402:
3367:
3331:
3208:
3022:
2383:
2282:United States Department of the Interior
2208:List of largest reservoirs of California
2131:of San Francisco at the time, said in a
2102:
1982:
1970:
1820:
1812:
1469:United States Department of the Interior
1358:
1343:
1335:
429:
356:
4301:
4278:
4249:
4243:Geologic history of the Yosemite valley
4240:
4179:
4157:Bibby, Brian (2006). Scott, Amy (ed.).
4005:
3902:"Worth a Dam? Hetch Hetchy in Yosemite"
3645:
3552:
3304:
3016:
2977:
2937:
2925:
2896:
2884:
2845:
2793:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2599:
2555:
2553:
2514:
2370:
2214:The National Parks: America's Best Idea
2009:
1869:, which have capacities of 124 and 110
1600:
14:
5317:
4038:. Restore Hetch Hetchy. Archived from
3660:
3246:
3244:
3124:
3058:
2355:. Restore Hetch Hetchy. Archived from
2328:
2326:
2295:
2262:
2260:
1817:Map of Hetch Hetchy Project facilities
1595:Tuolumne River below O'Shaughnessy Dam
1479:struggle with the environmental group
5259:
4582:
4221:
4202:
4156:
4017:
3962:Pope, Carl (November–December 1987).
3656:
3654:
3630:
3523:
3521:
3275:
3269:
3185:"Hetch Hetchy Water and Power System"
2727:
2715:
2698:
2587:
2566:. USGS. Bulletin 1595. Archived from
2544:
1762:366 cu ft/s (10.4 m/s)
1251:
371:, at 1,080 ft (330 m), and
4569:Historic American Engineering Record
3961:
3833:"What Happens When You Remove a Dam"
2733:
2678:
2550:
2332:
2193:List of power stations in California
2098:
5360:Landforms of Yosemite National Park
4935:Steck-Salathé Route (Sentinel Rock)
4373:Association of Bay Area Governments
3846:
3241:
3209:Buchanan, Paul D. (April 2, 2001).
2864:. Sierra Nevada Geotourism MapGuide
2323:
2273:Geographic Names Information System
2257:
2107:View point by the O'Shaughnessy Dam
439:The Hetch Hetchy Valley, California
24:
5158:El Portal & Arch Rock Entrance
4792:
4340:Aqua Blog Maven (19 August 2008).
4332:
4165:. University of California Press.
3651:
3518:
2806:. Yosemite Gazette. Archived from
425:
350:Upstream from the valley lies the
25:
5376:
5330:Geology of Yosemite National Park
4521:
4443:. University of California, Davis
2563:Geologic Story of Yosemite Valley
2559:
2396:(5). San Francisco: CAS: 368–370.
2312:. San Francisco Water Power Sewer
1825:View of reservoir and Kolana Rock
1384:, a mining camp near present-day
1332:Exploration and early development
401:farther to the south. During the
234:lies in the northwestern part of
5299:
4651:Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias
4205:Geological Ramblings in Yosemite
3922:Onishi, Norimitsu (2012-09-09).
3878:"Hetch Hetchy Restoration Study"
3806:Nash, J. Madeline (2005-07-11).
3528:Stienstra, By Tom (2019-09-28).
2742:"Place Names of the High Sierra"
2629:Patagonia Environmentalism Essay
2462: This article incorporates
2457:
2235:Timeline of environmental events
2157:
2014:
1993:
1979:in San Mateo County, California.
1831:City and County of San Francisco
1588:
1576:
1564:
1522:Pacific Gas and Electric Company
55:
44:
4554:United States Geological Survey
4302:Whitney, Josiah Dwight (1874).
4180:Glennon, Robert Jerome (2009).
4121:
4104:
4083:
4028:
4011:
3974:
3955:
3940:
3915:
3894:
3824:
3799:
3775:
3757:
3735:
3711:
3679:
3624:
3598:
3573:
3546:
3494:
3464:
3450:
3429:
3396:
3310:
3221:
3202:
3177:
3151:
3137:
3118:
3093:
3046:
2983:
2943:
2902:
2635:
2617:
2532:Requiem for Hetch Hetchy Valley
2520:
2278:United States Geological Survey
1944:. Pipelines 3 and 4 end at the
1438:of the politically influential
5069:1996 Yosemite Valley landslide
4313:Wohlforth, Charles P. (2004).
3661:Thomas, Gregory (2019-08-01).
3276:Upton, John (6 January 2012).
3100:Davies, Leslie T. (May 2006).
2490:
2424:
2400:
2386:"Notes on Hetch-Hetchy Valley"
2345:
2230:San Francisco Water Department
1459:O'Shaughnessy Dam (California)
1268:came to Hetch Hetchy from the
13:
1:
5271:
4477:"San Francisco Water Sources"
4436:Null, Sarah (December 2003).
