376:, and falls off exponentially at higher frequencies. This sequence of events forms the typical spectrum of Hessdalen lights phenomenon when the atmosphere is clear, with no fog. According to the model, the spatial color distribution of luminous balls commonly observed in Hessdalen lights phenomenon is produced by electrons accelerated by electric fields during rapid fracture of piezoelectric rocks under the ground. In 2014, Jader Monari published a new Hessdalen Lights model involving a geological-like battery. Thus, two sides of the valley are the electrodes and the river Hesja can be acting as the electrolyte. Gas bubbles rise into the air and can become electrically charged producing gas luminesce and Hessdalen Lights phenomenon.
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181:
230:
In a 2011 paper, based on the dusty plasma theory of
Hessdalen lights, Gerson Paiva and Carlton Taft suggested that piezoelectricity of quartz cannot explain a peculiar property assumed by the Hessdalen lights phenomenon – the presence of geometrical structures in its center. Paiva and
43:
Unusual lights have been reported in the region since at least the 1930s. Especially high activity occurred between
December 1981 and mid-1984, during which the lights were observed 15–20 times per week, attracting many overnight tourists. As of 2010, the number of observations had dwindled, with
47:
Since 1983, "Project
Hessdalen" initiated by UFO-Norge and UFO-Sverige have attempted to investigate the lights. This project was active as field investigations during 1983–1985. A group of students, engineers, and journalists collaborated as "The Triangle Project" in 1997–1998 and recorded the
39:
The
Hessdalen lights appear both by day and by night, and seem to float through and above the valley. They are usually bright white, yellow or red and can appear above and below the horizon. The duration of the phenomenon may be a few seconds to well over an hour. Sometimes the lights move with
235:
and dusty-acoustic waves with low frequency geoelectromagnetic waves in dusty plasmas. The theoretical velocity of ejected light balls is about 10,000 m/s (33,000 ft/s), in good agreement with the observed velocity of some ejected light balls, estimated at 20,000 m/s
1012:
926:
144:. In 2004, physicist Massimo Teodorani showed an occurrence where a higher level of radioactivity on rocks was detected near the area where a large light ball was reported. Computer simulations show that dust immersed in
482:
Using the measurements of electron–molecular ion dissociative recombination rate coefficients as functions of electron temperature and cross sections as a function of electron energy by Mehr and Biondi for
2308:
1459:
89:
of airborne dust from mining in the area. The analysis identified hydrogen, oxygen and other elements including titanium. It was thought this occurs in
Hessdalen because of the large deposits of
352:
Paiva and Taft presented a model for resolving the apparently contradictory spectrum observed in
Hessdalen lights. The spectrum is nearly flat on the top with steep sides, due to the effect of
2129:
952:
324:
are transported by ion acoustic waves. Therefore, oxygen ions will dominate in the ejected green light balls in
Hessdalen lights, presenting a negative band of O
372:. Such a spectrum is typical of dense ionized gas. Additionally, the spectrum produced in the thermal bremsstrahlung process is flat up to a cutoff frequency, ν
59:
Later, a programme named EMBLA was initiated to bring together established scientists and students to researching the lights. Leading research institutions are
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75:
Despite ongoing research, there is no consensus for an explanation of the phenomenon. A number of potentially plausible theories have been put forward.
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49:
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772:
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The estimated temperature of
Hessdalen lights is about 5,000 K (4,730 °C; 8,540 °F). At this temperature, the
78:
There have been some sightings positively identified as misperceptions of astronomical bodies, aircraft, car headlights and
2508:
2212:
1795:
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there. The publication of this research led to the
Norwegian press proclaiming that "The Mystery in Hessdalen is Solved".
2017:
2006:
1937:
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592:
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64:
40:
enormous speed; at other times they seem to sway slowly back and forth. On yet other occasions, they hover in mid‑air.
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806:
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The central ball is white, while the ejected balls that are observed are always green in colour. This is ascribed to
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541:
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1342:
1206:
Paiva, Gerson S.; Taft, Carlton A. (2012). "A mechanism to explain the spectrum of
Hessdalen Lights phenomenon".
261:
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2202:
1640:
1580:
1469:
1417:
1402:
1372:
1121:
Paiva, Gerson S.; Taft, Carlton A. (2011). "Color Distribution of Light Balls in Hessdalen Lights Phenomenon".
