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temperature at which the eggs are incubated determines the hatchlings sex. At 26 °C, only males will be produced, while at 30 °C, all the hatchlings will be female. Young
Hermann's tortoises emerge just after the start of the heavy autumn rains in early September and spend the first four or five years of their lives within just a few metres of their nests. If the rains do not come, or if nesting took place late in the year, the eggs will still hatch, but the young will remain underground and not emerge until the following spring. Until the age of six or eight, when the hard shell becomes fully developed, the young tortoises are very vulnerable to predators and may fall prey to rats, badgers, magpies, foxes, wild boar, and many other animals. If they survive these threats, the longevity of Hermann's tortoises is around 30 years. One rare record of longevity is 31.7 years. Compared to other tortoises (e.g.
1038:
of smell. In captivity, they eat a variety of wildflowers, however care must be taken regarding which are made available, as some flowers such as buttercups are toxic to them. Certain plants such as dandelion and kale are high in oxalic acid, which can build up over time causing renal failure, it is therefore important to carefully monitor their diet and give a varied selection of wildflower leaves. All pre-prepared food pellets are bad for
Hermann's tortoises, proving addictive, often resulting in unnatural growth rates and the refusal to eat natural foods. Certain foods may prove toxic despite the tortoises enjoyment of them, including legumes, tomatoes and cabbage. The animals eat small amounts of fruits as supplementary nutrition, however this should only be given occasionally.
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temperature should be around 5 °C. As an alternative, the box can be stored in a refrigerator. For this method to be used, the refrigerator should be in regular day-to-day use, to permit air flow. During hibernation, the ambient temperature must not fall below zero. Full-grown specimens may sleep four to five months at a time.
818:, but some are notably flatter and more oblong. The coloration is brownish with a yellow or greenish hue and with isolated black flecks. The coloring tends to wash out quite strongly in older animals. The underside is almost always solid horn color and has separate black patches on either side of the central seam.
736:
with very prominent cheek spots. Generally, the forelegs have no black pigmentation on their undersides. The base of the claws is often lightly colored. The tail in males is larger than in females and possesses a spike. Generally, the shell protecting the tail is divided. A few specimens can be found
967:
like other tortoises, possess no teeth, just strong, horny beaks. Their scaly limbs are greyish to brown, with some yellow markings, and their tails bear a spur (a horny spike) at the tip. Adult males have particularly long and thick tails, and well-developed spurs, distinguishing them from females.
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The head is brown to black, with fine scales. The forelegs similarly possess fine scales. The limbs generally have five claws, which are darkly colored at their base. The hind legs are noticeably thicker than the forelegs, almost plump. The particularly strong tail ends in a spike, which may be very
1163:
In nature, Hermann’s tortoises dig their nightly shelters out and spend the relatively mild
Mediterranean winters there. During this time, their heart and breathing rates drop notably. Captive bred animals can be kept in the basement in a roomy rodent-proof box with a thick layer of dry leaves. The
1037:
Early in the morning, the animals leave their nightly shelters, which are usually hollows protected by thick bushes or hedges, to bask in the sun and warm their bodies. They then roam about the
Mediterranean meadows of their habitat in search of food. They determine which plants to eat by the sense
966:
Hermann's tortoises are small to medium-sized tortoises from southern Europe. Young animals and some adults have attractive black and yellow-patterned carapaces, although the brightness may fade with age to a less distinct gray, straw, or yellow coloration. They have slightly hooked upper jaws and,
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and has a number of local forms. It has a highly arched shell with an intensive coloration, with its yellow coloration making a strong contrast to the dark patches. The colors wash out somewhat in older animals, but the intense yellow is often maintained. The underside has two connected black bands
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Between May and July, female
Hermann's tortoises deposit between two and 12 eggs into flask-shaped nests dug into the soil, up to 10 cm (3.9 in) deep. Most females lay more than one clutch each season. The pinkish-white eggs are incubated for around 90 days and, like many reptiles, the
1048:
In late
February, Hermann's tortoises emerge from under bushes or old rotting wood, where they spend the winter months hibernating, buried in a bed of dead leaves. Immediately after surfacing from their winter resting place, Hermann's tortoises commence courtship and mating. Courtship is a rough
1195:
A program introduced in 1989 and 1990 reintroduced tortoises to the population, put fences to reduce highway traffic towards the tortoises and more. This was shown to aid in increasing population numbers by reintroducing other tortoises of the same species.
655:. Although some factors indicate this might be correct, the data at hand are not unequivocally in support and the relationships between Hermann's and the Russian tortoise among each other and to the other species placed in
5657:
1710:
Zoboli, Daniel; Georgalis, Georgios L.; Arca, Marisa; Tuveri, Caterinella; Carboni, Salvatore; Lecca, Luciano; Pillola, Gian Luigi; Rook, Lorenzo; Villani, Mauro; Chesi, Francesco; Delfino, Massimo (2022-07-29).
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large in older male specimens. Females have noticeably smaller tail spikes, which are slightly bent toward the body. They can vary in size, but do not grow a huge amount. Their age can be around 70–80 years.
1959:
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affair for the female, which is pursued, rammed, and bitten by the male, before being mounted. Aggression is also seen between rival males during the breeding season, which can result in ramming contests.
