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933:. Subsequently, each elected Member was required to donate an artwork (known as a "Diploma Work") typical of his or her artistic output, and this practice continues today. Additional donations and purchases have resulted in a collection of approximately a thousand paintings and a thousand sculptures, which show the development of a British School of art. The Academy's collection of works on paper includes significant holdings of drawings and sketchbooks by artists working in Britain from the mid-18th century onwards, including
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total membership of the Royal
Academy to be 40 artists. Originally engravers were completely excluded from the academy, but at the beginning of 1769 the category of Associate-Engraver was created. Their number was limited to six, and unlike other associates, they could not be promoted to full academicians. In 1853 membership of the Academy was increased to 42, and opened to engravers. In 1922, 154 years after the founding of the Royal Academy,
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exhibited in the 2005 show. In March 2007 Emin accepted the
Academy's invitation to become a Royal Academician, commenting in her weekly newspaper column that, "It doesn't mean that I have become more conformist; it means that the Royal Academy has become more open, which is healthy and brilliant."
495:
site was closed to the public and renovations commenced. Refurbishment work included the restoration of 150 sash windows, glazing upgrades to 52 windows and the installation of two large roof lights. The "New RA" was opened to the public on 19 May 2018. The £56 million development includes new
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delivered to pupils in the
Schools between 1769 and 1790, Reynolds stressed the importance of copying the Old Masters, and of drawing from casts after the Antique and from the life model. He argued that such a training would form artists capable of creating works of high moral and artistic worth.
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Membership of the Royal
Academy is composed of up to 80 practising artists, each elected by ballot of the General Assembly of the Royal Academy, and known individually as Royal Academicians (RA). The Royal Academy is governed by these Royal Academicians. The 1768 Instrument of Foundation allowed
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In 2004, the
Academy attracted media attention for a series of financial scandals and reports of a feud between Rosenthal and other senior staff. These problems resulted in the cancellation of what were expected to have been profitable exhibitions. In 2006, it attracted the press by erroneously
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The RA and Pin Drop Short Story Award is an open submission writing prize, held annually along similar principles of the Royal
Academy Summer Exhibition. The award ceremony features a live reading of the winning story in its entirety by a special guest. Past winning stories have been read by
796:
The Royal
Academy Schools form the oldest art school in Britain, and have been an integral part of the Royal Academy of Arts since its foundation in 1768. A key principle of the RA Schools is that their three-year post graduate programme is free of charge to every applicant offered a place.
242:
to gain royal patronage and financial support for the
Academy. The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through a personal act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission "to establish a school or academy of design for the use of students in the arts" with an annual exhibition.
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Among the paintings decorating the walls and ceilings of the building are those of
Benjamin West and Angelica Kauffman, in the entrance hall (Hutchison 1968, p. 153), moved from the previous building at Somerset House. In the centre is West's roundel
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and leading art galleries outside the United
Kingdom. In 2004 the highlights of the Academy's permanent collection went on display in the newly restored reception rooms of the original section of Burlington House, which are now known as the
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hosts live events where well-known authors, actors and thinkers read a short story chosen as a response to the main exhibition programme. The literary evenings are hosted by Pin Drop Studio founder Simon Oldfield. Guests have included
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in London, England. Founded in 1768, it has a unique position as an independent, privately funded institution led by eminent artists and architects. Its purpose is to promote the creation, enjoyment and appreciation of the
668:. The members of The Academy, also known as Royal Academicians select and hang the works. Art works in a variety of media are exhibited including painting, sculpture, film, architecture, photography and printmaking.
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The first president of the Royal Academy, Sir Joshua Reynolds, gave his noted self-portrait, beginning the Royal Academy collection. This was followed by gifts from other founding members, such as Gainsborough and
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In 1769, the first year of operation, the Schools enrolled 77 students. By 1830 more than 1,500 students had enrolled in the Schools, an average intake of 25 students each year. They included men such as
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became Secretary and Chief Executive of the Royal Academy, a newly created post. Saumarez Smith stepped down from the role at the end of 2018, and it was announced that Axel Rüger, director of the
564:
The Royal Academy receives funding from neither the State nor the Crown, and operates as a charity. The RA's home in Burlington House is owned by the UK government and provided to the Academy on a
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The first Royal Academy exhibition of contemporary art, open to all artists, opened on 25 April 1769 and ran until 27 May 1769. 136 works of art were shown and this exhibition, now known as the
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From 3 February to 28 April 2024, the RA shows the exhibition "Entangled Pasts, 1768-now" in order to reveal and discuss "connections between art associated with the Royal Academy of Arts and
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Britain's first public lectures on art were staged by the Royal Academy, as another way to fulfil its mission. Led by Reynolds, the first president, the first program included a lecture by
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The Royal Academy Schools was the first institution to provide professional training for artists in Britain. The Schools' programme of formal training was modelled on that of the French
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664:, which means anyone can enter their work to be considered for exhibition. Established in 1769, it is the oldest and largest open submission exhibition in the world and is included in
211:, to found an autonomous academy of arts. Prior to this a number of artists were members of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, including Cheere and
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In the entrance portico are two war memorials. One is in memory of the students of the Royal Academy Schools who fell in World War I and the second commemorates the 2,003 men of the
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The instrument of foundation, signed by George III on 10 December 1768, named 34 founder members and allowed for a total membership of 40. The founder members were Reynolds,
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The Royal Academicians assembled in their council chamber to adjudge the Medals to the successful students in Painting, Sculpture, Architecture and Drawing
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In 2018, the Academy's 250th anniversary, the results of a major refurbishment were unveiled. The project began on 1 January 2008 with the appointment of
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was made its first president, and Francis Milner Newton was elected the first secretary, a post he held for two decades until his resignation in 1788.