2263:
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2098:
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Taft have shown a mechanism of light ball cluster formation in Hessdalen lights by nonlinear interaction of
60:
1982:
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610:
279:), with green emission lines, are probably the only ones transported by these waves. Electronic bands of O
2464:
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2152:
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1249:
Paiva, Gerson S.; Taft, C. A (2011). "Color Distribution of Light Balls in Hessdalen Lights Phenomenon".
840:
Paiva, Gerson S.; Taft, Carlton A. (2010). "A hypothetical dusty plasma mechanism of Hessdalen lights".
1957:
1907:
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1635:
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966:
Takaki, Shunji; Ikeya, Motoji (15 September 1998). "A Dark Discharge Model of Earthquake Lightning".
23:
are unidentified lights which have been observed in a 12-kilometre-long (7.5 mi) stretch of the
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1897:
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One hypothesis put forward in 2010 suggests that the lights are formed by a cluster of macroscopic
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2012:
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2002:
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for the nitrogen ions. Thus, in the Hessdalen lights plasma, the nitrogen ions will decompose
159:
generated under specific rock strains, because many crystal rocks in Hessdalen valley include
152:
like some occurrences of the Hessdalen lights; dusty plasmas may also form in this structure.
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1962:
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8:
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997:
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778:
661:
653:
643:
353:
232:
1070:
Paiva, Gerson S.; Taft, Carlton A. (2012). "Cluster formation in Hessdalen lights".
732:"A rebuttal of the EMBLA 2002 report on the optical survey in Hessdalen: Part Three"
2182:
2103:
1735:
1515:
1223:
1188:
1087:
985:
857:
321:
292:
156:
101:
1161:
Mehr, F J; Biondi, M A (1969). "Electron temperature dependence of recombination O
705:
637:
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2384:
2358:
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2192:
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2068:
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2058:
1685:
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1535:
369:
97:
1091:
861:
247:(VLF) and atmospheric ions (present in the central white-coloured ball) through
2374:
2147:
1750:
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439:
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121:
109:
1227:
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877:
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1358:
1134:
1099:
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869:
665:
429:
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1192:
56:) was set up in the valley to register and record the appearance of lights.
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2187:
2142:
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813:
424:
149:
125:
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1852:
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989:
591:(in Italian). Comitato Italiano per il Progetto Hessdalen. pp. 4–5.
534:
145:
117:
535:"A rebuttal of the EMBLA 2002 report on the optical survey in Hessdalen"
85:
One explanation attributes the phenomenon to an incompletely understood
2491:
Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act (UADPA), USA law (2023)
2298:
2093:
454:
406:
105:
86:
2389:
2293:
2253:
1337:
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decay in the dusty atmosphere. Several physical properties including
24:
584:
Zanotti, Ferruccio; Di Giuseppe, Massimiliano; Serra, Romano.
141:
90:
657:
2281:
2178:
National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980)
1392:
48:
lights in a pyramid shape that bounced up and down. In 1998, the
124:, observed in the Hessdalen lights might be explained through a
2404:
391:
160:
129:
79:
28:
540:. Comitato Italiano per il Progetto Hessdalen. pp. 1–29.
155:
Another hypothesis explains Hessdalen lights as a product of
113:
2198:
Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012)
2130:
Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government
1322:
128:
model. Radon decay produces alpha particles (responsible by
896:"A Long-Term Scientific Survey of the Hessdalen Phenomenon"
632:
Ballester Olmos, Vicente‑Juan; Brænne, Ole Jonny (2008).
1013:"Hessdalen Lights and Piezoelectricity from Rock Strain"
1350:
1270:"Norse UFOs: What are the glowing orbs of Hessdalen?"
807:
Optical spectrum analysis of the Hessdalen phenomenon
631:
413:
53:
16:
Unidentified phenomenon at Hessdalen valley in Norway
1072:
Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
842:
Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
642:. FOTOCAT. Vol. 4. Torino: UPIAR. p. 94.
583:
190:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
2208:Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current)
625:
2562:
889:
887:
2486:United States Congress hearings on UFOs (2022)
639:Norway in UFO Photographs: The First Catalogue
1366:
884:
586:"Hessdalen 2003: Luci Misteriose in Norvegia"
936:
835:
833:
1292:
1011:Paiva, Gerson S.; Taft, Carlton A. (2011).
965:
745:
528:
526:
473:Based on 1998 research by Takaki and Ikeya.
