1124:
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1180:
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33:
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1827:
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she became his wife within a month, bringing him an ample fortune. The acquisition of wealth did not affect his enthusiasm or his industry, but spurred him on to acquire a thorough knowledge of his craft. It was usual for artists to visit Italy, and
Raeburn set off with his wife. In London he was kindly received by Sir
364:, the most important and famous British sculptor of the first half of the 19th century. It has recently been revealed that Raeburn and Chantrey were close friends and that Raeburn took exceptional care over the execution of his portrait of the sculptor, one of the painter's mature bust-length masterpieces.
426:
Raeburn had all the essential qualities of a popular and successful portrait painter. He was able to produce a telling and forcible likeness; his work is distinguished by powerful characterisation, stark realism, dramatic and unusual lighting effects, and swift and broad handling of the most resolute
367:
It was commonly believed that
Raeburn was less successful in painting female portraits, but the exquisite full-length of his wife, the smaller likeness of Mrs R. Scott Moncrieff in the National Gallery of Scotland, and that of Mrs Robert Bell, and others, argue against this. Raeburn spent his life in
446:
He was unusual amongst many of his contemporaries, such as
Reynolds, in the extent of his philosophy of painting directly from life; he made no preliminary sketches. This attitude partly explains the often coarse modelling and clashing colour combinations he employed, in contrast to the more refined
442:
Raeburn has been described as a "famously intuitive" portrait painter. Many of his portraits say something of his subjects and their interests. One wonders at his choice to paint Harley
Drummond's horse with its rear-end facing the viewer, the proud looking Mr. Drummond standing next to the horse's
275:
In his early twenties, Raeburn was asked to paint the portrait of a young lady he had noticed when he was sketching from nature in the fields. Ann was the daughter of Peter Edgar of
Bridgelands, and widow of Count James Leslie of Deanhaugh. Fascinated by the handsome and intellectual young artist,
1123:
399:
gained much from his disinclination to leave his native land. He became the acknowledged chief of the school which was growing up in
Scotland during the early 19th century, and his example and influence at a critical period were of major importance. So varied were his other interests that sitters
296:
and Byers, an antique dealer whose advice proved particularly useful, especially the recommendation that "he should never copy an object from memory, but, from the principal figure to the minutest accessory, have it placed before him." After two years of study in Italy he returned to
Edinburgh in
272:, and was now the leading portrait painter in Edinburgh. Raeburn was especially aided by the loan of portraits to copy. Soon he had gained sufficient skill to make him decide to devote himself exclusively to painting. George Chalmers (1776; Dunfermline Town Hall) is his earliest known portrait.
351:
were resident in
Edinburgh, and were all painted by Raeburn. Mature works include his own portrait and that of the Rev. Sir Henry Moncrieff Wellwood, a bust of Dr Wardrop of Torbane Hill, two full-lengths of Adam Rolland of Gask, the remarkable paintings of Lord Newton and Dr
1141:
1159:
1659:
1105:
1564:
264:; meeting with success and patronage, he extended his practice to oil painting, at which he was self-taught. Gilliland watched the progress of his pupil with interest, and introduced him to
1886:
1363:
229:. He had an older brother, born in 1744, called William Raeburn. His ancestors were believed to have been soldiers, and may have taken the name "Raeburn" from a hill farm in
1447:
1546:
1849:
1179:
1936:
319:: works which, if somewhat timid and tentative in handling and not as confident as his later work, nevertheless have delicacy and character. The portraits of
1796:
1941:
323:, and of Principal Hill of St Andrews belong to a later period. Raeburn was fortunate in the time in which he practised portraiture. Sir Walter Scott,
1384:
1946:
439:
wrote that
Raeburn "never fails in giving a likeness at once vivid, unmistakable and pleasing. He paints the truth, and he paints it with love".