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The photographic collection consists of photographs of Academicians, landscapes, architecture and works of art. Holdings include early portraits by
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223:, called an 'Instrument', used to establish the Royal Academy of Arts over a decade later was almost identical to that drawn up by Cheere in 1755.
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1981:
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442:, then a royal palace. In 1780 it was installed in purpose-built apartments in the first completed wing of New Somerset House, located in the
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Professorial chairs were founded in Chemistry, Anatomy, Ancient History and Ancient Literature, the latter two being held initially by
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was appointed Professor of Painting – the first women professors to be appointed in the history of the Academy. Emin was succeeded by
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Royal Academy of Arts announces election of new Royal Academician, new professors for the Royal Academy Schools and Honorary Surveyor
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and Burlington Gardens sites. As part of the process 10,000 works from the RA's collection were digitised and made available online.
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One of its principal sources of revenue is hosting a programme of temporary loan exhibitions. These are comparable to those at the
458:). These premises soon proved too small to house both institutions. In 1868, 100 years after the Academy's foundation, it moved to
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469:, has been staged annually without interruption to the present day. Following the cessation of a similar annual exhibition at the
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The inner life of the Royal Academy, with an account of its schools and exhibitions principally in the reign of Queen Victoria
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Kemp M (January 1992). "True to their natures: Sir Joshua Reynolds and Dr William Hunter at the Royal Academy of Arts".
246:
473:, the Academy expanded its exhibition programme to include a temporary annual loan exhibition of Old Masters in 1870.
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2705:
2281:"Animal Locomotion. An Electro-Photographic Investigation Of Consecutive Phases Of Animal Movements. 1872–1885"
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founded the Friends of the Royal Academy, a charity designed to provide financial support for the institution.
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642:, the exhibition "appears to be tame" though it attempts to "critique the exclusive and impenetrable RA."
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The Magic of a Line: Drawings by Dame Laura Knight, R.A., Library Print Room, Royal Academy of Arts, 2008
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placing only the support for a sculpture on display, and then justifying it being kept on display.
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Hutchison, Sidney."The History of the Royal Academy, 1768–1968" Taplinger Publishing Company, 1968
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1481:"The Royal Academy of Arts gets a new look: Everything you need to know about £56m redevelopment"
1037:. The Tondo is usually on display in the Collection Gallery, which opened in May 2018. Carved in
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2385:"The Making of an Artist: The Great Tradition | Exhibition | Royal Academy of Arts"
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in 1504–06, it is the only marble by Michelangelo in the United Kingdom and represents the
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galleries, a lecture theatre, a public project space for students and a bridge linking the
438:, although in 1771 it was given temporary accommodation for its library and schools in Old
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1695:"Entangled Pasts 1768-Now review – RA all at sea with its risk-light colonial revisionism"
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who gave their lives in that war with a further plaque to those who died in World War II.
8:
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234:, a prominent architect and head of the British government's architects' department, the
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in 1648. It was shaped by the precepts laid down by Sir Joshua Reynolds. In his fifteen
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and designed by Chambers, the Academy's first treasurer. The Academy moved in 1837 to
4139:
3615:
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3307:
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3254:
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1917:
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was elected the first female President of the Royal Academy on the retirement of Sir
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329:
273:
203:
The origin of the Royal Academy of Arts lies in an attempt in 1755 by members of the
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2010:
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459:
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293:
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196:
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100:
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2022:
1191:
Artisan or Artist?: A History of the Teaching of Art and Crafts in English Schools
724:
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3107:
3047:
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2551:
2257:
2208:
1947:
1718:
1034:
894:
838:
785:
744:
695:
618:
610:
601:, the Academy has hosted ambitious exhibitions of contemporary art. In its 1997 "
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191:
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2014:
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401:
389:
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361:
301:
64:
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4150:
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3199:
3163:
2843:
2820:
1397:
1389:
1325:"Burlington House | Survey of London: volumes 31 and 32 (pp. 390–429)"
1029:
1024:
1018:
942:
913:
882:
874:
834:
700:
638:
581:
556:, President of the RA, on "Varnishing Day", or the artists' opening of the
349:
208:
2562:
The Company of Artists: The Origins of the Royal Academy of Arts in London
4121:
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1116:
1042:
901:
740:
684:
671:
537:
393:
377:
357:
180:
1449:
3578:
3466:
3345:
3312:
3214:
3037:
2769:
2222:"RA Schools Announces Annual Exhibition of Works By Graduating Artists"
842:
523:
341:
175:
1822:"Rebecca Salter Becomes Twenty-Seventh President of The Royal Academy"
621:, a convicted murderer. The painting was vandalised while on display.
