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prisoners would be shot while trying to escape because the federal marshal and his prisoners were now under military escort. A federal judge dismissed the warrants and Norton filed federal charges of "interfering with the process of the law" against the two officers. The two officers were quickly tried and found guilty. Both were fined $ 1,000, which was an enormous fine for its time (equivalent to $ 32,700 in 2023). Norton was satisfied, then left. The federal judge then suspended payment and dismissed the two military officers. Army relations in
Wheeler County improved tremendously. Nolan had Flipper under his wing for the first part of the
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528:, neither officer was dismissed nor dishonored. The letters exchanged between Mollie Dwyer (Nolan's sister-in-law) and Flipper were used against Flipper. Relationships between whites and blacks were strictly forbidden in the viewpoint of the white officers on the board. Despite appeals, and with the denial of a lighter sentence from President
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it when confronted. In August, he was arrested by
Shafter for embezzling government funds. Word quickly spread about the missing money. Many felt it was a setup and soldiers and the community came up with the money to replace what was missing within four days. Shafter accepted the money, then convened a court-martial on September 17, 1881.
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order and
Flipper complied. In July 1881, Flipper found a shortage of over $ 2,000.00 (equivalent to $ 63,145 in 2023). Realizing this could be used against him by officers intent on forcing him out of the army, he attempted to hide the discrepancy, which was later discovered, and then lied about
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Norton captured the entire party and arrested
Flipper and one of his soldiers. The other soldier ran back to the fort to report what had happened. Norton then set off for Dallas, Texas. Nolan mounted a detail of men and took off in pursuit. He caught up to the party and made it clearly known that no
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assumed command at Fort Davis in March 1881. He had been the commander of the First
Infantry Regiment at Fort Davis. Shafter had a reputation as harassing officers he disliked. Flipper was dismissed without cause as quartermaster within days. Then Shafter "asked" Flipper to keep the quartermaster's
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commander of Fort
Elliott and he made Flipper his adjutant. Flipper received high marks from his commander. However, rumors and letters hinted at improprieties against Flipper, an African American and Dwyer, a Caucasian. It was the beginning of a smear campaign. During the next many months, he sent
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named Norton, armed with blank warrants, began a quarrel with a county judge. Other county officials stepped in to defend the judge and Norton arrested all of them with his armed men. Norton took the county men to Fort
Elliott to be placed in the guardhouse. Nolan was required by law to accept the
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In August 1878, Captain Nolan married his second wife, Anne
Eleanor Dwyer, in San Antonio, Texas. They had one child, a girl. Anne's sister, Miss Mollie Dwyer, arrived shortly after Troop A moved to Fort Elliott in Texas in early 1879. Mollie Dwyer and Flipper became friends and often went riding
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In
December 1881, the court-martial found Flipper innocent of the main charge, but another charge was added during the trial, and he was found guilty "of conduct unbecoming an officer and gentleman", and sentenced to be "dismissed from the service of the United States". It was more than a harsh
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After 38 years of embedment in an unmarked grave on a family plot alongside distant relatives, the remains of the nation's first Black graduate of the U.S. Army
Academy (West Point) were unearthed from the Southview Cemetery in Atlanta and driven 240 miles for....the reburial ceremonies in
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to attend West Point, where four other black cadets were already attending. The small group had a difficult time at the academy, where they were rejected by white students. Nevertheless, Flipper persevered, and in 1877, became the first of the group to graduate, earning a commission as a
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After his discharge was changed, a bust of Flipper was unveiled at West Point. Since then, an annual Henry O. Flipper Award has been granted to graduating cadets at the academy who exhibit "leadership, self-discipline, and perseverance in the face of unusual difficulties."