451:
and
Reynolds. However these qualities and those mentioned above anticipate many of the later developments in painting of the 19th century from
1951:
1367:
1916:
471:
1801:
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124:
1926:
1911:
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245:
James Gilliland of Edinburgh, and various pieces of jewellery, mourning rings and the like, adorned with minute drawings on
1956:
562:
254:
360:, and that of William Macdonald of St Martin's. Apart from himself, Raeburn painted only two artists, one of whom was Sir
1971:
666:
467:
416:
404:
1521:
1875:
901:
804:
436:
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1787, and began a successful career as a portrait painter. In that year he executed a seated portrait of the second
1931:
1817:
1751:
517:
371:
250:
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1921:
1115:
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Examples of his earlier portraiture include a bust of Mrs Johnstone of Baldovie and a three-quarter-length of Dr
206:
144:
1841:
1219:
1210:
1013:
990:
873:
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David Wilson, '‘Chantrey's solar face': An intriguing mystery about Raeburn's portraits of a great sculptor',
1493:
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960:
955:
820:
336:
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against the east wall (the monument erected by Raeburn in advance) but also has a secondary memorial in the
1074:
Dr Rev David Johnston (1934 - 1824) Founder of Edinburgh Asylum for the Industrious Blind (now Royal Blind)
357:
1865:
1976:
1961:
1388:
1151:
733:
698:
1811:
435:, the brushwork reminded him constantly of the "square touch" of Raeburn. Scottish physician and writer
391:
Although he, personally, may have lost advantages resulting from closer association with the leaders of
1632:
1018:
896:
368:
Edinburgh, rarely visiting London, and then only for brief periods, thus preserving his individuality.
164:
1981:
1966:
1171:
1052:
656:
512:
385:
257:
took a lock of his student's hair to the jeweller whose apprentice, Raeburn, made a memorial locket.
692:
400:
used to say of him, "You would never take him for a painter till he seizes the brush and palette."
361:
1283:
1069:
332:
307:
289:
1773:
423:
for Scotland at the Earl of Hopetoun house. He died in Edinburgh not long after on 8 July 1823.
1305:
1030:
891:
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320:
293:
218:
128:
66:
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1064:
948:
814:
428:
269:
265:
1714:
Coltman, V. (2013). Henry Raeburn's Portraits of Distant Sons in the Global British Empire.
1906:
1901:
710:
380:
238:
1673:
8:
1744:
1692:
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597:
448:
443:
rump. Henry Raeburn most definitely had a Scotsman's intuitive sense of righteous humor.
1723:
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420:
261:
1645:
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1769:
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1427:
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1223:
971:
774:
577:
497:
Countess of Aboyne, (Lady Mary Douglas, daughter of James, fourteenth Earl of Morton)
486:
Raeburn made more than a thousand paintings spanning 50 years. His subjects include:
288:, and gave Raeburn letters of introduction for Italy. In Rome he met his fellow Scot
160:
132:
1810:
32:
1880:
1097:
688:
407:
in Edinburgh; and in 1814 associate, and in the following year full member, of the
344:
234:
202:
175:
241:, where he received an education. At the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to the
996:
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525:
412:
328:
284:, who advised him on what to study in Rome, especially recommending the works of
277:
1004:
910:
790:
608:
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353:
348:
222:
1212:
Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002: Biographical Index
1895:
1831:
1792:
1787:
934:
857:
456:
281:
1739:(London, T. C. and E. C. Jack, 1909) – with colour plates of his paintings.
1186:
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661:
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316:
285:
1317:
1522:"Portrait of Isabella McLeod, Mrs. James Gregory, c.1798 - Henry Raeburn"
651:
452:
392:
1571:
691:
and his brother Lieutenant-General Sir Ronald Fergusson, "The Archers" (
1764:
760:
545:
324:
1730:
779:
768:
340:
242:
226:
1608:. Edinburgh, Scotland: William Green and Sons, Law Publishers. 1907.