2495:
905:
728:
716:
540:
and other Victorian worthies at a private view of the 1881 exhibition
215:, or were involved in small-scale private art academies, such as the
226:
The success of St Martin's Lane Academy led to the formation of the
1038:
732:
153:
3875:
2587:
893:
was expelled from the Schools in 1895. The Royal Academy made Sir
885:
in 1838. The first woman to enrol as a student of the Schools was
1792:"Royal Academy & Pin Drop Short Story Award | The Bookseller"
220:
1592:
254:, one of the founders, trying to slay the 8-headed hydra of the
205:
Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce
2609:
1948:"Royal Academy Schools Prospectus | Royal Academy of Arts"
1007:
104:
1280:
1278:
434:
The Royal Academy was initially housed in cramped quarters in
2307:"RA Collections: Benjamin West – The Graces unveiling Nature"
1295:
1293:
450:, where it occupied the east wing of the recently completed
2812:
2459:
1712:"I can see that the Ra-Ra club is going to be a lot of fun"
1353:. Royal Academy; Printed by William Clowes and Sons. 1870.
1305:
1275:
2260:
Royal Academy of Arts news release, dated 16 January 2016.
1852:"Christopher Le Brun Royal Academy President To Step Down"
1290:
1023:
The most prized possession of the Academy's collection is
55:
1910:"Axel Rüger leaves Van Gogh behind to head Royal Academy"
1762:"Podcast: Pin Drop with Ben Okri | Royal Academy of Arts"
1645:
1263:
1239:
1227:
1196:
491:
support was secured in 2012. On 19 October 2016 the RA's
1251:
1171:
597:
Under the direction of former exhibitions secretary Sir
1102:
became the first woman Associate of the Royal Academy.
804:
Royal Academy Students Supper 1889. Front page of menu.
199:
in London, home of the Royal Academy of Arts since 1868
2098:
Reynolds, Simon. "Sims, Charles Henry (1873–1928)" in
788:
in Amsterdam, would fill the position from June 2019.
4286:
Grade II* listed buildings in the City of Westminster
3764:
Nottingham Trent University, School of Art and Design
3568:
38:
For the Royal Academy of Art in the Netherlands, see
923:
31:"Royal Academy" redirects here. For other uses, see
2645:
1996:
1681:
Entangled Pasts: Large Print Guide (Main Galleries)
1119:, behind the Royal Academy, with many art galleries
4266:Art museums and galleries established in the 1760s
2202:"Tracey Emin to become Professor of Drawing at RA"
2066:Yeldham, Charlotte (2004). "Herford, Anne Laura".
3811:Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art & Design
2351:
2037:"Charles Lucy (1814–1873), Victorian Art History"
571:
219:. Although Cheere's attempt failed, the eventual
4232:
1607:
1378:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
613:. The show was controversial for its display of
2957:
2926:
999:
4271:Educational organizations established in 1768
4181:Cenotaph to the Memory of Sir Joshua Reynolds
3891:
3554:
2631:
1217:Sir William Chambers Knight of the Polar Star
1071:List of officers of the Royal Academy of Arts
967:
897:the first Honorary Professor of Law in 1928.
765:List of officers of the Royal Academy of Arts
408:were added to this list by the King in 1769.
3174:Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret
2510:
2506:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2465:
2072:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2009:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1879:"Gallery director quits after policy tussle"
1638:
1311:
1299:
1284:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1202:
1177:
1012:The Virgin and Child with the Infant St John
3970:Colonel Acland and Lord Sydney: The Archers
2514:The Royal academy and its members 1768–1830
1616:"Feud at top 'tearing Royal Academy apart'"
1135:
632:colonial histories." However, according to
183:through exhibitions, education and debate.
3898:
3884:
3640:
3561:
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2903:Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture
2865:
2638:
2624:
2555:, Sidney C. Hutchison, Taplinger, NY, 1968
2553:The History of the Royal Academy 1768–1968
2532:The Royal Academy from Reynolds to Millais
758:
690:
605:", it displayed the collection of work by
54:
3018:Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art
1870:
529:A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881
3938:David Garrick Between Tragedy and Comedy
2490:
1581:
1478:
1351:"Exhibition of the works of Old Masters"
1083:Life at the Royal Academy of Arts, from
1078:
1006:
904:was appointed Professor of Drawing, and
799:
791:
548:
522:
507:
410:
245:
190:
4296:Learned societies of the United Kingdom
4001:Lady Cockburn and Her Three Eldest Sons
2564:. London: Bloomsbury/Modern Art Press.
2511:Hodgson, J. E.; Eaton, Fred A. (1905).
2441:"Royal Academy of Arts: Artists Rifles"
2214:
2143:"SIR F.G. NEWBOLT, ATTORNEY, 77, DEAD;"
2100:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2069:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2065:
2006:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1876:
1613:
14:
4306:Buildings and structures on Piccadilly
4233:
3954:Portrait of the Marquess of Rockingham
3709:Birmingham Institute of Art and Design
2365:from the original on 16 September 2012
2339:from the original on 16 September 2012
2313:from the original on 16 September 2012
2299:
1375:
1357:from the original on 24 September 2020
1331:from the original on 27 September 2007
4032:Lady Elizabeth Delmé and Her Children
3879:
3542:
2956:
2913:Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology
2864:
2657:
2619:
2559:
2528:
2278:
2183:from the original on 10 December 2018
2123:from the original on 16 November 2021
1907:
1832:from the original on 11 December 2019
1802:from the original on 30 November 2018
1660:from the original on 5 September 2019
1159:from the original on 3 September 2018
4291:Education in the City of Westminster
4246:1768 establishments in Great Britain
3611:City and Guilds of London Art School
2658:
2325:
2232:from the original on 27 January 2016
2153:from the original on 26 October 2021
1626:from the original on 5 February 2008
1491:from the original on 5 December 2019
1193:(London: Pergamon Press, 2014) p.297
952:dating from the 1850s, portraits by
810:Académie de peinture et de sculpture
678:
645:
544:
423:, which hangs in the Royal Academy.