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at the Department of Justice with a recommendation that the pardon be approved. Many pardon applications had been rejected in the past – as a matter of policy – because the intended recipients were deceased. However, President
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in the military, though he did have the support of some officers, such as Nolan, and many of the white civilians he encountered who were impressed by his competency. In the later part of 1880, Flipper was transferred to
657:, filed an application of pardon with the Secretary of the Army on Flipper's behalf. Seven months later, the application was forwarded by the Acting Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) to the
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In 1976, descendants and supporters applied to the Army Board for the Correction of Military Records on behalf of Flipper. The board, after stating it did not have the authority to overturn his
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After his commissioning, he was assigned to one of the all-black regiments in the U.S. Army, which were historically led by white officers. Assigned to 'A' Troop under the command of Captain
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lines then were suddenly cut and Nolan decided to act. Flipper gathered the prisoners in the middle of the night, and with two soldiers, set off for another fort in Indian Territory.
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for a review of Flipper's court-martial and dismissal. A review found the conviction and punishment were "unduly harsh and unjust" and recommended Flipper's dismissal be changed to a
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in early 1879 until he was reassigned to G Troop. Until November 1879, during his captain's four-month leave, Flipper commanded this unit by himself and received a well done.
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conviction, concluded the conviction and punishment were "unduly harsh and unjust" and recommended that Flipper's dismissal be changed to a good conduct discharge. The
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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923:"'The Tenth Regiment of Cavalry' from 'The Army of the United States Historical Sketches of Staff and Line with Portraits of Generals-in-Chief'"
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Throughout his life, Flipper was a prolific author, writing about scientific topics, the history of the Southwest, and his own experiences. In
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The Colored Cadet at West Point. Autobiography of Lieut. Henry Ossian Flipper, U.S.A., first graduate of color from the U.S. Military Academy
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The Colored Cadet at West Point. Autobiography of Lieut. Henry Ossian Flipper, U.S.A., First Graduate of Color from the U.S. Military Academy
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in West Texas in October 1877 and was assigned to 'A' Troop. He was the first nonwhite officer to lead buffalo soldiers of the 10th Cavalry.
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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The Multiracial Activist – www.multiracial.com – The Colored Cadet at West Point. Autobiography of Lieut. Henry Ossian Flipper
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After losing his commission in the Army, Flipper worked throughout Mexico and Latin America as an assistant to the
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sentence. In two prior situations involving white officers who had been found guilty of
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689:(1963), he describes his life in Texas and Arizona after his discharge from the Army.
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in 1921, he brought Flipper with him to Washington, D.C., to serve as his assistant.
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approved the board's findings, conclusions, and recommendations, and directed the
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Lieutenant Henry O. Flipper on February 19, 1999, 118 years after his conviction.
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168:(March 21, 1856 – April 26, 1940) was an American soldier, engineer, former
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685:(1878) he describes his experiences at the military academy. In the posthumous
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Bigelow, John Jr, Lieutenant, U.S.A., R.Q.M. Tenth Cavalry (c. 1890).
723:(1858–1931), one of the first black men to win an appointment to the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Flipper, Henry O.
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safe in his quarters. Being "asked" by a superior officer was a
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in 1931, and died in 1940. He was buried in the family plot at
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Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)
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After his dismissal, Flipper remained in Texas, working as a
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and in 1877, the first African American to graduate from the
786:. Vol. 14. James T. White & Company. 1910. p.
207:. Flipper served with competency and distinction during the
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Negro Frontiersman: The Western Memoirs of Henry O. Flipper
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579:, he attempted to discover the location of the legendary
571:, but requests to restore his commission were ignored by
289:-trimmer, were enslaved by Ephraim G. Ponder, a wealthy
428:-infested. He supervised the construction of roads and
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United States Army personnel who were court-martialed
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Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center
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Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center
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Additional information on famous presidential pardons
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Lieutenant Henry Ossian Flipper, U.S. Army 1856–1940
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Lieutenant Henry Ossian Flipper, U.S. Army 1856–1940
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President Clinton pardons Flipper, February 19, 1999
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Lt. Flipper: The First Black Graduate of West Point
481:In May 1880, Flipper and Nolan reunited during the
1060:"Deceased West Point Grad Honored In Ga. Hometown"
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462:prisoners, and Nolan apparently talked with the
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783:The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography
591:on Mexican politics. When Senator Fall became
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1124:United States Army Center of Military History
766:United States Army Center of Military History
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1854:Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)
947:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
408:10th Regiment United States Cavalry insignia
304:. There, as a freshman, he was appointed by
1874:United States Army Cavalry Branch personnel
1869:Recipients of American presidential pardons
1864:People who have received posthumous pardons
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1829:19th-century United States Army personnel
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862:. U.S. Army. Retrieved November 22, 2007.