1373:
1359:
1160:
1114:
1004:
320:more rapidly than oxygen ions. Only ionic
1248:
1205:
1120:
1069:
1063:
1010:
945:"Helices swirl in space-dust simulations"
893:
839:
830:
798:
602:
218:Learn how and when to remove this message
202:, without removing the technical details.
1460:1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund
1450:1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg
942:
756:(in Norwegian). Norsk rikskringkasting.
751:
729:
679:
523:
245:very low frequency electromagnetic waves
133:
1332:
50:Hessdalen Automatic Measurement Station
31:periodically since at least the 1930s.
2563:
1596:Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961)
1151:(Academic Press Inc., New York, 1961)
770:
739:Italian Committee for Project Hessdale
675:from the original on 29 December 2015.
608:
577:
1354:
1338:"Skeptoid #270: The Hessdalen Lights"
1328:Project Hessdalen Bulletin, 1983–1985
804:
706:"The EMBLA 2000 Mission in Hessdalen"
685:
532:
200:make it understandable to non-experts
1455:1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel
1267:
364:modifies the spectrum to follow the
243:produced by the interaction between
174:
1293:Christensen, Arnfinn (2014-05-13).
1208:Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics
969:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
349:after ion-acoustic wave formation.
170:
13:
2153:Flying Saucer Working Party (1950)
1810:High-altitude object events (2023)
1439:Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC)
1295:"Little valley – a giant battery?"
1149:Physics of the Aurora and Air-glow
774:Western esotericism in Scandinavia
752:Johansen, Karl Hans (2007-07-16).
14:
2607:
2213:NASA's UAP independent study team
1316:
1123:Journal of Scientific Exploration
1020:Journal of Scientific Exploration
903:Journal of Scientific Exploration
65:Italian National Research Council
2504:
2503:
955:from the original on 2016-01-10.
932:from the original on 2015-12-28.
760:from the original on 2015-07-03.
621:from the original on 2015-07-02.
598:from the original on 2016-01-04.
547:from the original on 2014-02-07.
179:
163:grains which produce an intense
44:only 10 to 20 sightings yearly.
2470:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
1651:John Lennon UFO incident (1974)
1465:José Bonilla observation (1883)
1286:
1261:
1242:
1199:
1154:
1141:
959:
943:Johnston, Hamish (2007-08-15).
764:
476:
467:
288:ions occur in auroral spectra.
2203:Identification studies of UFOs
1681:Valentich disappearance (1978)
1666:Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977)
1546:McMinnville photographs (1950)
1418:List of reported UFO sightings
777:. Leiden, Brill. p. 653.
723:
698:
559:"Description of the phenomena"
551:
1:
2163:Project Blue Book (1952–1970)
1843:Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949)
1838:Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947)
1691:Robert Taylor incident (1979)
1656:Travis Walton incident (1975)
1601:Lonnie Zamora incident (1964)
1496:Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946)
1323:Homepage of Project Hessdalen
516:
360:spectrum. At low frequencies
70:
34:
2596:Unsolved problems in physics
1706:Cash–Landrum incident (1980)
1606:Solway Firth Spaceman (1964)
1581:Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956)
711:. Project Hessdalen Homepage
686:Olsen, Andreas, ed. (1998).
609:Pāvils, Gatis (2010-10-10).
7:
2465:List of scientific skeptics
2193:Project Condign (1997–2000)
2136:The Flying Saucers Are Real
1696:Val Johnson incident (1979)
1646:Pascagoula Abduction (1973)
1092:10.1016/j.jastp.2012.02.020
894:Teodorani, Massimo (2004).
862:10.1016/j.jastp.2010.07.022
805:Hauge, Bjørn Gitle (2007).