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The coloration of the head ranges from dark green to yellowish, with isolated dark patches. A particular characteristic is a yellow fleck on the cheek found in most specimens, although not in all;
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are not robustly determined. Hence, it seems doubtful that the new genus will be accepted for now. The elevation of the subspecies to full species was tentatively rejected under the
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Hermann's tortoise can be kept indoors with adequate living conditions provided by the owner. It requires a heat lamp set at around 15–30 °C (59–86 °F) to provide a
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Around midday, the sun becomes too hot for the tortoises, so they return to their hiding places. They have a good sense of direction to enable them to return.
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differs markedly, with the eastern populations having evolved faster. This is apparently due to stronger fragmentation of the population on the mountainous
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1572:"Mitochondrial DNA evolution at a turtle's pace: evidence for low genetic variability and reduced microevolutionary rate in the Testudines"
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Experiments have shown they also possess a good sense of time, the position of the sun, the magnetic lines of the earth, and for landmarks.
5627:
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1667:
5667:
5622:
5434:
1519:; Sampayo, Marcos Martín; Pretus, Joan L.; Široký, Pavel; Wink, Michael (2006). "A rangewide phylogeography of Hermann's tortoise,
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2009:
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1188:(CITES) meaning international export/import requires CITES documentation to be obtained and presented to border authorities.
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5273:
Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated
Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status
3082:
turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status
5632:
3113:
1393:
978:, reaching sizes up to 28 cm (11 in) in length. A specimen of this size may weigh 3–4 kg (6.6–8.8 lb).
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area. A UVB bulb is also needed to help process and create vitamin D3 and prevents issues such as metabolic bone disease.
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rarely grows larger than 18 cm (7.1 in). Some adult specimens are as small as 7 cm (2.8 in).
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coast) are now included here; they constitute local forms that are not yet geographically or in other ways
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Bour, 1996 a distinct evolutionary lineage? New evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genomic markers".
1082:), the longevity might be underestimated and many sources are reporting they might live 90 years or more.
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of this species, apart from suggesting that two other proposed subspecies are actually just local
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populations of the last ice age. The eastern
Hermann's tortoises also have arched, almost round
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944:. However, molecular evidence suggests extant populations of both this species and
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van der Kuyl, Antoinette C.; Ballasina, Donato L.P.; Zorgdrager, Fokla (2005).
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In the late afternoon, they leave their shelters again and return to feeding.
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Species endangered by human consumption for medicinal or magical purposes
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even more dubious and unreliable than they are for tortoises in general.
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2018:
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In 2006, Hermann's tortoise was suggested to be moved to the genus
555:
184:
134:
1987:
1668:"An Excursion into the Natural Habitats of the Dalmatian Tortoise"
1523:(Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae): implications for taxonomy".
5191:
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3798:
3713:
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3155:
3146:
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2049:
2043:
906:
894:
885:
can be found throughout southern Europe. The western population (
798:, known as the Dalmatian tortoise, (Balkans coast) and the local
683:
551:
144:
42:
5400:
954:
in recent times. Hermann's tortoise was similarly introduced to
4926:
4569:
3161:
3134:
3122:
2031:
1955:
1889:
Castanet J (1994). "Age estimation and longevity in reptiles".
1610:
1463:(2005). "Environmentally caused dwarfism or a valid species—Is
955:
902:
764:
154:
124:
1908:"Conservation measures for a population of Hermann's tortoise
5564:
4133:
3200:
3091:
1674:. Testudo Farm. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016
921:
populates the coasts of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Croatia, and
679:
87:
81:
1960:
Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
1364:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
3629:
1613:"Mitochondrial haplotype diversity in the tortoise species
1191:
Many ways have been introduced to help conserve the species
1787:
1713:"An overview of the fossil turtles from Sardinia (Italy)"
1709:
1506:
1186:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
917:, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Turkey and Greece, while
1298:
737:
with undivided shells, similar to the Greek tortoise.
631:
is not yet confirmed to be genetically different from
1557:
642:
and to bring the subspecies to the rank of species (
1450:
2090:
1659:
889:) is found in eastern Spain, southern France, the
5584:
1878:Reptiles and amphibians in captivity - Longevity
1692:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1912:in southern France bisected by a major highway"
1502:
1500:
1498:
5613:Species endangered by agricultural development
1906:Guyot, Ghislaine; Clobert, Jean (1997-02-01).
1184:The species is included in Appendix II of the
690:. While this has no profound implications for
5270:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
3508:
3107:
3080:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
2003:
1958:fact-file "Hermann's tortoise" under the
1873:
1871:
5618:Species endangered by agricultural pollution
1905:
1860:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1813:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1495:
1234:
1883:
1850:. Netherlands: ETI Information Systems Ltd.
663:at least, as there still seems significant
4313:
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2010:
1996:
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242:
59:
29:
1642:
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1323:
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1954:This article incorporates text from the
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1824:
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1781:
1779:
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1775:
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1416:Gmelin, 1789 (Chelonii, Testudinidae)".
1063:
1051:
1803:. London: A&C Black Publishers Ltd.