3553:Sahagun, Louis (2019-10-23).
2990:Perrottet, Tony (July 2008).
2740:Farquhar, Francis P. (1926).
2657:Committee on the Public Lands
2384:Hoffmann, Charles F. (1868).
2165:San Francisco Bay Area portal
2140:George W. Bush administration
1956:and, since 2011, exposure to
1529:Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy
1365:Hetch Hetchy Valley from Road
1169:Average snowfall inches (cm)
5225:Geology of the Yosemite area
5220:History of the Yosemite area
4500:De Benedetti, Chris (2015).
4344:. Aquafornia. Archived from
4151:General and cited references
3904:. Earth Island Journal. 2012
3859:. Environmental Defense Fund
3375:"Power Plants of California"
2957:. U.S. National Park Service
2250:
2173:Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne
1546:was constructed to link the
1503:Since the valley was within
1409:California Geological Survey
504:bordering the meadows, with
352:Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne
276:
87:3,783 ft (1,153 m)
7:
5018:Yosemite Lodge at the Falls
4342:"The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct"
4256:. Oxford University Press.
4250:Righter, Robert W. (2005).
4203:Huber, Norman King (2007).
4128:Rogers, Paul (2012-11-12).
4063:Klein, Karin (2012-08-15).
3631:Byrne, Peter (2001-04-04).
3605:Redmond, Tim (2004-05-26).
3471:Worth, Katie (2011-07-18).
3318:"The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct"
3158:Mansfield, Gabriel (2018).
3125:Rogers, Paul (2012-09-30).
3107:. Humboldt State University
2341:. New York: The Century Co.
2203:List of lakes in California
2150:
1353:Hetch Hetchy Side Canyon, I
885:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
745:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
10:
5381:
4241:Matthes, François (1930).
3949:San Francisco Bay Guardian
2061:Department of the Interior
2022:Pacific Gas & Electric
1977:Emerald Hills neighborhood
1962:Department of the Interior
1456:
1452:
1246:
1238:
555:
547:
391:
119:1,800 ft (550 m)
103:0.5 mi (0.80 km)
5290:
5284:
5274:
5269:
5210:
5143:
5092:
5056:
5008:
4962:
4928:Salathé Wall (El Capitan)
4891:Half Dome, Northwest Face
4884:Fairview Dome, North Face
4873:
4803:
4790:
4679:
4616:
4571:(HAER) No. CA-366, "
4317:. John Wiley & Sons.
4279:Simpson, John W. (2005).
3831:Biba, Erin (2012-12-11).
3742:Philp, Tom (2004-08-19).
3379:California Energy Almanac
2037:Secretary of the Interior
1938:Crystal Springs Reservoir
1801:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1754:167 mi (269 km)
1750:
1745:
1735:
1699:Crystal Springs Reservoir
1694:
1653:
1614:
1607:
1312:of the Yosemite Valley's
1168:
1094:
1024:
954:
884:
814:
744:
674:
604:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
326:The valley is fed by the
207:
167:
149:
144:
136:
128:
123:
115:
111:1,200 acres (490 ha)
107:
99:
91:
83:
37:
32:
5340:History of San Francisco
3964:"Undamming Hetch Hetchy"
3320:. Aquafornia. 2008-08-19
2645:. The Ecological Angler.
2625:"Restoring Hetch Hetchy"
1912:37.548104°N 121.932041°W
1720:37.483508°N 122.316306°W
1679:37.852425°N 119.991572°W
1436:Robert Underwood Johnson
1258:Native American cultures
5074:1997 Merced River flood
5064:1938 Yosemite TWA crash
3667:San Francisco Chronicle
3635:. San Francisco Weekly.
3534:San Francisco Chronicle
3344:"Tuolumne River System"
3215:San Mateo Daily Journal
1418:Charles Dorman Robinson
477:. Seventeen species of
95:3 mi (4.8 km)
5084:2022 Washburn Wildfire
4797:
4784:Yosemite Valley Chapel
4764:Little Yosemite Valley
4610:Yosemite National Park
4463:Cite journal requires
4402:Cite journal requires
4114:San Francisco Examiner
3808:"Is This Worth a Dam?"
3788:. Backcountry Pictures
3477:San Francisco Examiner
2955:Yosemite National Park
2504:. World of Waterfalls.
2464:public domain material
2245:Yosemite National Park
2108:
2004:Hetch Hetchy Reservoir
1988:
1980:
1917:37.548104; -121.932041
1835:San Francisco Bay Area
1826:
1818:
1725:37.483508; -122.316306
1684:37.852425; -119.991572
1505:Yosemite National Park
1493:
1371:In the early 1850s, a
1368:
1356:
1341:
442:
365:
271:San Francisco Bay Area
259:Hetch Hetchy Reservoir
238:and is drained by the
236:Yosemite National Park
191:37.94806°N 119.78806°W
154:Yosemite National Park
5286:Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct
5280:Dumbarton Rail Bridge
4949:The Nose (El Capitan)
4796:
3970:. Sierra Club: 34–38.