379:
333:with electronic transition
120:, geometric structure, and
10:
2612:
2158:Project Magnet (1950–1962)
1815:David Grusch claims (2023)
1586:Antônio Villas Boas (1957)
297:dissociative recombination
61:Østfold University College
2499:
2478:
2457:
2429:
2367:
2324:
2317:
2272:
2221:
2183:Condon Report (1966–1968)
2122:
2077:
2031:
1880:
1863:Alien Autopsy (1995 film)
1823:
1759:
1676:Zanfretta incident (1978)
1576:Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955)
1483:
1431:
1410:
1401:
1388:
1228:10.1007/s00703-012-0197-5
303:for the oxygen ions, and
148:can organize itself into
2581:Collective UFO sightings
2576:Atmospheric ghost lights
1833:Maury Island hoax (1947)
1731:Voronezh incident (1989)
1716:Trans-en-Provence (1981)
1711:Rendlesham Forest (1980)
1641:Finnish Air Force (1969)
1571:Flatwoods monster (1952)
1423:Sightings in outer space
1380:
1299:partner.sciencenorway.no
812:(Report). Archived from
460:
27:valley in rural central
2081:extraterrestrial beings
1848:Southern England (1967)
1776:Campeche, Mexico (2004)
1736:Belgian UFO wave (1990)
1566:Washington, D.C. (1952)
1561:Nash-Fortenberry (1952)
1444:Airship of Clonmacnoise
1193:10.1103/physrev.181.264
771:Bogdan, Henrik (2016).
2168:Robertson Panel (1953)
1721:Japan Air Lines (1986)
1686:Kaikoura Lights (1978)
1536:Gorman Dogfight (1948)
1470:Airship wave (1896–97)
1179:ions with electrons".
688:"The Triangle Project"
533:Leone, Matteo (2003).
2591:UFO-related phenomena
2188:Institute 22 (1978–?)
2173:Ruppelt report (1956)
2148:Project Grudge (1949)
1858:Gulf Breeze (1987–88)
1805:Jetpack man (2020–21)
1781:O'Hare Airport (2006)
1751:Phoenix Lights (1997)
1671:Operação Prato (1977)
1556:Lubbock Lights (1951)
1531:Chiles-Whitted (1948)
1501:Kenneth Arnold (1947)
754:"Fenomenet Hessdalen"
402:Brown Mountain lights
262:electronic transition
2479:Government & Law
2400:Government responses
1881:Sightings by country
1800:UFO incidents (2014)
1268:Williams, Caroline.
990:10.1143/JJAP.37.5016
503:electron temperature
236:(66,000 ft/s).
138:radioactive elements
2539:62.7933°N 11.1883°E
2534: /
2274:Conspiracy theories
2264:Trotskyist-Posadism
2143:Project Sign (1948)
2114:Reptilian humanoids
1771:UFO incident (2004)
1741:Ariel School (1994)
1636:Jimmy Carter (1969)
1631:Shag Harbour (1967)
1220:2012MAP...117....1P
1147:Chamberlain, J.W.,
1084:2012JASTP..80..336P
982:1998JaJAP..37.5016T
915:2004JSE....18..217T
854:2010JASTP..72.1200P
386:Aleya (Ghost light)
366:Rayleigh–Jeans part
108:of air and dust by
2229:Ancient astronauts
1853:Majestic 12 (1985)
1798:Theodore Roosevelt
1726:Ilkley Moor (1987)
1626:Falcon Lake (1967)
1491:Los Angeles (1942)
1336:(August 9, 2011).
611:"Hessdalen lights"
420:Longdendale lights
249:ion-acoustic waves
241:radiation pressure
2517:
2516:
2425:
2424:
2380:Cattle mutilation
2234:Cryptoterrestrial
1876:
1875:
1868:Morristown (2009)
1511:Flight 105 (1947)
1403:Claimed sightings
976:(9A): 5016–5020.
848:(16): 1200–1203.