1830: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
721:
431:
recorded that, while travelling in Spain and studying the works of
94:
1786:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
683:
639:
Margaret Douglas, of Brigton, afterwards Mrs. Hunter, of Burnside
1869:
1310:
The Life of James Watt: With selections from his correspondence
1167:
Colonel Alastair Ranaldson Macdonell of Glengarry (1771 - 1828)
237:'s family. Orphaned, he was supported by William and placed in
190:
246:
1379:
1377:
1296:
Memoirs of The Life of Sir Walter Scott. J G Lockhart p.130
184:
1606:
Portraits in the hall of the Parliament House in Edinburgh
1598:
1208:
1374:
1130:
The Allen Brothers (Portrait of James and John Lee Allen)
474:. His studio on York Place was taken over by the artist
1209:
Waterston, Charles; Macmillan Shearer, A. (July 2006).
1577:
376:
The Reverend Robert Walker Skating on Duddingston Loch
1839:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Raeburn".
1265:
1263:
260:
Soon he took to the production of carefully finished
193:
187:
181:
825:
John Johnstone, Betty Johnstone and Miss Wedderburn
642:
Rev. Robert Douglas, D.D., of Galashiels; died 1820
249:by his hand, still exist. When the medical student
178:
1260:
1586:. W. H. Allen & Company, limited. p. 156
1148:Elizabeth Forbes, Mrs Colin Mackenzie of Portmore
1893:
1852:Henry Raeburn: Context, Reception and Reputation
1835:
1422:. Archived from the original on 26 August 2003.
862:Mrs George Mackay of Bighouse (Louisa Campbell)
1584:Life of Sir Henry Raeburn, R.A.: With Appendix
1482:. Archived from the original on 3 August 2002.
1112:Mrs. Reay of Killingworth Hall, Northumberland
841:Zepherina Loughnan, Mrs Henry Veitch of Eliock
462:Sir Henry Raeburn died in St Bernard's House
217:Raeburn was born the son of a manufacturer in
902:Sir James Montgomery, 2nd Baronet of Stanhope
854:Allan MacDougall WS of Gallanach and Hayfield
838:(1750–1831), FRCS, & Burgess of Edinburgh
201:; 4 March 1756 – 8 July 1823) was a Scottish
1887:Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
1805:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1674:"Edinburgh Asylum for the Industrious Blind"
1580:"Appendix, 156 - Hope, Thomas Charles, M.D."
1474:Hillman, Sir William Arbuthnot and Charles.
1249:
810:Sir Patrick Inglis, 5th Baronet of Sunnyside
559:John Campbell of John Campbell Snr & Co.
1876:Works in the National Galleries of Scotland
1826:
1821:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
472:Church of St John the Evangelist, Edinburgh
1854:, Edinburgh University Press, 2012, 352 p.
849:Alexander Ranaldson MacDonell of Glengarry
739:Major James Lee Harvey, Gordon Highlanders
614:John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute
268:, who had been the favourite assistant of
225:: a former village now within the city of
31:
1942:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1937:People educated at George Heriot's School
1711:, volume 6 (Boston, 1905) p. 423 ff.
1243:
1202:
636:Elizabeth Douglas of Brigton (née Graham)
633:Lord Douglas (Earl of Home), as a student
1791:
743:Thomas Robert Hay, 11th Earl of Kinnoull
672:Thomas Elder (Lord Provost of Edinburgh)
627:Mrs Alexander Dirom, (Anne Fotheringham)
403:In 1812 he was elected president of the
395:, and from contact with a wider public,
370:
311:Raeburn's studio in Edinburgh's New Town
306:
1947:Members of the Royal Company of Archers
1768:No. 17, Summer 1984, pp. 25 – 29,
1055:(1755–1808) Skating on Duddingston Loch
417:the visit of King George IV to Scotland
253:died in 1778, his friend and professor
1894:
1866:323 artworks by or after Henry Raeburn
1696:(London: W. H. Allen & co., 1886).
1287:, for year 1822, London, 1823, p. 166.