1270:
1268:
627:. Sometimes mentioned as a subspecies,
5585:
2543:Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise
2537:Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise
1751:
1617:from North Africa and the Middle East"
1308:"Checklist of Chelonians of the World"
5678:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
5298:
5297:
3188:
3095:
1991:
1821:
1766:
1705:
1703:
1665:
1589:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040735
1469:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1345:
1343:
5427:577b616b-3a17-42f1-9fd1-1d009af1db3a
1976:Guide to keeping Hermann's Tortoises
1511:; Bertolero, Albert; Cheylan, Marc;
1388:
1386:
1265:
531:— de Lapparent de Broin et al., 2006
522:— de Lapperent de Broin et al., 2006
5638:Species endangered by the pet trade
2017:
1246:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1228:
877:
13:
5628:Species endangered by urbanization
1700:
1340:
1060:subspecies laying eggs in soil pit
787:
698:at present, it renders the use of
473:, Budischek & Froschauer, 2000
14:
5694:
1969:
1383:
1362:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
709:
500:Testudo boettgeri hercegovinensis
5593:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2106:
1537:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00242.x
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1017:
1002:
987:
974:is much larger than the western
862:
842:
827:
772:
757:
742:
509:Testudo hermanni hercegovinensis
101:
5668:Near threatened biota of Europe
5623:Species endangered by pollution
5216:
4636:
1899:
1576:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1179:
1167:
720:includes the former subspecies
513:— S. Vinke & T. Vinke, 2004
321:Testudo hermanni robertmertensi
5643:Species endangered by roadkill
3121:
2525:Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise
2519:Domed Mauritius giant tortoise
2391:Santiago Island giant tortoise
1604:
1551:
1444:
1412:, a new genus for the species
1158:
961:
928:The oldest known evidence for
913:) is found in Serbia, Kosovo,
905:, southern and central Italy (
595:, honors German herpetologist
1:
5653:Species endangered by disease
5648:Species endangered by tourism
2344:Chatham Island giant tortoise
1936:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00082-1
1762:. London: Dorling Kindersley.
1729:10.1080/08912963.2022.2098488
1221:
2411:Volcán Darwin giant tortoise
2406:Volcán Alcedo giant tortoise
2396:Pinzón Island giant tortoise
1982:Breeding Hermann's Tortoises
810:and apparently, derive from
561:
253:Western green population is
7:
5633:Species endangered by fires
5283:List of Testudines families
2904:Flat-backed spider tortoise
2779:Speke's hinge-back tortoise
2769:Lobatse hinge-back tortoise
2594:Goode's thornscrub tortoise
2421:Western Santa Cruz tortoise
2401:Sierra Negra giant tortoise
2349:Eastern Santa Cruz tortoise
1481:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.007
1199:
1087:Hatching Hermann's tortoise
936:is a fossil from the early
909:). The eastern population (
602:
527:Eurotestudo hercegovinensis
491:Testudo boettgeri boettgeri
10:
5699:
5683:Habitats Directive species
5673:Reptiles described in 1789
2764:Home's hinge-back tortoise
2759:Forest hinge-back tortoise
2754:Bell's hinge-back tortoise
2416:Volcán Wolf giant tortoise
2365:Hood Island giant tortoise
2354:Fernandina Island tortoise
2104:
1438:10.1016/j.crpv.2006.03.002
1032:
950:on Sardinia were actually
661:biological species concept
621:eastern Hermann's tortoise
613:western Hermann's tortoise
452:Testudo hermanni boettgeri
5306:
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3170:
3129:
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2917:
2894:
2866:
2828:
2805:
2787:
2774:Natal hinge-back tortoise
2744:
2716:
2693:
2673:
2617:
2574:
2551:
2507:
2479:
2461:
2429:
2339:Cerro Azul giant tortoise
2322:
2258:
2222:
2191:
2182:Aldabrachelys grandidieri
2133:
2115:
2089:
2082:
2026:
1394:de Lapparent de Broin, F.
1211:List of reptiles of Italy
308:Testudo hermanni hermanni
276:
269:
250:
241:
223:
216:
98:Scientific classification
96:
79:
57:
48:
39:Testudo hermanni hermanni
37:
28:
23:
2685:Hesperotestudo percrassa
2441:Cheirogaster bacharidisi
2375:Santa Fe Island tortoise
2360:Floreana Island tortoise
2314:Chelonoidis sombrerensis
2232:African spurred tortoise
1621:BMC Evolutionary Biology
725:along the central seam.
5663:Near threatened animals
2604:Sonoran Desert tortoise
1916:Biological Conservation
970:The eastern subspecies
808:reproductively isolated
478:Testudo hercegovinensis
24:Hermann's tortoise
2531:Réunion giant tortoise
2453:Cheirogaster schafferi
2447:Cheirogaster gymnesica
2284:Chelonoidis alburyorum
2278:Yellow-footed tortoise
2250:Centrochelys vulcanica
2244:Centrochelys burchardi
2238:Centrochelys atlantica
2213:Astrochelys rogerbouri
2143:Aldabra giant tortoise
1634:10.1186/1471-2148-5-29
1418:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1206:Mediterranean tortoise
1072:
1061:
5539:Paleobiology Database
3064:Spur-thighed tortoise
3001:Stylemys nebrascensis
2995:Stylemys karakolensis
2953:Stylemys calaverensis
2858:Megalochelys sondaari
2846:Megalochelys cautleyi
2815:Asian forest tortoise
2561:Burmese star tortoise
2381:Pinta Island tortoise
2174:Aldabrachelys abrupta
1235:Luiselli, L. (2024).