4256:Art museums and galleries in London
4156:Society of Artists of Great Britain
3905:
3734:John Lennon Art and Design Building
3497:Ranger's House (Wernher Collection)
3088:Museum of Immigration and Diversity
2359:"RA Collections: Angelica Kauffman"
2173:"Tracey Emin to become a professor"
1889:from the original on 19 August 2007
1644:
1614:Higgins, Charlotte (10 June 2004).
1569:from the original on 26 August 2022
1565:. Evening Standard. 12 March 2004.
1543:from the original on 26 August 2022
1517:from the original on 26 August 2022
1430:from the original on 26 August 2022
916:in 2016 while Rae was succeeded by
228:Society of Artists of Great Britain
24:
4301:Museums in the City of Westminster
3847:Cardiff School of Art & Design
3068:London Museum of Water & Steam
2606:Paintings at Royal Academy of Arts
2522:
2517:. London: Charles Scribner's Sons.
2447:from the original on 6 August 2020
2421:from the original on 6 August 2020
2002:
1958:from the original on 21 March 2019
1858:from the original on 3 August 2020
1650:"Empty plinth sidelines sculpture"
1460:from the original on 17 March 2020
516:at the Academy's original home in
454:(designed by another Academician,
27:Art institution in London, England
25:
4317:
3714:Coventry School of Art and Design
3569:Art schools in the United Kingdom
2579:
2415:"Royal Academy of Arts: Students"
2287:from the original on 25 July 2020
2113:"Sir Francis Newbolt (1863–1940)"
2003:Arnold, Dana. "Burton, Decimus".
1984:from the original on 25 July 2020
1928:from the original on 1 March 2019
1772:from the original on 25 July 2020
1742:from the original on 25 July 2020
924:Library, archive, and collections
230:and the Free Society of Artists.
170:) is an art institution based in
4080:Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse
3859:
3858:
3784:University for the Creative Arts
3621:Goldsmiths, University of London
3523:
3522:
3073:Markfield Beam Engine and Museum
2560:Smith, Charles Saumarez (2012).
2395:from the original on 18 May 2018
2102:, Oxford University Press, 2004.
2047:from the original on 6 June 2019
1908:Brown, Mark (13 February 2019).
1479:Thompson, Jessie (14 May 2018).
1152:Review. April 2017. p. 14.
1052:
462:, Piccadilly, where it remains.
133:
63:
4072:Cupid Untying the Zone of Venus
4056:Captain George K. H. Coussmaker
3631:Putney School of Art and Design
2647:Museums and galleries in London
2471:
2433:
2407:
2377:
2333:"RA Collections: Benjamin West"
2272:
2263:
2244:
2195:
2165:
2135:
2105:
2092:
2059:
2029:
1970:
1940:
1901:
1877:Kennedy, Maev (28 March 2007).
1844:
1814:
1784:
1754:
1728:
1704:
1687:
1672:
1555:
1529:
1503:
1472:
1442:
1412:
1369:
1343:
1317:
652:Royal Academy Summer Exhibition
467:Royal Academy Summer Exhibition
256:Incorporated Society of Artists
40:Royal Academy of Art, The Hague
4174:Memoirs of Sir Joshua Reynolds
3930:Portrait of Margaret Desenfans
3759:Norwich University of the Arts
3636:Ravensbourne University London
3482:Kenwood House (Iveagh Bequest)
3169:Museum of the Order of St John
3058:Institute of Contemporary Arts
3043:Handel & Hendrix in London
1854:. Artlyst. 26 September 2019.