634:"11 October 1997"
354:optical thickness
293:rate coefficients
228:
227:
220:
63:(Norway) and the
2603:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:62.7933; 11.1883
2540:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2507:
2506:
2326:Abduction claims
2322:
2321:
2244:Interdimensional
2239:Extraterrestrial
2104:Little green men
2079:Types of alleged
1825:Confirmed hoaxes
1616:Kecksburg (1965)
1591:Levelland (1957)
1432:Pre-20th century
1408:
1407:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1052:. Archived from
1017:
1008:
1002:
1001:
963:
957:
956:
940:
934:
933:
931:
900:
891:
882:
881:
837:
828:
827:
825:
824:
818:
811:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
768:
762:
761:
749:
743:
742:
736:
727:
721:
720:
718:
716:
710:
702:
696:
695:
690:. Archived from
683:
677:
676:
674:
629:
623:
622:
606:
600:
599:
597:
590:
581:
575:
574:
572:
570:
555:
549:
548:
546:
539:
530:
510:
508:
500:
499:
491:
490:
480:
474:
471:
450:Will-o'-the-wisp
415:
348:
343:
342:
332:
331:
319:
317:
316:
306:
302:
287:
286:
278:
273:
272:
259:
258:
223:
216:
212:
209:
203:
183:
182:
175:
171:Piezoelectricity
157:piezoelectricity
135:
104:produced by the
98:Coulomb crystals
55:
21:Hessdalen lights
2611:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2561:
2560:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2495:
2474:
2453:
2421:
2385:Close encounter
2363:
2313:
2268:
2217:
2118:
2080:
2073:
2069:Space jellyfish
2064:Mystery airship
2059:Green fireballs
2027:
1872:
1819:
1786:Alderney (2007)
1755:
1746:Varginha (1996)
1479:
1427:
1397:
1384:
1379:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1262:
1247:
1243:
1204:
1200:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1119:
1115:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1034:
1015:
1009:
1005:
964:
960:
941:
937:
929:
898:
892:
885:
838:
831:
822:
820:
816:
809:
803:
799:
789:
787:
785:
769:
765:
750:
746:
734:
728:
724:
714:
712:
708:
704:
703:
699:
684:
680:
672:
650:
630:
626:
607:
603:
595:
588:
582:
578:
568:
566:
557:
556:
552:
544:
537:
531:
524:
519:
514:
513:
506:
498:
495:
494:
493:
489:
486:
485:
484:
481:
477:
472:
468:
463:
445:St. Elmo's fire
382:
375:
370:blackbody curve
362:self-absorption
347:
341:
338:
337:
336:
334:
330:
327:
326:
325:
315:
312:
311:
310:
308:
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1701:Manises (1979)
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1621:Westall (1966)
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1541:Mariana (1950)
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1526:Mantell (1948)
1523:
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1516:Roswell (1947)
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1334:Dunning, Brian
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1318:
1317:External links
1315:
1312:
1311:
1301:(in Norwegian)
1285:
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1129:(4): 735–746.
1113:
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1059:on 2015-12-28.
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1026:(2): 265–271.
1003:
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909:(2): 217–251.
883:
829:
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783:
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730:Matteo Leone.
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694:on 2002-10-17.
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165:charge density
150:double helixes
136:spectrum) and
122:light spectrum
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2109:Nordic aliens
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2044:Flying saucer
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2032:Types of UFOs
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1661:Tehran (1976)
1659:
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1611:Exeter (1965)
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1551:Sperry (1950)
1549:
1547:
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1521:Rhodes (1947)
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1475:Aurora (1897)
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1274:New Scientist
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1035:
1033:9781596058774
1029:
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1021:
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1007:
999:
995:
991:
987:
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949:Physics World
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819:on 2014-08-30
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649:9781596058774
645:
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563:Hessdalen.org
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430:Min Min light
428:
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323:
318:+ e → N + N*)
298:
294:
289:
263:
250:
246:
242:
237:
234:
222:
219:
211:
201:
197:
191:
188:This section
186:
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168:
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162:
158:
153:
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147:
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139:
132:emissions in
131:
127:
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88:
83:
81:
76:
68:
66:
62:
57:
51:
45:
41:
32:
30:
26:
22:
2586:Weather lore
2519:
2395:Crop circles
2354:Perspectives
2304:Men in black
2249:Psychosocial
2135:
1892:South Africa
1797:
1768:
1760:21st century
1484:20th century
1341:
1303:. Retrieved
1298:
1288:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1214:(1–2): 1–4.
1211:
1207:
1201:
1184:
1180:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1054:the original
1023:
1019:
1006:
973:
967:
961:
948:
938:
906:
902:
845:
841:
821:. Retrieved
814:the original
800:
788:. Retrieved
773:
766:
747:
738:
725:
713:. Retrieved
700:
692:the original
681:
638:
627:
614:
604:
579:
567:. Retrieved
562:
553:
478:
469:
425:Marfa lights
351:
290:
238:
233:ion-acoustic
229:
214:
205:
189:
154:
95:
84:
77:
74:
58:
46:
42:
38:
20:
18:
2542: /
2318:Involvement
2138:(1947–1950)
2094:Grey aliens
2049:Foo fighter
1983:New Zealand
1251:J. Sc. Expl
1187:: 264–271.
1078:: 336–339.