1067:
1055:
919:T. h. hercegovinensis
855:T. h. hercegovinensis
796:T. h. hercegovinensis
670:Of note, the rate of
651:Eurotestudo boettgeri
518:Eurotestudo boettgeri
395:de Lapparent de Broin
296:Testudo graeca bettai
5422:Fauna Europaea (new)
3054:Kleinmann's tortoise
3013:Stylemys oregonensis
2959:Stylemys canetotiana
2653:Hadrianus schucherti
2635:Hadrianus majusculus
2566:Indian star tortoise
2308:Chelonoidis sellovii
2302:Chelonoidis monensis
2290:Chelonoidis cubensis
1848:Turtles of the World
1801:Turtles of the World
1517:Hundsdörfer, Anna K.
1325:10.3897/vz.57.e30895
1276:"Appendices | CITES"
730:T. h. robertmertensi
722:T. h. robertmertensi
678:accumulating in the
645:Eurotestudo hermanni
389:Eurotestudo hermanni
3059:Marginated tortoise
2989:Stylemys frizaciana
2852:Megalochelys margae
2736:Travancore tortoise
2659:Hadrianus utahensis
2641:Hadrianus octonaria
2329:Chelonoidis complex
2273:Red-footed tortoise
1928:1997BCons..79..251G
1672:www.testudo-farm.de
1666:Wegehaupt, Manuel.
1465:Testudo weissingeri
1430:2006CRPal...5..803D
871:T. h. peloponnesica
800:T. h. peloponnesica
629:T. h. peleponnesica
343:Agrionemys hermanni
330:Protestudo hermanni
51:Conservation status
16:Species of tortoise
4391:Nanhsiungchelyidae
4356:Macrocephalochelys
3070:Testudo brevitesta
3049:Hermann's tortoise
3025:Stylemys uintensis
3007:Stylemys neglectus
2971:Stylemys conspecta
2876:Geometric tortoise
2840:Megalochelys atlas
2820:Impressed tortoise
2731:Forsten's tortoise
2726:Elongated tortoise
2647:Hadrianus robustus
2324:Galápagos tortoise
2296:Chelonoidis lutzae
1717:Historical Biology
1312:Vertebrate Zoology
1253:: e.T21648A2777071
1073:
1062:
558:native to Europe.
541:Hermann's tortoise
5603:Turtles of Europe
5580:
5579:
5526:Open Tree of Life
5300:Taxon identifiers
5291:
5290:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5200:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4302:
4301:
4074:
4073:
3577:
3576:
3495:
3494:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3089:
3088:
3084:. Key: †=extinct.
3031:Stylemys undabuna
2881:Serrated tortoise
2665:Hadrianus vialovi
2629:Hadrianus corsoni
2499:Speckled padloper
2471:Angulate tortoise
2206:Radiated tortoise
2201:Angonoka tortoise
2102:
2101:
1842:, Altenburg RGM,
1758:Burnie D (2001).
1525:Zoologica Scripta
1513:Fattizzo, Tiziano
1370:978-1-4214-0135-5
1239:Testudo hermanni
732:is the name of a
538:
537:
465:Testudo boettgeri
443:Testudo enriquesi
372:Testudo hermannii
91:
74:
5690:
5608:Reptiles as pets
5573:
5572:
5560:
5559:
5547:
5546:
5534:
5533:
5521:
5520:
5508:
5507:
5505:NHMSYS0000375559
5495:
5494:
5482:
5481:
5469:
5468:
5456:
5455:
5443:
5442:
5430:
5429:
5417:
5416:
5404:
5403:
5391:
5390:
5378:
5377:
5365:
5364:
5355:
5354:
5352:Testudo_hermanni
5342:
5341:
5340:
5338:Testudo hermanni
5327:
5326:
5325:
5308:Testudo hermanni
5295:
5294:
5221:
5220:
5214:
5213:
4726:Chupacabrachelys
4641:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4311:
4310:
4089:Carettochelyidae
4085:
4084:
3588:
3587:
3506:
3505:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3177:
3176:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3093:
3092:
2983:Stylemys emiliae
2927:Leopard tortoise
2797:Pancake tortoise
2708:Greater padloper
2125:Russian tortoise
2110:
2109:
2087:
2086:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1948:
1947:
1910:Testudo hermanni
1903:
1897:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1851:
1836:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1804:
1785:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1723:(8): 1484–1513.
1707:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1636:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1566:; Meylan, A.B.;
1555:
1549:
1548:
1521:Testudo hermanni
1504:
1493:
1492:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1414:Testudo hermanni
1390:
1381:
1374:Testudo hermanni
1358:Grayson, Michael
1354:Watkins, Michael
1347:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1232:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1044:
1021:
1006:
991:
947:Emys orbicularis
942:Monte Tuttavista
891:Balearic islands
883:Testudo hermanni
878:Geographic range
866:
846:
831:
776:
761:
746:
700:molecular clocks
625:T. h. boettgeri)
568:specific epithet
546:Testudo hermanni
532:
523:
514:
505:
496:
487:
474:
461:
448:
439:
423:
398:
381:
360:
352:Testudo hermanii
348:
339:
326:
317:
304:
292:
287:Testudo hermanni
246:
229:
227:Testudo hermanni
209:T. hermanni
106:
105:
85:
68:
63:
62:
33:
21:
20:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5598:Testudo (genus)
5583:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5568:
5563:
5555:
5550:
5542:
5537:
5529:
5524:
5516:
5511:
5503:
5498:
5490:
5485:
5477:
5472:
5464:
5459:
5451:
5446:
5438:
5433:
5425:
5420:
5412:
5407:
5399:
5394:
5386:
5381:
5373:
5368:
5360:
5358:
5350:
5345:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5302:
5292:
5287:
5254:
5197:
5174:Sahonachelyidae
5167:
5053:
5026:
4891:
4822:Phosphatochelys
4661:
4615:
4556:
4551:Terlinguachelys
4519:Pneumatoarthrus
4422:
4384:
4298:
4271:
4119:
4070:
3874:
3853:
3841:Siebenrockiella
3699:
3573:
3524:
3491:
3440:
3427:Mesodermochelys
3372:
3233:
3204:
3166:
3125:
3120:
3090:
3085:
3074:
3035:
3019:Stylemys pygmea
2931:
2913:
2909:Spider tortoise
2890:
2862:
2824:
2801:
2783:
2740:
2712:
2703:Common padloper
2689:
2669:
2613:
2599:Gopher tortoise
2589:Desert tortoise
2584:Bolson tortoise
2570:
2547:
2503:
2475:
2457:
2425:
2385:Lonesome George
2318:
2254:
2218:
2187:
2165:A. g. hololissa
2129:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2091:Species of the
2078:
2022:
2016:
1972:
1952:
1951:
1904:
1900:
1896:(2-4): 174-192.