3746:. The Pulitzer Prizes
3502:"Hetch Hetchy Valley"
3458:"Pulgas Water Temple"
3413:10.1061/40574(2001)75
3131:San Jose Mercury News
2478:National Park Service
2335:"Hetch Hetchy Valley"
2268:"Hetch Hetchy Valley"
2178:Hetch Hetchy Railroad
2106:
2072:National Park Service
1986:
1974:
1942:San Antonio Reservoir
1824:
1816:
1609:Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct
1544:Hetch Hetchy Railroad
1489:
1362:
1347:
1339:
955:Mean minimum °F (°C)
675:Mean maximum °F (°C)
433:
360:
18:Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct
5325:Hetch Hetchy Project
4905:Lost Arrow Spire Tip
3783:"What Lies Beneath?"
3633:"Delusions of Power"
2835:. In Time and Place.
2666:. USGPO. p. 243
2045:Restore Hetch Hetchy
2010:Proposed restoration
1966:Restore Hetch Hetchy
1867:Moccasin Powerhouses
1843:Hetch Hetchy Project
1839:hydroelectric plants
1638:37.9475°N 119.7869°W
1601:Hetch Hetchy Project
1556:Moccasin, California
1533:Richard A. Ballinger
1393:California Gold Rush
1272:in the west and the
605:Record high °F (°C)
455:California black oak
263:Hetch Hetchy Project
196:37.94806; -119.78806
5350:Interbasin transfer
4375:: 5. Archived from
4222:Jones, Ray (2010).
3613:. Clovis Free Press
3587:. Reason Foundation
2470:Hetch Hetchy Valley
2436:The Pulitzer Prizes
2333:Muir, John (1912).
1946:Pulgas Water Temple
1934:Calaveras Reservoir
1908: /
1716: /
1675: /
1634: /
1316:tribe claimed that
1025:Record low °F (°C)
815:Daily mean °F (°C)
441:, late 19th century
403:last glacial period
232:Hetch Hetchy Valley
187: /
140:10,000–15,000 years
33:Hetch Hetchy Valley
5235:List of waterfalls
5000:Ahwahnechee people
4921:Royal Arches Route
4914:Midnight Lightning
4798:
4774:Bracebridge Dinner
4287:. Pantheon Books.
3928:The New York Times
3686:De Carion, Denis.
3283:The New York Times
2109:
1989:
1981:
1827:
1819:
1772:Construction start
1643:37.9475; -119.7869
1465:a major earthquake
1405:Charles F. Hoffman
1369:
1363:Albert Bierstadt,
1357:
1342:
1252:Indigenous peoples
443:
366:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5263:San Francisco Bay
5261:Crossings of the
5253:
5252:
5245:California Portal
5240:Yosemite Category
5079:2013 Rim Wildfire
5057:Natural disasters
5043:High Sierra Camps
5038:Housekeeping Camp
4975:Stephen T. Mather
4958:
4957:
4779:Yosemite Firefall
4533:O'Shaughnessy Dam
4271:978-0-19-803410-0
4233:978-0-7627-6231-6
4214:978-1-59714-072-0
4195:978-1-59726-639-0
4069:Los Angeles Times
3987:Los Angeles Times
3837:Popular Mechanics
3820:on July 14, 2005.
3560:Los Angeles Times
3422:978-0-7844-0574-1
3068:Hanson, Jason L.
3019:, pp. 26–27.
2940:, pp. 22–23.
2602:, pp. 87–90.
2498:"Rancheria Falls"
2353:"Nature's Garden"
2183:Lake Vernon trail
2134:Los Angeles Times
2119:(director of the
2099:Arguments against
2081:New Don Pedro Dam
1811:
1810:
1487:. Muir observed:
1473:James R. Garfield
1243:
1242:
309:Hetch Hetchy Dome
255:O'Shaughnessy Dam
217:
216:
16:(Redirected from
5372:
5303:
5296:Dumbarton Bridge
5272:
5257:
5256:
5099:Nearby airports
4990:Buffalo Soldiers
4942:Separate Reality
4898:Lost Arrow Spire
4677:
4676:
4671:Chilnualna Falls
4656:Tuolumne Meadows
4631:Yosemite Village
4603:
4596:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4496:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4472:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4442:
4432:
4411:
4405:
4400:
4398:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4381:
4369:Bay Area Council
4366:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4328:
4309:
4298:
4286:
4275:
4246:
4237:
4226:. Globe Pequot.
4218:
4199:
4188:. Island Press.