736:(1757–1816), writer and educationalist
701:(1756–1823), coppersmith and landowner
1845:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
1745:Sir Henry Raeburn: His Life and Works
16:Scottish portrait painter (1756–1823)
1952:People of the Scottish Enlightenment
1342:Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1840
1329:
1327:
1325:
1036:Eliza Tod of Drygrange (née Pringle)
925:Mrs George Paterson of Huntly Castle
876:(1722–1799), Lord Justice-Clerk 1798
563:Colonel Alexander Campbell of Possil
1473:
1413:
1190:(1822), National Galleries Scotland
750:Mrs Andrew Hay (Elizabeth Robinson)
729:Mrs James Gregory (Isabella McLeod)
718:Mrs Glendowyn and her daughter Mary
667:Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville
205:. He served as Portrait Painter to
13:
1917:18th-century Scottish male artists
885:Mrs Hugh Smyth Mercer (née Wilson)
707:Eleanor Margaret Gibson-Carmichael
494:Sir George Abercromby, 4th Baronet
411:. On 29 August 1822 he received a
14:
1993:
1859:
1748:(London: "The Connoisseur", 1911)
1620:"Portrait of Mrs. James Paterson"
1322:
570:Sir Duncan Campbell, Scots Guards
1825:
1818:Dictionary of National Biography
1779:
1693:Life of Sir Henry Raeburn, R. A.
1178:
1158:
1140:
1122:
1104:
1086:
1061:Rev Sir Henry Moncrieff Wellwood
844:William Macdonald of St Martin's
567:Mrs Alexander Campbell of Possil
174:
1850:Coltman, Viccy, Stephen Lloyd,
1684:
1666:
1652:
1638:
1626:
1612:
1578:William Raeburn Andrew (1894).
1557:
1539:
1514:
1500:
1467:
1458:
1440:
1407:
1395:
1356:
1116:Museum of the Shenandoah Valley
573:Master John Campbell of Saddell
530:Mrs Henry Balfour (Jane Elliot)
1927:19th-century Scottish painters
1912:18th-century Scottish painters
1842:New International Encyclopedia
1646:"The Royal Company of Archers"
1345:
1336:
1299:
1290:
1276:
1273:, Vol. XIV, No. 3 , pp. 45–57.
1220:The Royal Society of Edinburgh
991:Sir John Sinclair, 1st Baronet
874:Robert McQueen, Lord Braxfield
858:Lt. Gen. General Hay MacDowall
630:Lady Harriet Don, with her son
1:
1762:, in Parker, Geoffrey (ed.),
1312:. London: J. Murray. p. 519.
821:Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey
38:
1448:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
817:, and his wife Margaret Haig
624:John Cuninghame of Craigends
588:Sir Francis Leggatt Chantrey
419:and appointed His Majesty's
358:National Gallery of Scotland
212:
37:Raeburn in a self-portrait,
7:
1957:Royal Scottish Academicians
1385:"Detroit Institute of Arts"
1218:. Vol. II. Edinburgh:
1152:National Galleries Scotland
976:Colonel Francis James Scott
922:Rev. Principal Nicoll, D.D.
916:Sir William Napier, Baronet
699:William Forbes of Callendar
481:
10:
1998:
1972:Scottish portrait painters
1727:(London: G. Newnes, 1907).
1633:Dunedin Public Art Gallery
1079:
1058:Dr Wardrop of Torbane Hill
1033:(1778–1840) of Duddingston
1023:John Tait and his grandson
1019:John Swinton, Lord Swinton
1014:William Stuart (1778–1837)
870:Francis MacNab, The MacNab
1690:Andrew, William Raeburn.
1492:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1432:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1172:Scottish National Gallery
1096:(between 1787 and 1792),
831:Mrs Johnstone of Baldovie
813:John Jameson, founder of
682:Archibald Farquharson of
657:James Duff, 4th Earl Fife
582:Alexander Carre of Cavers
468:St. Cuthbert's churchyard
386:Scottish National Gallery
150:
138:
120:
116:
108:
100:
90:
74:
48:
30:
23:
1464:Naval Museum, Portsmouth
1256:. J. Murray. p. 82.