1888:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1853:
1852:
1837:
1822:
1806:
1805:
1786:
1767:
1756:
1752:
1708:
1701:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1664:
1660:
1609:
1605:
1556:
1552:
1505:
1496:
1449:
1445:
1391:
1384:
1378:T. h. boettgeri
1348:
1341:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1202:
1182:
1170:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1139:
1136:
1127:
1124:
1115:
1112:
1103:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1068:A hatchling of
1058:T. h. boettgeri
1042:
1035:
1028:
1026:T. h. boettgeri
1022:
1013:
1007:
998:
992:
972:T. h. boettgeri
964:
915:North Macedonia
911:T. h. boettgeri
880:
873:
867:
858:
851:T. h. boettgeri
847:
838:
832:
794:The subspecies
792:
789:T. h. boettgeri
783:
777:
768:
762:
753:
747:
716:The subspecies
714:
674:as measured by
633:T. h. boettgeri
617:T. h. hermanni)
611:are known: the
605:
564:
530:
529:
521:
520:
512:
511:
503:
502:
494:
493:
481:
480:
468:
467:
455:
454:
446:
445:
434:
433:
431:hercegovinensis
418:
417:
404:T. h. boettgeri
392:
391:
382:
375:
374:
361:
355:
354:
346:
345:
333:
332:
324:
323:
311:
310:
299:
298:
290:
289:
263:hercegovinensis
257:, eastern blue
252:
237:
231:
225:
212:
100:
92:
75:
64:
60:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5696:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5561:
5548:
5535:
5522:
5509:
5496:
5483:
5470:
5457:
5444:
5431:
5418:
5409:Fauna Europaea
5405:
5392:
5379:
5366:
5356:
5343:
5328:
5312:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5278:
5277:
5276:. † = extinct.
5267:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5244:
5236:
5227:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5187:
5178:
5176:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5135:
5127:
5120:
5112:
5104:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5072:
5069:Albertwoodemys
5063:
5061:
5059:Podocnemididae
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5044:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4956:Lomalatachelys
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4849:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4809:
4806:Labrostochelys
4801:
4793:
4785:
4777:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4672:
4670:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4650:
4648:
4646:Araripemydidae
4638:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4589:
4581:
4573:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4474:
4466:
4458:
4450:
4442:
4433:
4431:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4395:
4393:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4348:Emarginachelys
4343:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4317:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4293:Sinaspideretes
4288:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4102:
4093:
4091:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4061:
4053:
4046:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3970:Hesperotestudo
3965:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3864:
3862:
3860:Platysternidae
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3594:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3514:
3512:
3510:Dermatemydidae
3503:
3501:Kinosternoidea
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3470:Procolpochelys
3465:
3457:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3382:
3380:
3378:Dermochelyidae
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3270:
3267:Carolinochelys
3262:
3255:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3192:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2977:Stylemys copei
2973:
2967:
2965:Stylemys capax
2961:
2955:
2949:
2947:Stylemys botti
2942:
2940:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2678:
2676:Hesperotestudo
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2609:Texas tortoise
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2494:Karoo padloper
2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2377:
2372:
2362:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2268:Chaco tortoise
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2158:A. g. daudinii
2153:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1970:External links
1968:
1950:
1949:
1922:(2): 251–256.
1898:
1882:
1867:
1820:
1765:
1750:
1699:
1658:
1615:Testudo graeca
1603:
1582:(3): 457–473.
1568:Bermingham, E.
1550:
1531:(5): 531–543.
1494:
1475:(2): 389–401.
1443:
1424:(6): 803–811.
1382:
1339:
1318:(2): 299–301.