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380:Learn how and when to remove this message
241:. Shortly afterwards, an application for
37:Cadet Henry O. Flipper USMA Class of 1877
1894:19th-century African-American scientists
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277:, the eldest of five brothers including
233:In 1994, his descendants applied to the
1914:People enslaved in Georgia (U.S. state)
1254:Lt Henry O. Flipper's Quest for Justice
1144:at the Archives Research Center of the
1142:Henry O. Flipper Collection Finding Aid
1008:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
739:List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton
666:pardoned Flipper on February 19, 1999.
494:in West Texas and assigned as the post
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1259:Fort Concho National Historic Landmark
1248:Henry Flipper: Groundbreaking Graduate
1104:Works by or about Henry Ossian Flipper
1068:. Vol. 54, no. 1. p. 22
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1889:United States Military Academy alumni
1797:Military history of African Americans
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396:Photograph of Lt. Henry O. Flipper,
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891:. Old Mobeetie Texas Association.
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649:to issue Flipper a Certificate of
604:engineer in the petroleum industry
454:and received letters from Mollie.
412:In July 1877, Flipper reported to
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1899:American expatriates in Venezuela
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717:, first black cadet at West Point
598:In 1923, Flipper went to work in
1859:People from Thomasville, Georgia
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1058:Perry, Harmon (March 23, 1978).
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760: This article incorporates
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1849:Clark Atlanta University alumni
1839:19th-century American engineers
734:List of African-American firsts
683:The Colored Cadet at West Point
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725:United States Military Academy
536:, the officer equivalent of a
174:United States Military Academy
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1279:Works by Henry Ossian Flipper
1265:Works by Henry Ossian Flipper
889:"Lieutenant Henry O. Flipper"
887:Mobeetie Jail Museum (2009).
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659:Office of the Pardon Attorney
327:, one of the four all-black "
249:, which was forwarded to the
1834:19th-century American slaves
1339:United States Colored Troops
1217:How to use archival material
1033:The Handbook of Texas Online
1000:American Antiquarian Society
980:American Antiquarian Society
16:American soldier (1856–1940)
7:
1879:United States Army officers
1285:(public domain audiobooks)
1205:Henry O. Flipper collection
1134:September 27, 2007, at the
1118:September 22, 2009, at the
858:September 22, 2009, at the
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1909:African-American engineers
1736:Second Battle of the Marne
1079:Thomasville, Feb. 11, 1978
839:December 20, 2016, at the
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593:Secretary of the Interior
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447:together. Nolan was the
265:Early life and education
1741:Meuse–Argonne offensive
1703:Pancho Villa Expedition
1677:Philippine–American War
1386:25th Infantry Regiment
1231:Henry O. Flipper Dinner
457:In the fall of 1879, a
352:Some of this section's
1766:Wham Paymaster Robbery
1527:William Othello Wilson
1381:24th Infantry Regiment
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925:. United States Army.
762:public domain material
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647:Department of the Army
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538:dishonorable discharge
506:End of military career
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239:good conduct discharge
1639:Spanish–American War
1427:George Ritter Burnett
1376:10th Cavalry Regiment
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512:William Rufus Shafter
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335:10th Cavalry Regiment
325:10th Cavalry Regiment
251:Department of Justice
247:Secretary of the Army
140:10th Cavalry Regiment
113:Years of service
1746:Oise-Aisne Offensive
1551:American Indian Wars
1502:William H. Thompkins
1371:9th Cavalry Regiment
569:Spanish–American War
554:Thomasville, Georgia
275:Thomasville, Georgia
223:from the U.S. Army.