4187:
4176:
4164:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3858:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3816:. Archived from
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3787:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3692:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3658:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3586:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3506:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3479:. Archived from
3468:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3407:. pp. 1–0.
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3381:. Archived from
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3349:. Archived from
3348:
3340:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3029:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2800:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2737:
2731:
2730:, p. 92–94.
2725:
2719:
2713:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2560:Huber, N. King.
2557:
2548:
2547:, p. 80–83.
2542:
2536:
2535:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2475:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2381:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2306:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2264:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2125:Dianne Feinstein
1997:
1930:Dumbarton Bridge
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1605:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1441:Century Magazine
1414:Albert Bierstadt
553:
552:
435:Albert Bierstadt
386:Tuolumne Meadows
301:
300:
296:
291:
290:
286:
244:Native Americans
202:
201:
199:
198:
197:
192:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
59:
48:
30:
29:
21:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5278:
5265:
5254:
5249:
5212:
5206:
5145:
5139:
5088:
5052:
5010:
5004:
4985:Shelton Johnson
4954:
4875:
4869:
4815:John Muir Trail
4806:
4799:
4788:
4734:Bridalveil Fall
4683:
4675:
4626:Yosemite Valley
4612:
4607:
4524:
4519:
4510:
4508:
4486:
4484:
4475:
4464:
4462:
4453:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4429:
4403:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4364:
4351:
4349:
4335:
4333:Further reading
4325:
4295:
4272:
4234:
4215:
4196:
4173:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4138:
4136:
4126:
4122:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4061:
4054:
4045:
4043:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4016:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3991:
3989:
3979:
3975:
3960:
3956:
3945:
3941:
3932:
3930:
3920:
3916:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3829:
3825:
3804:
3800:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3749:
3747:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3671:
3669:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3629:
3625:
3616:
3614:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:Browne, Brian.
3578:
3574:
3565:
3563:
3551:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3526:
3519:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3486:
3484:
3469:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3401:
3397:
3388:
3386:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3274:
3270:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3207:
3203:
3194:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3123:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3002:
3000:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2829:"Early History"
2827:
2826:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2755:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2654:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2573:
2571:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2382:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2220:Gifford Pinchot
2163:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2101:
2093:Yosemite Valley
2033:Harold L. Ickes
2017:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1806:
1783:24 October 1934
1746:Characteristics
1724:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1584:
1581:
1572:
1569:
1537:Gifford Pinchot
1463:In 1906, after
1461:
1455:
1334:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
550:
483:western mastiff
428:
426:Flora and fauna
394:
381:Rancheria Falls
373:Tueeulala Falls
362:Tueeulala Falls
340:Rancheria Creek
313:Cathedral Rocks
298:
294:
293:
288:
284:
283:
279:
251:Yosemite Valley
195:
193:
189:
186:
181:
178:
176:
174:
173:
84:Floor elevation
79:
65:
64:
63:
62:
61:
60:
51:
50:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5378:
5368:
5367:
5365:Tuolumne River
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5289:
5283:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5146:municipalities
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5096:
5094:
5093:Transportation
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4894:
4887:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4855:Mariposa Grove
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4835:Ostrander Lake
4832:
4827:
4825:Panorama Trail
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4801:
4800:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4698:
4696:Yosemite Falls
4693:
4687:
4685:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4530:
4523:
4522:External links
4520:
4518:
4517:
4497:
4492:
4473:
4465:|journal=
4433:
4427:
4412:
4404:|journal=
4357:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4323:
4310:
4299:
4293:
4276:
4270:
4247:
4238:
4232:
4219:
4213:
4200:
4194:
4177:
4171:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4120:
4103:
4082:
4052:
4027:
4021:Sacramento Bee
4010:
4008:, p. 121.
3998:
3973:
3954:
3939:
3914:
3893:
3869:
3845:
3823:
3798:
3774:
3756:
3734:
3710:
3678:
3650:
3648:, p. 185.
3638:
3623:
3597:
3572:
3545:
3517:
3493:
3463:
3449:
3428:
3421:
3405:Pipelines 2001
3395:
3366:
3330:
3309:
3307:, p. 241.
3297:
3268:
3240:
3220:
3201:
3176:
3150:
3136:
3117:
3092:
3057:
3045:
3021:
3009:
2982:
2967:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2901:
2889:
2887:, p. 157.
2874:
2850:
2848:, p. 158.
2838:
2820:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2753:
2732:
2720:
2703:
2691:
2677:
2648:
2634:
2616:
2614:, p. 419.
2612:Wohlforth 2004
2604:
2592:
2580:
2549:
2537:
2534:. Sierra Club.