1291:
1264:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:Testudo graeca
1070:T. h. hermanni
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1011:T. h. hermanni
1008:
1001:
999:
996:T. h. hermanni
993:
986:
980:T. h. hermanni
976:T. h. hermanni
963:
960:
887:T. h. hermanni
879:
876:
875:
874:
868:
861:
859:
848:
841:
839:
834:Adult female,
833:
826:
802:(southwestern
791:
786:
785:
784:
778:
771:
769:
763:
756:
754:
748:
741:
718:T. h. hermanni
713:
711:T. h. hermanni
708:
604:
601:
597:Oskar Boettger
582:Johann Hermann
563:
560:
536:
535:
534:
533:
524:
515:
506:
504:— Artner, 2003
497:
495:— Artner, 2003
488:
475:
462:
449:
447:Parenzan, 1932
440:
427:Testudo graeca
424:
411:Testudo graeca
407:
406:
400:
399:
386:
369:
349:
340:
327:
318:
305:
293:
283:
282:
280:T. h. hermanni
274:
273:
267:
266:
248:
247:
239:
238:
232:
221:
220:
214:
213:
206:
204:
200:
199:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
94:
93:
80:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5695:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5251:
5250:
5249:Tacuarembemys
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5184:Sahonachelys
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5147:Peltocephalus
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5132:Lapparentemys
5128:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5032:Pelomedusidae
5029:
5023:
5022:
5021:Yaminuechelys
5017:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4992:Prochelidella
4988:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4906:Acanthochelys
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4790:Kinkonychelys
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4774:Itapecuruemys
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4734:Eotaphrosphys
4730:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4668:Bothremydidae
4664:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4578:Argillochelys
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4543:Santanachelys
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4487:Desmatochelys
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4471:Calcarichelys
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4455:Atlantochelys
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4429:Protostegidae
4425:
4419:
4418:
4417:Jiangxichelys
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4401:Anomalochelys
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4379:Protochelydra
4375:
4373:
4372:
4371:Planiplastron
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4178:Drazinderetes
4174:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4114:Carettochelys
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3998:Malacochersus
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3889:Aldabrachelys
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3771:Leucocephalon
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3722:Banhxeochelys
3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Testudinoidea
3580:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3530:Kinosternidae
3527:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3478:Protosphargis
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3234:(Sea turtles)
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2886:Tent tortoise
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2789:Malacochersus
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:Nama padloper
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2150:A. g. arnoldi
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2135:Aldabrachelys
2132:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2068:Testudinoidea
2066:Superfamily:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:Avise, J.C.;
1554:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1216:Jackson ratio
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1165:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1000:
997:
990:
985:
984:
983:
981:
977:
973:
968:
959:
957:
953:
949:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
872:
865:
860:
857:tail openings
856:
852:
845:
840:
837:
830:
825:
824:
823:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
790:
781:
775:
770:
766:
760:
755:
751:
745:
740:
739:
738:
735:
731:
726:
723:
719:
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
652:
647:
646:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
600:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
580:
577:
573:
569:
559:
557:
553:
549:
547:
542:
528:
525:
519:
516:
510:
507:
501:
498:
492:
489:
485:
479:
476:
472:
466:
463:
459:
453:
450:
444:
441:
437:
432:
428:
425:
421:
416:
412:
409:
408:
405:
402:
401:
396:
390:
387:
385:
379:
376:Claude &
373:
370:
368:
366:
358:
353:
350:
347:— Gmira, 1993
344:
341:
337:
331:
328:
325:Wermuth, 1952
322:
319:
315:
309:
306:
302:
297:
294:
288:
285:
284:
281:
278:
277:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
249:
245:
240:
235:
230:
228:
222:
219:
218:Binomial name
215:
211:
210:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:Testudinoidea
173:
171:Superfamily:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
95:
89:
83:
78:
72:
67:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5307:
5272:
5247:
5239:
5231:
5190:
5182:
5160:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5130:
5124:Erymnochelys
5122:
5115:
5109:Cerrejonemys
5107:
5099:
5091:
5085:Brontochelys
5083:
5075:
5067:
5046:
5039:
5019:
5011:
5004:
4999:Pseudemydura
4997:
4990:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4676:
4654:
4608:
4602:Prionochelys
4600:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4549:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4485:
4479:Cratochelone
4477:
4469:
4463:Bouliachelys
4461:
4453:
4445:
4439:Alienochelys
4437:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4354:
4346:
4340:Chelydropsis
4338:
4330:
4322:
4291:
4285:Basilochelys
4283:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4209:Khunnuchelys
4207:
4199:
4191:
4183:
4176:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4139:
4132:
4125:Trionychidae
4112:
4105:
4099:Allaeochelys
4097:
4063:
4056:
4050:Stigmochelys
4048:
4041:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4013:Megalochelys
4011:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3924:Cylindraspis
3922:
3915:
3908:
3903:Centrochelys
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:Testudinidae
3869:Platysternon
3867:
3848:Vijayachelys
3846:
3839:
3832:
3827:Rhinoclemmys
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3792:Melanochelys
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3692:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3602:Acherontemys
3600:
3568:Sternotherus
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3517:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3435:Psephophorus
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3365:
3357:
3351:Pacifichelys
3349:
3341:
3334:
3326:
3320:Lepidochelys
3318:
3311:
3303:
3297:Gigantatypus
3295:
3289:Eretmochelys
3287:
3280:
3272:
3265:
3257:
3250:
3231:Chelonioidea
3199:
3151:
3048:
2919:Stigmochelys
2831:Megalochelys
2510:Cylindraspis
2432:Cheirogaster
2224:Centrochelys
2211:
2180:
2172:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2145:(subspecies:
2092:
2074:Testudinidae
1953:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1847:
1800:
1759:
1753:
1720:
1716:
1676:. Retrieved
1671:
1661:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1606:
1579:
1575:
1553:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1509:Auer, Markus
1507:Fritz, Uwe;
1472:
1468:
1464:
1446:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:Parham, J.F.