1736:"Friends of the Royal Academy"
1208:
1183:
592:
572:Permanent collection and loans
33:Royal Academy (disambiguation)
13:
1:
4096:Portrait of Maria Fitzherbert
4064:Portrait of Banastre Tarleton
4013:
3990:
3704:Bath School of Art and Design
3661:University of the Arts London
3626:Heatherley School of Fine Art
3103:Royal Academy of Music Museum
1128:
1123:Royal West of England Academy
1088:
1064:
978:
503:
424:
3656:UCL Slade School of Fine Art
2983:Ben Uri Gallery & Museum
2968:Arsenal Football Club Museum
2086:UK public library membership
2023:UK public library membership
238:, used his connections with
84:; 256 years ago
7:
3699:Arts University Bournemouth
3331:Banqueting House, Whitehall
3154:Florence Nightingale Museum
2958:Other museums and galleries
2548:(London: John Murray, 1914)
2211:"BBC News" 14 December 2011
1563:"Fine Rooms are trading up"
1537:"Lease of Burlington House"
1511:"The Royal Academy Of Arts"
1105:
975:The Graces Unveiling Nature
207:, principally the sculptor
10:
4322:
3962:Portrait of Elizabeth Kerr
3666:Camberwell College of Arts
3240:Headstone Manor and Museum
3023:Fashion and Textile Museum
2836:Victoria and Albert Museum
2752:Imperial War Museum London
2484:
1075:List of Royal Academicians
1068:
1045:and child with the infant
1016:
968:Wall and ceiling paintings
782:Sir Charles Saumarez Smith
762:
649:
282:Giovanni Battista Cipriani
186:
29:
4114:
3946:Portrait of John Burgoyne
3913:
3855:
3839:
3801:
3691:
3681:Wimbledon College of Arts
3601:
3592:
3574:
3518:
3447:
3359:
3321:
3298:
3220:Greenwich Heritage Centre
3187:
3141:
2963:
2952:
2873:
2860:
2834:
2811:
2793:
2760:
2729:
2701:National Portrait Gallery
2666:
2653:
2443:. Royal Academy of Arts.
2417:. Royal Academy of Arts.
2283:. Royal Academy of Arts.
1980:. Royal Academy of Arts.
1684:. London: RA, 2024, p. 7.
1539:. Royal Academy of Arts.
1327:. British-history.ac.uk.
1033:, left to the Academy by
195:A modern illustration of
148:
129:
119:
111:
96:
78:
74:
62:
53:
3978:Portrait of Joseph Banks
3816:Edinburgh College of Art
3789:Winchester School of Art
3769:Open College of the Arts
3749:Manchester School of Art
3729:Hereford College of Arts
2993:Bow Street Police Museum
2775:National Maritime Museum
2598:Royal Academy Collection
2466:Hodgson & Eaton 1905
1717:10 November 2013 at the
1312:Hodgson & Eaton 1905
1300:Hodgson & Eaton 1905
1285:Hodgson & Eaton 1905
1270:Hodgson & Eaton 1905
1258:Hodgson & Eaton 1905
1246:Hodgson & Eaton 1905
1234:Hodgson & Eaton 1905
1203:Hodgson & Eaton 1905
1178:Hodgson & Eaton 1905
619:portrait of Myra Hindley
568:leasehold of 999 years.
326:Nathaniel Hone the Elder
217:St Martin's Lane Academy
69:Front view, October 2010
3922:Portrait of Robert Orme
3774:Plymouth College of Art
3676:Chelsea College of Arts
2988:Benjamin Franklin House
2936:London Museum Docklands
2898:London Transport Museum
2883:Dulwich Picture Gallery
2762:Royal Museums Greenwich
2716:Sir John Soane's Museum
2529:Holme, Charles (1904).
2503:Encyclopædia Britannica
2389:www.royalacademy.org.uk
2361:. racollection.org.uk.
2335:. racollection.org.uk.
2309:. Racollection.org.uk.
1952:www.royalacademy.org.uk
1766:www.royalacademy.org.uk
1420:"Royal Academy of Arts"
759:Presidents and officers
691:Literary collaborations
4104:Portrait of Lord Moira
3754:Northern School of Art
3744:Lincoln College of Art
3724:Hastings School of Art
3323:Historic Royal Palaces
3300:Royal Collection Trust
3133:William Morris Gallery
3118:Sherlock Holmes Museum
2998:Charles Dickens Museum
2973:Bank of England Museum
2867:Designated collections
2711:Royal Air Force Museum
2706:Natural History Museum
2542:George Dunlop Leslie:
2497:"Academy, Royal"
2256:26 August 2022 at the
2078:10.1093/ref:odnb/69105
1738:. Charity Commission.
1513:. Charity Commission.
1390:10.1098/rsnr.1992.0004
1223:, 1970, A. Zwemmer Ltd
1143:"Visitor Figures 2016"
1094:
1014:
805:
666:London's Social Season
561:
541:
520:
431:
258:
200:
115:1,285,595 (as of 2016)
4276:Art schools in London
4161:Royal Academy of Arts
4040:The Ladies Waldegrave
3821:Glasgow School of Art
3739:Leeds Arts University
3671:Central Saint Martins
3641:Royal Academy Schools
3188:Local history museums
3145:Health & Medicine
3143:The London Museums of
3093:Orleans House Gallery
3063:Leighton House Museum
3033:Guildhall Art Gallery
2918:Royal Academy of Arts
2908:Museum of Freemasonry
2279:Muybridge, Eadweard.
2207:27 March 2019 at the
2117:Royal Academy of Arts
2015:10.1093/ref:odnb/4125
1796:www.thebookseller.com
1450:"The New RA Now open"
1082:
1010:
988:at the west end, and
954:David Wilkie Wynfield
803:
792:Royal Academy Schools
769:On 10 December 2019,
658:the Summer Exhibition
607:Young British Artists
552:
526:
511:
489:Heritage Lottery Fund
414:
346:Francis Milner Newton
250:Satirical drawing of
249:
194:
164:Royal Academy of Arts
130:Public transit access
49:Royal Academy of Arts
4217:51.50917°N 0.13944°W
4088:The Age of Innocence
4024:Lady Caroline Howard
3826:Gray's School of Art
3779:Ruskin School of Art
3651:Royal Drawing School
3646:Royal College of Art
3389:Eastbury Manor House
3336:Hampton Court Palace
3275:Valence House Museum
3113:Serpentine Galleries
3003:Dennis Severs' House
2978:Barbican Art Gallery
2795:Science Museum Group
2731:Imperial War Museums
2691:National Army Museum
2179:. 14 December 2011.