2519:
2507:
2489:
2441:
2423:
2399:
2369:
2344:
2322:
2310:"Hetch Hetchy"
2294:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2240:Tuolumne River
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2152:
2149:
2100:
2097:
2089:hydraulic head
2085:diversion dams
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1883:kilowatt hours
1809:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1658:Tuolumne River
1655:
1651:
1650:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1563:
1548:Sierra Railway
1513:Woodrow Wilson
1457:Main article:
1454:
1451:
1386:Lake Don Pedro
1333:
1330:
1270:Central Valley
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
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1185:
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1135:
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1125:
1120:
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1021:
1016:
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971:
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921:
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881:
876:
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861:
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851:
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836:
831:
826:
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791:
786:
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771:
766:
761:
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751:
746:
742:
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736:
731:
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721:
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711:
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691:
686:
681:
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672:
671:
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661:
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646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
602:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
558:
557:
551:
549:
546:
540:in the river.
494:Ponderosa pine
427:
424:
393:
390:
328:Tuolumne River
278:
275:
240:Tuolumne River
230:. The glacial
215:
214:
212:Tuolumne River
209:
205:
204:
171:
165:
164:
151:
147:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
74:on the right.
66:
54:
53:
52:
43:
42:
41:
40:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5377:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5163:Yosemite West
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4845:Sentinel Dome
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:McGurk Meadow
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4802:
4795:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:LeConte Lodge
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4714:The Dawn Wall
4710:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4641:Glacier Point
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4483:on 2011-06-29
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4457:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4428:0-7881-4163-5
4424:
4420:
4419:
4413:
4409:
4396:
4382:on 2012-04-25
4378:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4358:
4348:on 2013-01-10
4347:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4326:
4324:0-7645-7075-7
4320:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4294:0-375-42231-5
4290:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4174:
4172:0-520-24922-4
4168:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4154:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4116:
4115:
4107:
4092:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4059:
4057:
4042:on 2013-07-04
4041:
4037:
4031:
4023:
4022:
4014:
4007:
4002:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3943:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3903:
3897:
3879:
3873:
3855:
3849:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3802:
3784:
3778:
3767:
3760:
3745:
3738:
3724:. Sierra Club
3720:
3714:
3700:on 2016-03-03
3696:
3689:
3682:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3655:
3647:
3642:
3634:
3627:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3583:
3576:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3522:
3503:
3497:
3483:on 2011-11-01
3482:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3453:
3438:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3385:on 2013-05-20
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3356:on 2014-07-02
3352:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3319:
3313:
3306:
3301:
3286:. p. 21A
3285:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3258:on 2013-08-23
3257:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3230:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3191:on 2015-03-18
3190:
3186:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3103:
3096:
3082:on 2014-07-02
3078:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3049:
3035:. Sierra Club
3034:
3028:
3026:
3018:
3013:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2980:, p. 23.
2979:
2974:
2972:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2928:, p. 19.
2927:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2899:, p. 17.
2898:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2810:on 2016-03-04
2809:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2790:, p. 13.
2789:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2766:, p. 14.
2765:
2760:
2758:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2718:, p. 75.
2717:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2701:, p. 74.
2700:
2695:
2687:
2681:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2590:, p. 84.
2589:
2584:
2570:on 2010-05-28
2569:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2517:, p. 15.
2516:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2413:. Sierra Club
2409:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2359:on 2013-07-19