1377:
1373:
1361:
1315:
1311:
1304:Havaš, Peter
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:
1255:. Retrieved
1250:
1244:
1238:
1230:
1192:
1190:
1183:
1180:Conservation
1171:
1168:In captivity
1162:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1057:
1056:A female of
1047:
1040:
1036:
1025:
1010:
995:
979:
975:
971:
969:
965:
945:
929:
927:
918:
910:
886:
882:
881:
870:
854:
853:(left) and
850:
820:
804:Peloponnesus
799:
795:
793:
788:
729:
727:
721:
717:
715:
710:
703:
688:last ice age
669:
656:
650:
649:
644:
643:
639:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
606:
592:
586:
571:
565:
545:
544:
540:
539:
526:
517:
508:
499:
490:
477:
464:
451:
442:
430:
426:
414:
410:
403:
397:et al., 2006
388:
383:
371:
362:
351:
342:
329:
320:
307:
295:
291:Gmelin, 1789
286:
279:
262:
258:
254:
226:
224:
208:
207:
195:
185:Testudinidae
38:
18:
5448:iNaturalist
5332:Wikispecies
5162:Stupendemys
5117:Cordichelys
4963:Mesoclemmys
4948:Hydromedusa
4870:Taphrosphys
4862:Sankuchemys
4854:Rhothonemys
4830:Polysternon
4710:Cearachelys
4694:Azabbaremys
4678:Araiochelys
4594:Ctenochelys
4586:Bashuchelys
4535:Rhinochelys
4511:Ocepechelon
4503:Notochelone
4495:Iserosaurus
4363:Macrochelys
4315:Chelydridae
4238:Palaeoamyda
4163:Cyclanorbis
4028:Psammobates
4021:Oligopherus
3984:Indotestudo
3932:Cymatholcus
3910:Chelonoidis
3896:Astrochelys
3705:Geoemydidae
3623:Deirochelys
3561:Staurotypus
3554:Kinosternon
3547:Hoplochelys
3462:Peritresius
3411:Dermochelys
3404:Cosmochelys
3396:Corsochelys
3313:Itilochelys
3305:Glarichelys
3252:Allopleuron
3242:Cheloniidae
3181:Superfamily
2868:Psammobates
2718:Indotestudo
2260:Chelonoidis
2193:Astrochelys
1891:Gerontology
1627:(1–8): 29.
1560:Bowen, B.W.
1451:Fritz, U.;
1410:Eurotestudo
1350:Beolens, Bo
1159:Hibernation
962:Description
938:Pleistocene
930:T. hermanni
686:during the
640:Eurotestudo
589:subspecific
420:Mojsisovics
384:(ex errore)
336:Chkhikvadze
84:Appendix II
5587:Categories
5241:Caririemys
5154:Podocnemis
5140:Latentemys
5101:Carbonemys
5041:Pelomedusa
4878:Ummulisani
4798:Kurmademys
4766:Inaechelys
4750:Galianemys
4718:Chedighaii
4656:Araripemys
4629:Pleurodira
4610:Toxochelys
4527:Protostega
4332:Chelydrops
4252:Pelodiscus
4245:Pelochelys
4193:Gilmoremys
4170:Cycloderma
4080:Trionychia
3947:Geochelone
3940:Floridemys
3806:Notochelys
3694:Wilburemys
3665:Malaclemys
3519:Dermatemys
3486:Puppigerus
3419:Eosphargis
3336:Miocaretta
3328:Mexichelys
3222:Cryptodira
3162:Testudines
3123:Testudines
2553:Geochelone
2481:Chersobius
2117:Agrionemys
2062:Cryptodira
2060:Suborder:
2056:Testudines
2048:Subclass:
1844:Barbour RW
1453:Široký, P.
1406:Perälä, J.
1376:, p. 121;
1300:Fritz, Uwe
1285:2022-01-14
1222:References
1024:Female of
1009:Female of
952:introduced
923:Montenegro
609:subspecies
579:naturalist
251:Range map.
165:Cryptodira
161:Suborder:
155:Testudines
66:Vulnerable
5281:See also
5233:Caribemys
5093:Caninemys
5077:Bauruemys
5006:Rheodytes
4970:Myuchelys
4913:Chelodina
4838:Puentemys
4814:Nigeremys
4758:Ilatardia
4702:Bothremys
4409:Basilemys
4223:Nilssonia
4201:Hutchemys
4149:Axestemys
4107:Anosteira
3962:Hadrianus
3820:Pangshura
3778:Malayemys
3743:Geoclemys
3686:Trachemys
3679:Terrapene
3672:Pseudemys
3658:Graptemys
3651:Glyptemys
3644:Emydoidea
3637:Actinemys
3609:Chrysemys
3454:Euclastes
3282:Eochelone
3133:Kingdom:
2620:Hadrianus
2030:Kingdom:
1944:0006-3207
1856:cite book
1809:cite book
1745:251185149
1737:0891-2963
1678:9 October
1408:(2006). "
1380:, p. 29).