1112:6 Burlington Gardens
745:Dame Penelope Wilton
534:William Powell Frith
514:RA Summer Exhibition
398:Francesco Zuccarelli
338:George Michael Moser
278:Francesco Bartolozzi
252:Sir William Chambers
232:Sir William Chambers
4213: /
3831:Leith School of Art
3719:Falmouth University
3584:List of art schools
3374:575 Wandsworth Road
3280:Vestry House Museum
3265:Museum of Wimbledon
3179:Wellcome Collection
3128:Whitechapel Gallery
2739:Churchill War Rooms
2149:. 8 December 1940.
1589:"Myra – Art Crimes"
1454:royalacademy.org.uk
1085:Microcosm of London
1047:St John the Baptist
1035:Sir George Beaumont
994:Genius or Invention
780:In September 2007,
775:Christopher Le Brun
753:Gwendoline Christie
662:open art exhibition
554:Christopher Le Brun
471:British Institution
354:John Inigo Richards
314:Thomas Gainsborough
154:royalacademy.org.uk
50:
4222:51.50917; -0.13944
3260:Museum of Richmond
3013:Dr Johnson's House
2721:Wallace Collection
2686:Museum of the Home
2602:– official website
2592:– official website
2041:www.avictorian.com
1978:"Oliver Goldsmith"
1701:, 30 January 2024.
1095:
1015:
990:Painting or Colour
958:Eadweard Muybridge
950:William Lake Price
806:
656:The Academy hosts
562:
542:
521:
493:Burlington Gardens
485:David Chipperfield
432:
259:
201:
48:
4251:Academies of arts
4196:
4195:
4140:Theophila Gwatkin
4128:Elizabeth Johnson
3873:
3872:
3797:
3796:
3616:Fine Arts College
3536:
3535:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3502:Winchester Palace
3492:Marble Hill House
3341:Kensington Palace
3285:Wandsworth Museum
3270:Twickenham Museum
3255:Museum of Croydon
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2878:Courtauld Gallery
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2785:Royal Observatory
2084:(Subscription or
2021:(Subscription or
1221:The Royal Academy
1150:The Art Newspaper
996:at the east end.
962:Animal Locomotion
943:Dame Laura Knight
920:in January 2016.
847:Thomas Rowlandson
679:Friends programme
646:Summer Exhibition
558:Summer Exhibition
545:Charitable status
330:Angelica Kauffman
286:Augustino Carlini
160:
159:
143:Piccadilly Circus
16:(Redirected from
4313:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4134:Frances Reynolds
4018:
4015:
4009:Portrait of Omai
3995:
3992:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3599:
3598:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3526:
3525:
3449:English Heritage
3414:Morden Hall Park
3290:Whitehall Museum
3245:Islington Museum
3225:Gunnersbury Park
3159:Foundling Museum
3139:
3138:
3123:Two Temple Place
3083:Museum of Brands
3078:Migration Museum
2954:
2953:
2928:Museum of London
2924:
2923:
2888:Hunterian Museum
2862:
2861:
2727:
2726:
2696:National Gallery
2660:National museums
2655:
2654:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2601:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2575:
2539:
2537:
2518:
2507:
2499:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2218:
2212:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2109:
2103:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1732:
1726:
1708:
1702:
1691:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1648:(14 June 2006).
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1591:. Archived from
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1485:Evening Standard
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1147:
1139:
1100:Annie Swynnerton
1093:
1090:
983:
980:
827:Oliver Goldsmith
749:Juliet Stevenson
705:Sebastian Faulks
599:Norman Rosenthal
582:the Tate Gallery
578:National Gallery
498:Burlington House
460:Burlington House
452:National Gallery
448:Trafalgar Square
429:
426:
298:William Chambers
294:Mason Chamberlin
197:Burlington House
172:Burlington House
156:
137:
107:, United Kingdom
101:Burlington House
92:
90:
85:
67:
58:
51:
47:
43:
36:
21:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4231:
4230:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4184:(1836 painting)
4110:
4016:
3993:
3909:
3907:Joshua Reynolds
3904:
3874:
3869:
3857:
3851:
3835:
3793:
3687:
3588:
3570:
3567:
3537:
3532:
3506:
3443:
3384:Carlyle's House
3379:Blewcoat School
3355:
3351:Tower of London
3317:
3294:
3250:Kingston Museum
3235:Havering Museum
3183:
3144:
3137:
3108:Saatchi Gallery
3053:Hogarth's House
3048:Hayward Gallery
2959:
2940:
2922:
2869:
2848:
2830:
2807:
2789:
2756:
2725:
2681:Horniman Museum
2671:British Library
2662:
2649:
2644:
2596:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2572:
2535:
2525:
2523:Further reading
2487:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2258:Wayback Machine
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2228:. 8 June 2015.