2358:
2354:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2155:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:Ronald Reagan
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2015:Arguments for
2002:
1996:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:Hayward fault
1921:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1815:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1736:Maintained by
1734:
1729:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:environmental
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1422:William Keith
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1349:William Keith
1346:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1239:Source: WRCC
1237:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1097:precipitation
1093:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
953:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
883:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
813:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
743:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
673:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
603:
559:
554:
545:
541:
539:
538:rainbow trout
535:
534:bighorn sheep
531:
527:
523:
522:riparian zone
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:monkey flower
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:incense-cedar
448:
440:
436:
432:
423:
421:
415:
413:
408:
404:
400:
389:
387:
382:
378:
377:North America
374:
370:
363:
359:
355:
353:
348:
345:
341:
337:
336:Tiltill Creek
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
274:
272:
268:
267:San Francisco
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:United States
225:
221:
213:
210:
206:
200:
172:
170:
166:
163:
162:United States
159:
155:
152:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
58:
47:
36:
31:
19:
5291:
5285:
5275:
5033:Wawona Hotel
5023:The Ahwahnee
4995:Chief Tenaya
4947:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4865:Lembert Dome
4860:Wapama Falls
4726:To the Limit
4725:
4718:
4712:
4707:
4636:Hetch Hetchy
4635:
4536:
4509:. Retrieved
4506:Mercury News
4505:
4485:. Retrieved
4481:the original
4456:cite journal
4445:. Retrieved
4417:
4395:cite journal
4384:. Retrieved
4377:the original
4350:. Retrieved
4346:the original
4314:
4304:
4282:
4252:
4242:
4223:
4204:
4183:
4160:
4137:. Retrieved
4134:Mercury News
4133:
4123:
4112:
4106:
4094:. Retrieved
4085:
4068:
4044:. Retrieved
4040:the original
4030:
4019:
4013:
4006:Glennon 2009
4001:
3990:. Retrieved
3986:
3976:
3967:
3957:
3948:
3942:
3931:. Retrieved
3927:
3917:
3906:. Retrieved
3896:
3885:. Retrieved
3872:
3861:. Retrieved
3848:
3840:
3836:
3826:
3818:the original
3811:
3801:
3790:. Retrieved
3777:
3759:
3748:. Retrieved
3737:
3726:. Retrieved
3713:
3702:. Retrieved
3695:the original
3681:
3670:. Retrieved
3666:
3646:Righter 2005
3641:
3626:
3615:. Retrieved
3610:
3600:
3589:. Retrieved
3575:
3564:. Retrieved
3558:
3548:
3537:. Retrieved
3533:
3509:. Retrieved
3496:
3485:. Retrieved
3481:the original
3476:
3466:
3452:
3441:. Retrieved
3431:
3404:
3398:
3387:. Retrieved
3383:the original
3378:
3369:
3358:. Retrieved
3351:the original
3322:. Retrieved
3312:
3305:Righter 2005
3300:
3288:. Retrieved
3281:
3271:
3260:. Retrieved
3256:the original
3232:. Retrieved
3223:
3214:
3204:
3193:. Retrieved
3189:the original
3179:
3170:
3166:
3153:
3139:
3130:
3120:
3109:. Retrieved
3095:
3084:. Retrieved
3077:the original
3048:
3037:. Retrieved
3017:Righter 2005
3012:
3001:. Retrieved
2995:
2985:
2978:Righter 2005
2959:. Retrieved
2954:
2945:
2938:Righter 2005
2933:
2926:Righter 2005
2921:
2911:
2904:
2897:Righter 2005
2892:
2885:Whitney 1874
2866:. Retrieved
2846:Whitney 1874
2841:
2832:
2823:
2812:. Retrieved
2808:the original
2788:Simpson 2005
2783:
2778:, p. 4.
2776:Simpson 2005
2771:
2764:Simpson 2005
2745:. Retrieved
2735:
2723:
2694:
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2661:
2651:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2607:
2600:Matthes 1930
2595:
2583:
2572:. Retrieved
2568:the original
2562:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2515:Righter 2005
2510:
2501:
2492:
2481:. Retrieved
2469:
2435:
2426:
2415:. Retrieved
2402:
2393:
2389:
2361:. Retrieved
2357:the original
2347:
2339:The Yosemite
2338:
2314:. Retrieved
2286:. Retrieved
2284:. 1990-08-01
2271:
2212:
2145:
2132:
2114:
2110:
2077:
2050:
2042:
2025:
2018:
1950:
1887:
1879:Lake Eleanor
1863:
1842:
1828:
1751:Total length
1553:
1541:
1531:caused both
1526:
1507:, an act of
1502:
1494:
1490:
1462:
1447:
1439:
1427:
1402:
1397:Merced River
1390:
1382:Big Oak Flat
1377:Hetch Hetchy
1376:
1373:mountain man
1370:
1364:
1352:
1326:
1322:yellow pines
1318:Hetch Hetchy
1317:
1310:Chief Tenaya
1302:hatchhatchie
1301:
1299:
1295:
1287:bracken fern
1255:
1099:inches (mm)
542:
487:
444:
438:
420:Merced River
416:
399:Kings Canyon
395:
369:Wapama Falls
367:
349:
325:
280:
262:
258:
248:
231:
220:Hetch Hetchy
219:
218:
75:
67:
5213:information
5011:and camping
4980:Galen Clark
4850:Alder Creek
4759:Nevada Fall
4754:Vernal Fall
4744:Mirror Lake
4739:Happy Isles
4684:attractions
4666:Wawona Tree
4646:Badger Pass
4618:Attractions
4096:29 November
2997:Smithsonian
2951:"John Muir"
2121:Sierra Club
1915: /
1903:121°55′55″W
1875:Cherry Lake
1855:Santa Clara
1723: /
1711:122°18′59″W
1682: /
1670:119°59′30″W
1641: /
1629:119°47′13″W
1616:Coordinates
1515:signed the
1481:Sierra Club
1314:Ahwaneechee
1274:Great Basin
530:black bears
498:Douglas fir
332:Falls Creek
321:Tunnel View
305:Kolana Rock
194: /
182:119°47′17″W
169:Coordinates
72:Kolana Rock
5319:Categories
5211:Additional
5202:Lee Vining
5167:Chinquapin
5028:Camp Curry
4840:Taft Point
4820:Mist Trail
4749:North Dome
4708:El Capitan
4701:El Capitan
4661:Tioga Pass
4538:Structurae
4487:2009-03-26
4447:2009-03-26
4386:2009-03-26
4352:2009-03-26
4207:. Heyday.