1195:
1048:James Usher of Toftfield
980:Sir Walter Scott, 1st Bt
906:Thomas Mure of Warriston
828:Mrs Johnston of Straiton
693:Royal Company of Archers
362:Francis Leggatt Chantrey
1932:Painters from Edinburgh
1802:Encyclopædia Britannica
1306:Muirhead, James Patrick
1284:The New Annual Register
1271:The British Art Journal
1026:John Tait of Harvieston
913:, 5th Baronet of Nairne
787:, physician and chemist
753:Mrs Alexander Henderson
280:, the president of the
270:Allan Ramsay the Latter
1922:Scottish male painters
1812:"Raeburn, Henry"
1352:The Balfours of Pilrig
1042:Captain Willian Tytler
931:The Patterson children
892:Robert Scott Moncrieff
888:Captain Patrick Miller
602:Mrs Jean Cockburn Ross
598:John Clerk, Lord Eldin
464:Stockbridge, Edinburgh
409:Royal Scottish Academy
388:
321:John Clerk, Lord Eldin
312:
294:Pompeo Girolamo Batoni
1547:"Leicester Galleries"
1480:www.kittybrewster.com
1420:www.kittybrewster.com
1250:Ernst Krause (1879).
1065:Hugh William Williams
1045:Miss Eleanor Urquhart
949:John Rennie the Elder
815:Jameson Irish Whiskey
793:, political economist
757:Principal George Hill
726:John Gray of Carntyne
648:The Drummond children
374:
310:
69:, Edinburgh, Scotland
1660:"Art Gallery of NSW"
1508:"Fitzwilliam Museum"
909:Sir William Nairne,
711:Karl Ludwig Giesecke
621:Mrs James Cruikshank
550:Mrs Irvine J Boswell
542:The Binning children
381:The Skating Minister
1756:Scottish Painting:
1039:Lady Anne Torphicen
1012:Lieutenant General
1001:Andrew Spottiswoode
785:Thomas Charles Hope
747:Captain Hay of Spot
449:Thomas Gainsborough
262:portrait miniatures
85:Edinburgh, Scotland
1977:Royal Academicians
1962:Scottish jewellers
1797:Raeburn, Sir Henry
1699:Armstrong, Sir W.
1553:on 8 October 2007.
1454:on 13 August 2006.
1414:Hillman, Charles.
1364:"Hermitage Museum"
1134:Kimbell Art Museum
956:William Richardson
945:Miss Davidson Reid
928:Mrs James Paterson
734:Elizabeth Hamilton
715:William Glendonwyn
594:Miss Jean Christie
491:Rev Robert Dickson
466:. He is buried in
405:Society of Artists
389:
378:, better known as
313:
1752:Macmillan, Duncan
1724:Sir Henry Raeburn
1718:, 95(2), 294–311.
1701:Sir Henry Raeburn
1416:"Dirom genealogy"
1370:on 1 August 2012.
1229:978-0-902198-84-5
1070:Lord Woodhouselee
972:Daniel Rutherford
961:William Robertson
775:Charles Hope-Weir
578:Alexander Carlyle
337:William Robertson
333:Lord Woodhouselee
239:Heriot's Hospital
157:Sir Henry Raeburn
154:
153:
104:Portrait painting
1989:
1982:Knights Bachelor
1967:Scottish knights
1883:by Henry Raeburn
1881:Gallery of works
1846:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1731:Caw, James Lewis
1721:Clouston, R. S.
1678:
1677:
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1664:
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1656:
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1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1549:. Archived from
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1476:"Duff genealogy"
1471:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1450:. Archived from
1444:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1423:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1387:. Archived from
1381:
1372:
1371:
1366:. Archived from
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1354:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1320:
1303:
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1240:
1238:
1236:
1217:
1206:
1187:Sir Walter Scott
1182:
1162:
1144:
1126:
1108:
1098:National Gallery
1090:
1009:Mrs Anne Stewart
689:Robert Fergusson
618:James Cruikshank
605:Jacobina Copland
591:Charles Christie
513:Archibald Alison
345:Robert Fergusson
235:Sir Walter Scott
203:portrait painter
200:
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141:
81:
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21:
20:
1997:
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1992:
1991:
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1988:
1987:
1986:
1892:
1891:
1862:
1809:
1795:, ed. (1911). "
1780:
1778:
1703:(London, 1901.)