2220:
2219:
2215:
2209:Wayback Machine
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1725:, 30 March 2007
1723:The Independent
1719:Wayback Machine
1709:
1705:
1692:
1688:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1595:on 2 March 2015
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1189:Gordon Sutton,
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1108:
1091:
1077:
1067:
1055:
1021:
1005:
1000:Michelangelo's
981:
970:
926:
895:Francis Newbolt
855:Thomas Lawrence
839:J. M. W. Turner
794:
786:Van Gogh Museum
767:
761:
696:Pin Drop Studio
693:
685:Sir Hugh Casson
681:
654:
648:
611:Charles Saatchi
595:
574:
566:peppercorn rent
547:
506:
456:William Wilkins
427:
417:Henry Singleton
310:Nathaniel Dance
263:Joshua Reynolds
240:King George III
236:Office of Works
213:William Hogarth
189:
152:
88:
86:
83:
70:
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4177:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4142:(niece, model)
4137:
4131:
4125:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4091:(1785 or 1788)
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4005:
3997:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:Chiswick House
3459:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3401:
3399:The George Inn
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3361:National Trust
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3308:King's Gallery
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Hackney Museum
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
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2803:Science Museum
2799:
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2643:
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2580:External links
2578:
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2557:
2549:
2540:
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2519:
2508:
2494:, ed. (1911).
2492:Chisholm, Hugh
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2470:
2468:, p. 112.
2458:
2432:
2406:
2376:
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2324:
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2243:
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1995:
1969:
1939:
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1710:Emin, Tracey.
1703:
1693:Grant, Colin:
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1554:
1528:
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1471:
1441:
1411:
1368:
1342:
1316:
1314:, p. 320.
1304:
1289:
1287:, p. 353.
1274:
1262:
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1219:, Chapter 11:
1207:
1195:
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1059:Artists Rifles
1054:
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1017:Main article:
1004:
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969:
966:
925:
922:
879:Edwin Landseer
863:John Constable
859:Decimus Burton
823:Samuel Johnson
793:
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771:Rebecca Salter
763:Main article:
760:
757:
709:Lionel Shriver
692:
689:
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650:Main article:
647:
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518:Somerset House
505:
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478:William Hunter
440:Somerset House
406:Johann Zoffany
386:Richard Wilson
366:Dominic Serres
334:Jeremiah Meyer
322:Francis Hayman
290:Charles Catton
188:
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4281:Art societies
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4264:
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3472:Eltham Palace
3470:
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3419:Osterley Park
3417:
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3405:
3404:Lindsey House
3402:
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3395:
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3390:
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3369:2 Willow Road
3367:
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3098:Postal Museum
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3028:Garden Museum
3026:
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3019:
3016:
3014:
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3009:
3008:Design Museum
3006:
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2844:Young V&A
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2062:
2046:
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2032:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1888:
1884:
1880:
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1827:
1823:
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1801:
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1356:
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1346:
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1326:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1302:, p. 13.
1301:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1272:, p. 96.
1271:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1248:, p. 14.
1247:
1242:
1236:, p. 11.
1235:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:John Harris,
1211:
1205:, p. 10.
1204:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1179:
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1053:War memorials
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939:Lord Leighton
936:
935:George Romney
932:
931:Benjamin West
921:
919:
918:Chantal Joffe
915:
911:
910:Michael Landy
907:
903:
898:
896:
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888:
887:Laura Herford
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:George Hayter
864:
860:
856:
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851:William Blake
848:
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815:
812:, founded by
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722:
721:Eileen Atkins
718:
714:
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673:
669:
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663:
659:
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631:
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622:
620:
616:
615:Marcus Harvey
612:
608:
604:
600:
590:
588:
587:John Madejski
583:
579:
569:
567:
559:
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531:
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409:
407:
403:
402:William Hoare
399:
395:
391:
390:Joseph Wilton
387:
383:
382:Benjamin West
379:
375:
374:William Tyler
371:
367:
363:
362:Thomas Sandby
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
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302:Francis Cotes
299:
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279:
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274:George Barret
271:
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81:
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66:
61:
57:
52:
46:
41:
34:
19:
18:Royal Academy
4198:
4179:
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4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4007:
3999:
3986:Blinking Sam
3984:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3928:
3920:
3863:
3457:Apsley House
3439:Sutton House
3424:Rainham Hall
3394:Fenton House
3200:Bruce Castle
3164:Freud Museum
2917:
2821:Tate Britain
2745:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2531:
2513:
2501:
2473:
2461:
2449:. Retrieved
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2388:
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2301:
2289:. Retrieved
2274:
2265:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2225:
2216:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2176:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2146:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2116:
2107:
2099:
2094:
2067:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2040:
2031:
2004:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1951:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1914:The Guardian
1913:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1883:The Guardian
1882:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1825:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1795:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1765:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1730:
1722:
1706:
1699:The Guardian
1698:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1653:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1620:The Guardian
1619:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:the original
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1453:
1444:
1434:30 September
1432:. Retrieved
1423:
1414:
1384:(1): 77–88.
1381:
1377:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1319:
1307:
1265:
1260:, p. 8.
1253:
1241:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1180:, p. 7.