1280:cites.org
1257:30 August
816:carapaces
782:colouring
780:Sardinian
767:colouring
752:colouring
676:mutations
672:evolution
665:gene flow
593:boettgeri
574:, honors
562:Etymology
436:F. Werner
415:boettgeri
365:ex errore
259:boettgeri
203:Species:
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
5565:Species+
5557:hermanni
5466:10686980
5359:BioLib:
5317:Wikidata
5048:Pelusios
5013:Rhinemys
4984:Platemys
4977:Phrynops
4897:Chelidae
4886:Zolhafah
4782:Jainemys
4447:Archelon
4324:Chelydra
4216:Lissemys
4058:Stylemys
4043:Solitudo
4005:Manouria
3954:Gopherus
3917:Chersina
3785:Mauremys
3764:Heosemys
3757:Hardella
3750:Geoemyda
3736:Cyclemys
3592:Emydidae
3539:Claudius
3388:Arabemys
3367:Tasbacka
3359:Syllomus
3274:Chelonia
3172:Suborder
3156:Diapsida
3147:Reptilia
3141:Chordata
3139:Phylum:
3135:Animalia
2938:Stylemys
2807:Manouria
2576:Gopherus
2463:Chersina
2094:tortoise
2072:Family:
2050:Anapsida
2044:Reptilia
2038:Chordata
2036:Phylum:
2032:Animalia
2019:Tortoise
1962:and the
1846:(1997).
1840:Ernst CH
1799:(2006).
1793:Devaux B
1688:cite web
1653:15836787
1570:(1992).
1564:Lamb, T.
1545:86110728
1489:16223676
1461:Wink, M.
1457:Kami, H.
1398:Bour, R.
1360:(2011).
1334:87809001
1306:(2007).
1200:See also
994:Male of
934:Sardinia
899:Sardinia
836:Bulgaria
692:taxonomy
619:and the
603:Taxonomy
572:hermanni
556:tortoise
271:Synonyms
261:and red
255:hermanni
181:Family:
145:Reptilia
135:Chordata
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
5440:2441454
5401:1055218
5323:Q262555
5192:Sokatra
4941:Emydura
4846:Rosasia
4742:Foxemys
4686:Arenila
4266:Trionyx
4259:Rafetus
4185:Dogania
4141:Apalone
4065:Testudo
3991:Kinixys
3977:Homopus
3834:Sacalia
3813:Orlitia
3799:Morenia
3714:Batagur
3616:Clemmys
3343:Natator
3259:Caretta
3160:Order:
3145:Class:
3041:Testudo
2746:Kinixys
2695:Homopus
2054:Order:
2042:Class:
1924:Bibcode
1797:Dupré A
1789:Bonin F
1644:1097724
1598:1584014
1426:Bibcode
1174:basking
1033:Ecology
907:Tuscany
895:Corsica
869:Female
849:Female
765:Apulian
704:Testudo
684:Balkans
657:Testudo
552:species
357:Gerlach
314:Wermuth
301:Lataste
196:Testudo
191:Genus:
151:Order:
141:Class:
86: (
69: (
43:Majorca
5531:207422
5479:551866
5414:214791
5224:
5217:
5210:
4934:Elusor
4927:Elseya
4920:Chelus
4637:
4570:Adocus
4561:
4307:
4276:
4156:Chitra
3858:
3445:
3190:Family
2097:family
2083:Genera
2021:family
1956:ARKive
1942:
1760:Animal
1743:
1735:
1651:
1641:
1596:
1543:
1487:
1368:
1332:
956:Cyprus
903:Sicily
812:relict
591:name,
576:French
486:, 2002
484:Perälä
471:Artner
460:, 1987
438:, 1899
422:, 1889
380:, 2004
359:, 2001
338:, 1983
316:, 1952
303:, 1881
236:, 1789
234:Gmelin
5570:10582
5544:94333
5518:86976
5492:21648
5461:IRMNG
5453:71212
5388:7C3D6
5375:82118
4230:Palea
4134:Amyda
4035:Pyxis
3729:Cuora
3201:Genus
3152:Clade
2896:Pyxis
2369:Diego
1741:S2CID
1541:S2CID
1330:S2CID
1150:14:47
1138:12:46
1126:12:42
1114:12:32
1102:12:02
734:morph
696:forms
680:mtDNA
550:is a
429:var.
413:var.
88:CITES
82:CITES
5513:NCBI
5487:IUCN
5474:ITIS
5435:GBIF
5370:BOLD
3630:Emys
1964:GFDL
1940:ISSN
1862:link
1815:link
1733:ISSN
1694:link
1680:2017
1649:PMID
1594:PMID
1485:PMID
1366:ISBN
1259:2021
1251:2024
648:and
607:Two
587:The
566:The
458:Bour
378:Tong
5500:NBN
5396:EoL
5383:CoL
5362:340
5347:ADW
1932:doi
1725:doi
1639:PMC
1629:doi
1584:doi
1533:doi
1477:doi
1434:doi
1372:. (
1320:doi
940:of
932:on
750:Var
702:in
554:of
41:on
5589::
5567::
5554::
5552:RD
5541::
5528::
5515::
5502::
5489::
5476::
5463::
5450::
5437::
5424::
5411::
5398::
5385::
5372::
5349::
5334::
5319::
3154::
2383:†(
1966:.
1938:.
1930:.
1920:79
1918:.
1914:.
1894:40
1870:^
1858:}}
1854:{{
1823:^
1811:}}
1807:{{
1795:,
1791:,
1768:^
1739:.
1731:.
1721:35
1719:.
1715:.
1702:^
1690:}}
1686:{{
1670:.
1647:.
1637:.
1623:.
1619:.
1592:.
1578:.
1574:.
1562:;
1539:.
1529:35
1527:.
1515:;
1497:^
1483:.
1473:37
1471:.
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