1687:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1653:
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1639:
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1603:
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1589:
1587:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1526:www.wikiart.org
1520:
1519:
1515:
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1468:
1463:
1459:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1391:on 25 May 2006.
1383:
1382:
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1215:
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1203:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1174:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1132:(early 1790s),
1127:
1118:
1114:(around 1790),
1109:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1077:
997:Nathaniel Spens
897:Alexander Monro
866:Henry Mackenzie
807:, naval officer
765:Mrs George Hill
679:William Fairlie
645:Harley Drummond
585:Master Cathcart
556:Andrew Buchanon
536:Mrs George Bell
526:Sir David Baird
518:Alexander Allan
509:Mrs Robert Adam
484:
433:Diego Velázquez
329:Henry Mackenzie
278:Joshua Reynolds
215:
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1890:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1873:
1861:
1860:External links
1858:
1857:
1856:
1847:
1823:
1807:
1793:Chisholm, Hugh
1776:
1749:
1742:Greig, James.
1740:
1728:
1719:
1712:
1708:Masters in Art
1704:
1697:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1665:
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1637:
1635:, Dunedin, NZ.
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1716:Art Bulletin
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1685:Bibliography
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1588:. Retrieved
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1573:
1565:"The Louvre"
1559:
1551:the original
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
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1516:
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1479:
1469:
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1452:the original
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1403:Mount Stuart
1401:Portrait at
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1389:the original
1368:the original
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1031:John Thomson
966:Adam Rolland
942:Lady Raeburn
836:Colin Lauder
798:James Hutton
676:Lady Elibank
662:Norwich Duff
485:
476:Colvin Smith
461:
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429:David Wilkie
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397:Scottish art
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317:James Hutton
314:
286:Michelangelo
274:
266:David Martin
259:
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156:
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80:(1823-07-08)
63:4 March 1756
18:
1907:1823 deaths
1902:1756 births
1531:18 February
1235:29 December
1094:The Archers
987:Mrs Simpson
919:Lord Newton
882:Mrs Malcolm
851:(1771–1828)
800:, geologist
773:The Rt Hon
652:George Duff
553:Helen Boyle
506:Robert Adam
453:romanticism
393:English art
219:Stockbridge
91:Nationality
78:8 July 1823
67:Stockbridge
42: 1820
1896:Categories
1765:Cencrastus
1760:to Raeburn
954:Professor
951:, engineer
761:St Andrews
704:Mrs Gevine
546:Hugh Blair
437:John Brown
413:knighthood
325:Hugh Blair
233:, held by
59:1756-03-04
1774:0264-0856
1318:778040243
780:Hugh Hope
769:John Home
447:style of
384:(1790s),
341:John Home
243:goldsmith
231:Annandale
227:Edinburgh
221:, on the
213:Biography
140:Patron(s)
112:Ann Edgar
1754:(1984),
1488:cite web
1428:cite web
1308:(1859).
1170:(1812),
1150:(1805),
847:Colonel
803:Captain
722:Niel Gow
482:Subjects
95:Scottish
1834::
1790::
1736:Raeburn
1590:24 July
1080:Gallery
968:of Gask
684:Finzean
415:during
356:in the
121:Elected
1870:Art UK
1784:
1772:
1758:Ramsay
1316:
1226:
427:sort.
421:limner
347:, and
302:Dundas
109:Spouse
1216:(PDF)
1196:Notes
576:Rev.
247:ivory
167:
163:
53:Henry
1872:site
1770:ISSN
1592:2017
1533:2018
1494:link
1434:link
1314:OCLC
1237:2011
1224:ISBN
1051:Rev
1029:Rev
995:Dr.
732:Mrs
169:FRSE
125:FRSE
75:Died
49:Born
1799:".
834:Dr
796:Dr
759:of
500:Dr
455:to
165:RSA
129:RSA
1898::
1815:.
1733:.
1582:.
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1490:}}
1486:{{
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191:ər
185:eɪ
161:RA
133:RA
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39:c.
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1239:.
695:)
197:/
194:n
188:b
182:r
179:ˈ
176:/
172:(
61:)
57:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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