615:Wondermondo
507:0.007–10 eV
146:ionized gas
126:dust plasma
118:oscillation
52:(Hessdalen
2565:Categories
2548: (
2529:11°11′18″E
2526:62°47′36″N
2458:Skepticism
2417:Ufologists
2299:Dulce Base
2222:Hypotheses
2099:Insectoids
1506:1947 craze
1305:2020-10-19
1279:2020-10-19
1108:4934033386
878:5902956691
823:2008-04-24
790:18 January
658:2010388262
517:References
455:Maco light
412:Hessdalen
407:Chir Batti
208:April 2016
106:ionization
87:combustion
71:Hypotheses
35:Background
2550:Hessdalen
2442:Religions
2390:Contactee
2359:Insurance
2349:Narrative
2344:Claimants
2294:Bob Lazar
2254:Nazi UFOs
1958:Indonesia
1908:Australia
1903:Argentina
1236:119505901
1181:Phys. Rev
1135:0892-3310
1100:1364-6826
1050:761916772
1042:0892-3310
998:119878878
923:0892-3310
870:1364-6826
666:713018022
505:interval
501:over the
25:Hessdalen
2571:Holtålen
2509:Category
2375:Implants
2339:Entities
1343:Skeptoid
953:Archived
927:Archived
758:Archived
670:Archived
619:Archived
593:Archived
569:July 14,
542:Archived
388:, Bengal
380:See also
299:will be
142:polonium
140:such as
91:scandium
2437:Fiction
2430:Culture
2334:History
2282:Area 51
2123:Studies
1918:Belgium
1913:Belarus
1898:Albania
1411:General
1393:Ufology
1216:Bibcode
1080:Bibcode
978:Bibcode
911:Bibcode
850:Bibcode
368:of the
356:on the
322:species
305:10 cm s
301:10 cm s
194:Please
112:during
80:mirages
2405:GEIPAN
2013:Sweden
1998:Russia
1993:Poland
1988:Norway
1973:Mexico
1948:Greece
1943:France
1928:Canada
1923:Brazil
1888:Africa
1769:Nimitz
1446:(740s)
1257:: 735.
1234:
1133:
1106:
1098:
1048:
1040:
1030:
996:
921:
876:
868:
781:
715:27 May
664:
656:
646:
565:. 2011
392:Aurora
260:ions (
161:quartz
130:helium
102:plasma
29:Norway
2368:Other
2003:Spain
1978:Nepal
1968:Italy
1953:India
1933:China
1232:S2CID
1170:and N
1057:(PDF)
1016:(PDF)
994:S2CID
930:(PDF)
899:(PDF)
817:(PDF)
810:(PDF)
735:(PDF)
709:(PDF)
673:(PDF)
596:(PDF)
589:(PDF)
545:(PDF)
538:(PDF)
492:and O
461:Notes
114:radon
100:in a
2447:list
1963:Iran
1796:USS
1767:USS
1382:UFOs
1131:ISSN
1104:OCLC
1096:ISSN
1046:OCLC
1038:ISSN
1028:ISBN
919:ISSN
874:OCLC
866:ISSN
792:2023
779:ISBN
717:2019
662:OCLC
654:LCCN
644:ISBN
571:2021
344:→ aΠ
274:→ aΠ
19:The
1224:doi
1212:117
1189:doi
1185:181
1088:doi
986:doi
858:doi
414:AMS
374:cut
295:of
251:. O
198:to
54:AMS
2567::
1340:.
1297:.
1272:.
1255:25
1253:.
1230:.
1222:.
1210:.
1183:.
1127:25
1125:.
1102:.
1094:.
1086:.
1076:80
1074:.
1044:.
1036:.
1024:25
1022:.
1018:.
992:.
984:.
974:37
972:.
951:.
947:.
925:.
917:.
907:18
905:.
901:.
886:^
872:.
864:.
856:.
846:72
844:.
832:^
737:.
668:.
660:.
652:.
636:.
617:.
613:.
561:.
525:^
335:bΣ
309:(N
265:bΣ
167:.
134:HL
82:.
67:.
2552:)
2009:)
2005:(
1894:)
1890:(
1374:e
1367:t
1360:v
1346:.
1308:.
1282:.
1238:.
1226::
1218::
1195:.
1191::
1175:2
1166:2
1137:.
1110:.
1090::
1082::
1000:.
988::
980::
913::
880:.
860::
852::
826:.
794:.
741:.
719:.
573:.
509:.
497:2
488:2
483:N
346:u
340:g
329:2
314:2
284:2
276:u
270:g
256:2
221:)
215:(
210:)
206:(
192:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.