4139:2013-05-25
4046:2013-07-02
3992:2013-05-25
3933:2013-05-26
3908:2013-05-26
3887:2013-05-25
3863:2013-05-25
3792:2013-05-25
3750:2013-06-02
3728:2013-05-25
3704:2013-05-26
3672:2019-10-01
3617:2013-05-26
3591:2013-05-26
3566:2019-10-23
3539:2019-10-01
3511:2013-05-31
3487:2013-05-31
3443:2013-06-01
3389:2013-05-23
3360:2013-05-26
3324:2013-05-31
3262:2013-05-31
3234:2010-09-23
3195:2013-05-26
3147:. FoundSF.
3111:2013-05-31
3086:2013-05-30
3039:2013-05-31
3003:2013-06-01
2961:2013-05-28
2868:2013-06-01
2814:2013-05-26
2747:2006-09-09
2728:Bibby 2006
2716:Jones 2010
2699:Jones 2010
2588:Huber 2007
2574:2013-05-26
2545:Huber 2007
2483:2013-05-23
2417:2013-05-26
2363:2013-05-30
2316:2013-05-23
2288:2013-05-26
1900:37°32′53″N
1861:Counties.
1797:References
1708:37°29′01″N
1667:37°51′09″N
1626:37°56′51″N
1306:blue dicks
502:silver fir
467:wallflower
319:seen from
317:El Capitan
224:California
179:37°56′53″N
158:California
5187:Briceburg
5135:Route 120
5125:Route 140
4970:John Muir
4720:Free Solo
4691:Half Dome
4077:0458-3035
2251:Citations
2117:Carl Pope
2065:President
2057:Secretary
2053:Don Hodel
2027:SF Weekly
1954:ozonation
1871:megawatts
1851:San Mateo
1517:Raker Act
1485:John Muir
1483:, led by
1431:John Muir
1403:In 1867,
1367:, c. 1870
1355:, c. 1908
1283:deergrass
526:mule deer
475:buttercup
459:manzanita
447:Gray pine
344:watershed
277:Geography
145:Geography
5197:Midpines
5192:Oakhurst
5182:Mariposa
5177:Bootjack
5130:Route 41
4371:and the
3173:: 24–31.
3167:Historia
2659:(1918).
2151:See also
1788:Location
1759:Capacity
1509:Congress
1279:milkweed
1234:(160.9)
1164:(957.5)
1095:Average
490:live oak
150:Location
5153:Foresta
5009:Lodging
4705:Films:
4511:Dec 31,
3054:Office.
2059:of the
1891:Fremont
1859:Alameda
1767:History
1453:Damming
1407:of the
1328:floor.
1247:History
1219:(0.25)
1194:(0.25)
945:(−1.4)
925:(13.3)
920:(13.4)
895:(−0.9)
890:(−1.6)
880:(11.9)
865:(13.6)
860:(18.1)
855:(21.4)
850:(21.6)
845:(17.7)
840:(13.5)
810:(18.8)
800:(12.7)
795:(21.4)
790:(26.3)
785:(29.3)
780:(29.5)
775:(25.5)
770:(20.7)
765:(16.5)
760:(13.8)
755:(11.6)
548:Climate
520:in the
518:dogwood
392:Geology
297:⁄
287:⁄
226:in the
203:
132:Glacial
124:Geology
76:Bottom:
5172:Wawona
5165:&
5144:Nearby
5048:Camp 4
4963:People
4876:climbs
4807:trails
4805:Hiking
4681:Valley
4425:
4380:(.PDF)
4321:
4291:
4268:
4230:
4211:
4192:
4169:
4075:
3968:Sierra
3611:Trails
3419:
3290:21 May
2670:27 May
2127:, the
2063:under
1940:, and
1780:Opened
1654:Begins
1498:lichen
1291:willow
1266:Paiute
1224:(7.4)
1214:(0.0)
1209:(0.0)
1204:(0.0)
1199:(0.0)
1159:(148)
1154:(114)
1139:(5.1)
1134:(8.4)
1114:(135)
1109:(155)
1104:(156)
1090:(−20)
1085:(−17)
1080:(−12)
1040:(−12)
1035:(−18)
1030:(−20)
1020:(−10)
950:(4.8)
940:(0.6)
935:(5.6)
930:(9.8)
915:(9.8)
910:(6.0)
905:(2.6)
900:(0.3)
875:(3.7)
870:(7.4)
835:(9.5)
830:(6.7)
825:(5.4)
820:(3.8)
805:(9.1)
750:(9.4)
561:Month
514:poplar
510:willow
500:, and
473:, and
463:lupine
453:, and
92:Length
5292:North
5276:South
5120:YARTS
4874:Rock
4441:(PDF)
4365:(PDF)
3881:(PDF)
3857:(PDF)
3786:(PDF)
3769:(PDF)
3722:(PDF)
3698:(PDF)
3691:(PDF)
3585:(PDF)
3505:(PDF)
3354:(PDF)
3347:(PDF)
3163:(PDF)
3105:(PDF)
3080:(PDF)
3073:(PDF)
2474:(PDF)
2466:from
2411:(PDF)
2392:. 1.