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1137:
1096:
1084:
1056:
1030:Taddei Tondo
1028:
1025:Michelangelo
1022:
1019:Taddei Tondo
1011:
1002:Taddei Tondo
1001:
993:
989:
985:
974:
971:
961:
947:
927:
914:David Remfry
899:
891:Charles Sims
883:Charles Lucy
875:William Etty
871:David Wilkie
835:John Flaxman
831:
817:
807:
795:
779:
768:
737:
713:William Boyd
701:Graham Swift
694:
682:
670:
655:
639:The Guardian
637:
627:
623:
596:
589:Fine Rooms.
575:
563:
536:, depicting
527:
487:Architects.
482:
475:
464:
433:
420:
419:'s painting
350:Edward Penny
306:George Dance
267:
261:The painter
260:
225:
209:Henry Cheere
202:
167:
163:
161:
45:
4261:1768 in art
4220: /
4151:Grand Style
4122:Mary Palmer
4043:(1780–1781)
4017: 1776
3994: 1775
3973:(1769–1770)
3487:London Wall
3477:Jewel Tower
3434:Roman Baths
3205:Burgh House
2826:Tate Modern
2157:17 November
2127:16 November
1836:11 December
1599:5 September
1495:13 February
1464:13 February
1424:TRC Windows
1117:Cork Street
1092: 1808
1043:Virgin Mary
986:Composition
982: 1779
964:(1872–85).
912:, and then
902:Tracey Emin
741:Stephen Fry
672:Tracey Emin
634:Colin Grant
593:Exhibitions
538:Oscar Wilde
428: 1793
394:Richard Yeo
378:Samuel Wale
358:Paul Sandby
181:visual arts
79:Established
4235:Categories
4205:51°30′33″N
4146:Wick House
3579:Art school
3467:Down House
3408:restricted
3346:Kew Palace
3313:Royal Mews
3215:Forty Hall
3147:(selected)
3038:Hall Place
2770:Cutty Sark
2236:21 January
2088:required.)
2025:required.)
1885:. London.
1622:. London.
1129:References
1069:See also:
1065:Membership
843:John Soane
818:Discourses
660:an annual
504:Activities
415:Study for
370:Peter Toms
342:Mary Moser
318:John Gwynn
270:John Baker
176:Piccadilly
139:Green Park
4208:0°08′22″W
3914:Paintings
3429:Red House
2608:, on the
1922:0261-3077
906:Fiona Rae
889:in 1860.
814:Louis XIV
729:Lisa Dawn
717:Will Self
683:In 1977,
630:Britain's
609:owned by
603:Sensation
512:An early
436:Pall Mall
120:President
4188:The Club
4136:(sister)
4130:(sister)
4124:(sister)
3865:Category
3803:Scotland
3528:Category
2445:Archived
2419:Archived
2393:Archived
2363:Archived
2337:Archived
2311:Archived
2285:Archived
2254:Archived
2230:Archived
2205:Archived
2187:1 August
2181:Archived
2177:BBC News
2151:Archived
2121:Archived
2045:Archived
1982:Archived
1956:Archived
1926:Archived
1893:30 March
1887:Archived
1856:Archived
1830:Archived
1800:Archived
1770:Archived
1740:Archived
1715:Archived
1658:Archived
1654:BBC News
1624:Archived
1567:Archived
1541:Archived
1515:Archived
1489:Archived
1458:Archived
1428:Archived
1406:26388873
1398:11616172
1355:Archived
1335:26 March
1329:Archived
1163:23 March
1154:Archived
1106:See also
1039:Florence
900:In 2011
733:Ben Okri
112:Visitors
97:Location
4115:Related
3594:England
2746:Belfast
2485:Sources
2451:25 July
2425:25 July
2369:21 June
2343:21 June
2317:21 June
2291:25 July
2226:Artlyst
1988:25 July
1962:25 July
1932:4 March
1862:25 July
1826:Artlyst
1806:7 March
1746:25 July
1664:7 March
1630:7 March
1573:25 July
1547:25 July
1521:25 July
1361:25 July
723:, Dame
719:, Dame
221:charter
187:History
149:Website
87: (
4166:statue
4107:(1790)
4099:(1788)
4083:(1784)
4075:(1784)
4067:(1782)
4059:(1782)
4051:(1781)
4035:(1779)
4027:(1778)
4004:(1775)
3981:(1773)
3965:(1769)
3957:(1768)
3949:(1766)
3941:(1761)
3933:(1757)
3925:(1756)
3603:London
2610:Art UK
2568:
2399:19 May
2082:
2051:7 June
2019:
1920:
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881:, and
560:, 2015
444:Strand
105:London
4048:Thaïs
3840:Wales
3692:Other
2536:(PDF)
1776:2 May
1402:S2CID
1157:(PDF)
1146:(PDF)
636:, in
2813:Tate
2744:HMS
2612:site
2566:ISBN
2453:2020
2427:2020
2401:2018
2371:2012
2345:2012
2319:2012
2293:2020
2238:2016
2189:2020
2159:2021
2129:2021
2053:2019
1990:2020
1964:2020
1934:2019
1918:ISSN
1895:2007
1864:2020
1838:2019
1808:2018
1778:2018
1748:2020
1678:RA.
1666:2007
1632:2007
1601:2016
1575:2020
1549:2020
1523:2020
1497:2019
1466:2019
1436:2021
1394:PMID
1363:2020
1337:2013
1165:2018
1073:and
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