166:Henry Ossian Flipper
56:Thomasville, Georgia
25:Henry Ossian Flipper
1407:Edward L. Baker Jr.
715:James Webster Smith
655:Arnold & Porter
651:Honorable Discharge
612:South-View Cemetery
552:Flipper's grave in
245:was filed with the
1790:United States Army
1771:Brownsville Affair
1432:Louis H. Carpenter
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843:at multiracial.com
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298:Atlanta University
190:United States Army
107:United States Army
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483:Victorio Campaign
441:Nicholas M. Nolan
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213:Victorio Campaign
197:Nicholas M. Nolan
186:second lieutenant
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1662:San Juan Heights
1614:Bannock Uprising
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279:Joseph Simeon
276:
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257:posthumously
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1788:
1647:Las Guasimas
1579:Beaver Creek
1559:Saline River
1417:Thomas Boyne
1332:Predecessors
1095:
1077:
1070:. Retrieved
1063:
1053:
1043:September 5,
1041:. Retrieved
1032:
1023:
1013:February 29,
1011:. Retrieved
991:
971:
931:. Retrieved
899:September 5,
897:. Retrieved
848:
782:
776:
686:
682:
680:
676:
664:Bill Clinton
632:
626:
597:
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526:embezzlement
522:
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367:
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295:
291:slave trader
268:
255:Bill Clinton
253:. President
232:
225:
205:10th Cavalry
194:
180:, earning a
165:
164:
146:Battles/wars
68:(1940-04-26)
18:
1824:1940 deaths
1819:1856 births
1776:Bisbee Riot
1723:World War I
1624:Bear Valley
1599:Apache Wars
1543:(1866–1918)
1532:Brent Woods
1487:Thomas Shaw
1482:Isaac Payne
1467:Isaiah Mays
1412:Dennis Bell
1400:(1866–1918)
1398:recipients
1261:and museum.
1187:Identifiers
1160:Archives at
984:1700–1799:
964:1634–1699:
589:Albert Fall
476:Apache Wars
466:Judge. The
434:Fort Concho
422:Fort Concho
357:may not be
209:Apache Wars
150:Indian Wars
1813:Categories
1695:Border War
1594:Wichita II
1584:North Fork
1477:Adam Paine
1437:John Denny
933:August 12,
796:1049905558
750:References
729:West Point
500:commissary
492:Fort Davis
182:commission
178:West Point
80:Allegiance
49:1856-03-21
1574:Wichita I
1517:John Ward
1250:U.S. Army
600:Venezuela
534:dismissal
502:officer.
468:telegraph
414:Fort Sill
318:U.S. Army
283:shoemaker
221:dismissed
116:1877–1882
1759:See also
1708:Carrizal
1667:Santiago
1657:El Caney
1652:Tayacoba
1462:Fitz Lee
1283:LibriVox
1234:Archived
1169:Location
1132:Archived
1116:Archived
1072:July 31,
1037:Archived
989:(1992).
969:(1997).
943:cite web
927:Archived
893:Archived
856:Archived
837:Archived
693:See also
641:and the
573:Congress
517:de facto
510:Colonel
450:de facto
439:Captain
359:reliable
287:carriage
259:pardoned
211:and the
96:Service/
1122:at the
1106:at the
608:Atlanta
565:El Paso
426:malaria
416:in the
321:cavalry
316:in the
300:during
271:slavery
203:of the
188:in the
1200:Source
1175:
794:
618:Legacy
602:as an
585:Tayopa
487:racism
243:pardon
98:branch
89:
75:, U.S.
58:, U.S.
996:(PDF)
976:(PDF)
627:circa
398:circa
184:as a
170:slave
1074:2020
1045:2009
1015:2024
949:link
935:2009
901:2009
792:OCLC
629:1900
498:and
400:1877
285:and
219:and
136:Unit
121:Rank
63:Died
43:Born
1281:at
1267:at
1065:Jet
788:348
727:at
583:of
563:in
273:in
176:at
1815::
1076:.
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998:.
978:.
957:^
945:}}
941:{{
909:^
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51:)
47:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