2129:mayor
1262:Miwok
1229:(30)
1189:(15)
1184:(37)
1179:(33)
1174:(38)
1162:37.68
1149:(58)
1144:(20)
1129:(19)
1124:(52)
1119:(87)
1075:(−5)
1070:(−1)
1065:(−1)
1055:(−1)
1050:(−4)
1045:(−9)
1015:(−7)
1010:(−4)
975:(−2)
970:(−5)
965:(−6)
960:(−7)
740:(37)
735:(16)
730:(23)
725:(29)
720:(34)
715:(35)
710:(36)
705:(33)
700:(29)
695:(26)
690:(23)
685:(19)
680:(16)
670:(41)
665:(24)
660:(28)
655:(34)
650:(41)
645:(40)
640:(39)
635:(41)
630:(35)
625:(31)
620:(29)
615:(26)
610:(22)
600:Year
506:alder
407:talus
208:River
116:Depth
100:Width
4513:2015
4469:help
4423:ISBN
4408:help
4319:ISBN
4289:ISBN
4266:ISBN
4228:ISBN
4209:ISBN
4190:ISBN
4167:ISBN
4098:2012
4073:ISSN
3813:Time
3417:ISBN
3292:2013
2672:2013
1857:and
1775:1914
1695:Ends
1535:and
1420:and
1264:and
1232:63.2
1227:12.0
1182:14.7
1177:12.8
1172:14.8
1157:5.82
1152:4.50
1147:2.27
1142:0.77
1137:0.20
1132:0.33
1127:0.76
1122:2.04
1117:3.44
1112:5.31
1107:6.09
1102:6.15
1060:(2)
1005:(1)
1000:(6)
995:(9)
990:(9)
985:(4)
980:(1)
948:40.6
943:29.5
938:33.1
933:42.0
928:49.7
923:56.0
918:56.2
913:49.6
908:42.8
903:36.7
898:32.6
893:30.3
888:29.2
878:53.4
873:38.7
868:45.3
863:56.5
858:64.6
853:70.5
848:70.8
843:63.8
838:56.3
833:49.1
828:44.0
823:41.8
818:38.8
808:65.9
803:48.3
798:54.8
793:70.5
788:79.3
783:84.8
778:85.1
773:77.9
768:69.2
763:61.7
758:56.9
753:52.9
748:48.9
597:Dec
594:Nov
591:Oct
588:Sep
585:Aug
582:Jul
579:Jun
576:May
573:Apr
570:Mar
567:Feb
564:Jan
532:and
516:and
479:bats
412:silt
315:and
129:Type
108:Area
68:Top:
5113:MMH
5108:MPI
5103:FAT
4535:at
4258:doi
3409:doi
1222:2.9
1217:0.1
1212:0.0
1207:0.0
1202:0.0
1197:0.0
1192:0.1
1187:5.8
668:106
648:106
643:104
638:103
633:105
292:to
137:Age
5321::
4723:,
4717:,
4711:,
4504:.
4460::
4458:}}
4454:{{
4399::
4397:}}
4393:{{
4367:.
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4067:.
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3985:.
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3665:.
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3609:.
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3532:.
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3377:.
3333:^
3280:.
3243:^
3213:.
3171:27
3169:.
3165:.
3129:.
3060:^
3024:^
2994:.
2970:^
2953:.
2877:^
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2831:.
2795:^
2756:^
2706:^
2627:.
2552:^
2530:.
2500:.
2476:.
2444:^
2434:.
2388:.
2372:^
2337:.
2325:^
2297:^
2280:,
2276:.
2270:.
2259:^
2055:,
2035:,
1958:UV
1936:,
1877:,
1853:,
1416:,
1351:,
1308:.
1289:,
1285:,
1281:,
1088:−4
1078:10
1073:23
1068:31
1063:31
1058:36
1053:30
1048:25
1043:16
1038:10
1028:−4
1018:14
1013:20
1008:25
1003:33
998:42
993:49
988:49
983:40
978:33
973:28
968:23
963:21
958:19
738:98
733:61
728:73
723:85
718:93
713:95
708:96
703:92
698:85
693:79
688:73
683:67
678:61
663:75
658:83
653:93
628:95
623:88
618:85
613:78
608:72
528:,
512:,
508:,
496:,
492:,
485:.
469:,
465:,
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437:,
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160:,
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1083:1
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295:1
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